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Effects of Mood on Psychophysiological Detection of Concealed Information and the Relation to Self-Assessed Lying Ability. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020291. [PMID: 36831834 PMCID: PMC9953879 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of mood on physiological responses in the Concealed Information polygraph Test and the relation to self-assessed lying ability. One hundred and eight undergraduate students self-assessed their lie-telling ability, committed a mock theft, and were asked to conceal information related to the crime. Participants were then divided into three equal groups: two groups were asked to provide a detailed written account of either a happy or sad event in order to induce a happy or sad mood, while the third group served as a neutral group. Participants then underwent a polygraph test and were asked to try to avoid detection. An induced happy or sad mood tended to lower relative skin conductance responses to critical (crime related) items and enhance relative cardiovascular responses. Relative respiration responses to critical items obtained for the sad mood condition were more robust than the ones obtained for the happy mood condition. Under induced sad and happy moods, those who self-rated their lie-telling ability as high showed enhanced cardiovascular responsivity to critical items. These results were limited to the initial phase of the test. We discussed possible motivational explanations and implications for the Concealed Information polygraph test.
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Selective memory detection: Context-dependent stimulus significance in the concealed information test. Biol Psychol 2023; 176:108476. [PMID: 36496191 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have posited that the significance of a crime-relevant item in a question produces differential physiological responses in the Concealed Information Test (CIT). However, this term is equivocal and needs to be clarified in order to strengthen the theoretical underpinnings of the CIT. The present study examined the hypothesis that differential responding depends on the examinee's understanding of which item in a question is relevant to a given context. Participants performed a mock theft task, in which they were instructed to steal one item from each of two different locations. An identical CIT question asking about each stolen item was presented under different location contexts while skin conductance response, heart rate, and respiratory activity were recorded. Results indicated that only the relevant item specified by the context of the instruction elicited reliable differential physiological responses. This finding implies that differential responding in the CIT is flexible and context-dependent, and that specifying the subject of a given question is important for detecting crime-relevant memories in practical criminal investigations.
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Wang D, Wang C, Yi X, Sai L, Fu G, Lin XA. Detecting concealed information using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) combined with skin conductance, heart rate, and behavioral measures. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14029. [PMID: 35193157 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, brain imaging data from functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) associated with skin conductance response (SCR), heart rate (HR), and reaction time (RT) were combined to determine if the combination of these indicators could improve the efficiency of deception detection in concealed information test (CIT). During the CIT, participants were presented with a series of names and cities that served as target, probe, or irrelevant stimuli. In the guilty group, the probe stimuli were the participants' own names and hometown cities, and they were asked to deny this information. Our results revealed that probe items were associated with longer RT, larger SCR, slower HR, and higher oxyhemoglobin (HbO) concentration changes in the inferior prefrontal gyrus (IFG), middle frontal gyrus (MFG), and the superior frontal gyrus (SFG) compared with irrelevant items for participants in the guilty group but not in the innocent group. Furthermore, our results suggested that the combination of RT, SCR, HR, and fNIRS indicators could improve the deception detection efficiency to a very high area under the ROC curve (0.94) compared with any of the single indicators (0.74-0.89). The improved deception detection efficiency might be attributed to the reduction of random error and the diversiform underlying the psychophysiological mechanisms reflected by each indicator. These findings demonstrate a feasible way to improve the deception detection efficiency by using combined multiple indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chongxiang Wang
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingyu Yi
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liyang Sai
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Genyue Fu
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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Twyman NW, Elkins AC, Burgoon JK, Nunamaker JF. A Rigidity Detection System for Automated Credibility Assessment. J MANAGE INFORM SYST 2014. [DOI: 10.2753/mis0742-1222310108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Judee K. Burgoon
- c Center for Identification Technology Research, University of Arizona
| | - Jay F. Nunamaker
- d Center for the Management of Information and the National Center for Border Security and Immigration, University of Arizona
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Meixner JB, Rosenfeld JP. Detecting Knowledge of Incidentally Acquired, Real-World Memories Using a P300-Based Concealed-Information Test. Psychol Sci 2014; 25:1994-2005. [DOI: 10.1177/0956797614547278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autobiographical memory for events experienced during normal daily life has been studied at the group level, but no studies have yet examined the ability to detect recognition of incidentally acquired memories among individual subjects. We present the first such study here, which employed a concealed-information test in which subjects were shown words associated with activities they had experienced the previous day. Subjects wore a video-recording device for 4 hr on Day 1 and then returned to the laboratory on Day 2, where they were shown words relating to events recorded with the camera (probe items) and words of the same category but not relating to the subject’s activities (irrelevant items). Electroencephalograms were recorded, and presentation of probe items was associated with a large peak in the amplitude of the P300 component. We were able to discriminate perfectly between 12 knowledgeable subjects who viewed stimuli related to their activities and 12 nonknowledgeable subjects who viewed only irrelevant items. These results have strong implications for the use of memory-detection paradigms in criminal contexts.
