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Chen JQ, Tu X, Qin B, Huang S, Zhang J, Wu J. Synthesis of Ester-Substituted Indolo[2,1- a]isoquinolines via Photocatalyzed Alkoxycarbonylation/Cyclization Reactions. Org Lett 2022; 24:642-647. [PMID: 34985296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A direct alkoxycarbonylation/cyclization reaction is accomplished under visible light-induced photoredox catalysis. With this approach, a variety of ester-substituted indolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines are prepared in good to excellent yields. It is worth noting that this method not only can afford the synthesis of indolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines but also can provide an alternative route for generating complex target structures bearing carboxylic esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qiang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering and Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Xiaodong Tu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering and Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Binyan Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering and Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Shaoxin Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering and Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering and Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering and Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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Abbas K, Hussain MA, Bukhari SNA, Amin M, Tahir MN, Bhosale SV. Flurbiprofen conjugates based on hydroxyethylcellulose: Synthesis, characterization, pharmaceutical and pharmacological applications. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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3
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Bell M, Foley D, Naylor C, Robinson C, Riley J, Epemolu O, Scullion P, Shishikura Y, Katz E, McLean WHI, Wyatt P, Read KD, Woodland A. Discovery of super soft-drug modulators of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3255-3259. [PMID: 30143424 PMCID: PMC6185871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The oral S1PR1 agonist ponesimod demonstrated substantial efficacy in a phase II clinical trial of psoriasis. Unfortunately, systemic side effects were observed, which included lymphopenia and transient bradycardia. We sought to develop a topical soft-drug S1PR1 agonist with an improved therapeutic index. By modifying ponesimod, we discovered an ester series of S1PR agonists. To increase metabolic instability in plasma we synthesised esters described as specific substrates for paraoxonase and butyrylcholinesterases, esterases present in human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bell
- The Drug Discovery Unit, Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK.
| | - David Foley
- The Drug Discovery Unit, Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Claire Naylor
- The Drug Discovery Unit, Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Colin Robinson
- The Drug Discovery Unit, Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Jennifer Riley
- The Drug Discovery Unit, Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Ola Epemolu
- The Drug Discovery Unit, Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Paul Scullion
- The Drug Discovery Unit, Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Yoko Shishikura
- The Drug Discovery Unit, Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Elad Katz
- The Drug Discovery Unit, Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
| | - W H Irwin McLean
- Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Paul Wyatt
- The Drug Discovery Unit, Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Kevin D Read
- The Drug Discovery Unit, Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Andrew Woodland
- The Drug Discovery Unit, Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK.
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4
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Cyclodextrin-containing polymers: versatile platforms of drug delivery materials. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2012; 2012:262731. [PMID: 22496980 PMCID: PMC3307009 DOI: 10.1155/2012/262731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are being widely explored as potential therapeutics for numerous applications in medicine and have been shown to significantly improve the circulation, biodistribution, efficacy, and safety profiles of multiple classes of drugs. One leading class of nanoparticles involves the use of linear, cyclodextrin-containing polymers (CDPs). As is discussed in this paper, CDPs can incorporate therapeutic payloads into nanoparticles via covalent attachment of prodrug/drug molecules to the polymer (the basis of the Cyclosert platform) or by noncovalent inclusion of cationic CDPs to anionic, nucleic acid payloads (the basis of the RONDEL platform). For each of these two approaches, we review the relevant molecular architecture and its rationale, discuss the physicochemical and biological properties of these nanoparticles, and detail the progress of leading drug candidates for each that have achieved clinical evaluation. Finally, we look ahead to potential future directions of investigation and product candidates based upon this technology.
