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Gallina T, Dos Santos Lagranha C, Bilo G, Malavolta C, Ferreira LL, de Almeida Borges F, de Castro Rodrigues D, Strydom T, Torres S, Arnhold E, Lopes WDZ. Control of Rhipicephalus microplus on taurine cattle with fluralaner in a subtropical region. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:101. [PMID: 38429835 PMCID: PMC10908041 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, a region with a subtropical climate, Rhipicephalus microplus is present in taurine cattle raised for beef and milk. In addition, ticks resistant to multiple acaricides are present in this region. Recently, fluralaner (isoxazoline) was launched on the market. Thus, there is a need to evaluate the effects of fluralaner for the control of R. microplus on taurine cattle. In addition, occurrence of myiasis by Cochliomyia hominivorax larvae after tick parasitism and weight gain of cattle during the experimental period were evaluated. METHODS Thirty naturally infested cattle were divided into two experimental groups: T01, treated with fluralaner (2.5 mg/kg) pour-on; T02, control. T01 received fluralaner on Days 0 (early summer in January), 42 and 84 (early autumn), whereas T02, a control group, received palliative treatment with a spray formulation when the group mean was ≥ 30 ticks. Counts of R. microplus females and calculation of the efficacy of fluralaner were performed on Days 3, 7, 14, 28, 35, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98, 112 and 126. The occurrence of myiasis was assessed throughout the study period. In addition, the weight, weight gain and daily weight gain of the animals were evaluated. RESULTS In the 12 evaluations performed, the parasitic load of T01 was near zero. Fluralaner showed 99.5% efficacy on the 3rd day after the first treatment and 100% efficacy from Day 7 to Day 126. Cochliomyia hominivorax larvae (n = 6; p = 0.0251) were found only in the control group (T02). At the end of the study, the animals subjected to treatments with fluralaner gained 32.8 kg more than the animals in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Application of fluralaner in summer and autumn, with 42-day intervals between treatments, was effective to control R. microplus on taurine cattle, which also gained more weight than control cattle. Additionally, no cases of myasis were documented in animals treated with fluralaner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Gallina
- Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Giancarlo Bilo
- Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
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Leal LLLL, Ferreira LL, de Morais IML, Salvador VF, Trindade ASN, Pereira Neto O, Soares VE, de Almeida Borges F, Monteiro CMDO, Lopes WDZ. What is the optimal timing to initiate strategic control of Rhipicephalus microplus in taurine cattle in a tropical region? EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2024; 92:217-232. [PMID: 38329588 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00877-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Cattle tick control poses a significant challenge for livestock in tropical and subtropical regions. The objective of this study was to determine the most suitable timing to initiate a strategic tick control program and to identify the ideal number of acaricide treatments for adult taurine cattle (Bos taurus taurus) in a tropical region throughout the year. Three groups with 10 bovines each were performed: T01 (strategic treatment in late autumn/winter/late spring, every 28 days), T02 (strategic treatment to act in the "first tick generation" - early spring/summer/early autumn, every 28 days) and T03 (control). Tick counts (females 4-8 mm) were conducted every 14 days. If the tick burden in any group reached 30 or more during these counts, we applied an additional treatment. Over the course of a year, T02 required significantly fewer (p < 0.05) acaricide treatments than T01, with nine treatments for T02 and eleven for T01. Furthermore, during the tick counts, animals in T02 showed a lower tick burden compared to those in T01. Initiating the strategic tick control program in early spring, corresponding to the first tick generation, proved more effective than starting in autumn. This approach not only required fewer acaricide treatments but also resulted in a reduced tick burden. These benefits are particularly valuable in terms of animal welfare and managing acaricide resistance issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luccas Lourenzzo Lima Lins Leal
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Igor Maciel Lopes de Morais
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Ferreira Salvador