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Meijer EH, Selle NK, Elber L, Ben-Shakhar G. Memory detection with the Concealed Information Test: A meta analysis of skin conductance, respiration, heart rate, and P300 data. Psychophysiology 2014; 51:879-904. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewout H. Meijer
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | | | - Lotem Elber
- Department of Psychology; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Gershon Ben-Shakhar
- Department of Psychology; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
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West ML, Lawson VZ, Grose-Fifer J. The Effect of Electrophysiological Neuroscientific Deception Detection Evidence on Juror Judgments in a Criminal Trial. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2014.881288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. West
- a John Jay College of Criminal Justice and Graduate Center of the City University of New York
| | - Victoria Z. Lawson
- a John Jay College of Criminal Justice and Graduate Center of the City University of New York
| | - Jillian Grose-Fifer
- a John Jay College of Criminal Justice and Graduate Center of the City University of New York
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Abstract
Functional MRI (fMRI)-based lie detection has been marketed as a tool for enhancing personnel selection, strengthening national security and protecting personal reputations, and at least three US courts have been asked to admit the results of lie detection scans as evidence during trials. How well does fMRI-based lie detection perform, and how should the courts, and society more generally, respond? Here, we address various questions — some of which are based on a meta-analysis of published studies — concerning the scientific state of the art in fMRI-based lie detection and its legal status, and discuss broader ethical and societal implications. We close with three general policy recommendations.
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Langleben DD, Moriarty JC. Using Brain Imaging for Lie Detection: Where Science, Law and Research Policy Collide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 19:222-234. [PMID: 23772173 DOI: 10.1037/a0028841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Progress in the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brain to evaluate deception and differentiate lying from truth-telling has created anticipation of a breakthrough in the search for technology-based methods of lie detection. In the last few years, litigants have attempted to introduce fMRI lie detection evidence in courts. This article weighs in on the interdisciplinary debate about the admissibility of such evidence, identifying the missing pieces of the scientific puzzle that need to be completed if fMRI-based lie detection is to meet the standards of either legal reliability or general acceptance. We believe that the Daubert's "known error rate" is the key concept linking the legal and scientific standards. We posit that properly-controlled clinical trials are the most convincing means to determine the error rates of fMRI-based lie detection and confirm or disprove the relevance of the promising laboratory research on this topic. This article explains the current state of the science and provides an analysis of the case law in which litigants have sought to introduce fMRI lie detection. Analyzing the myriad issues related to fMRI lie detection, the article identifies the key limitations of the current neuroimaging of deception science as expert evidence and explores the problems that arise from using scientific evidence before it is proven scientifically valid and reliable. We suggest that courts continue excluding fMRI lie detection evidence until this potentially useful form of forensic science meets the scientific standards currently required for adoption of a medical test or device. Given a multitude of stakeholders and, the charged and controversial nature and the potential societal impact of this technology, goodwill and collaboration of several government agencies may be required to sponsor impartial and comprehensive clinical trials that will guide the development of forensic fMRI technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Langleben
- Associate Professor, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
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Gamer M. Validity of the Concealed Information Test in realistic mock crime scenarios: comment on Bradley, Malik, and Cullen. Percept Mot Skills 2012; 115:427-31. [PMID: 23265007 DOI: 10.2466/22.07.27.pms.115.5.427-431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Based on the low detection rates of participants who incidentally encoded crime-related details in a realistic mock crime scenario, Bradley, Malik and Cullen (2011) argued that laboratory studies overestimate the validity of the Concealed Information Test. Studies from our group using naturalistic mock crime scenarios, multiple physiological response measures and improved scoring and classification techniques suggest that such a general conclusion is not warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gamer
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
