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Milošević N, Rütter M, David A. Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecules- (un)Attainable Targets for Nanomedicines. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:846065. [PMID: 35463298 PMCID: PMC9021548 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2022.846065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell adhesion molecules have long been proposed as promising targets in many pathologies. Despite promising preclinical data, several efforts to develop small molecule inhibitors or monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) ended in clinical-stage failure. In parallel, many well-validated approaches for targeting CAMs with nanomedicine (NM) were reported over the years. A wide range of potential applications has been demonstrated in various preclinical studies, from drug delivery to the tumor vasculature, imaging of the inflamed endothelium, or blocking immune cells infiltration. However, no NM drug candidate emerged further into clinical development. In this review, we will summarize the most advanced examples of CAM-targeted NMs and juxtapose them with known traditional drugs against CAMs, in an attempt to identify important translational hurdles. Most importantly, we will summarize the proposed strategies to enhance endothelial CAM targeting by NMs, in an attempt to offer a catalog of tools for further development.
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Endothelial Cell Targeting by cRGD-Functionalized Polymeric Nanoparticles under Static and Flow Conditions. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10071353. [PMID: 32664364 PMCID: PMC7407316 DOI: 10.3390/nano10071353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since αvβ3 integrin is a key component of angiogenesis in health and disease, Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide-functionalized nanocarriers have been investigated as vehicles for targeted delivery of drugs to the αvβ3 integrin-overexpressing neovasculature of tumors. In this work, PEGylated nanoparticles (NPs) based on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) functionalized with cyclic-RGD (cRGD), were evaluated as nanocarriers for the targeting of angiogenic endothelium. For this purpose, NPs (~300 nm) functionalized with cRGD with different surface densities were prepared by maleimide-thiol chemistry and their interactions with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were evaluated under different conditions using flow cytometry and microscopy. The cell association of cRGD-NPs under static conditions was time-, concentration- and cRGD density-dependent. The interactions between HUVECs and cRGD-NPs dispersed in cell culture medium under flow conditions were also time- and cRGD density-dependent. When washed red blood cells (RBCs) were added to the medium, a 3 to 8-fold increase in NPs association to HUVECs was observed. Moreover, experiments conducted under flow in the presence of RBC at physiologic hematocrit and shear rate, are a step forward in the prediction of in vivo cell–particle association. This approach has the potential to assist development and high-throughput screening of new endothelium-targeted nanocarriers.
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Zhang X, Zheng L, Luo M, Shu C, Wang E. Evaluation of particle shape, size and magnetic field intensity for targeted delivery efficiency and plaque injury in treating atherosclerosis. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Soroush F, Tang Y, Mustafa O, Sun S, Yang Q, Kilpatrick LE, Kiani MF. Neutrophil-endothelial interactions of murine cells is not a good predictor of their interactions in human cells. FASEB J 2019; 34:2691-2702. [PMID: 31908006 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900048r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
All drugs recently developed in rodent models to treat inflammatory disease have failed in clinical trials. We therefore used our novel biomimetic microfluidic assay (bMFA) to determine whether the response of murine cells to inflammatory activation or anti-inflammatory treatment is predictive of the response in human cells. Under physiologically relevant flow conditions, permeability and transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of human or mouse lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVEC or MLMVEC), and neutrophil-endothelial cell interaction was measured. The differential impact of a protein kinase C-delta TAT peptide inhibitor (PKCδ-i) was also quantified. Permeability of HLMVEC and MLMVEC was similar under control conditions but tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and PKCδ-i had a significantly higher impact on permeability of HLMVEC. TEER across HLMVEC was significantly higher than MLMVEC, but PKCδ-i returned TEER to background levels only in human cells. The kinetics of N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-mediated neutrophil migration was significantly different between the two species and PKCδ-i was significantly more effective in attenuating human neutrophil migration. However, human and mouse neutrophil adhesion patterns to microvascular endothelium were not significantly different. Surprisingly, while intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) was significantly upregulated on activated HLMVEC, it was not significantly upregulated on activated MLMVEC. Responses to activation and anti-inflammatory treatment in mice may not always be predictive of their response in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariborz Soroush
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yuan Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Omar Mustafa
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shuang Sun
- Center for Inflammation, Clinical and Translational Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qingliang Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laurie E Kilpatrick
- Center for Inflammation, Clinical and Translational Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mohammad F Kiani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Mao W, Wu F, Lee RJ, Lu W, Wang J. Development of a stable single-vial liposomal formulation for vincristine. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:4461-4474. [PMID: 31296986 PMCID: PMC6596348 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s205276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vincristine is a potent therapeutic agent with well-defined activity against hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. It is a cell-cycle specific drug with concentration and exposure duration dependent activity. When used by liposomal delivery, it exhibits enhanced anti-tumor activity. However, vincristine liposome formulation in the clinic is supplied as a 3-vial-kit due to lacking sufficient stability. So it has to be prepared in situ prior to use through a multi-step process. Purpose: The purpose here is to develop a more stable and ready-to-use liposomal formulation for vincritstine in one vial. Patients and methods: A series of preparations were investigated based on sphingomyelin/cholesterol/PEG2000-DSPE lipid composition, with different drug/lipid (D/L) ratios (1/10, 1/5, 1/2), using an active sucrose octasulfate triethylamine salt gradient loading method. In this work, compared to generic vincristine sulfate liposome injection (GVM), the stability both in vivo and in vitro and efficacy in vivo of novel vincristine liposomes were investigated. Results: It was shown that the degradation of vincristine during 2–8°C storage was significantly decreased from 8.2% in 1 month (GVM) to 2.9% in 12 months (D/L ratio 1/5). The half-time for sphingomyelin/cholesterol/PEG2000-DSPE liposomes in vivo could be adjusted from 17.4 h (D/L ratio 1/10) to 22.7 h (D/L ratio 1/2) in rats, while the half-time for GVM was only 11.1 h. The increase in drug retention contributed to the lower in vivo toxicity. The antitumor efficacy was evaluated using a human melanoma tumor model and showed remarkable improvement compared to GVM. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that the new formulation with the drug/lipid ratio of 1/5 owns a higher encapsulation efficiency, better stability, lower toxicity and superior antitumor efficacy, which is screened out for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxue Mao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Wu
