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Selepe TN, Maliehe TS. Bioflocculation of pollutants in wastewater using flocculant derived from Providencia huaxiensis OR794369.1. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:39. [PMID: 38281910 PMCID: PMC10823601 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03144-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water pollution has become a major environmental and health concern due to increasing population and industrialisation. Microbial flocculants are promising agents for treatment of contaminated water owing to their effectiveness, eco-friendliness, and high biosafety levels. In this study, culture conditions of Providencia huaxiensis OR794369.1 were optimised and its bioflocculant was extracted, characterised and used to treat wastewater. RESULTS The maximum flocculating activity of 92% and yield of 3.5 g/L were obtained when cultivation conditions were: 3% inoculum size, starch, casein, initial pH of 6, cultivation temperature of 30 oC and 72 h of fermentation. The bioflocculant is an amorphous glycoprotein biomolecule with 37.5% carbohydrates, 27.9% protein, and 34.6% uronic acids. It is composed of hydroxyl, amino, alkanes, carboxylic acid and amines groups as its main functional structures. It was found to be safe to use as it demonstrated non-cytotoxic effects on bovine dermis and African green monkey kidney cells, illustrating median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 180 and > 500 µg/mL on both cell lines, respectively. It demonstrated the removal efficiencies of 90% on chemical oxygen demand (COD), 97% on biological oxygen demand (BOD) and 72% on Sulphur on coal mine wastewater. It also revealed the reduction efficacies of 98% (COD) and 92% (BOD) and 70% on Sulphur on domestic wastewater. CONCLUSION The bioflocculant was effective in reducing pollutants and thus, illustrated potential to be used in wastewater treatment process as an alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tlou Nelson Selepe
- Department of Water and Sanitation, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Polokwane, 0727, South Africa.
| | - Tsolanku Sidney Maliehe
- Department of Water and Sanitation, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Polokwane, 0727, South Africa
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Bahniuk MS, Alidina F, Tan X, Unsworth LD. The last 25 years of research on bioflocculants for kaolin flocculation with recent trends and technical challenges for the future. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1048755. [PMID: 36507274 PMCID: PMC9731118 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1048755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of kaolin-containing wastewater is an inevitable consequence in a number of industries including mining, wastewater treatment, and bitumen processing. In some cases, the production of kaolin tailings waste during the production of bitumen or phosphate is as high as 3 times greater than the actual produced product. The existing inventory of nearly five billion barrels of oil sands tailings alone represents a massive storage and reclamation challenge, as well as a significant economic and environmental liability. Current reclamation options like inorganic coagulants and organic synthetic polymers may settle kaolin effectively, but may themselves pose an additional environmental hazard. Bioflocculants are an emerging alternative, given the inherent safety and biodegradability of their bio-based compositions. This review summarizes the different research attempts towards a better bioflocculant of kaolin, with a focus on the bioflocculant source, composition, and effective flocculating conditions. Bacillus bacteria were the most prevalent single species for bioflocculant production, with wastewater also hosting a large number of bioflocculant-producing microorganisms while serving as an inexpensive nutrient. Effective kaolin flocculation could be obtained over a broad range of pH values (1-12) and temperatures (5-95°C). Uronic acid and glutamic acid were predominant sugars and amino acids, respectively, in a number of effective bioflocculants, potentially due to their structural and charge similarities to effective synthetic polymers like polyacrylamide. Overall, these results demonstrate that bioflocculants can be produced from a wide range of microorganisms, can be composed of polysaccharides, protein or glycoproteins and can serve as effective treatment options for kaolin. In some cases, the next obstacle to their wide-spread application is scaling to industrially relevant volumes and their deployment strategies.
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Abbas SZ, Yong YC, Ali Khan M, Siddiqui MR, Hakami AAH, Alshareef SA, Otero M, Rafatullah M. Bioflocculants Produced by Bacterial Strains Isolated from Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Application in the Removal of Eriochrome Black T Dye from Water. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071545. [PMID: 32668712 PMCID: PMC7408152 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Four strains of bioflocculant-producing bacteria were isolated from a palm oil mill effluent (POME). The four bacterial strains were identified as Pseudomonas alcaliphila (B1), Pseudomonas oleovorans (B2), Pseudomonas chengduensis (B3), and Bacillus nitratireducens (B4) by molecular identification. Among the four bacterial strains, Bacillus nitratireducens (B4) achieved the highest flocculating activity (49.15%) towards kaolin clay suspension after eight hours of cultivation time and was selected for further studies. The optimum conditions for Eriochrome Black T (EBT) flocculation regarding initial pH, type of cation, and B4 dosage were determined to be pH 2, Ca2⁺ cations, and a dosage of 250 mL/L of nutrient broth containing B4. Under these conditions, above 90% of EBT dye removal was attained. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FT-IR) analysis of the bioflocculant revealed the presence of hydroxyl, alkyl, carboxyl, and amino groups. This bioflocculant was demonstrated to possess a good flocculating activity, being a promissory, low-cost, harmless, and environmentally friendly alternative for the treatment of effluents contaminated with dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Zaghum Abbas
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (S.Z.A.); (Y.-C.Y.)
| | - Yang-Chun Yong
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (S.Z.A.); (Y.-C.Y.)
| | - Moonis Ali Khan
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.K.); (M.R.S.); (A.A.H.H.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Masoom Raza Siddiqui
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.K.); (M.R.S.); (A.A.H.H.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Afnan Ali Hussain Hakami
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.K.); (M.R.S.); (A.A.H.H.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Shareefa Ahmed Alshareef
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.K.); (M.R.S.); (A.A.H.H.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Marta Otero
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (M.O.); (M.R.)
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- Division of Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.O.); (M.R.)