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Artur Siqueira Nunes Trindade
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernando de Almeida Borges
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Caio Marcio de Oliveira Monteiro
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Nicaretta JE, de Melo Junior RD, Naves RB, de Morais IML, Salvador VF, Leal LLLL, Teixeira ALC, Ferreira LL, Klafke GM, Monteiro CMDO, Borges FDA, Costa Junior LM, Rodrigues DS, Lopes WDZ. Selective versus strategic control against Rhipicephalus microplus in cattle: A comparative analysis of efficacy, animal health, productivity, cost, and resistance management. Vet Parasitol 2023; 321:109999. [PMID: 37556962 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
This study compared selective control versus strategic control against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, under conditions of a real dairy farm. Strategic control requires that all animals be treated with acaricide at regular pre-determined intervals. Selective control only requires treatment of infested animals and only when they are at or above a pre-determined threshold. Tick counts on animals and in pasture were performed and the susceptibility of tick populations to the different treatment methods was evaluated at the beginning and end of the study using the Larval Packet Test, Larval Immersion Test, and Adult Immersion Test. Over the four years of the study strategic control was more advantageous than the selective control as the group experienced lower tick burden on animals and in pasture, absence of skin lesions and myiases, lower operating costs, treatments concentrated in fewer months of the year and lower resistance pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Eduardo Nicaretta
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Raphaela Barbosa Naves
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Marcondes Klafke
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor - Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Caio Marcio de Oliveira Monteiro
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Almeida Borges
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Sobreira Rodrigues
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Campo Experimental Santa Rita, Prudente de Morais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Junior PB, Barros JC, Maciel WG, Garcia MV, de Oliveira Souza Higa L, Andreotti R. Control Strategies for the Tick Rhipicephalus Microplus (Canestrini, 1888) on Cattle: Economic Evaluation and Report of a Multidrug-Resistant Strain. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:1564-1572. [PMID: 36018471 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate four strategies for application of acaricides to control the tick Rhipicephalus microplus among infested cattle, and to show which of these has the best cost-benefit ratio. METHODS For this, 72 cattle were selected and divided into four groups: Group 1 (G1): fipronil, pour-on; Group 2 (G2): fluazuron, pour-on; Group 3 (G3): moxidectin, injectable; and Group 4 (G4): chlorpyrifos 30 g, cypermethrin 15 g and fenthion 15 g, spraying (atomizing chamber). Every seven days, the numbers of semi-engorged females were counted and laboratory tests were conducted using different commercial technical-grade products for resistance monitoring. RESULTS G4 showed the best percentage reduction, with the highest rate on the seventh day post-treatment (DPT) (83.23%). G3 was the second best strategy, with a percentage of inverse reduction such that the best results were on the 28th DPT (82.85%), while G1 and G2 reached their best results on the 21st DPT (32.63% and 2.79%). CONCLUSION It was noteworthy that the formulation used in G4 was the only one that was efficient for strategic control and that, based on the economic analysis, was shown to be economically viable over the medium term due to the need for investment. The presence of a multidrug-resistant strain in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul in vitro, for the chemical bases amitraz, cypermethrin and cypermethrin + DDVP, is reported here for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulino Bonatte Junior
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Agropecuária Sanyo, Agua Clara, MS, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Cavalcante Barros
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Embrapa Gado de Corte, Avenida Rádio Maia, 830, Campo Grande, MS, CEP 79106-550, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Renato Andreotti
- Embrapa Gado de Corte, Avenida Rádio Maia, 830, Campo Grande, MS, CEP 79106-550, Brazil.