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Gamer M, Berti S. P300 amplitudes in the concealed information test are less affected by depth of processing than electrodermal responses. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:308. [PMID: 23162454 PMCID: PMC3498630 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Concealed Information Test (CIT) has been used in the laboratory as well as in field applications to detect concealed crime related memories. The presentation of crime relevant details to guilty suspects has been shown to elicit enhanced N200 and P300 amplitudes of the event-related brain potentials (ERPs) as well as greater skin conductance responses (SCRs) as compared to neutral test items. These electrophysiological and electrodermal responses were found to incrementally contribute to the validity of the test, thereby suggesting that these response systems are sensitive to different psychological processes. In the current study, we tested whether depth of processing differentially affects N200, P300, and SCR amplitudes in the CIT. Twenty participants carried out a mock crime and became familiar with central and peripheral crime details. A CIT that was conducted 1 week later revealed that SCR amplitudes were larger for central details although central and peripheral items were remembered equally well in a subsequent explicit memory test. By contrast, P300 amplitudes elicited by crime related details were larger but did not differ significantly between question types. N200 amplitudes did not allow for detecting concealed knowledge in this study. These results indicate that depth of processing might be one factor that differentially affects central and autonomic nervous system responses to concealed information. Such differentiation might be highly relevant for field applications of the CIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gamer
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
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Maoz K, Breska A, Ben-Shakhar G. Orienting response elicitation by personally significant information under subliminal stimulus presentation: Demonstration using the Concealed Information Test. Psychophysiology 2012; 49:1610-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keren Maoz
- Department of Psychology; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem; Israel
| | - Assaf Breska
- Department of Psychology; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem; Israel
| | - Gershon Ben-Shakhar
- Department of Psychology; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem; Israel
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Elaad E. Effects of Incomplete Information on the Detection of Concealed Crime Details. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2011; 36:159-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10484-011-9153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nahari G, Ben-Shakhar G. Psychophysiological and behavioral measures for detecting concealed information: the role of memory for crime details. Psychophysiology 2010; 48:733-44. [PMID: 20958308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the role of memory for crime details in detecting concealed information using the electrodermal measure, Symptom Validity Test, and Number Guessing Test. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups: guilty, who committed a mock theft; informed-innocents, who were exposed to crime-relevant items; and uninformed-innocents, who had no crime-relevant information. Participants were tested immediately or 1 week later. Results showed (a) all tests detected the guilty in the immediate condition, and combining the tests improved detection efficiency; (b) tests' efficiency declined in the delayed condition, mainly for peripheral details; (c) no distinction between guilty and informed innocents was possible in the immediate, yet some distinction emerged in the delayed condition. These findings suggest that, while time delay may somewhat reduce the ability to detect the guilty, it also diminishes the danger of accusing informed-innocents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit Nahari
- Department of Criminology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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15
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Meijer EH, Verschuere B. The Polygraph and the Detection of Deception. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY PRACTICE 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/15228932.2010.481237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Elaad E. Effects of perceived reliability and generalization of crime-related information on detection in the concealed information test. Int J Psychophysiol 2010; 75:295-303. [PMID: 20093151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 12/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The accuracy of the Concealed Information Test (CIT) in detecting information concealed by informed innocent participants was assessed under varying levels of probability that the obtained information is related to the crime and is therefore correct. For this purpose, 64 participants were randomly assigned to four experimental conditions that were formed by probability levels that the gathered information is correct and is related to the crime. Either absolutely correct (100% correct), highly correct (80%, correct), highly incorrect (20% correct) or totally incorrect (0%, correct) conditions were created. Response generalization was manipulated by replacing 3 of 6 correct items with related stimuli. The replaced stimuli were related to the correct items either semantically, phonetically, or numerically. Informed innocent participants showed larger electrodermal responses to items with a higher probability of being correct. It was further found that participants elicited stronger responses to correct than to replaced items. Theoretical and practical implications of the present results are discussed.