- College of Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA 50312, USA
| | - Robert J Lee
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Weigen Lu
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry , Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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Soroush F, Tang Y, Zaidi HM, Sheffield JB, Kilpatrick LE, Kiani MF. PKCδ inhibition as a novel medical countermeasure for radiation-induced vascular damage. FASEB J 2018; 32:fj201701099. [PMID: 29897816 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In the event of a radiologic catastrophe, endothelial cell and neutrophil dysfunction play important roles in tissue injury. Clinically available therapeutics for radiation-induced vascular injury are largely supportive. PKCδ was identified as a critical regulator of the inflammatory response, and its inhibition was shown to protect critical organs during sepsis. We used a novel biomimetic microfluidic assay (bMFA) to interrogate the role of PKCδ in radiation-induced neutrophil-endothelial cell interaction and endothelial cell function. HUVECs formed a complete lumen in bMFA and were treated with 0.5, 2, or 5 Gy ionizing radiation (IR). At 24 h post-IR, the cells were treated with a PKCδ inhibitor for an additional 24 h. Under physiologic shear flow, the role of PKCδ on endothelium function and neutrophil adherence/migration was determined. PKCδ inhibition dramatically attenuated IR-induced endothelium permeability increase and significantly decreased neutrophil migration across IR-treated endothelial cells. Moreover, neutrophil adhesion to irradiated endothelial cells was significantly decreased after PKCδ inhibition in a flow-dependent manner. PKCδ inhibition downregulated IR-induced P-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and VCAM-1 but not E-selectin overexpression. PKCδ is an important regulator of neutrophil-endothelial cell interaction post-IR, and its inhibition can serve as a potential radiation medical countermeasure.-Soroush, F., Tang, Y., Zaidi, H. M., Sheffield, J. B., Kilpatrick, L. E., Kiani, M. F. PKCδ inhibition as a novel medical countermeasure for radiation-induced vascular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariborz Soroush
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuan Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hasan M Zaidi
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joel B Sheffield
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laurie E Kilpatrick
- Center for Inflammation, Clinical and Translational Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mohammad F Kiani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Ta HT, Truong NP, Whittaker AK, Davis TP, Peter K. The effects of particle size, shape, density and flow characteristics on particle margination to vascular walls in cardiovascular diseases. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2017; 15:33-45. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2017.1316262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang T. Ta
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Australia
| | - Nghia P. Truong
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Australia
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew K. Whittaker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Australia
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Neoantigen activation, protein translocation and targeted drug delivery in combination with radiotherapy. Ther Deliv 2016; 7:377-85. [PMID: 27250535 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2016-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Concurrent chemo and radiation therapies are commonly used to treat locally advanced cancer. Despite improved efficacy, failure rates remain high due to healthy organ toxicity caused by chemo-radiotherapy. Recent technological advances such as nanoparticle encapsulation of anticancer agents, locally controlled irradiation and concurrent use of radio- and nano-medicines are providing innovative solutions for overcoming the limitations of systemic and local treatment toxicities. In this mini-review, we discuss the roles of radiotherapy in generating new therapeutic targets and altering the tumor microenvironment, and we propose their future applications in drug delivery in combination with radiotherapy.
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Ghaffarian R, Herrero EP, Oh H, Raghavan SR, Muro S. Chitosan-Alginate Microcapsules Provide Gastric Protection and Intestinal Release of ICAM-1-Targeting Nanocarriers, Enabling GI Targeting In Vivo. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2016; 26:3382-3393. [PMID: 27375374 PMCID: PMC4926773 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201600084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
When administered intravenously, active targeting of drug nanocarriers (NCs) improves biodistribution and endocytosis. Targeting may also improve oral delivery of NCs to treat gastrointestinal (GI) pathologies or for systemic absoption. However, GI instability of targeting moieties compromises this strategy. We explored whether encapsulation of antibody-coated NCs in microcapsules would protect against gastric degradation, providing NCs release and targeting in intestinal conditions. We used nanoparticles coated with antibodies against intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (anti-ICAM) or non-specific IgG. NCs (~160-nm) were encapsulated in ~180-μm microcapsules with an alginate core, in the absence or presence of a chitosan shell. We found >95% NC encapsulation within microcapsules and <10% NC release from microcapsules in storage. There was minimal NC release at gastric pH (<10%) and burst release at intestinal pH (75-85%), slightly attenuated by chitosan. Encapsulated NCs afforded increased protection against degradation (3-4 fold) and increased cell targeting (8-20 fold) after release vs. non-encapsulated NCs. Mouse oral gavage showed that microencapsulation provided 38-65% greater protection of anti-ICAM NCs in the GI tract, 40% lower gastric retention, and 4-9-fold enhanced intestinal biodistribution vs. non-encapsulated NCs. Therefore, microencapsulation of antibody-targeted NCs may enable active targeting strategies to be effective in the context of oral drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasa Ghaffarian
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 2330 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Edgar Pérez Herrero
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 5115 Plant Sciences Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Hyuntaek Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 1227C Chemical & Nuclear Engineering Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Srinivasa R. Raghavan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 1227C Chemical & Nuclear Engineering Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Silvia Muro
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 5115 Plant Sciences Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Soroush F, Zhang T, King DJ, Tang Y, Deosarkar S, Prabhakarpandian B, Kilpatrick LE, Kiani MF. A novel microfluidic assay reveals a key role for protein kinase C δ in regulating human neutrophil-endothelium interaction. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:1027-1035. [PMID: 27190303 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ma0216-087r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A key step in neutrophil-mediated tissue damage is the migration of activated neutrophils across the vascular endothelium. Previously, we identified protein kinase C δ as a critical regulator of neutrophil migration in sepsis but did not identify specific steps in migration. In this study, we used our novel biomimetic microfluidic assay to delineate systematically the mechanism by which protein kinase C δ regulates individual steps in human neutrophil-endothelial interaction during inflammation. The biomimetic microfluidic assay includes a network of vascular channels, produced from in vivo images connected to a tissue compartment through a porous barrier. HUVECs cultured in vascular channels formed a complete lumen under physiologic shear flow. HUVECs were pretreated with TNF-α ± a protein kinase C δ inhibitor, and the tissue compartment was filled with a chemoattractant (fMLP or IL-8). Under physiologic shear flow, the role of protein kinase C δ on spatial and temporal neutrophil adherence/migration was quantified. Protein kinase C δ inhibition significantly reduced neutrophil adhesion in response to fMLP and IL-8 only under low shear rate and near bifurcations. Protein kinase C δ inhibition also decreased adherence to nonactivated HUVECs in response to fMLP or IL-8. Protein kinase C δ inhibition reduced neutrophil migration into the tissue compartment in response to fMLP and to a lesser degree, to IL-8. Antibody-coated microparticles demonstrated that protein kinase C δ inhibition down-regulated E-selectin and ICAM-1 but not VCAM-1 expression. With the use of a physiologically relevant in vitro model system, we demonstrate that protein kinase C δ plays an important role in the regulation of neutrophil adherence/migration during inflammation and identifies key steps regulated by protein kinase C δ in neutrophil-endothelial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariborz Soroush