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Nanoformulations with synthetic and plant-derived compounds for cattle tick control. Vet Parasitol 2022; 309:109756. [PMID: 35749843 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanocarriers of acaricidal compounds improve the bioavailability, absorption, and tissue distribution of active ingredients, releasing them in a slow, targeted way and protecting them against premature degradation. Thus, this study aimed to develop formulations from solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), or nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) associated with cypermethrin (cip) + chlorpyrifos (chlo) and vegetable compounds (citral, menthol, or limonene). Particles were then characterised, and their efficacy was verified on R. microplus in comparison to nanoformulations without the plant-based compounds. Six different formulations were developed and characterised by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Formulations 1 (SLN+cyp+chlo+citral), 2 (SLN+cyp+chlo+menthol), 3 (SLN+cyp+chlo+limonene), 4 (NLC+cyp+chlo+citral), 5 (NLC+cyp+chlo+menthol) and 6 (NLC+cyp+chlo+limonene) had mean diameters from 286 to 304 nm; polydispersion from 0.16 to 0.18; zeta potential from -15.8 to -20 mV, concentration from 3.37 ± 0.24 × 1013 to 5.44 ± 0.18 × 1013 particles/mL and encapsulation efficiency (EE) > 98.01 % for all active ingredients. All formulations were evaluated for their acaricidal potential by the larval packet test (LPT) and compared with nanoformulations without the plant-based compounds. Formulations were also compared with positive (Colosso® at 512 µg/mL) and negative controls (distilled water and nanoparticles without active ingredients). The SLN (1, 2 and 3) and NLC (4, 5 and 6) formulations, at 7 µg/mL, resulted in 90.4 % , 75.9 % , 93.8 % , 100 % , 95.1 % and 72.7 % mortality. The data demonstrated that the addition of citral, menthol or limonene in the formulations improved their acaricide action against tick larvae. Except for formulation 4, for which it was not possible to determine lethal concentrations (LC). Formulations, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 reached LC50 and LC90 values of 3.3 and 7.2, 5.4 and 9.2, 4.0 and 8.1, 2.3 and 5.4 as well as 5.5 and 9.4 µg/mL, respectively. It was possible to encapsulate the active ingredients and characterise the lipid carrier systems. SLN and NLC protected the active ingredients against degradation in solution and increased the overall stability. A stabile solution is necessary for synthesizing commercial acaricidal products. It is hoped that these findings may contribute to new studies focused on the use of nanocarriers in tick formulations. By reducing the amount or concentration of active ingredients within commercial products, the risk of residues presents in food of animal origin or remaining in the environment is reduced. Nanocarriers help prevent these challenges, while still maintaining effective parasitic control. Utilizing a combination of natural and synthetic products can be part of integrated management solutions and can help overcome widespread acaricide resistance in populations of cattle ticks.
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Centenaro FC, Barbieri A, Rico IB, Gonchoroski GZ, Jardim FT, Doyle RL, Dall'Agnol B, Reck J, Webster A. Rotational and selective protocols using acaricides to control a multi-resistant strain of Rhipicephalus microplus under field conditions in Southern Brazil. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:101987. [PMID: 35751938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.101987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, causes severe economic losses to beef and dairy production in several countries. The control of the cattle tick is based mostly on chemical acaricides. Currently, there are reports of tick populations resistant to all six classes of acaricides available on the market. The aim of this work was to evaluate two protocols for the control of the cattle tick, R. microplus, under field conditions. For that, an acaricide rotational-based approach and selective (partial)-based protocols were tested against a multi-resistant tick strain. Eighteen Brangus cattle were divided into three experimental groups: Group 1, a rotational-based approach aiming at six treatments per year (spring-spring period) using four different classes of acaricide (IPV6 protocol); Group 2, a selective (partial) and rotational-based protocol, in which only half of the animals with the highest tick counts were treated (IPV7S protocol); and Group 3 (non-treated). The protocols were able to maintain low tick infestation during the 57 weeks of study. The two experimental groups showed lower tick counts than the non-treated group, but not between them. Weekly efficacy of the experimental protocols reached 95% in Group 1 and 88% in Group 2. Herein, we proposed two protocols of cattle tick control (IPV6 and IPV7S) for use in multi-resistant tick populations in Southern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Cassel Centenaro
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Antonela Barbieri
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Isabela Blumberg Rico
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Greice Zorzato Gonchoroski
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Tiberê Jardim
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Rovaina Laureano Doyle
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Bruno Dall'Agnol
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil
| | - José Reck
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Anelise Webster
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil.