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Araújo D, Concórdio-Reis P, Marques AC, Sevrin C, Grandfils C, Alves VD, Fortunato E, Reis MAM, Freitas F. Demonstration of the ability of the bacterial polysaccharide FucoPol to flocculate kaolin suspensions. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 41:287-295. [PMID: 29974822 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1497710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the flocculation properties of FucoPol, a bacterial extracellular polysaccharide, were investigated. FucoPol is a high molecular weight polymer and negatively charged due to the presence of glucuronic acid and the acyl groups succinyl and pyruvyl. High flocculation rate values (>70%) were achieved with a low bioflocculant dosage of 1 mg/L, for pH values in the range 3-5 and temperature within 15-20°C. The bioflocculant was also shown to be stable after freezing/thawing and heating up to 100°C. Given the polymer's anionic character, the size of flocs formed and their surface profile, bridging seems to be the main flocculation mechanism of FucoPol. This study demonstrated that FucoPol is a promising natural, biodegradable and biocompatible alternative to the currently used synthetic or inorganic hazardous products, with potential to be used as a novel flocculation agent in several applications, such as water treatment, food or mining. Further studies will involve evaluating the reduction of cation dosage on flocculation efficiency, as well as testing the applicability of FucoPol to flocculate different types of suspended solids, such as, for example, activated carbons, soil solids or yeast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Araújo
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Concórdio-Reis
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana C Marques
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Chantal Sevrin
- Interfaculty Research Centre of Biomaterials (CEIB), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christian Grandfils
- Interfaculty Research Centre of Biomaterials (CEIB), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Vítor D Alves
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elvira Fortunato
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria A M Reis
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Filomena Freitas
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
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Govarthanan M, Kamala-Kannan S, Selvankumar T, Mythili R, Srinivasan P, Kim H. Effect of blue light on growth and exopolysaccharides production in phototrophic Rhodobacter sp. BT18 isolated from brackish water. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 131:74-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Mehmood S, Zhou LY, Wang XF, Cheng XD, Meng FJ, Wang Y, Lu YM, Chen Y. Structural elucidation and antioxidant activity of a novel heteroglycan from Tricholoma Lobayense. J Carbohydr Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2019.1582659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shomaila Mehmood
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Li-Yuan Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
- Hefei Institute of Product Quality Supervision & Inspection, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Fang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Du Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Fan-Ju Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Ya Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Ming Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
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Lai H, Fang H, Huang L, He G, Reible D. A review on sediment bioflocculation: Dynamics, influencing factors and modeling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 642:1184-1200. [PMID: 30045500 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Sediment in a water column provides excellent substratum for microorganism colonization, and biological processes would alter the physical and chemical of sediment, resulting in substantial changes in sediment dynamics. The flocculation of sediment with biological processes are defined as sediment bioflocculation, which has been ubiquitously observed across aquatic ecosystems, activated sludge plants and bioflocculant applications, as a result of various processes involving particle aggregation and breakage under the complex effects of microorganisms and their metabolic products (e.g., extracellular polymeric substances EPS). EPS are complex high-molecular-weight mixtures of polymers, which are the primary components that hold microbial aggregates together by acting as a biological glue. Several mechanistic aggregation theories such as the alginate theory, adsorption bridging theory, divalent cation bridging theory, and Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory, and a number of influencing factors (e.g., sediment properties, microbial activity, EPS quantities and components, and external environment conditions) have been proposed to elucidate the role of microorganisms and EPS in sediment aggregation, promoting the investigation of the sediment bioflocculation evolution and kinetics models. However, due to the complex interrelationships of multiple physical, chemical, and biological processes and the incomprehensive knowledge of microorganisms and EPS, considerable research should be further conducted to fully understand their precise roles in the sediment bioflocculation process. In this study, a review of dynamic characterizations, mechanism, influencing factors and models of sediment bioflocculation are given to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of sediment bioflocculation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Hydro-Science and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongwei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydro-Science and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Lei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydro-Science and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Guojian He
- State Key Laboratory of Hydro-Science and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Danny Reible
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1023, USA
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Suresh A, Grygolowicz-Pawlak E, Pathak S, Poh LS, Abdul Majid MB, Dominiak D, Bugge TV, Gao X, Ng WJ. Understanding and optimization of the flocculation process in biological wastewater treatment processes: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 210:401-416. [PMID: 30015131 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In the operation of biological wastewater treatment processes, fast sludge settling during liquid-solids disengagement is preferred as it affects effluent quality, treatment efficiency and plant operation economy. An important property of fast settling biological sludge is the ability to spontaneously form big and dense flocs (flocculation) that readily separates from water. Therefore, there had been much research to study the conditions that promote biological sludge flocculation. However, reported findings have often been inconsistent and this has possibly been due to the complex nature of the biological flocculation process. Thus, it has been challenging for wastewater treatment plant operators to extract practical information from the literature. The aim of this review is to summarize the current state of understanding of the factors that affect sludge flocculation so that evaluation of such information can be facilitated and strategize for intervention in the sludge flocculation and deflocculation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaykumar Suresh
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Interdisciplinary Graduate School (IGS), Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798; Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Cleantech One #06-08, Singapore 637141
| | - Ewa Grygolowicz-Pawlak
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Cleantech One #06-08, Singapore 637141
| | - Santosh Pathak
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Cleantech One #06-08, Singapore 637141
| | - Leong Soon Poh
- Environmental Bio-innovations Group (EBiG), Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Maszenan Bin Abdul Majid
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Cleantech One #06-08, Singapore 637141
| | - Dominik Dominiak
- Grundfos Holding A/S, Poul Due Jensens Vej 7, DK-8850 Bjerringbro, Denmark
| | | | - Xin Gao
- Grundfos (Singapore) Pte Ltd, 25 Jalan Tukang, Singapore 619264
| | - Wun Jern Ng
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798; Environmental Bio-innovations Group (EBiG), Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798.