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Center for Inflammation, Clinical and Translational Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Devon J King
- Department of Physiology and Center for Inflammation, Clinical and Translational Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuan Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sudhir Deosarkar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Laurie E Kilpatrick
- Department of Physiology and Center for Inflammation, Clinical and Translational Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mohammad F Kiani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; .,Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Pascual-Gil S, Garbayo E, Díaz-Herráez P, Prosper F, Blanco-Prieto M. Heart regeneration after myocardial infarction using synthetic biomaterials. J Control Release 2015; 203:23-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Howard M, Zern BJ, Anselmo AC, Shuvaev VV, Mitragotri S, Muzykantov V. Vascular targeting of nanocarriers: perplexing aspects of the seemingly straightforward paradigm. ACS NANO 2014; 8:4100-32. [PMID: 24787360 PMCID: PMC4046791 DOI: 10.1021/nn500136z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Targeted nanomedicine holds promise to find clinical use in many medical areas. Endothelial cells that line the luminal surface of blood vessels represent a key target for treatment of inflammation, ischemia, thrombosis, stroke, and other neurological, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and oncological conditions. In other cases, the endothelium is a barrier for tissue penetration or a victim of adverse effects. Several endothelial surface markers including peptidases (e.g., ACE, APP, and APN) and adhesion molecules (e.g., ICAM-1 and PECAM) have been identified as key targets. Binding of nanocarriers to these molecules enables drug targeting and subsequent penetration into or across the endothelium, offering therapeutic effects that are unattainable by their nontargeted counterparts. We analyze diverse aspects of endothelial nanomedicine including (i) circulation and targeting of carriers with diverse geometries, (ii) multivalent interactions of carrier with endothelium, (iii) anchoring to multiple determinants, (iv) accessibility of binding sites and cellular response to their engagement, (v) role of cell phenotype and microenvironment in targeting, (vi) optimization of targeting by lowering carrier avidity, (vii) endocytosis of multivalent carriers via molecules not implicated in internalization of their ligands, and (viii) modulation of cellular uptake and trafficking by selection of specific epitopes on the target determinant, carrier geometry, and hydrodynamic factors. Refinement of these aspects and improving our understanding of vascular biology and pathology is likely to enable the clinical translation of vascular endothelial targeting of nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Howard
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine & Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Blaine J. Zern
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine & Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Aaron C. Anselmo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Vladimir V. Shuvaev
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine & Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Vladimir Muzykantov
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine & Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Tokárová V, Pittermannová A, Král V, Řezáčová P, Štěpánek F. Feasibility and constraints of particle targeting using the antigen-antibody interaction. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:11490-11498. [PMID: 24170264 PMCID: PMC4047836 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr04340a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This work is concerned with the surface modification of fluorescent silica nanoparticles by a monoclonal antibody (M75) and the specific bioadhesion of such particles to surfaces containing the PG domain of carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), which is a trans-membrane protein specifically expressed on the surfaces of several tumor cell lines. The adhesion strength of antibody-bearing silica nanoparticles to antigen-bearing surfaces was investigated under laminar flow conditions in a microfluidic cell and compared to the adhesion of unmodified silica nanoparticles and nanoparticles coupled with an unspecific antibody. Adhesion to cancer cells using flow cytometry was also investigated and in all cases the adhesion strength of M75-modified nanoparticles was significantly stronger than for the unmodified or unspecific nanoparticles, up to several orders of magnitude in some cases. The specific modification of nano- and microparticles by an antibody-like protein therefore appears to be a feasible approach for the targeting of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Tokárová
- Institute of Chemical Technology Prague , Department of Chemical Engineering , Technická 3 , Prague 6 , 166 28 , Czech Republic . ; Tel: +420 220 443 236
| | - Anna Pittermannová
- Institute of Chemical Technology Prague , Department of Chemical Engineering , Technická 3 , Prague 6 , 166 28 , Czech Republic . ; Tel: +420 220 443 236
| | - Vlastimil Král
- Laboratory of Structural Biology , Institute of Molecular Genetics , Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083 , Praha 4 , 142 20 , Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Řezáčová
- Laboratory of Structural Biology , Institute of Molecular Genetics , Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083 , Praha 4 , 142 20 , Czech Republic
| | - František Štěpánek
- Institute of Chemical Technology Prague , Department of Chemical Engineering , Technická 3 , Prague 6 , 166 28 , Czech Republic . ; Tel: +420 220 443 236
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Abstract
Endothelial cells represent important targets for therapeutic and diagnostic interventions in many cardiovascular, pulmonary, neurological, inflammatory, and metabolic diseases. Targeted delivery of drugs (especially potent and labile biotherapeutics that require specific subcellular addressing) and imaging probes to endothelium holds promise to improve management of these maladies. In order to achieve this goal, drug cargoes or their carriers including liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles are chemically conjugated or fused using recombinant techniques with affinity ligands of endothelial surface molecules. Cell adhesion molecules, constitutively expressed on the endothelial surface and exposed on the surface of pathologically altered endothelium—selectins, VCAM-1, PECAM-1, and ICAM-1—represent good determinants for such a delivery. In particular, PECAM-1 and ICAM-1 meet criteria of accessibility, safety, and relevance to the (patho)physiological context of treatment of inflammation, ischemia, and thrombosis and offer a unique combination of targeting options including surface anchoring as well as intra- and transcellular targeting, modulated by parameters of the design of drug delivery system and local biological factors including flow and endothelial phenotype. This review includes analysis of these factors and examples of targeting selected classes of therapeutics showing promising results in animal studies, supporting translational potential of these interventions.