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Ferreira Leal B, Sanchez Ferreira CA. Ticks and antibodies: May parasite density and tick evasion influence the outcomes following immunization protocols? Vet Parasitol 2021; 300:109610. [PMID: 34735848 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are a major concern to human health and livestock worldwide, being responsible for economic losses that go beyond billions of US dollars per year. This scenario instigates the development of vaccines against these ectoparasites, emphasized by the fact that the main method of controlling ticks still relies on the use of acaricides, what increases costs and may affect the environment as well as human and animal health. The first commercial vaccines against ectoparasites were produced against the tick Rhipicephalus microplus and their efficacy were based on antibodies. Many additional attempts have been conducted to produce protective immune responses against ticks by immunization with specific antigens and the antibody response has usually been the main target of evaluation. But some controversy still populates the roles possibly performed by humoral responses in tick-mammalian host relationships. This review focuses on the analysis of specific aspects concerning antibodies and ticks, especially the influence of parasite density and evasion/modulation. The immunization trials already described against R. microplus were also compiled and analyzed based on the characteristics of the molecules tested, protocols of immunization and tick challenge. Within these issues, it is discussed if or when antibody levels can be directly correlated with the development of tick resistance, and whether anti-tick protective immune responses generated by infestations may become ineffective under a different tick density. Also, higher titers of antibodies can be correlated with protection or susceptibility to tick infestations, what may be altered following continuous or repeated infestations and differ greatly comparing hosts with distinct genetic backgrounds. Regarding evasion, ticks present a sophisticated mechanism for dealing with antibodies, including Immunoglobulin Binding Proteins (IGBPs), that capture, transport and inject them back into the host, while keeping their properties within the parasite. The comparison of immunization protocols shows a total of 22 molecules already tested in cattle vaccination trials against R. microplus, with the predominance of concealed and dual antigens as well as marked differences in tick challenge schemes. The presence of an antibody evasion apparatus and variable levels of tick resistance when facing different densities of parasites are concerns that should be considered when testing vaccine candidates. Ultimately, more refinement may be necessary to effectively design a cocktail vaccine with tick molecules, which may be needed to be altered and combined in non-competing immune contexts to be universally secure and protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Ferreira Leal
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Microbiologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6681, 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Alexandre Sanchez Ferreira
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Microbiologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6681, 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Alternative applications of the strategic control against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in a subtropical area. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:3653-3661. [PMID: 34561751 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Although different evaluations on the efficacy of the strategic control against Rhipicephalus microplus have been performed, the effects of successive applications of these schemes on the abundance of cattle ticks have not been evaluated. The aim of this work was to analyse the long-term effect of strategic applications of chemical acaricides on the R. microplus infestation in cattle in a subtropical area. These schemes are based on the application of three annual treatments between late winter and late spring. Additionally, a trial to evaluate the efficacy of the strategic control by deferring the first treatment from late winter to spring and the third treatment from late spring to summer was also carried out. The efficacy of the strategic control applied on 3 consecutive years was significant. The tick infestation in the treated group always remained at low levels, because mean number of ticks was almost never higher than 20. Regarding the trial where the third application of acaricide was deferred from spring to summer, and the first one from late winter to spring, the differences between treated and control group were significant in all post-treatment counts. The results of this study add evidence that support the sustainability of the strategic control in subtropical areas where the population dynamics of R. microplus is characterized by a well-marked seasonal pattern. Three relevant aspects were determined: (i) the feasibility and efficacy of successive applications of the strategic control in consecutive years; (ii) the time window to start the sequence of treatments is from late winter to mid-spring; (iii) it is achievable deferring the last treatment from late spring to summer if the tick infestation levels on cattle are low enough to allow it.