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Liu P, Chen Z, Yang L, Li Q, He N. Increasing the bioflocculant production and identifying the effect of overexpressing epsB on the synthesis of polysaccharide and γ-PGA in Bacillus licheniformis. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:163. [PMID: 28950882 PMCID: PMC5615475 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0775-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polysaccharides and poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) are biomacromolecules that have been reported as bioflocculants, and they exhibit high flocculating activity in many industrial applications. Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC 2876 can produce polysaccharide and γ-PGA bioflocculants under different culture conditions. Several key genes are involved in the metabolic pathway of polysaccharides in B. licheniformis, but the impacts of the regulation of these genes on the production of polysaccharide bioflocculants have not been illustrated completely. To increase the bioflocculant production and identify the correlation between the synthesis of polysaccharides and γ-PGA in B. licheniformis, a few key genes were investigated to explore their influence on the synthesis of the bioflocculants. RESULTS Overexpressing epsB from the eps gene cluster not only improved the bioflocculant crude yield by 13.98% but also enhanced the flocculating activity by 117.92%. The composition of the bioflocculant from the epsB recombinant strain was 28.95% total sugar, 3.464% protein and 44.03% γ-PGA, while in the original strain, these components represented 53.67%, 3.246% and 34.13%, respectively. In combination with an analysis of the transcriptional levels of several key genes involved in γ-PGA synthesis in B. licheniformis, we inferred that epsB played a key role in the synthesis of both polysaccharide and γ-PGA. The bioflocculant production of the epsB recombinant strain was further evaluated during batch fermentation in a 2 L fermenter; the flocculating activity reached 9612.75 U/mL, and the bioflocculant yield reached 10.26 g/L after 72 h, representing increases of 224% and 36.62%, respectively, compared with the original strain. Moreover, we found that the tandem expression of phosphoglucomutase (pgcA) and UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (gtaB1) could enhance the crude yield of the bioflocculant by 20.77% and that the overexpression of epsA could enhance the bioflocculant yield by 23.70% compared with the original strain. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a new method to greatly increase the bioflocculant production in B. licheniformis, and it demonstrates the correlation between the biosynthesis of polysaccharide and γ-PGA during EPS fermentation by regulating the expression of EpsB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peize Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijie Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingbiao Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
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Agunbiade MO, Van Heerden E, Pohl CH, Ashafa AT. Flocculating performance of a bioflocculant produced by Arthrobacter humicola in sewage waste water treatment. BMC Biotechnol 2017; 17:51. [PMID: 28606076 PMCID: PMC5469021 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-017-0375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The discharge of poorly treated effluents into the environment has far reaching, consequential impacts on human and aquatic life forms. Thus, we evaluated the flocculating efficiency of our test bioflocculant and we report for the first time the ability of the biopolymeric flocculant produced by Arthrobacter humicola in the treatment of sewage wastewater. This strain was isolated from sediment soil sample at Sterkfontein dam in the Eastern Free State province of South Africa. Results Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the 16S rDNA revealed the bacteria to have 99% similarity to Arthrobacter humicola strain R1 and the sequence was deposited in the Gene bank as Arthrobacter humicola with accession number KC816574.1. Flocculating activity was enhanced with the aid of divalent cations, pH 12, at a dosage concentration of 0.8 mg/mL. The purified bioflocculant was heat stable and could retain more than 78% of its flocculating activity after heating at 100 °C for 25 min. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis demonstrated the presence of hydroxyl and carboxyl moieties as the functional groups. The thermogravimetric analysis was used to monitor the pyrolysis profile of the purified bioflocculant and elemental composition revealed C: O: Na: P: K with 13.90: 41.96: 26.79: 16.61: 0.74 weight percentage respectively. The purified bioflocculant was able to remove chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, suspended solids, nitrate and turbidity from sewage waste water at efficiencies of 65.7%, 63.5%, 55.7%, 71.4% and 81.3% respectively. Conclusions The results of this study indicate the possibility of using the bioflocculant produced by Arthrobacter humicola as a potential alternative to synthesized chemical flocculants in sewage waste water treatment and other industrial waste water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayowa Oladele Agunbiade
- Phytomedicine and Phytopharmacology Research Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Qwaqwa Campus, P. Bag X13, Phuthaditjabha, 9866, South Africa. .,Department of Microbial, Biochemical & Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Nelson Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa.
| | - Esta Van Heerden
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical & Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Nelson Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Carolina H Pohl
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical & Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Nelson Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Anofi Tom Ashafa
- Phytomedicine and Phytopharmacology Research Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Qwaqwa Campus, P. Bag X13, Phuthaditjabha, 9866, South Africa
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Okaiyeto K, Nwodo UU, Okoli SA, Mabinya LV, Okoh AI. Implications for public health demands alternatives to inorganic and synthetic flocculants: bioflocculants as important candidates. Microbiologyopen 2016; 5:177-211. [PMID: 26914994 PMCID: PMC4831466 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical flocculants are generally used in drinking water and wastewater treatment due to their efficacy and cost effectiveness. However, the question of their toxicity to human health and environmental pollution has been a major concern. In this article, we review the application of some chemical flocculants utilized in water treatment, and bioflocculants as a potential alternative to these chemical flocculants. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report in the literature that provides an up‐to‐date review of the relevant literature on both chemical flocculants and bioflocculants in one paper. As a result, this review paper comprehensively discussed the various chemical flocculants used in water treatment, including their advantages and disadvantages. It also gave insights into bioflocculants production, challenges, various factors influencing their flocculating efficiency and their industrial applications, as well as future research directions including improvement of bioflocculants yields and flocculating activity, and production of cation‐independent bioflocculants. The molecular biology and synthesis of bioflocculants are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunle Okaiyeto
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
| | - Uchechukwu U Nwodo
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
| | - Stanley A Okoli
- GenØK - Centre for Biosafety, Science Park, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, 9291, Norway
| | - Leonard V Mabinya
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
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12
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Zhong CY, Chen HG, Cao G, Wang J, Zhou JG. Bioflocculant production by Haloplanus vescus and its application in acid brilliant scarlet yellow/red removal. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2016; 73:707-715. [PMID: 26901711 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel bioflocculant MBF057 produced by a salt-tolerant Haloplanus vescus HW0579 was investigated in this study. The effects of culture conditions such as initial pH, inoculum size, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of K-acid wastewater on MBF0579 production were studied. The result showed that 8.09 g/L purified MBF0579 was extracted with the following optimized conditions: 780 mg/L COD of K-acid wastewater as carbon source, inoculum size 12.5%, and initial pH 7.0. The biopolymer contained 78.6% polysaccharides and 21.1% proteins. The highest flocculating rate of 81.86 and 95.07% for the COD and chroma of acid brilliant scarlet gelb rot (yellow/red, GR) dye wastewater were achieved at a dosage of 150 mg/L, pH 2.0 and contact time 100 min. Overall, these findings indicate bioflocculation offers an effective alternative method of decreasing acid brilliant scarlet GR during dye wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ying Zhong