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Lamberti G, Tang Y, Prabhakarpandian B, Wang Y, Pant K, Kiani MF, Wang B. Adhesive interaction of functionalized particles and endothelium in idealized microvascular networks. Microvasc Res 2013; 89:107-14. [PMID: 23557880 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leukocytes play a key role in the early response to tissue injury/infection resulting from physical, chemical or biological stimuli. This process involves the initiation of the leukocyte adhesion cascade mediated by a series of interactions between receptors and ligands on the endothelium and the leukocytes. Here, we characterize the adhesion profile of functionalized particles under physiological flow conditions in an idealized synthetic microvascular network (SMN) characterized by a bifurcation. We hypothesize that differences in the level of adhesion of functionalized particles in bifurcating SMNs are dependent on the ratio of adhesion molecules on the particles as well as geometric features of the in vitro networks. METHODS Functionalized particles were prepared by coating their surfaces with different ratios of antibodies against ICAM-1 and E-selectin (aICAM-1:aE-selectin=100:0, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70, and 0:100). The adhesion of functionalized particles to 4h TNF-α activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells under shear flow (0.5, 2, and 4dyn/cm(2)) in bifurcating SMNs and in a parallel plate flow chamber was then quantified. RESULTS The level of adhesion of 50:50 aICAM-1:aE-selectin particles was significantly higher compared to other particles in the bifurcating SMNs (~1.5-4 fold higher). However, in the parallel plate flow chamber 70:30 aICAM-1:aE-selectin particles exhibited a significantly higher level of adhesion (~1.5-2.5 fold higher). Furthermore, the adhesion of particles in junction regions was about 3-18 fold higher than that in straight sections of the SMNs. As expected, in straight sections of the SMNs and in the parallel plate flow chamber particle adhesion increased with decreasing shear. However, particle adhesion did not change significantly with decreasing shear at the junction regions of SMNs for all functionalized particles. CONCLUSION Adhesion efficiency of functionalized particles is significantly affected by cell-adhesion molecule ratio density as well as geometric features of the vessels. Moreover, the differential adhesion patterns of particles between straight sections of bifurcating SMNs and parallel plate flow chamber, as well as straight sections and junction regions of bifurcating SMNs, indicates that adhesion profile of particles is highly dependent on the vascular geometry of the system used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Lamberti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, 1947 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
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16
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Computational study of particle size effects on selective binding of nanoparticles in arterial stenosis. Comput Biol Med 2013; 43:417-24. [PMID: 23566388 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to elucidate particle size and wall shear effects on the selective binding of nanoparticles to vessel wall, particle binding to the wall of arterial stenosis was computationally analyzed using a transport and reaction model. The attachment rate constant was modeled as a function of shear rate and particle size. The results showed that it had a positive correlation with the shear rate for particles smaller than 600 nm and a negative correlation with the shear rate for particles larger than 800 nm. Small size particles showed high binding selectivity in the stenosis region for the normal and shear-activated wall, whereas large particles showed high binding selectivity in the low and oscillatory zone for the shear-activated wall.
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17
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Muzykantov VR, Radhakrishnan R, Eckmann DM. Dynamic factors controlling targeting nanocarriers to vascular endothelium. Curr Drug Metab 2012; 13:70-81. [PMID: 22292809 DOI: 10.2174/138920012798356916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelium lining the luminal surface of blood vessels is the key target and barrier for vascular drug delivery. Nanocarriers coated with antibodies or affinity peptides that bind specifically to endothelial surface determinants provide targeted delivery of therapeutic cargoes to these cells. Endothelial targeting consists of several phases including circulation in the bloodstream, anchoring on the endothelial surface and, in some cases, intracellular uptake and trafficking of the internalized materials. Dynamic parameters of the vasculature including the blood hydrodynamics as well as surface density, accessibility, membrane mobility and clustering of target determinants modulate these phases of the targeting, especially anchoring to endothelium. Further, such controlled parameters of design of drug nanocarriers such as affinity, surface density and epitope specificity of targeting antibodies, carrier size and shape also modulate endothelial targeting and resultant sub-cellular addressing. This article reviews experimental and computational approaches for analysis of factors modulating targeting nanocarriers to the endothelial cells.
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18
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Zhu Y, Ling Y, Zhong J, Liu X, Wei K, Huang S. Magnetic resonance imaging of radiation-induced brain injury using targeted microparticles of iron oxide. Acta Radiol 2012; 53:812-9. [PMID: 22798291 DOI: 10.1258/ar.2012.120040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation-induced brain injury (RBI) is the most serious complication of primary and metastatic brain and neck malignant tumors following radiation therapy. However, at present, RBI is difficult to diagnose in the early period. Recently, studies have demonstrated that the early stage of RBI is characterized by an inflammatory reaction, and that intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is significantly up-regulated in the irradiated brain tissues. PURPOSE To provide an early diagnosis of RBI using molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with microparticles of iron oxide (MPIO) targeted to ICAM-1 in the vascular endothelium of brains. MATERIAL AND METHODS A monoclonal antibody against ICAM-1 was conjugated to MPIO to form the targeted MRI contrast agent ICAM-MPIO. The adhesion of ICAM-MPIO to endothelial cells was quantified by optical imaging and MRI. Sprague-Dawley rats were irradiated to establish an animal model of the early period of RBI. ICAM-MPIO and free-MPIO were injected via tail vein, respectively. T(2) signal intensity and T(2) values of the irradiated brains and normal brains were subsequently evaluated by MRI. RESULTS In vitro, the adhesion of ICAM-MPIO to the activated endothelial cells was 5 ± 0.5-fold greater than to the non-stimulated cells, which could be detected by optical imaging and MRI (R(2) = 1.0, P < 0.01). In vivo, ICAM-MPIO caused a marked negative MRI contrast effect in irradiated brains. As compared with brains without irradiation, the specific contrast effect increased more than seven-fold after administration of ICAM-MPIO (F = 751.495, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION MPIO coated with monoclonal antibody of ICAM-1 could be used for detecting the early period of RBI by optical imaging and MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqing Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
| | - You Ling
- China and College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou
| | - Jinglian Zhong
- Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Xueguo Liu
- Department of Radiology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Kun Wei
- China and College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou
| | - Suiqiao Huang
- Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
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Prabhakarpandian B, Shen MC, Pant K, Kiani MF. Microfluidic devices for modeling cell-cell and particle-cell interactions in the microvasculature. Microvasc Res 2011; 82:210-20. [PMID: 21763328 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell-fluid and cell-cell interactions are critical components of many physiological and pathological conditions in the microvasculature. Similarly, particle-cell interactions play an important role in targeted delivery of therapeutics to tissue. Development of in vitro fluidic devices to mimic these microcirculatory processes has been a critical step forward in our understanding of the inflammatory process, developing of nano-particulate drug carriers, and developing realistic in vitro models of the microvasculature and its surrounding tissue. However, widely used parallel plate flow based devices and assays have a number of important limitations for studying the physiological conditions in vivo. In addition, these devices are resource hungry and time consuming for performing various assays. Recently developed, more realistic, microfluidic based devices have been able to overcome many of these limitations. In this review, an overview of the fluidic devices and their use in studying the effects of shear forces on cell-cell and cell-particle interactions is presented. In addition, use of mathematical models and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based models for interpreting the complex flow patterns in the microvasculature is highlighted. Finally, the potential of 3D microfluidic devices and imaging for better representing in vivo conditions under which cell-cell and cell-particle interactions take place is discussed.