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5
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In vitro and in vivo investigation of dexibuprofen derivatives for CNS delivery. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:279-88. [PMID: 22301864 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Dexibuprofen, the S(+)-isomer of ibuprofen, is an effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. However, its clinical use is hampered by a limited brain distribution. The aim of this study was to design and synthesize brain-targeting dexibuprofen prodrugs and to evaluate their brain-targeting efficiency using biodistribution and pharmacokinetic analysis. METHODS In vitro stability, biodistribution and pharmacokinetic studies were performed on male Sprague-Dawley rats. The concentrations of dexibuprofen in biosamples, including the plasma, brain, heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney, were measured using high pressure lipid chromatography (HPLC). The pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug in the plasma and tissues were calculated using obtained data and statistics. RESULTS Five dexibuprofen prodrugs that were modified to contain ethanolamine-related structures were designed and synthesized. Their chemical structures were confirmed using (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, IR, and HRMS. In the biodistribution study, 10 min after intravenous administration of dexibuprofen (11.70 mg/kg) and its prodrugs (the dose of each compound was equivalent to 11.70 mg/kg of dexibuprofen) in male Sprague-Dawley rats, the dexibuprofen concentrations in the brain and plasma were measured. The C(brain)/C(plasma) ratios of prodrugs 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were 17.0-, 15.7-, 7.88-, 9.31-, and 3.42-fold higher than that of dexibuprofen, respectively (P<0.01). Thus, each of the prodrugs exhibited a significantly enhanced brain distribution when compared with dexibuprofen. In the pharmacokinetic study, prodrug 1 exhibited a brain-targeting index of 11.19 {DTI=(AUC(brain)/AUC(plasma))(1)/(AUC(brain)/AUC(plasma))(dexibuprofen)}. CONCLUSION The ethanolamine-related structures may play an important role in transport across the brain blood barrier.
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Abu Zanat FZ, Qandil AM, Tashtoush BM. A promising codrug of nicotinic acid and ibuprofen for managing dyslipidemia. I: Synthesis andin vitroevaluation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 37:1090-9. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.560155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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7
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Ulbrich W, Lamprecht A. Targeted drug-delivery approaches by nanoparticulate carriers in the therapy of inflammatory diseases. J R Soc Interface 2009; 7 Suppl 1:S55-66. [PMID: 19940000 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2009.0285.focus] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Limitations in therapy induced by adverse effects due to unselective drug availability and therefore the use of potentially too high doses are a common problem. One prominent example for this dilemma are inflammatory diseases. Colloidal carriers allow one to improve delivery of drugs to the site of action and appear promising to overcome this general therapeutic drawback. Specific uptake of nanoparticles by immune-related cells in inflamed barriers offers selective drug targeting to the inflamed tissue. Here we focus on nanocarrier-based drug delivery strategies for the treatment of common inflammatory disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, uveitis or inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Ulbrich
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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8
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QSAR models for predicting enzymatic hydrolysis of new chemical entities in ‘soft-drug’ design. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3543-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 04/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Hwang J, Rodgers K, Oliver JC, Schluep T. Alpha-methylprednisolone conjugated cyclodextrin polymer-based nanoparticles for rheumatoid arthritis therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2008; 3:359-71. [PMID: 18990945 PMCID: PMC2626937 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s3217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A glycinate derivative of α-methylprednisolone (MP) was prepared and conjugated to a linear cyclodextrin polymer (CDP) with a loading of 12.4% w/w. The polymer conjugate (CDP-MP) self-assembled into nanoparticles with a size of 27 nm. Release kinetics of MP from the polymer conjugate showed a half-life (t1/2) of 50 h in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and 19 h in human plasma. In vitro, the proliferation of human lymphocytes was suppressed to a similar extent but with a delayed effect when CDP-MP was compared with free MP. In vivo, CDP-MP was administered intravenously to mice