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China E-mail: ; Hubei Key Laboratory of Purification and Application of Plant Anticancer Active Ingredients, Chemistry and Biology Science College, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan 430205, China; These two authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hong-Gao Chen
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China E-mail: ; These two authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China E-mail:
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China E-mail:
| | - Jian-Gang Zhou
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China E-mail:
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13
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Karthiga devi K, Natarajan K. Production and characterization of bioflocculants for mineral processing applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.minpro.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Wang Z, Shen L, Zhuang X, Shi J, Wang Y, He N, Chang YI. Flocculation Characterization of a Bioflocculant from Bacillus licheniformis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ie5050204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Shen
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Zhuang
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangshui Shi
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanpeng Wang
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning He
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - You-Im Chang
- Department
of Chemical and Material Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
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15
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Tang W, Song L, Li D, Qiao J, Zhao T, Zhao H. Production, characterization, and flocculation mechanism of cation independent, pH tolerant, and thermally stable bioflocculant from Enterobacter sp. ETH-2. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114591. [PMID: 25485629 PMCID: PMC4259340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic high polymer flocculants, frequently utilized for flocculating efficiency and low cost, recently have been discovered as producing increased risk to human health and the environment. Development of a more efficient and environmentally sound alternative flocculant agent is investigated in this paper. Bioflocculants are produced by microorganisms and may exhibit a high rate of flocculation activity. The bioflocculant ETH-2, with high flocculating activity (2849 mg Kaolin particle/mg ETH-2), produced by strain Enterobacter sp. isolated from activated sludge, was systematically investigated with regard to its production, characterization, and flocculation mechanism. Analyses of microscopic observation, zeta potential and ETH-2 structure demonstrates the bridging mechanism, as opposed to charge neutralization, was responsible for flocculation of the ETH-2. ETH-2 retains high molecular weight (603 to 1820 kDa) and multi-functional groups (hydroxyl, amide and carboxyl) that contributed to flocculation. Polysaccharides mainly composed of mannose, glucose, and galactose, with a molar ratio of 1∶2.9∶9.8 were identified as the active constituents in bioflocculant. The structure of the long backbone with active sites of polysaccharides was determined as a primary basis for the high flocculation activity. Bioflocculant ETH-2 is cation independent, pH tolerant, and thermally stable, suggesting a potential fit for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Research Center of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Liyan Song
- Research Center of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chongqing, 400714, China
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Dou Li
- Research Center of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chongqing, 400714, China
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Jing Qiao
- Research Center of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Tiantao Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Heping Zhao
- Ministry of Education, Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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16
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Yin YJ, Tian ZM, Tang W, Li L, Song LY, McElmurry SP. Production and characterization of high efficiency bioflocculant isolated from Klebsiella sp. ZZ-3. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 171:336-342. [PMID: 25218206 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.08.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new bioflocculant (ZZ-3) is isolated and evaluated. This novel flocculant was derived Klebsiella, which was identified by 16S rDNA sequencing as well as biochemical and physiological analyses. The composition of ZZ-3 was found to be 84.6% polysaccharides and 6.1% protein. More specifically, the amount (moles) of the polysaccharides rhamnose, mannose, and galactose were found to be 6.48, 2.47, and 1.74 greater than glucose, respectively. Results show ZZ-3 has a relatively high molecular weight (603-1820 kDa) and contains many functional groups (hydroxyl, amide, carboxyl, and methoxyl) that likely contribute to flocculation. The results of microscopic observation, zeta potential measurements, and ZZ-3 bioflocculant structure suggested that bridging was the main mechanism for flocculation with kaolin. Based on a high flocculation efficiency, thermal stability, pH tolerance and the ability to flocculate without additional cations, ZZ-3 shows potential for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jie Yin
- Environmental Microbiology and Ecology Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, PR China
| | - Zun-Ming Tian
- Shanghai Information Center for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200031, PR China
| | - Wei Tang
- Environmental Microbiology and Ecology Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, PR China
| | - Lei Li
- Environmental Microbiology and Ecology Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, PR China
| | - Li-Yan Song
- Environmental Microbiology and Ecology Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, PR China; Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, PR China.
| | - Shawn P McElmurry
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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17
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More TT, Yadav JSS, Yan S, Tyagi RD, Surampalli RY. Extracellular polymeric substances of bacteria and their potential environmental applications. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2014; 144:1-25. [PMID: 24907407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Biopolymers are considered a potential alternative to conventional chemical polymers because of their ease of biodegradability, high efficiency, non-toxicity and non-secondary pollution. Recently, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS, biopolymers produced by the microorganisms) have been recognised by many researchers as a potential flocculent for their applications in various water, wastewater and sludge treatment processes. In this context, literature information on EPS is widely dispersed and is very scarce. Thus, this review marginalizes various studies conducted so far about EPS nature-production-recovery, properties, environmental applications and moreover, critically examines future research needs and advanced application prospective of the EPS. One of the most important aspect of chemical composition and structural details of different moieties of EPS in terms of carbohydrates, proteins, extracellular DNA, lipid and surfactants and humic substances are described. These chemical characteristics of EPS in relation to formation and properties of microbial aggregates as well as degradation of EPS in the matrix (biomass, flocs etc) are analyzed. The important engineering properties (based on structural characteristics) such as adsorption, biodegradability, hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of EPS matrix are also discussed in details. Different aspects of EPS production process such as bacterial strain maintenance; inoculum and factors affecting EPS production were presented. The important factors affecting EPS production include growth phase, carbon and nitrogen sources and their ratio, role of other nutrients (phosphorus, micronutrients/trace elements, and vitamins), impact of pH, temperature, metals, aerobic versus anaerobic conditions and pure and mixed culture. The production of EPS in high concentration with high productivity is essential due to economic reasons. Therefore, the knowledge about all the aspects of EPS production (listed above) is highly essential to formulate a logical and scientific basis for the research and industrial activities. One of the very important issues in the production/application/biodegradation of EPS is how the EPS is extracted from the matrix or a culture broth. Moreover, EPS matrix available in different forms (crude, loosely bound, tightly bound, slime, capsular and purified) can be used as a bioflocculant material. Several chemical and physical methods for the extraction of EPS (crude form or purified form) from different sources have been analyzed and reported. There is ample information available in the literature about various EPS extraction methods. Flocculability, dewaterability and biosorption ability are the very attractive engineering properties of the EPS matrix. Recent information on important aspects of these properties qualitatively as well as quantitatively has been described. Recent information on the mechanism of flocculation mediated by EPS is presented. Potential role of EPS in sludge dewatering and biosorption phenomenon has been discussed in details. Different factors influencing the EPS ability to flocculate and dewaterability of different suspensions have been included. The factors considered for the discussion are cations, different forms of EPS, concentration of EPS, protein and carbohydrate content of EPS, molecular weight of EPS, pH of the suspension, temperature etc. These factors were selected for the study based upon their role in the flocculation and dewatering mechanism as well the most recent available literature findings on these factors. For example, only recently it has been demonstrated that there is an optimum EPS concentration for sludge flocculation/dewatering. High or low concentration of EPS can lead to destabilization of flocs. Role of EPS in environmental applications such as water treatment, wastewater flocculation and settling, colour removal from wastewater, sludge dewatering, metal removal and recovery, removal of toxic organic compounds, landfill leachate treatment, soil remediation and reclamation has been presented based on the most recent available information. However, data available on environmental application of EPS are very limited. Investigations are required for exploring the potential of field applications of EPS. Finally, the limitations in the knowledge gap are outlined and the research needs as well as future perspectives are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T More