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20
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Resorcinolic lipids improve the properties of sphingomyelin–cholesterol liposomes. Chem Phys Lipids 2010; 163:648-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2010.05.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tousi N, Wang B, Pant K, Kiani MF, Prabhakarpandian B. Preferential adhesion of leukocytes near bifurcations is endothelium independent. Microvasc Res 2010; 80:384-8. [PMID: 20624406 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte-endothelial interactions play central roles in many pathological conditions. However, the in vivo mechanisms responsible for nonuniform spatial distribution of adhering leukocytes to endothelial cells in microvascular networks are not clear. We used a combination of in vitro and in vivo methodologies to explain of this complex phenomenon. A mouse cremaster muscle model was used to study the spatial distribution of leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction in vivo. A PDMS-based synthetic microvascular network (SMN) device was used to study interactions of functionalized microspheres using a receptor-ligand system in a (endothelial) cell-free environment for the in vitro studies. Our in vivo and in vitro findings indicate that both leukocytes in vivo and microspheres in vitro preferentially adhere near bifurcation (within 1-2 diameters from the bifurcation). This adhesion pattern was found to be independent of the diameter of the vessels. These findings support our hypothesis that the fluidic patterns near bifurcations/junctions, and not the presence or cellular aspects of the system (e.g. cell deformation, cell signaling, heterogeneous distribution of adhesion molecules), is the main controlling factor behind the preferential adhesion patterns of leukocytes near bifurcations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Tousi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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22
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Charoenphol P, Huang RB, Eniola-Adefeso O. Potential role of size and hemodynamics in the efficacy of vascular-targeted spherical drug carriers. Biomaterials 2010; 31:1392-402. [PMID: 19954839 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Targeting of drug carriers to the vascular wall is of interest for localized delivery of therapeutics in many human diseases. Nanometer-sized spherical particles are widely proposed for use as carriers for vascular targeting, yet very little evidence has been presented as to their ability to interact with the vascular wall. Thus, this work focuses on elucidating the effect of particle size along with hemodynamics, blood rheology, and vessel size on the adhesion efficiency of targeted polymeric spheres to inflamed endothelium in vitro via parallel plate flow chamber assays. We find that the binding efficiency of spheres to the endothelium from blood flow generally increased with increasing particle size, wall shear rate and channel height for particle sizes from 100 nm up to 10 microm. However, nano-sized particles showed minimal adhesion to the endothelium from blood flow in horizontal (gravity or anti-gravity direction) and vertical channels on the order of small to medium-sized venules and arteries when compared to micron-sized spheres. Furthermore, adhesion of nanospheres was not enhanced with pulsatility in flow. Overall, the presented data suggests that spheres 2-5 microm in size are optimal for targeting the wall in medium to large vessels relevant in several cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phapanin Charoenphol
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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23
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Calderon AJ, Muzykantov V, Muro S, Eckmann DM. Flow dynamics, binding and detachment of spherical carriers targeted to ICAM-1 on endothelial cells. Biorheology 2010; 46:323-41. [PMID: 19721193 DOI: 10.3233/bir-2009-0544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular drug delivery by administration of carriers targeted to endothelial surface determinants, such as intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), holds considerable promise to improve disease treatment. As a model to define elusive factors controlling the interplay between carrier motion in the bloodstream and its interactions with molecular targets in the endothelial wall, we used 1 mum beads coated with ICAM-1 monoclonal antibody (Ab) at 370, 1100 or 4100 Ab/microm2. Carriers were perfused at two shear rates over resting or activated endothelial cells, expressing minimum vs. maximum ICAM-1 levels, to determine carrier rolling, binding and detachment. Even at 0.1 Pa and 4100 Ab/microm2, carriers attached only to activated cells (21 fold increase over resting cells), ideal for specific drug targeting to sites of pathology. Binding was increased by raising the Ab surface density on the carrier, e.g., 59.4+/-11.1% increase for carriers having 4100 vs. 1100 Ab/microm2, as a consequence of decreased rolling velocity. Carrier binding was stable even under a high shear stress: carriers with 1100 and 4100 Ab/microm2 withstand shear stress over 3 Pa without detaching from the cells. This is further supported by theoretical modeling. These results will guide vascular targeting of drug carriers via rational design of experimentally tunable parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres J Calderon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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24
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Rosano JM, Tousi N, Scott RC, Krynska B, Rizzo V, Prabhakarpandian B, Pant K, Sundaram S, Kiani MF. A physiologically realistic in vitro model of microvascular networks. Biomed Microdevices 2009; 11:1051-7. [PMID: 19452279 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-009-9322-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Existing microfluidic devices, e.g. parallel plate flow chambers, do not accurately depict the geometry of microvascular networks in vivo. We have developed a synthetic microvascular network (SMN) on a polydimethalsiloxane (PDMS) chip that can serve as an in vitro model of the bifurcations, tortuosities, and cross-sectional changes found in microvascular networks in vivo. Microvascular networks from a cremaster muscle were mapped using a modified Geographical Information System, and then used to manufacture the SMNs on a PDMS chip. The networks were cultured with bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC), which reached confluency 3-4 days after seeding. Propidium iodide staining indicated viable and healthy cells showing normal behavior in these networks. Anti-ICAM-1 conjugated 2-mum microspheres adhered to BAEC cells activated with TNF-alpha in significantly larger numbers compared to control IgG conjugated microspheres. This preferential adhesion suggests that cultured cells retain an intact cytokine response in the SMN. This microfluidic system can provide novel insight into characterization of drug delivery particles and dynamic flow conditions in microvascular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Rosano
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, 1947 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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25
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Radiation-Guided Targeting of Combretastatin Encapsulated Immunoliposomes to Mammary Tumors. Pharm Res 2009; 26:1093-100. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Chong PLG, Zhu W, Venegas B. On the lateral structure of model membranes containing cholesterol. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:2-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2008] [Revised: 10/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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27
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Prabhakarpandian B, Pant K, Scott RC, Pattillo CB, Irimia D, Kiani MF, Sundaram S. Synthetic microvascular networks for quantitative analysis of particle adhesion. Biomed Microdevices 2008; 10:585-95. [PMID: 18327641 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-008-9170-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a methodology to study particle adhesion in the microvascular environment using microfluidic, image-derived microvascular networks on a chip accompanied by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of fluid flow and particle adhesion. Microfluidic networks, obtained from digitization of in vivo microvascular topology were prototyped using soft-lithography techniques to obtain semicircular cross sectional microvascular networks in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Dye perfusion studies indicated the presence of well-perfused as well as stagnant regions in a given network. Furthermore, microparticle adhesion to antibody coated networks was found to be spatially non-uniform as well. These findings were broadly corroborated in the CFD analyses. Detailed information on shear rates and particle fluxes in the entire network, obtained from the CFD models, were used to show global adhesion trends to be qualitatively consistent with current knowledge obtained using flow chambers. However, in comparison with a flow chamber, this method represents and incorporates elements of size and complex morphology of the microvasculature. Particle adhesion was found to be significantly localized near the bifurcations in comparison with the straight sections over the entire network, an effect not observable with flow chambers. In addition, the microvascular network chips are resource effective by providing data on particle adhesion over physiologically relevant shear range from even a single experiment. The microfluidic microvascular networks developed in this study can be readily used to gain fundamental insights into the processes leading to particle adhesion in the microvasculature.