with collagen-induced arthritis and compared with free MP. CDP-MP was administered weekly for six weeks (0.07, 0.7, and 7 mg/kg/week) and MP was administered daily for six weeks (0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/kg/day). Body weight changes were minimal in all animals. After 28 days, a significant decrease in arthritis score was observed in animals treated weekly with an intermediate or high dose of CDP-MP. Additionally, dorsoplantar swelling was reduced to baseline in animals treated with CDP-MP at the intermediate and high dose level. Histological evaluation showed a reduction in synovitis, pannus formation and disruption of architecture at the highest dose level of CDP-MP. MP administered daily at equivalent cumulative doses showed minimal efficacy in this model. This study demonstrates that conjugation of MP to a cyclodextrin-polymer may improve its efficacy, leading to lower doses and less frequent administration for a safer and more convenient management of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Mishra A, Veerasamy R, Jain PK, Dixit VK, Agrawal RK. Synthesis, characterization and pharmacological evaluation of amide prodrugs of ketorolac. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:2464-72. [PMID: 17967497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Mishra
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H.S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.) 470 003, India
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11
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Abstract
Enzymes are essential for the activation of many prodrugs. In this review, the most important enzymes (e.g., paraoxonase, carboxylesterase, acetylcholinesterase, cholinesterase) involved in the bioconversion of ester-based prodrugs will be discussed in terms of their biology and biochemistry. Most of these enzymes fall into the category of hydrolytic enzymes. However, nonhydrolytic enzymes, including cytochrome P450s, can also catalyze the bioconversion of ester prodrugs and thus will be discussed here. Other factors influencing the ability of these enzymes to catalyze the bioconversion of ester-based prodrugs, particularly species and interindividual differences and stereochemical and structural features of the prodrugs, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca M Liederer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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12
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Liederer BM, Borchardt RT. Stability of oxymethyl-modified coumarinic acid cyclic prodrugs of diastereomeric opioid peptides in biological media from various animal species including human. J Pharm Sci 2006; 94:2198-206. [PMID: 16136552 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In vitro stability studies of oxymethyl-modified coumarinic acid (OMCA) cyclic prodrugs of the diastereomeric opioid peptides DADLE ([D-Ala2,D-Leu5]-Enk, H-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-D-Leu-OH), [Ala2,D-Leu5]-Enk (H-Tyr-Ala-Gly-Phe-D-Leu-OH), [D-Ala2,Leu5]-Enk (H-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH), and [Ala2,Leu5]-Enk (H-Tyr-Ala-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH) were conducted to evaluate how the chirality of specific amino acid residues (Ala2 and Leu5) in the peptide portion affects their bioconversion by esterases. The stability studies were conducted at 37 degrees C in plasma and tissue homogenates (liver and brain) from five animal species (rat, mouse, canine, guinea pig, and hamster) and human in an attempt to identify an animal species that had a "prodrug bioconversion profile" comparable to that of humans. Initially, the total esterase activity in these biological media was measured using p-nitrophenyl butyrate (PNPB) as a substrate. By repeating this activity assay in the presence of paraoxon, a potent esterase B inhibitor, it was possible to estimate the relative amounts of esterases B and esterases A/C in a biological sample. Stability studies of the cyclic prodrugs were carried out under identical conditions, that is, in the presence and absence of paraoxon. Significant differences in the rates of hydrolysis of the cyclic prodrugs were observed, particularly between cyclic prodrugs with differences in the chirality of the amino acid on the C-terminus of the peptide portion, for example, L-amino acids at the C-terminus hydrolyzed more rapidly than D-amino acids. This stereoselective hydrolysis was independent of the animal species but tended to be more pronounced in brain and liver homogenates compared to plasma. Increased esterase specific activity, as measured by PNPB, in the biological media did not necessarily correlate with increased bioconversion rates of the cyclic prodrugs. The enzymatic stability profiles of the cyclic prodrugs in biological media from canine and guinea pig most closely resembled the profiles from human biological media. Therefore, canine and guinea pig appear to be the most relevant animal models for conducting pharmacokinetic studies on these cyclic prodrugs of opioid peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca M Liederer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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13