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre & Environnement, Université du Québec, 490 de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - J S S Yadav
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre & Environnement, Université du Québec, 490 de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - S Yan
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre & Environnement, Université du Québec, 490 de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - R D Tyagi
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre & Environnement, Université du Québec, 490 de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - R Y Surampalli
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, P.O. Box 17-2141, Kansas City, KS 66117, USA
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18
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Peng L, Yang C, Zeng G, Wang L, Dai C, Long Z, Liu H, Zhong Y. Characterization and application of bioflocculant prepared by Rhodococcus erythropolis using sludge and livestock wastewater as cheap culture media. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:6847-58. [PMID: 24781698 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5725-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A new bioflocculant was produced by culturing Rhodococcus erythropolis in a cheap medium. When culture pH was 7.0, inoculum size was 2 % (v/v), Na2HPO4 concentration was 0.5 g L(-1), and the ratio of sludge/livestock wastewater was 7:1 (v/v), a maximum flocculating rate of 87.6 % could be achieved. Among 13 different kinds of pretreatments for sludge, the optimal one was the thermal-alkaline pretreatment. Different from a bioflocculant produced in a standard medium, this bioflocculant was effective over a wide pH range from 2 to 12 with flocculating rates higher than 98 %. Approximately, 1.6 g L(-1) of crude bioflocculant could be harvested using cold ethanol for extraction. This bioflocculant showed color removal rates up to 80 % when applied to direct and disperse dye solutions, but only 23.0 % for reactive dye solutions. Infrared spectrum showed that the bioflocculant contained functional groups such as -OH, -NH2, and -CONH2. Components in the bioflocculant consisted of 91.2 % of polysaccharides, 7.6 % of proteins, and 1.2 % of DNA. When the bioflocculant and copper sulfate (CuSO4) were used together for decolorization in actual dye wastewater, the optimum decolorization conditions were specified by the response surface methodology as pH 11, bioflocculant dosage of 40 mg/L, and CuSO4 80 mg/L, under which a decolorization rate of 93.9 % could be reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanyan Peng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
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19
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Khaira G, Ganguli A, Ghosh M. Synthesis and evaluation of antibacterial activity of quaternized biopolymer from Klebsiella terrigena. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 116:511-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G.K. Khaira
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences; Thapar University; Patiala India
| | - A. Ganguli
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences; Thapar University; Patiala India
| | - M. Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences; Thapar University; Patiala India
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20
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Luo Z, Chen L, Chen C, Zhang W, Liu M, Han Y, Zhou J. Production and characteristics of a bioflocculant by Klebsiella pneumoniae YZ-6 isolated from human saliva. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 172:1282-92. [PMID: 24166103 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The production and characterization of a bioflocculant, MBF-6, by Klebsiella pneumoniae was investigated. Optimum culture conditions for bioflocculant production were an initial medium pH of 7, an incubation temperature of 30 °C, and an inoculum size of 1% (v/v) of cell density 1.0 × 10(8) cfu/mL. The carbon, nitrogen, and cation sources for optimum bioflocculant production were glucose, peptone, and ZnCl₂. The bioflocculant mainly consisted of protein (3.4%) and sugar (95.1%). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum revealed the presence of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups while the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed a degradation temperature (T(d)) of 81.4 °C. MBF-6 had a good flocculating rate in kaolin suspension without cation addition and was stable over a wide range of pH and temperature. Investigation on the flocculation efficacy of the characterized MBF-6 for wastewater treatment of dairy, woolen, brewery, and sugar industries suggested it to be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengshan Luo
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, FangZhi Road, Wuhan, 430073, China
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21
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Zhao H, Liu H, Zhou J. Characterization of a bioflocculant MBF-5 by Klebsiella pneumoniae and its application in Acanthamoeba cysts removal. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 137:226-32. [PMID: 23587824 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the potential of an extracellular, novel biopolymeric flocculant produced by a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from a sputum sample for removal of Acanthamoeba cysts, a potent pathogen prevalent in water, soil, air, and dust. The presence of cations did not enhance flocculating activity. The component of MBF-5 was mainly polysaccharide and protein with proportional of 96.8% and 2.1% respectively. Infrared spectrum analysis showed the presence of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in MBF-5. MBF-5 is nontoxic and can be used for removal of amoebae cysts from water. Conditions for flocculation of kaolin suspension and Acanthamoeba cysts were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) and determined to be 54.38 mg/L dosage, 26.14°C and pH 3.32 and 129.73 mg/L dosage, 30.75°C and pH 4.36, respectively. The results of this study indicates a possible use of the K. pneumoniae biopolymer as an alternative to typically used chemical flocculants for removal of amoebae cysts from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijuan Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China
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22
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Distribution of chitin/chitosan-like bioflocculant-producing potential in the genus Citrobacter. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:9569-77. [PMID: 23321910 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4668-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Some strains belonging to the genera Citrobacter and Enterobacter have been reported to produce chitin/chitosan-like bioflocculants (BFs) from acetate. In this study, to investigate the distribution of the BF-producing potential in the genus Citrobacter and to screen stably and highly BF-producing strains, we obtained 36 Citrobacter strains from different culture collection centers, which were distributed among seven species in the genus, and tested for the flocculating activities of their culture supernatants using a kaolin suspension method. As a result, 21 strains belonging to C. freundii (17 strains in 23 strains tested), C. braakii (two in two), C. youngae (one in one), and C. werkmanii (one in two) showed flocculating activity, but this ability was limited to cells grown on acetate. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of the hydrolysates from the BFs of five selected strains indicated that they consisted of glucosamine and/or N-acetylglucosamine, such as the chitin/chitosan-like BF (BF04) produced by Citrobacter sp. TKF04 (Fujita et al. J Biosci Bioeng 89: 40-46, 2000). Gel filtration chromatography using a high-performance liquid chromatography system revealed that the molecular weight ranges of these BFs varied, but the average sizes were all above 1.66 × 10⁶Da.
