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Firouzi S, Pahlavani N, Navashenaq JG, Clayton ZS, Beigmohammadi MT, Malekahmadi M. The effect of Vitamin C and Zn supplementation on the immune system and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. CLINICAL NUTRITION OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 44:144-154. [PMID: 35783349 PMCID: PMC9233349 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutos.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2) is the most dangerous form of the coronavirus, which causes COVID-19. In patients with severe COVID-19, the immune system becomes markedly overactive. There is evidence that supplementation with select micronutrients may play a role in maintaining immune system function in this patient population. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, significant emphasis has been placed on the importance of supplementing critical micronutrients such as Vitamin C and Zinc (Zn) due to their immunomodulatory effects. Viral infections, like COVID-19, increase physiological demand for these micronutrients. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to provide comprehensive information regarding the potential effectiveness of Vitamin C and Zn supplementation during viral infection and specifically COVID-19. This review demonstrated a relation between Vitamin C and Zn deficiency and a reduction in the innate immune response, which can ultimately make patients with COVID-19 more vulnerable to viral infection. As such, adequate intake of Vitamin C and Zn, as an adjunctive therapeutic approach with any necessary pharmacological treatment(s), may be necessary to mitigate the adverse physiological effects of COVID-19. To truly clarify the role of Vitamin C and Zn supplementation in the management of COVID-19, we must wait for the results of ongoing randomized controlled trials. The toxicity of Vitamin C and Zn should also be considered to prevent over-supplementation. Over-supplementation of Vitamin C can lead to oxalate toxicity, while increased Zn intake can reduce immune system function. In summary, Vitamin C and Zn supplementation may be useful in mitigating COVID-19 symptomology.
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Key Words
- COVID-19
- Dietary supplement
- HIF-1α, Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α
- IFN-α, Intererferon alfa
- INF-β, Interferon beta
- Immune system
- NK, Natural killer
- PUFAs, Polyunsaturated fatty acids
- RCTs, Randomized controlled trials
- RDA, Recommended Dietary Allowance
- SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2
- TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor alpha
- Vitamin C
- Zn
- Zn, Zinc
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Affiliation(s)
- Safieh Firouzi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Naseh Pahlavani
- Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | | | | | - Mohammad Taghi Beigmohammadi
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Department, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author
| | - Mahsa Malekahmadi
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Department, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author. Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Pavlovic S, Jovic Z, Karan R, Krtinic D, Rankovic G, Golubovic M, Lilic J, Pavlovic V. Modulatory effect of curcumin on ketamine-induced toxicity in rat thymocytes: Involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2018; 18:320-327. [PMID: 29579407 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2018.2607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is a widely used anesthetic in pediatric clinical practice. Previous studies have demonstrated that ketamine induces neurotoxicity and has a modulatory effect on the cells of the immune system. Here, we evaluated the potential protective effect and underlying mechanisms of natural phenolic compound curcumin against ketamine-induced toxicity in rat thymocytes. Rat thymocytes were exposed to 100 µM ketamine alone or combined with increasing concentrations of curcumin (0.3, 1, and 3 μM) for 24 hours. Cell viability was analyzed with CCK-8 assay kit. Apoptosis was analyzed using flow cytometry and propidium iodide as well as Z-VAD-FMK and Z-LEHD-FMK inhibitors. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial membrane potential [MMP] were measured by flow cytometry. Colorimetric assay with DEVD-pNA substrate was used for assessing caspase-3 activity. Involvement of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway was tested with Wortmannin inhibitor. Ketamine induced toxicity in cells, increased the number of hypodiploid cells, caspase-3 activity and ROS production, and inhibited the MMP. Co-incubation of higher concentrations of curcumin (1 and 3 μM) with ketamine markedly decreased cytotoxicity, apoptosis rate, caspase-3 activity, and ROS production in rat thymocytes, and increased the MMP. Application of Z-VAD-FMK (a pan caspase inhibitor) or Z-LEHD-FMK (caspase-9 inhibitor) with ketamine effectively attenuated the ketamine-induced apoptosis in rat thymocytes. Administration of Wortmannin (a PI3K inhibitor) with curcumin and ketamine significantly decreased the protective effect of curcumin on rat thymocytes. Our results indicate that ketamine-induced toxicity in rat thymocytes mainly occurs through the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway and that the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is involved in the anti-apoptotic effect of curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Pavlovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty University of Nis, Nis, Serbia.