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28
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Simone E, Ding BS, Muzykantov V. Targeted delivery of therapeutics to endothelium. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 335:283-300. [PMID: 18815813 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The endothelium is a target for therapeutic and diagnostic interventions in a plethora of human disease conditions including ischemia, inflammation, edema, oxidative stress, thrombosis and hemorrhage, and metabolic and oncological diseases. Unfortunately, drugs have no affinity to the endothelium, thereby limiting the localization, timing, specificity, safety, and effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. Molecular determinants on the surface of resting and pathologically altered endothelial cells, including cell adhesion molecules, peptidases, and receptors involved in endocytosis, can be used for drug delivery to the endothelial surface and into intracellular compartments. Drug delivery platforms such as protein conjugates, recombinant fusion constructs, targeted liposomes, and stealth polymer carriers have been designed to target drugs and imaging agents to these determinants. We review endothelial target determinants and drug delivery systems, describe parameters that control the binding of drug carriers to the endothelium, and provide examples of the endothelial targeting of therapeutic enzymes designed for the treatment of acute vascular disorders including ischemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Simone
- Department of Bioengineering, Program in Targeted Therapeutics of Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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29
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Baeten CIM, Castermans K, Lammering G, Hillen F, Wouters BG, Hillen HFP, Griffioen AW, Baeten CGMI. Effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy on angiogenesis and leukocyte infiltration in rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 66:1219-27. [PMID: 17145537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.07.1362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Revised: 07/11/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We and others have shown that angiogenesis and leukocyte infiltration are important prognostic factors in rectal cancer. However, little is known about its possible changes in response to radiotherapy (RTX), which is frequently given to rectal tumors as a neoadjuvant treatment to improve the prognosis. We therefore investigated the biologic effects of RTX on these parameters using fresh-frozen biopsy samples of tumor and normal mucosa tissue before and after RTX. METHODS Biopsy samples were taken from a total of 34 patients before and after either a short course or long course of RTX combined with chemotherapy. The following parameters were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, or quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction: Microvessel density, leukocyte infiltration, proliferating epithelial and tumor cells, proliferating endothelial cells, adhesion molecule expression on endothelial cells, and the angiogenic mRNA profile. RESULTS The tumor biopsy samples taken after RTX treatment demonstrated a significant decrease in microvessel density and the number of proliferating tumor cells and proliferating endothelial cells (p < 0.001). In contrast, the leukocyte infiltration, the levels of basic fibroblast growth factor in carcinoma tissue, and the adhesion molecule expression on endothelial cells in normal as well as carcinoma tissue increased significantly (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our data show that together with an overall decrease in tumor cell and endothelial cell proliferation, RTX results in an increase in the expression of adhesion molecules that stimulate leukocyte infiltration. This suggests the possibility that, in addition to its direct cytotoxic effect, radiation may also stimulate an immunologic tumor response that could contribute to the documented improvement in local tumor control and distal failure rate of rectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coen I M Baeten
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Research Institute for Growth and Development (GROW), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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30
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Scott RC, Wang B, Nallamothu R, Pattillo CB, Perez-Liz G, Issekutz A, Del Valle L, Wood GC, Kiani MF. Targeted delivery of antibody conjugated liposomal drug carriers to rat myocardial infarction. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 96:795-802. [PMID: 17051598 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunoliposome (IL) targeting to areas of inflammation after an acute myocardial infarction (MI) could provide the means by which pro-angiogenic compounds can be selectively targeted to the infarcted region. The adhesion of model drug carriers and ILs coated with an antibody to P-selectin was quantified in a rat model of MI following left coronary artery ligation. Anti-P-selectin coated model drug carriers showed a 140% and 180% increase in adhesion in the border zone of the MI 1 and 4 h post-MI, respectively. Radiolabeled anti-P-selectin ILs injected immediately post-MI and allowed to circulate 24 h showed an 83% increase in targeting to infarcted myocardium when compared to adjacent non-infarcted myocardium. Radiolabeled anti-P-selectin ILs injected 4 h post-MI and allowed to circulate for 24 h showed a 92% increase in accumulation in infarcted myocardium when compared to adjacent non-infarcted myocardium. Targeting to upregulated adhesion molecules on the endothelium provides a promising strategy for selectively delivering compounds to the infarct region of the myocardium using our liposomal-based drug delivery vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Scott
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, 1947 North, 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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31
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Ansari R, Gaber MW, Wang B, Pattillo CB, Miyamoto C, Kiani MF. Anti-TNFA (TNF-alpha) treatment abrogates radiation-induced changes in vacular density and tissue oxygenation. Radiat Res 2007; 167:80-6. [PMID: 17243316 DOI: 10.1667/rr0616.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation significantly alters the structure and function of microvasculature, which regulates delivery of oxygen to brain tissue. Previous experimental and modeling studies have shown that tissue oxygenation patterns are significantly different in irradiated normal tissue compared to age-matched controls, and the differences are apparent as early as 3 days postirradiation. However, oxygen delivery to irradiated tissue recovers within 6 months postirradiation. Changes in perfusion and oxygenation were studied in a bilaterally (both cerebral hemispheres) and unilaterally (only one hemisphere) irradiated mouse brain model at 6 and 24 h as well as 3, 7, 30, 60 and 120 days postirradiation. The results indicate that significant changes in the number of perfused vessels (as measured by fluorescent DiOC(7) staining) and anatomical vessels (as indicated by CD31 immunohistochemical staining) and tissue oxygenation (by immunohistochemical detection of a fluorescently conjugated monoclonal antibody to EF5) are most pronounced at 3 days postirradiation, while a degree of recovery is observed at later times. However, in the unilaterally irradiated animals, both irradiated and unirradiated (out-of-field) cerebral hemispheres showed similarly significant changes in oxygenation and/or perfusion compared to unirradiated controls. Anti-TNFA treatment inhibited radiation-induced local as well as abscopal effects in the brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Ansari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
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32