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Bansal AK, Khar RK, Dubey R, Sharma AK. Activity profile of glycolamide ester prodrugs of ibuprofen. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2001; 27:63-70. [PMID: 11247537 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-100000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Glycolamide esters of ibuprofen (I), namely, unsubstituted (II), N,N dimethyl (III), and N,N diethyl (IV), were synthesized and studied for different physicochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological properties. They were comparable with I in respect of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity but did not exhibit reduction in the ulcerogenicity on oral administration. However, all three exhibited significantly better topical activity in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema assay. In the same assay, they provided significant protection against inflammation when applied at a site remote to the inflammation site.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Bansal
- College of Pharmacy, Pushp Vihar Sector 3, New Delhi 110 017, India
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14
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Yoshigae Y, Imai T, Horita A, Otagiri M. Species differences for stereoselective hydrolysis of propranolol prodrugs in plasma and liver. Chirality 1997; 9:661-6. [PMID: 9366026 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-636x(1997)9:7<661::aid-chir4>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Species differences and substrate specificities for the stereoselective hydrolysis of fifteen O-acyl propranolol (PL) prodrugs were investigated in pH 7.4 Tris-HCl buffer and rat and dog plasma and liver subfractions. The (R)-isomers were preferentially converted to propranolol (PL) in both rat and dog plasma with the exception of isovaleryl-PL in rat plasma, although the hydrolytic activities of prodrugs in rat plasma were 5-119-fold greater than those in dog plasma. The prodrugs with promoieties (C(=O)CH(R)CH3) based on propionic acid showed marked preference for hydrolysis of the (R)-enantiomers in plasma from both species (R/S ratio 2.5-18.2). On the other hand, the hepatic hydrolytic activities of prodrugs were greater in dog than rat, especially in cytosolic fractions. The hydrolytic activity was predominantly located in microsomes of the liver in rat, while the cytosol also contributed to hepatic hydrolysis in dog. Hepatic microsomal hydrolysis in dog showed a preference for the (R)-isomers except acetyl- and propionyl-PL. Interestingly, in rat liver all types of prodrugs with substituents of small carbon number showed (S)-preference for hydrolysis. The hydrolyses of (R)- and (S)-isomers of straight chain acyl esters in rat liver microsomes were linearly and parabolically related with the carbon number of substituents, respectively, while these relationships were linear for both isomers in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yoshigae
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
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15
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Iley J, Moreira R, Calheiros T, Mendes E. Acyloxymethyl as a drug protecting group: Part 4. The hydrolysis of tertiary amidomethyl ester prodrugs of carboxylic acid agents. Pharm Res 1997; 14:1634-9. [PMID: 9434286 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012146905833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Novel tertiary amidomethyl esters were synthesized and evaluated as potential prodrugs of carboxylic acid agents. METHODS The hydrolyses of the title compounds in buffer solutions and in plasma were studied by UV spectroscopy and HPLC. RESULTS Amidomethyl esters were hydrolyzed by acid-catalyzed, base-catalyzed and pH-independent pathways. Both the acid-catalyzed, kH+, and pH-independent processes, ko, were strongly affected by the electronic and steric nature of the N-substituent in the pro-moiety. For both processes, the electronic effect exerted greater influence, and electron-withdrawing substituents retarded reaction. The pH-independent hydrolysis of amidomethyl esters were dependent on the pKa of the carboxylate leaving group, giving a Brönsted beta(1g) value -0.91. The base-catalyzed, kOH-, pathway was mainly affected by the steric bulk of the nitrogen substituents in the amide moiety, the reactivity being reduced with larger N-substituents. Hydrolysis in human plasma appeared to be mediated by enzymic processes and is dependent upon the steric bulk in the carboxylic acid moiety. Plasma hydrolysis rates were inversely dependent on the lipophilicity of the ester. CONCLUSIONS Derivatives containing the ethyl hippurate carrier are useful prodrugs for carboxylic acid-containing drugs with pKa > 3.5, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents and valproic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Iley
- Chemistry Department, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom.