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More TT, Yan S, John RP, Tyagi RD, Surampalli RY. Biochemical diversity of the bacterial strains and their biopolymer producing capabilities in wastewater sludge. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 121:304-311. [PMID: 22858500 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.06.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The biochemical characterization of 13 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) producing bacterial strains were carried out by BIOLOG. The bacterial strains were cultured in sterilized sludge for EPS production. Flocculation and dewatering capabilities of produced EPS (broth, crude slime and capsular) were examined using kaolin suspension combined with calcium (150 mg of Ca(2+)/L of kaolin suspension). BIOLOG revealed that there were 9 Bacillus, 2 Serratia and 2 Yersinia species. Most of these bacterial strains had the capability to utilize wide spectrum of carbon and nitrogen sources. EPS concentration of more than 1g/L was produced by most of the bacterial strains. Concentration of EPS produced by different Bacillus strains was higher than that of Serratia and Yersinia. Broth EPS revealed flocculation activity more than 75% for Bacillus sp.7, Bacillus sp.4 and Bacillus sp.6, respectively. Flocculation activity higher than 75% was attained using very low concentrations of broth EPS (1.12-2.70 mg EPS/g SS).
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Affiliation(s)
- T T More
- Université du Québec, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490 de la Couronne, Québec (QC), Canada.
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24
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Cosa S, Mabinya LV, Olaniran AO, Okoh AI. Production and characterization of bioflocculant produced by Halobacillus sp. Mvuyo isolated from bottom sediment of Algoa Bay. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2012; 33:967-973. [PMID: 22720422 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2011.603755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A bioflocculant-producing bacteria isolated from marine sediment of Algoa Bay was assessed for its bioflocculant-producing potentials. Based on 16S recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) sequence analysis, the isolate was identified as Halobacillus sp. and deposited in the Genbank as Halobacillus sp. Mvuyo with accession number HQ537125. The bacteria produced bioflocculant optimally in the presence of glucose (76% flocculating activity) and ammonium chloride (93% flocculating activity) as sole sources of carbon and nitrogen, respectively. The flocculating capabilities of the flocculant were increased by the addition of Ca2+ (76% flocculating activity) and the highest flocculating activity was observed at neutral pH (7.0). The chemical analysis of the bioflocculant revealed that it contained mainly polysaccharide and protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekelwa Cosa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa
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25
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Nie M, Yin X, Jia J, Wang Y, Liu S, Shen Q, Li P, Wang Z. Production of a novel bioflocculant MNXY1 by Klebsiella pneumoniae strain NY1 and application in precipitation of cyanobacteria and municipal wastewater treatment. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111:547-58. [PMID: 21679283 PMCID: PMC4385668 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To isolate and characterize the novel bioflocculant-producing bacteria, to optimize the bioflocculant production and to evaluate its potential applications. METHODS AND RESULTS Klebsiella pneumoniae strain NY1, a bacterium that produces a novel bioflocculant (MNXY1), was selected on the chemically defined media. It was classified according to the 16S rRNA gene sequence, morphological and microscopic characteristics. MNXY1 was characterized to contain 26% protein and 66% total sugar. The constituent sugar monomers of MNXY1, revealed by NMR analysis, are glucose, galactose and quinovose. Favourable culture conditions for MNXY1 production were determined. Strain NY1 produces a high level (14.9 g l(-1)) of MNXY1. MNXY1 is thermostable and tolerant to the extreme pH. It precipitated 54% of cyanobacteria from laboratory culture and 72% of the total suspended solids from raw wastewater. CONCLUSIONS Strain NY1 was identified to produce a novel bioflocculant MNXY1. The outstanding performance of MNXY1 in practical applications and its availability in copious amounts make it attractive for further investigation and development for industrial scale applications. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is first report for the identification of a quinovose-containing bioflocculant and application of a protein-polysaccharide complex bioflocculant in precipitation of cyanobacteria. These findings suggest that MNXY1 holds great potential for use in management of harmful algae and city wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nie
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Zaki S, Farag S, Elreesh GA, Elkady M, Nosier M, El Abd D. Characterization of bioflocculants produced by bacteria isolated from crude petroleum oil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 8:831-840. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03326266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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27
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Sam S, Kucukasik F, Yenigun O, Nicolaus B, Oner ET, Yukselen MA. Flocculating performances of exopolysaccharides produced by a halophilic bacterial strain cultivated on agro-industrial waste. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:1788-1794. [PMID: 20970999 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the first systematic investigation of the flocculation dynamics of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) produced by a halophilic bacterial strain grown on pretreated molasses as fermentation substrate. The potential use of these EPSs as an easily biodegradable, natural alternative for synthetic polyelectrolytes which are widely used and contain toxic and carcinogenic monomers was investigated. Flocculating activities of the EPS samples in synthetic water, synthetic sea water and natural sea water media which were used as model raw waters were monitored via the Photometric Dispersion Analyser (PDA 2000) instrument and removals were determined by measuring residual turbidities. One of the six EPS specimens, which formed the largest flocs thus performed highest turbidity removal, exhibited flocculation performance and particle removal efficiency comparable with commercial cationic, nonionic and anionic synthetic polyelectrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Sam