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Shuvaev VV, Christofidou-Solomidou M, Scherpereel A, Simone E, Arguiri E, Tliba S, Pick J, Kennel S, Albelda SM, Muzykantov VR. Factors modulating the delivery and effect of enzymatic cargo conjugated with antibodies targeted to the pulmonary endothelium. J Control Release 2007; 118:235-44. [PMID: 17270308 PMCID: PMC1855632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Vascular drug targeting may improve therapies, yet a thorough understanding of the factors that regulate effects of drugs directed to the endothelium is needed to translate this approach into the clinical domain. To define factors modulating the efficacy and effects of endothelial targeting, we used a model enzyme (glucose oxidase, GOX) coupled with monoclonal antibodies (anti-TM(34) or anti-TM(201)) to distinct epitopes of thrombomodulin, a surface determinant enriched in the pulmonary endothelium. GOX delivery results in conversion of glucose and oxygen into H(2)O(2) leading to lung damage, a clear physiologic endpoint. Results of in vivo studies in mice showed that the efficiency of cargo delivery and its effect are influenced by a number of factors including: 1) The level of pulmonary uptake of the targeting antibody (anti-TM(201) was more efficient than anti-TM(34)); 2) The amount of an active drug delivered to the target; 3) The amount of target antigen on the endothelium (animals with suppressed TM levels showed less targeting); and, 4) The substrate availability for the enzyme cargo in the target tissue (hyperoxia augmented GOX-induced injury). Therefore, both activities of the conjugates and biological factors control targeting and effects of enzymatic cargo. Understanding the nature of such "modulating biological factors" will hopefully allow optimization and ultimately applications of drug targeting for "individualized" pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V. Shuvaev
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Melpo Christofidou-Solomidou
- Pulmonary Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Arnaud Scherpereel
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- INSERM U774, Institute Pasteur de Lille, France
| | - Eric Simone
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Evguenia Arguiri
- Pulmonary Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Samira Tliba
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jeremy Pick
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Stephen Kennel
- University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37920, USA
| | - Steven M. Albelda
- Pulmonary Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Vladimir R. Muzykantov
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Targeted Therapeutics, Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Corresponding author. Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, 1 John Morgan Building, 36 Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6068. Phone: 215-898-9823, FAX: 215-898-0868, e-mail address:
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Müller K, Köhn FM, Port M, Abend M, Molls M, Ring J, Meineke V. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1: a consistent inflammatory marker of the cutaneous radiation reaction both in vitro
and in vivo. Br J Dermatol 2006; 155:670-9. [PMID: 16965414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation damage to skin is a key diagnostic and prognostic parameter for patients accidentally exposed to radiation. Moreover, skin is a target organ for crucial side-effects of routine radiotherapy. The pathophysiology of the cutaneous radiation reaction is in many respects still unknown. The acute inflammatory radiation reaction of skin has been shown to involve alterations in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, which are mediated by cellular adhesion molecules. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of ionizing radiation on intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in human skin cells. METHODS Dermal monolayer cells, a three-dimensional skin model and skin biopsies were investigated for ICAM-1 expression after ionizing radiation using flow cytometry, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. ICAM-1 expression in monolayer cells pretreated with protein kinase inhibitors and dexamethasone prior to irradiation was analysed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Using different sources of skin cells, we demonstrated a consistent upregulation of both ICAM-1 mRNA and protein expression by ionizing radiation. Blocking experiments revealed that tumour necrosis factor-alpha, another ICAM-1 inducer, does not account for the effect of radiation. Radiation-induced upregulation of ICAM-1 expression was significantly attenuated by inhibitors to protein kinase C, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) ERK kinase, p38 MAP kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. The anti-inflammatory agent dexamethasone suppressed the effect of radiation on ICAM-1 expression, suggesting its usefulness to treat the cutaneous radiation reaction. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that ICAM-1 is a consistent inflammatory parameter of the cutaneous radiation reaction both in vitro and in vivo that might provide new therapeutic options for diagnosis and treatment of effects of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Müller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany
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Muro S, Dziubla T, Qiu W, Leferovich J, Cui X, Berk E, Muzykantov VR. Endothelial targeting of high-affinity multivalent polymer nanocarriers directed to intercellular adhesion molecule 1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 317:1161-9. [PMID: 16505161 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.098970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting of diagnostic and therapeutic agents to endothelial cells (ECs) provides an avenue to improve treatment of many maladies. For example, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), a constitutive endothelial cell adhesion molecule up-regulated in many diseases, is a good determinant for endothelial targeting of therapeutic enzymes and polymer nanocarriers (PNCs) conjugated with anti-ICAM (anti-ICAM/PNCs). However, intrinsic and extrinsic factors that control targeting of anti-ICAM/PNCs to ECs (e.g., anti-ICAM affinity and PNC valency and flow) have not been defined. In this study we tested in vitro and in vivo parameters of targeting to ECs of anti-ICAM/PNCs consisting of either prototype polystyrene or biodegradable poly(lactic-coglycolic) acid polymers (approximately 200 nm diameter spheres carrying approximately 200 anti-ICAM molecules). Anti-ICAM/PNCs, but not control IgG/PNCs 1) rapidly (t1/2 approximately 5 min) and specifically bound to tumor necrosis factor-activated ECs in a dose-dependent manner (Bmax approximately 350 PNC/cell) at both static and physiological shear stress conditions and 2) bound to ECs and accumulated in the pulmonary vasculature after i.v. injection in mice. Anti-ICAM/PNCs displayed markedly higher EC affinity versus naked anti-ICAM (Kd approximately 80 pM versus approximately 8 nM) in cell culture and, probably because of this factor, higher value (185.3 +/- 24.2 versus 50.5 +/- 1.5% injected dose/g) and selectivity (lung/blood ratio 81.0 +/- 10.9 versus 2.1 +/- 0.02, in part due to faster blood clearance) of pulmonary targeting. These results 1) show that reformatting monomolecular anti-ICAM into high-affinity multivalent PNCs boosts their vascular immuno-targeting, which withstands physiological hydrodynamics and 2) support potential anti-ICAM/PNCs utility for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Muro
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, 1 John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6068, USA
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Pattillo CB, Sari-Sarraf F, Nallamothu R, Moore BM, Wood GC, Kiani MF. Targeting of the Antivascular Drug Combretastatin to Irradiated Tumors Results in Tumor Growth Delay. Pharm Res 2005; 22:1117-20. [PMID: 16028012 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-5646-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of targeting the antivascular drug combretastatin to irradiated mouse melanomas. METHODS Combretastatin was incorporated into liposomes with surfaces modified by the addition of cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Phe-Cys) (RGD) to create an immunoliposome (IL). This addition of RGD allows the liposome to be preferentially targeted to alphavbeta3, an integrin up-regulated in the vasculature of irradiated tumors. C57BL mice bearing a transplanted B16-F10 melanoma were randomly assigned to one of the following treatment groups: untreated, a single dose of 5-Gy radiation (IR), IL (14.5 mg/kg of combretastatin), 5-Gy radiation plus IL, and a systemic administration of free drug (81.0 mg/kg of combretastatin). RESULTS In this transplanted tumor model, there was no significant increase in the volume of the IL + IR (5 Gy) treated tumors during the initial 6 days posttreatment; all other treatment groups exhibited exponential growth curves after day 3. The IL + IR (5 Gy) treatment resulted in a 5.1-day tumor growth delay compared to untreated controls. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that preferential targeting of antivascular drugs to irradiated tumors results in significant tumor growth delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Pattillo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Gregerson DS, Kawashima H. APC derived from donor splenocytes support retinal autoimmune disease in allogeneic recipients. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 76:383-7. [PMID: 15197235 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0404249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell adoptive transfer models of autoimmune disease have been used in conjunction with radiation/bone marrow chimeras to define the minimal requirements for antigen (Ag) recognition. In models with central nervous system Ags, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II compatibility achieved by grafting F1 bone marrow into parental recipients was reported to be necessary and sufficient for transfer of CD4 T cell-mediated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Bone marrow-derived, perivascular microglia are now widely regarded to play a critical role in the expression of experimental autoimmune diseases of the nervous system. Similar results might be expected in the experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis model, as retina is an extension of the brain. Using an allogeneic Ag-presenting cell (APC) adoptive transfer strategy, it was found that resident APC were not essential and that their replacement with MHC-compatible cells by bone marrow-grafting techniques was not necessary. Instead, APC were recruited from the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale S Gregerson