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16
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Fukuhara A, Imai T, Otagiri M. Stereoselective disposition of flurbiprofen from a mutual prodrug with a histamine H2-antagonist to reduce gastrointestinal lesions in the rat. Chirality 1996; 8:494-502. [PMID: 8970747 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-636x(1996)8:7<494::aid-chir6>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro and in vivo stereoselective hydrolysis characteristics of the mutual prodrug FP-PPA, which is a conjugate of flurbiprofen (FP) with the histamine H2-antagonist PPA, to reduce gastrointestinal lesions induced by FP were investigated and compared with those of FP methyl ester (rac-FP-Me) and FP ethyleneglycol ester (rac-FP-EG). The rac-FP derivatives were hydrolyzed preferentially to the (+)-S-isomer in plasma and to the (-)-R-isomer in liver and small intestinal mucosa. Interestingly, in the gastric mucosa, the stereoselectivity of hydrolysis of (-)-R-FP-PPA was opposite from that of rac-FP-Me and rac-FP-EG, which suggested that the stereoselective hydrolysis of FP-PPA was helpful in reducing gastric damage induced by (+)-S-FP. However, hydrolysis of all rac-FP derivatives was found to be catalyzed by carboxylesterases in the gastric mucosa. The stereoselective disposition of FP enantiomers early after intravenous administration of rac-FP-PPA could be explained by the stereoselective formation of (-)-R-FP from rac-FP-PPA in the liver. (-)-R-FP-PPA was completely hydrolyzed to form (-)-R-FP in vivo, while 78% of (+)-S-FP-PPA was hydrolyzed to (+)-S-FP, with a corresponding decrease in the area under the curve. Twenty-five percent of (+)-S-FP-PPA might be eliminated as the intact prodrug or its metabolites other than FP. The most important bioconversion of FP-PPA occurred in plasma, and additional hydrolysis of the R-enantiomer in liver resulted in the stereoselectivity observed following both i.v. and p.o. administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fukuhara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
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17
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Yoshida H, Kohno Y, Endo H, Hasegawa M, Suwa T. Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of [14C]-labeled KE-298, a new anti-rheumatic drug, in rats. Chirality 1996; 8:258-63. [PMID: 8777146 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-636x(1996)8:3<258::aid-chir5>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The stereoselective pharmacokinetics of two enantiomers of [14C]-labeled KE-298 [2-acetylthiomethyl-4-(4-methylphenyl)-4-oxobutanonic acid] were investigated in rats. The blood levels of radioactivity after the oral administration of (+)-(S)-[14C]KE-298 were higher than that for (-)-(R)-[14C]KE-298; the AUC of the former was approximately twice that of the latter. No significant stereoselectivity was observed in absorption rate. The tissue/ plasma level ratios at 30 min after oral administration of (-)-(R)-[14C]KE-298 in the liver and kidney, the major metabolic and/or excretory organs, were 2 to 3 times higher than those for (+)-(S)-[14C]KE-298. Neither was evidence of stereoselectivity found in the excretion of radioactivity. During incubation with isolated rat hepatocytes in vitro, the metabolic rates of KE-298 enantiomers were not significantly different. Plasma protein binding 20 min after the oral administration of (+)-(S)-[14C]KE-298 and (-)-(R)-[14C]KE-298 was 99.3% and 97.0% respectively. Comparing the unbound fraction, (-)-(R)-[14C]KE-298 was approximately 4 times higher than (+)-(S)-[14C]KE-298. In order to make clear the relationship between stereoselective pharmacokinetics and protein binding for [14C]KE-298, the comparative pharmacokinetics of (+)-(S)-[14C]KE-298 and (-)-(R)-[14C]KE-298 were investigated in analbuminemic rats. In these animals, no evidence of stereoselectivity was found for either blood level-time profiles or plasma protein binding. These results revealed that the stereoselective pharmacokinetics of KE-298 in rats might be due to enantiomeric differences in binding to plasma albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yoshida
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
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18
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Samara E, Avnir D, Ladkani D, Bialer M. Pharmacokinetic analysis of diethylcarbonate prodrugs of ibuprofen and naproxen. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1995; 16:201-10. [PMID: 7787132 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2510160305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen diethylcarbonate (ibudice) and naproxen diethythylcarbonate (napdice), two new diethylcarbonate prodrugs of ibuprofen and naproxen, was investigated in dogs. The rationale for the development of ibudice and napdice was that esterification of the carboxylic moiety of the parent compounds would suppress gastrotoxicity without adversely affecting their anti-inflammatory activity. In addition the biotransformation of the prodrugs to the parent compounds may be utilized to achieve rate and time controlled drug delivery of the active entities. Following oral administration the diethylcarbonate esters were rapidly biotransformed to the parent compounds and no ibudice or napdice was detected in the plasma. The relative bioavailability of ibuprofen and naproxen, following oral administration of ibudice and napdice, was 96% and 74%, respectively, and the rate of absorption was not significantly different from that obtained following oral dosing of the parent compound. Stability studies in gastric and intestinal juice showed that, unlike napdice, ibudice was stable in gastric juice, with both prodrugs undergoing rapid biotransformation to their parent compounds in intestinal juice. This rapid conversion led to the lack of sustained release performance following oral administration of ibudice or napidice.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Samara