- Marmara University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 34722 Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Patil SV, Patil CD, Salunke BK, Salunkhe RB, Bathe GA, Patil DM. Studies on Characterization of Bioflocculant Exopolysaccharide of Azotobacter indicus and Its Potential for Wastewater Treatment. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 163:463-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-010-9054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Ghosh M, Ganguli A, Pathak S. Application of a novel biopolymer for removal of Salmonella from poultry wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2009; 30:337-344. [PMID: 19492545 DOI: 10.1080/09593330902732093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the potential of an extracellular, novel biopolymeric flocculant produced by a strain of Klebsiella terrigena for removal of Salmonella, a potent pathogen prevalent in poultry wastewater. The purified biopolymer was applied to poultry wastewater containing 3 log CFU cells of Salmonella. An optimized dosage of 2 mg L(-1) of the purified bioflocculant was sufficient to remove 80.3% Salmonella spp. within 30 min, at ambient temperature. Also this bioflocculant showed high flocculating activity (90%) against kaolin particles and proved to be far more effective than the other synthetic flocculants used in this study. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with the genus specific Sal3 probe hybridized with the Salmonella present in the agglomerated matrix of the bioflocculant. Confocal laser scanning micrographs (CLSM) allowed a clear visualization of the spatial distribution of the total flocculated bacterial population (with DAPI and Eub338 probe) as well as Salmonella (with the Sal3 probe), indicating that the removed Salmonella remained bound and embedded within the flocculant matrix. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis exhibited a porous surface morphology. The bioflocculant was characterized to be a polysaccharide by FTIR, HPLC, CHN and chemical analysis. A viable alternative treatment technology of poultry wastewater using this novel bioflocculant is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moushumi Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, Thapar University, Patiala-147004, India.
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31
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Ghosh M, Pathak S, Ganguli A. Effective removal of Cryptosporidium by a novel bioflocculant. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2009; 81:160-164. [PMID: 19323286 DOI: 10.2175/106143008x325818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular biopolymer produced from Klebsiella terrigena was found to have excellent flocculating ability over a wide range of colloid particles (0.5 to 25micro). The biopolymer was thermostable, with an optimum temperature for flocculation of 30 degrees C. Analysis with Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FT-IR) shows that the biopolymer mainly possesses hydroxyl, carboxyl, and methoxyl groups, with neutral sugar and uronic acid as its major and minor components, and the structure of a polysaccharide. The average molecular weight of the biopolymer was greater than 2 x 10(3) kilodalton (KDa), as determined by gel permeation chromatography. Scanning electron microscopy indicated a porous morphology of the biopolymer. At a dosage of 2 mg/L, the purified biopolymer could remove 62.3% of Cryptosporidium oocysts (1 x 10(6)) spiked in tap water samples. Calcium (5mM) was required for effective removal. The removal efficiency of Cryptosporidium oocysts by the biopolymer remained unaltered over a pH range of 6 to 8. The results of this study indicates a possible utility of the Klebsiella terrigena biopolymer as an alternative to typically used chemical flocculants for removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moushumi Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, Thapar University, India.
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32
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Characterization and flocculating properties of a novel bioflocculant produced by Bacillus circulans. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-008-9943-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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33
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Zheng Y, Ye ZL, Fang XL, Li YH, Cai WM. Production and characteristics of a bioflocculant produced by Bacillus sp. F19. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:7686-91. [PMID: 18358717 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A bioflocculant-producing bacterium isolated from soil was identified as Bacillus sp. and the bioflocculant produced was named MBFF19. Effects of physico-chemical conditions including pH, carbon sources and nitrogen sources on MBFF19 production were studied. Chemical analyses of the purified bioflocculant MBFF19 indicated that it was a sugar-protein derivative, composed of neutral sugar (3.6%, w/w), uronic acid (37.0%, w/w), amino sugars (0.5%, w/w) and protein (16.4%, w/w). The two neutral sugar components were mannose and glucose and the molar ratio was 1.2:1. Infrared spectrophotometry analysis revealed that MBFF19 contained carboxyl, hydroxyl and methoxyl groups in its structural. Flocculating properties of bioflocculant MBFF19 was examined using kaolin, activated carbon and fly coal suspension. Cation supplement had no positive effects on the flocculating activity whereas the presence of Fe3+ inhibited flocculation. Influences of pH and bioflocculant dosage on the flocculation were also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Li WW, Zhou WZ, Zhang YZ, Wang J, Zhu XB. Flocculation behavior and mechanism of an exopolysaccharide from the deep-sea psychrophilic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. SM9913. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:6893-6899. [PMID: 18353634 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Flocculation behavior and mechanism of the exopolysaccharide secreted by Pseudoalteromonas sp. SM9913 (EPS SM9913), a psychrophilic bacterium isolated from 1855m deep-sea sediment, has been studied in this paper. EPS SM9913 showed a peak flocculating activity of 49.3 in 1g/L kaolin suspension with 4.55mmol/L CaCl2 and the optimum pH range of 5-8. It appears that the flocculating activity of EPS SM9913 was stimulated by Ca2+ and Fe2+. This study found that EPS SM9913 showed a better flocculation performance than Al2(SO4)3 at salinity of 5-100 per thousand or temperatures of 5-15 degrees C. In addition, this EPS was effective to flocculate several other suspended solids. The measured zeta-potentials, the size of flocs formed during the flocculation process and the surface profile of flocs revealed by scan electron micrograph suggest that bridging is the main flocculation mechanism of the studied EPS. Deacetylation of EPS SM9913 resulted in a significant decrease in its flocculating activity indicating that the large number of acetyl groups in EPS SM9913 played an important role in its flocculation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
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35
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Characterization and flocculating properties of an extracellular biopolymer produced from a Bacillus subtilis DYU1 isolate. Process Biochem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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36