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18
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Elaad E, Ben-Shakhar G. Countering Countermeasures in the Concealed Information Test Using Covert Respiration Measures. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2009; 34:197-208. [DOI: 10.1007/s10484-009-9090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Elaad E. Effects of context and state of guilt on the detection of concealed crime information. Int J Psychophysiol 2009; 71:225-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Vandenbosch K, Verschuere B, Crombez G, De Clercq A. The validity of finger pulse line length for the detection of concealed information. Int J Psychophysiol 2009; 71:118-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Elaad E, Ben-Shakhar G. Covert respiration measures for the detection of concealed information. Biol Psychol 2008; 77:284-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Iacono WG. The forensic application of "brain fingerprinting:" why scientists should encourage the use of P300 memory detection methods. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2008; 8:30-W4. [PMID: 18236333 DOI: 10.1080/15265160701828550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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23
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Seymour TL, Kerlin JR. Successful detection of verbal and visual concealed knowledge using an RT-based paradigm. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gamer M, Rill HG, Vossel G, Gödert HW. Psychophysiological and vocal measures in the detection of guilty knowledge. Int J Psychophysiol 2006; 60:76-87. [PMID: 16005091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2004] [Revised: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 05/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) and its variant, the Guilty Actions Test (GAT), are both psychophysiological questioning techniques aiming to detect guilty knowledge of suspects or witnesses in criminal and forensic cases. Using a GAT, this study examined the validity of various physiological and vocal measures for the identification of guilty and innocent participants in a mock crime paradigm. Electrodermal, respiratory, and cardiovascular measures successfully differentiated between the two groups. A logistic regression model based on these variables achieved hit rates of above 90%. In contrast to these results, the vocal measures provided by the computerized voice stress analysis system TrusterPro were shown to be invalid for the detection of guilty knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gamer
- Department of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Research Group Forensic Psychophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
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Verschuere B, Crombez G, De Clercq A, Koster EHW. Psychopathic traits and autonomic responding to concealed information in a prison sample. Psychophysiology 2005; 42:239-45. [PMID: 15787861 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We examined the role of psychopathic traits on physiological responding during a concealed information polygraph test among prison inmates (n = 40). The Psychopathic Personality Inventory (Lilienfeld & Andrews, 1996) was used to assess psychopathic traits. Cardiac, electrodermal, and respiratory responses were measured while participants were presented with personal and control names and asked to conceal recognition of personal information. We first piloted the present concealed information test in a sample of undergraduates (n = 27). Enhanced orienting to concealed information compared to control information was observed in both prisoners and undergraduates. However, prisoners scoring high on the Impulsive Antisociality factor of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI-II) exhibited reduced electrodermal responding. This finding indicates that the sensitivity of the concealed information test may be decreased in antisocial offenders.
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Verschuere B, Crombez G, De Clercq A, Koster EHW. Autonomic and behavioral responding to concealed information: Differentiating orienting and defensive responses. Psychophysiology 2004; 41:461-6. [PMID: 15102132 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.00167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A mock crime experiment was conducted to examine whether enhanced responding to concealed information during a polygraph examination is due to orienting or defensive responding. Thirty-six undergraduate students enacted one of two mock crimes. Pictures related to both crimes were presented while heart rate, magnitude of the skin conductance response, and reaction times to a secondary probe were measured. Compared to control pictures, participants showed heart rate deceleration and enhanced electrodermal responding to pictures of the crime they had committed. Probe reaction times did not differ significantly between crime and control pictures. The present findings support the idea that the orienting reflex accounts for the enhanced responding to concealed information. Theoretical and practical implications of the orienting account are discussed.
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Ben-Shakhar G, Elaad E. The validity of psychophysiological detection of information with the Guilty Knowledge Test: a meta-analytic review. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY 2003; 88:131-51. [PMID: 12675401 DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors performed a meta-analysis based on 169 conditions, gathered from 80 laboratory studies, to estimate the validity of the Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) with the electrodermal measure. The overall average effect size was 1.55, but there were considerable variations among studies. In particular, mock-crime studies produced the highest average effect size (2.09). Three additional moderators were identified: Motivational instructions, deceptive ("no") verbal responses, and the use of at least 5 questions were associated with enhanced validity. Finally, a set of 10 studies that best approximated applications of the GKT under optimal conditions produced an average effect size of 3.12. The authors discuss factors that might limit the generalizability of these results and recommend further research of the GKT in realistic setups.
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Ben-Shakhar G, Elaad E. Effects of questions' repetition and variation on the efficiency of the guilty knowledge test: a reexamination. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY 2002; 87:972-7. [PMID: 12395821 DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.87.5.972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of question repetition and variation on the efficiency of the Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT), based on electrodermal and respiration measures, was examined in a between-subjects experiment with 3 conditions. Each participant was presented with a sequence of 12 biographical questions. In Condition 1, a single question was repeated 12 times; in Condition 4, each of 4 different questions was repeated 3 times; and in Condition 12, 12 different questions were used. A monotonic relationship between the number of different questions used and detection efficiency was observed only with the electrodermal measure (the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves, obtained with this measure in Conditions 1, 4, and 12 were .68, .81, and .99, respectively). These results demonstrate that a GKT based on multiple questions is superior to the use of many repetitions of a single or a few questions, and it can reach an almost perfect detection efficiency.
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