- Department of Opthamology, University of Minnesota, Lions Research Building, Rm. 314, 2001 6th Street, S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Sakhalkar HS, Dalal MK, Salem AK, Ansari R, Fu J, Kiani MF, Kurjiaka DT, Hanes J, Shakesheff KM, Goetz DJ. Leukocyte-inspired biodegradable particles that selectively and avidly adhere to inflamed endothelium in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:15895-900. [PMID: 14668435 PMCID: PMC307664 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2631433100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2003] [Accepted: 10/29/2003] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We exploited leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion chemistry to generate biodegradable particles that exhibit highly selective accumulation on inflamed endothelium in vitro and in vivo. Leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesive particles exhibit up to 15-fold higher adhesion to inflamed endothelium, relative to noninflamed endothelium, under in vitro flow conditions similar to that present in blood vessels, a 6-fold higher adhesion to cytokine inflamed endothelium relative to non-cytokine-treated endothelium in vivo, and a 10-fold enhancement in adhesion to trauma-induced inflamed endothelium in vivo due to the addition of a targeting ligand. The leukocyte-inspired particles have adhesion efficiencies similar to that of leukocytes and were shown to target each of the major inducible endothelial cell adhesion molecules (E-selectin, P-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1) that are up-regulated at sites of pathological inflammation. The potential for targeted drug delivery to inflamed endothelium has significant implications for the improved treatment of an array of pathologies, including cardiovascular disease, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshad S Sakhalkar
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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Gaber MW, Sabek OM, Fukatsu K, Wilcox HG, Kiani MF, Merchant TE. Differences in ICAM-1 and TNF-alpha expression between large single fraction and fractionated irradiation in mouse brain. Int J Radiat Biol 2003; 79:359-66. [PMID: 12943244 DOI: 10.1080/0955300031000114738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To elucidate the brain molecular response to irradiation. The expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in the mouse brain was compared after single-dose and fractionated whole-brain irradiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice received a single dose of 2, 10 or 20 Gy or a fractionated dose (2 Gy day(-1)) of 10, 20 or 40 Gy. ICAM-1, and TNF-alpha mRNA expression were quantified by the highly sensitive real-time polymerase chain reaction technique. Expression of ICAM-1 protein was quantified by dual-labelled monoclonal antibody assay. RESULTS After a 20-Gy single dose, there was an increase in ICAM-1 and TNF-alpha mRNA levels (14- and 11-fold, respectively) as well as a significant increase in the level of ICAM-1 protein (p=0.0243). The expression of ICAM-1 and TNF-alpha mRNA increased at the end of the 40-Gy fractionated regimen (3.55- and 2.30-fold, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The molecular response of the brain to single-dose irradiation was rapid, while its response to fractionated irradiation was slow. This finding is consistent with clinical observations and could be of use when designing strategies to mitigate radiation sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Gaber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale Street, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA.
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Yuan H, Gaber MW, McColgan T, Naimark MD, Kiani MF, Merchant TE. Radiation-induced permeability and leukocyte adhesion in the rat blood-brain barrier: modulation with anti-ICAM-1 antibodies. Brain Res 2003; 969:59-69. [PMID: 12676365 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02278-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the acute effects of radiation on the rat blood-brain barrier. A cranial window model and intravital microscopy were used to measure changes in permeability and leukocyte adhesion in pial vessels after a localized, single dose of 20 Gy. Permeability was assessed using five sizes of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran molecules (4.4-, 10-, 38.2-, 70-, and 150-kDa) with measurements performed before and 2, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after irradiation for the 4.4 and 38.2-kDa molecules and before and 24 h after irradiation for the other three molecules. To demonstrate the nature of blood-brain barrier permeability, we concurrently studied the permeability of microvessels in the cremaster muscle. In both tissues, permeability to FITC-dextran was significantly greater 24 h after irradiation than before (P<0.05). The exception was that radiation did not affect the permeability of pial vessels to the 150-kDa molecule. The particle-size dependence of the permeability changes in the brain were indicative of altered integrity of endothelial tight junctions and occurred concomitantly with an increase in cell adhesion which was determined by fluorescent labeling of leukocytes with rhodamine 6G. An early inflammatory response to irradiation was apparent in the brain 2 h after irradiation. The numbers of rolling and adherent leukocytes increased significantly and peaked at 24 h. Injection with the anti-ICAM-1 mAb significantly reduced leukocyte adhesion and permeability thereby linking the two processes. These findings provide a target to reduce radiation-related permeability and cell adhesion and potentially the side effects of radiation in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mail Stop 220, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale Street, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA
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Kiani MF, Ansari R, Gaber MW. Oxygen delivery in irradiated normal tissue. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2003; 44:15-21. [PMID: 12841594 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.44.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation exposure significantly alters the structure and function of microvascular networks, which regulate delivery of oxygen to tissue. In this study we use a hamster cremaster muscle model to study changes in microvascular network parameters and use a mathematical model to study the effects of these observed structural and microhemodynamic changes in microvascular networks on oxygen delivery to the tissue. Our experimental observations indicate that in microvascular networks while some parameters are significantly affected by irradiation (e.g. RBC transit time), others remain at the control level (e.g. RBC path length) up to 180 days post-irradiation. The results from our mathematical model indicate that tissue oxygenation patterns are significantly different in irradiated normal tissue as compared to age-matched controls and the differences are apparent as early as 3 days post irradiation. However, oxygen delivery to irradiated tissue was not found to be significantly different from age matched controls at any time between 7 days to 6 months post-irradiation. These findings indicate that microvascular late effects in irradiated normal tissue may be due to factors other than compromised tissue oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad F Kiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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