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Roh SG, Carroll JA, Kim SW. Effects of fermented soybean meal on innate immunity-related gene expressions in nursery pigs acutely challenged with lipopolysaccharides. Anim Sci J 2015; 86:508-16. [PMID: 25440755 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This experiment was to determine if replacing soybean meal with fermented soybean meal (FSBM) would reduce the innate immune response after lipopolysaccharide challenge and the changes of gene expression profiles associated with this response. Forty-eight 21 day-old pigs were housed individually and fed three diets for 15 days: CON (a diet without FSBM or spray-dried plasma protein; SDPP), PP7 (a diet with 7% SDPP), and FS10 (a diet with 10% FSBM). Pigs were fitted with a jugular vein catheters receiving lipopolysaccharide challenge (25 μg/kg body weight (BW)) on day 15. Blood was collected for 5 h at 30-min intervals to measure cortisol. Expressions of gene transcripts in total RNA from leukocytes were compared using an oligonucleotide microarray at 210 min after lipopolysaccharides injection. Cortisol of FS10 was lower (P < 0.05) than CON after lipopolysaccharides challenge. The expression levels of 17 transcripts, including cytosolic glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase A4-4 were increased (P < 0.05), whereas 23 genes including adiponectin, neonatal Fc receptor and tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 5 were decreased (P < 0.05) in FS10. This study suggests that FSBM-fed pigs can modulate expression of genes related to inflammatory response and anti-oxidant activity which can be a potential reason for reduced serum cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Gun Roh
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Lab of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Chen J, Huo J, Jia Z, Song Y, Li Y, Zhang L. Effects of atrazine on the proliferation and cytotoxicity of murine lymphocytes with the use of carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester-based flow cytometric approaches. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 76:61-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Pavlovic V, Stojanovic I, Jadranin M, Vajs V, Djordjević I, Smelcerovic A, Stojanovic G. Effect of four lichen acids isolated from Hypogymnia physodes on viability of rat thymocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 51:160-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Stone V, Wilson MR, Lightbody J, Donaldson K. Investigating the potential for interaction between the components of PM(10). Environ Health Prev Med 2012; 7:246-53. [PMID: 21432393 DOI: 10.1007/bf02908883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2002] [Accepted: 08/20/2002] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The adverse health effects of elevated exposures to PM(10) (particulate matter collected through a size selective inlet with an efficiency of 50% for particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm) in relation to morbidity and mortality, especially in susceptible individuals, are now well recognised. PM(10) consists of a variable cocktail of components differing in chemical composition and size. Epidemiological and toxicological data suggest that transition metals and ultrafine particles are both able to drive the cellular and molecular changes that underlie PM(10)-induced inflammation and so worsen disease status. Toxicological evidence also suggest roles for the biological components of PM(10) including volatile organic compounds (VOC's), allergens and bacterial-derived endotoxin. Many of these components, in particular transition metals, ultrafine particles, endotoxin and VOC's induce a cellular oxidative stress which initiates an intracellular signaling cascade involving the activation of phosphatase and kinase enzymes as well as transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B. Activation of these signaling mechanisms results in an increase in the expression of proinflammatory mediators, and hence enhanced inflammation. Given that many of the components of PM(10) stimulate similar or even identical intracellular signaling pathways, it is conceivable that this will result in synergistic or additive interactions so that the biological response induced by PM(10) exposure is a response to the composition rather than the mass alone. A small number of studies suggest that synergistic interactions occur between ultrafine particles and transition metals, between particles and allergens, and between particles and VOC's. Elucidation of the consequences of interaction between the components of PM(10) in relation to their biological activity implies huge consequences for the methods used to monitor and to legislate pollution exposure in the future, and may drive a move from mass based measurements to composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Stone
- Biomedicine Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Napier University, 10 Colinton Road, Merchiston, EH10 5DT, Edinburgh, U.K.,
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Pavlovic V, Cherneva E, Yancheva D, Smelcerovic A. 6-(Propan-2-yl)-3-methyl-morpholine-2,5-dione, a novel cyclodidepsipeptide with modulatory effect on rat thymocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3014-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Cherneva E, Pavlovic V, Smelcerovic A, Yancheva D. The effect of camphor and borneol on rat thymocyte viability and oxidative stress. Molecules 2012; 17:10258-66. [PMID: 22926306 PMCID: PMC6268831 DOI: 10.3390/molecules170910258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Camphor and borneol are wildly distributed in the essential oils of medicinal plants from various parts of the World. Our study has been carried out to evaluate the effect of these two bicyclic monoterpenes on rat thymocytes. Camphor and borneol at concentrations of 0.5 and 5 µg/mL did not induce significant toxicity on the immune system cells, while a significant increase of thymocyte viability was detected when cells were incubated with 50 µg/mL of camphor. A significant increase of cell viability was similarly detected when thymocytes were cultivated with borneol at concentrations of 0.5 and 5 µg/mL. The role of camphor and borneol in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) disturbances in rat thymocytes as well as their potential mechanism(s) of action were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliya Cherneva
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Pavlovic V, Djordjevic A, Cherneva E, Yancheva D, Smelcerovic A. Stimulatory effect on rat thymocytes proliferation and antimicrobial activity of two 6-(propan-2-yl)-4-methyl-morpholine-2,5-diones. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:761-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractVitamin C (ascorbic acid) is an essential water-soluble nutrient that primarily exerts its effect on a host defense mechanisms and immune homeostasis and is the most important physiological antioxidant. Stable intake of vitamin C is essential for life in humans because the body does not synthesize it. Even the numerous studies have demonstrated that vitamin C supplementation stimulates the immune system, prevents DNA damage and significantly decreases the risk of a wide range of pathologies; the potential protective mechanisms are still largely unknown. This review summarizes the recently known facts about the role of vitamin C on the selected cells of the immune system and potential molecular mechanisms involved. Further, in this review, many new data about the positive effects of vitamin C on the immune system, potential toxicological effects, vitamin C supplementation in disease development, as well as some proposed mechanisms of vitamin C activity, are discussed.