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Mangoni P, Sioufi A, Godbillon J. Stereospecific high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of an S(-)-benzopyran methyl ester derivative (CGP 50 068), its (-)-carboxylic acid metabolite (CGP 55 461) and the related (+)-enantiomer (CGP 54 228) in human and dog plasma. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 664:393-400. [PMID: 7780592 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00471-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous determination of CGP 50 068, S(-)-enantiomer (I), its (-)-carboxylic acid metabolite CGP 55 461 (II) and the related (+)-enantiomer CGP 54 228 (III) by stereospecific high-performance liquid chromatography, in human plasma, is described. The three compounds and racemic acebutolol, used as internal standard, were isolated from plasma by liquid-solid extraction on disposable C18 columns. The resolution and determination of I and the two carboxylic acid enantiomers were achieved by direct chromatography using a Chiral-AGP column refrigerated at 5 degrees C. The mobile phase was tetrabutylammonium iodide in a pH 7 phosphate buffer solution used at a constant flow-rate of 0.5 ml/min. The UV detection wavelength was set at 270 nm. The reproducibility and accuracy of the method were found to be suitable over the concentration range 0.56-28.0 mumol/l for II and III and 2.0-26.7 mumol/l for I.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mangoni
- Ciba-Geigy Laboratories, Reuil-Malmaison, France
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Tsunematsu H, Yoshida S, Horie K, Yamamoto M. Synthesis and the stereoselective enzymatic hydrolysis of flurbiprofen-basic amino acid ethyl esters. J Drug Target 1995; 2:517-25. [PMID: 7773614 DOI: 10.3109/10611869509015922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ethyl esters of flurbiprofen L-arginine (FP-Arg-OH), flurbiprofen L-lysine (FP-Lys-OH) and flurbiprofen p-guanidino-L-phenylalanine (FP-GPA-OH) were synthesized and then the release of flurbiprofen enantiomers from these derivatives in the presence of trypsin (Tp), carboxypeptidase B (CPB) and carboxypeptidase Y (CPY) were examined in order to evaluate their availability as prodrugs for flurbiprofen (FP). The ester bonds of the three racemic FP derivatives were hydrolyzed by Tp at about 3 to 20 times the rates of N-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (Bz-Arg-OEt), a specific substrate for Tp. (R)-FP was released faster than (S)-FP by either CPB or CPY from both FP-Arg-OH and FP-Lys-OH. On the other hand, FP-GPA-OH was not hydrolyzed at all by CPB and the hydrolysis rate of this compound by CPY was very slow. (S)-Flurbiprofen L-arginine ethyl ester ((S)-FP-Arg-OEt) was separated from (R)-FP-Arg-OEt by high-performance liquid chromatography. A comparison of the kinetic parameters for the tryptic hydrolysis of the two optically active FP-Arg-OEt diastereomers and those of Bz-Arg-OEt suggested that the orientation of the scissile bond in each diastereomer to the catalytic center of Tp is more favorable than that of Bz-Arg-OEt. However, no significant difference was found between the kinetic parameters for the two diastereomers, suggesting that the orientational difference between (S)-FP and (R)-FP in the diastereomers does not have any effect on the tryptic hydrolysis of the ester bond.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tsunematsu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Japan
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Hermansson J, Hermansson I. Dynamic modification of the chiral bonding properties of a CHIRAL-AGP column by organic and inorganic additives. J Chromatogr A 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)80380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Muller N, Lapicque F, Drelon E, Gillet P, Monot C, Poletto B, Netter P. Direct high-performance liquid chromatographic resolution of the enantiomers of tiaprofenic acid using immobilized human serum albumin. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 616:261-70. [PMID: 7690766 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80394-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Resolution of racemic tiaprofenic acid (TA) has been performed using immobilized human serum albumin as the stationary phase. The eluent was phosphate buffer-acetonitrile-n-octanoic acid (90:10:0.015, v/v). Detection was achieved at 305 nm. The pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers were studied following oral administration into humans and after subcutaneous injection in rats. Plasma concentrations of (+)-TA were much greater than those of (-)-TA. For the rat, the pharmacokinetic parameters between (-)-TA and (+)-TA were all statistically different (p < 0.005).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Muller
- URA CNRS 1288, Faculté de Médecine, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
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