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Yim JH, Kim SJ, Ahn SH, Lee HK. Characterization of a novel bioflocculant, p-KG03, from a marine dinoflagellate, Gyrodinium impudicum KG03. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2007; 98:361-7. [PMID: 16473007 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The flocculating activity of an exopolysaccharide, p-KG03, produced by a marine dinoflagellate Gyrodinium impudicum KG03 was investigated. The p-KG03 was a highly sulfated exopolysaccharide that showed strong antiviral activity against encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and immunostimulating activity by NK cell activation. For the industrial applications of p-KG03, as the bioflocculant agent, p-KG03 showed that more than 90% of the flocculating activity in kaolin suspension occurred at concentrations of 0.5 mg/l with the maximum at 1.0 mg/l. However, flocculation decreased from 2.5 mg/l. The flocculation rate increased linearly with concentration and was higher than that observed in commercial products such as polyacrylamide (approximately 1.0 mg/l) or zooglan (approximately 3.0 mg/l). The p-KG03 was an effective flocculant under acidic conditions (pH 3-6) and over a wide temperature range (4-90 degrees C). The presence of cations did not enhance flocculating activity. The average molecular mass, as determined by gel filtration chromatography, was about 1.87 x 10(3) KDa. Galactose was the main sugar in p-KG03, which also contained uronic acid (2.9%, w/w) and sulfate groups (10.3%, w/w). The infrared spectrum of p-KG03 showed absorption bands of carboxylate groups. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated a degradation temperature (T(d)) of 250 degrees C. Several other properties of p-KG03 such as intrinsic viscosity, the rheological behavior, consistency index (k) and flow behavior index (eta) were also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joung Han Yim
- Korea Polar Research Institute, KORDI, Ansan P.O. Box 29, Ansan, Seoul 425 600, South Korea
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37
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Prasertsan P, Dermlim W, Doelle H, Kennedy J. Screening, characterization and flocculating property of carbohydrate polymer from newly isolated Enterobacter cloacae WD7. Carbohydr Polym 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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38
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Bandaiphet C, Prasertsan P. Effect of aeration and agitation rates and scale-up on oxygen transfer coefficient, kLa in exopolysaccharide production from Enterobacter cloacae WD7. Carbohydr Polym 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Watanabe M, Suzuki Y, Sasaki K, Nakashimada Y, Nishio N. Flocculating property of extracellular polymeric substance derived from a marine photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodovulum sp. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 87:625-9. [PMID: 16232529 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(99)80125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/1998] [Accepted: 02/05/1999] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) derived from a marine photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodovulum sp., on the flocculation of kaolin is described. The amount of EPS obtained and its flocculating activity were highly dependent on the extraction temperature and duration: high flocculating activity was obtained at a relatively low temperature (30 degrees C) and long extraction time (60 min). The EPS was classified as a weak-anionic high-polymer group based on its pH profile, and its promoting effect on flocculation was dependent on the concentration of cationic ions and their valence. The relative influence of cations on the critical flocculating concentration (Cs,cr) followed the Schulze-Hardy rule for colloidal flocculation. This suggests that the promotion of flocculation by the additions of EPS and cations occurred as a result of the synergistic effect of the release of electrical repulsion by the cations and the formation of bridges between the EPS and the cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Watanabe
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
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Deng S, Yu G, Ting YP. Production of a bioflocculant by Aspergillus parasiticus and its application in dye removal. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2005; 44:179-86. [PMID: 16084070 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2005.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus parasiticus was found to produce a bioflocculant with high flocculating activity for Kaolin suspension and water-soluble dyes. Results showed that the carbon and nitrogen sources favorable for the production of the bioflocculant were corn starch and peptone, and an optimal condition of 28 degrees C, initial pH 5-6 and shaking speed of 150 rpm. The highest flocculating efficiency achieved for Kaolin suspension was 98.1%, after 72 h cultivation. The bioflocculant was mainly composed of sugar (76.3%) and protein (21.6%), and an average molecular weight of 3.2x10(5) Da. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed that amino, amide and hydroxyl groups were present in the bioflocculant molecules. The bioflocculant was effective in flocculating some soluble anionic dyes in aqueous solution, in particular Reactive Blue 4 and Acid Yellow 25 with a decolorization efficiency of 92.4 and 92.9%, respectively. The decolorization efficiency was dependent on the flocculant dosage and solution pH. XPS result shows that the amine groups in the bioflocculant were protonated at pH 5, and thus the positive bioflocculant was attracted to the negatively charged dye molecules. The amino and amide groups in the bioflocculant molecule are believed to play an important role in flocculation from the viewpoint of electrostatic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubo Deng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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41
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Salehizadeh H, Shojaosadati SA. Extracellular biopolymeric flocculants. Recent trends and biotechnological importance. Biotechnol Adv 2004; 19:371-85. [PMID: 14538073 DOI: 10.1016/s0734-9750(01)00071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Many microorganisms secrete extracellular biopolymeric flocculants (EBFs) in the culture broth. This work reviews the development of EBF research and applications. Aspects discussed include a comparison of the chemical and biological flocculating agents, isolation of EBF-producing microorganisms, culture conditions, mechanisms of flocculation, the chemical structure of EBFs, and the role of physicochemical factors in the flocculating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Salehizadeh
- Biotechnology Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modarres University, P.O. Box 14155-4838, Tehran, Iran
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42
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Gong XY, Luan ZK, Pei YS, Wang SG. Culture conditions for flocculant production by Paenibacillus polymyxa BY-28. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2003; 38:657-669. [PMID: 12716071 DOI: 10.1081/ese-120016931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A new flocculant-producing bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa BY-28 was isolated from soil. The optimal culture media for flocculant production were 2% glucose, 0.3% KH2PO4, 0.1% bean cake powder, 0.05% CaC12 and 0.05% (w/v) MgSO4.7H2O. Optimal culture temperature was 30 degrees C and pH was 6-8. Flocculants produced under optimal conditions efficiently aggregated various organic and inorganic suspensions in simulated water as well as in wastewater by addition of bivalent and trivalent cations Ca2+. From Zeta-potential measurement, the dominant role of microbial flocculant in the flocculation process is based on the bridging mechanism, and the role of CaCl2 is to decrease the negative electrical charge of the Kaolin clay particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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43
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Salehizadeh H, Vossoughi M, Alemzadeh I. Some investigations on bioflocculant producing bacteria. Biochem Eng J 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1369-703x(99)00066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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