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Chang JJ, Lin PJ, Lee YH, Yang MC, Chien CT. The effect of covalent immobilization of sialic acid on the removal of lipopolysaccharide and reactive oxygen species for polyethylene terephthalate. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Taguchi K, Tamba M, Bannai S, Sato H. Induction of cystine/glutamate transporter in bacterial lipopolysaccharide induced endotoxemia in mice. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2007; 4:20. [PMID: 17897437 PMCID: PMC2039726 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-4-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystine/glutamate transporter, system xc-, contributes to the maintenance of intracellular glutathione levels and the redox balance in the extracellular space. The main component of the transporter, xCT, is known to be strongly induced by various stimuli like oxidative stress in mammalian cultured cells. We examined the expression of xCT mRNA in vivo in the experimental endotoxemia. METHODS Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization were used to investigate the expression of xCT mRNA in the tissues of the mice exposed to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). RESULTS Northern blot analysis revealed that xCT mRNA was constitutively expressed in the brain, thymus, and spleen, and that the expression of xCT mRNA was strongly up-regulated in thymus and spleen by the administration of a sublethal dose of LPS. In addition to brain, thymus, and spleen, xCT mRNA was detected also in the bronchiolar epithelium of the lung by the administration of the lethal dose of LPS. CONCLUSION xCT is induced in some specific tissues by the administration of LPS. The results suggest that cystine/glutamate transporter plays an important role under the inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Taguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Michiko Tamba
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shiro Bannai
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideyo Sato
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
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Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Geladopoulos T, Chrisofos M, Koutoukas P, Vassiliadis J, Alexandrou I, Tsaganos T, Sabracos L, Karagianni V, Pelekanou E, Tzepi I, Kranidioti H, Koussoulas V, Giamarellou H. OLEUROPEIN. Shock 2006; 26:410-6. [PMID: 16980890 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000226342.70904.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Oleuropein, a novel immunomodulator derived from olive tree, was assessed in vitro and in experimental sepsis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. After addition in monocyte and neutrophil cultures, malondialdehyde, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and bacterial counts were estimated in supernatants. Acute pyelonephritis was induced in 70 rabbits after inoculation of pathogen in the renal pelvis. Intravenous therapy was administered in four groups postchallenge by one multidrug-resistant isolate (A, controls; B, oleuropein; C, amikacin; D, both agents) and in three groups postchallenge by one susceptible isolate (E, controls; F, oleuropein; G, amikacin). Survival was recorded; bacterial growth in blood and organs was counted; endotoxins (LPS), malondialdehyde, total antioxidant status, and TNF-alpha in serum were estimated. TNF-alpha and IL-6 of cell supernatants were not increased compared with controls when triggered by LPS and P. aeruginosa. Counts of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa were decreased in monocyte supernatants. Median survival of groups A, B, C, D, E, F, and G were 3.00, 6.00, 2.00, 10.00, 1.00, 5.00, and 1.00 days, respectively. Bacteria in blood were lower at 48 h in groups B and D compared with A and in groups F and G compared with E. Total antioxidant status decreased steadily over time in groups A, C, D, and G, but not in groups B and F. TNF-alpha of groups B, C, and D was lower than A at 48 h. Tissue bacteria decreased in group F compared with E. Oleuropein prolonged survival in experimental sepsis probably by promoting phagocytosis or inhibiting biosynthesis of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Victor VM, Rocha M, De la Fuente M. Immune cells: free radicals and antioxidants in sepsis. Int Immunopharmacol 2004; 4:327-47. [PMID: 15037211 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2003] [Revised: 01/13/2004] [Accepted: 01/29/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), associated with inflammation, leads to a condition of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is a major contributing factor to the high mortality rates associated with several diseases such as endotoxic shock. This condition can be controlled to a certain degree by antioxidant therapies. Immune cells use ROS in order to support their functions and therefore need adequate levels of antioxidant defenses in order to avoid the harmful effect of an excessive production of ROS. This review discusses the toxic effects of endotoxin, paying particular attention to immune function. It continues by analyzing the mechanism to which specific cells of the immune system recognize endotoxin, and the resulting pathways leading to nuclear factor-kappaB activation and proinflammatory gene transcription. We also focus on the involvement of reactive oxygen and nitric oxide (NO) and the protective role of antioxidants. The potential clinical use of antioxidants in the treatment of sepsis and the effects on the redox state of the immune cells are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Victor
- Unidad Mixta Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III-Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshikazu Yoshikawa
- First Dept. of Internal Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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