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Martínez Velázquez M, Barragán Álvarez CP, Flores Fernández JM, Lagunes Quintanilla RE, Saines EC, Ramírez Rodríguez PB, Herrera Rodríguez SE, Gutiérrez RH, Ortega AG, Álvarez ÁH. Immunoprotection evaluation of the recombinant N-terminal domain of Cys-loop receptors against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick infestation. Parasite 2021; 28:65. [PMID: 34533454 PMCID: PMC8447868 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks are obligatory hematophagous ectoparasites of cattle and act as vectors for disease-causing microorganisms. Conventional tick control is based on the application of chemical acaricides; however, their uncontrolled use has increased resistant tick populations, as well as food and environmental contamination. Alternative immunological tick control has shown to be partially effective. Therefore, there is a need to characterize novel antigens in order to improve immunological protection. The aim of this work was to evaluate Cys-loop receptors as vaccine candidates. N-terminal domains of a glutamate receptor and of a glycine-like receptor were recombinantly produced in Escherichia coli. Groups of BALB/c mice were independently immunized with four doses of each recombinant protein emulsified with Freund’s adjuvant. Both vaccine candidates were immunogenic in mice as demonstrated by western blot analysis. Next, recombinant proteins were independently formulated with the adjuvant Montanide ISA 50 V2 and evaluated in cattle infested with Rhipicephalus microplus tick larvae. Groups of three European crossbred calves were immunized with three doses of each adjuvanted protein. ELISA test was used to evaluate the IgG immune response elicited against the recombinant proteins. Results showed that vaccine candidates generated a moderate humoral response on vaccinated cattle. Vaccination significantly affected the number of engorged adult female ticks, having no significant effects on tick weight, egg weight and egg fertility values. Vaccine efficacies of 33% and 25% were calculated for the glutamate receptor and the glycine-like receptor, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Martínez Velázquez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC, Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Carla Patricia Barragán Álvarez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC, Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - José Miguel Flores Fernández
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC, Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Rodolfo Esteban Lagunes Quintanilla
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones en Parasitología Veterinaria-INIFAP, Carretera Federal Cuernavaca Cuautla 8534, Col. Progreso, 62550, Jiutepec, Morelos, México
| | - Edgar Castro Saines
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones en Parasitología Veterinaria-INIFAP, Carretera Federal Cuernavaca Cuautla 8534, Col. Progreso, 62550, Jiutepec, Morelos, México
| | - Patricia Berenice Ramírez Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC, Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Sara Elisa Herrera Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC, Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Rodolfo Hernández Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC, Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Abel Gutiérrez Ortega
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC, Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Ángel H Álvarez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC, Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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Castro-Janer EA, Klafke GM, Díaz A, Fontes F, Baraibar F. Multiplex allele-specific polymerase chain reaction to detect kdr and rdl mutations in the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Vet Parasitol 2021; 292:109397. [PMID: 33691265 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The resistance of Rhipicephalus microplus to pyrethroids is widely dispersed worldwide and has been associated with several nucleotide substitutions in its target site, the para-sodium ion channel (Na-channel) gene. The resistance of the tick to fipronil has been increasing in South America, and mutations in the GABA-gated chloride channel (GABA-Cl) have been described in fipronil-resistant tick strains. We developed a multiplex allele-specific PCR (mAS-PCR) to screen for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the resistance to pyrethroids (knockdown resistance or kdr) and fipronil (resistance to dieldrin or rdl) in susceptible tick populations from Uruguay (n = 11) and the Rio Grande do Sul state in Southern Brazil (n = 15). Toxicological in vitro assays with larvae and adults were used to confirm the resistance to cypermethrin, flumethrin, and fipronil. Three SNPs in the Na-channel gene were investigated (C190A, G215 T, and T2134A), and the mAS-PCR included the detection of an SNP (G858 T) coding a non-synonymous mutation in the GABA-Cl gene. C190A was present in all pyrethroid-resistant populations from Uruguay and Brazil, most frequently homozygous. The SNPs G215 T and T2134A were not found. Of the seventeen fipronil-resistant populations, fourteen presented at least one mutant GABA-Cl gene allele, more frequently in heterozygosis. Other mechanisms apart from target site insensitivity may be involved in fipronil resistance since in some resistant populations, the SNP G858 T was not detected. Sixteen (61,5%) of the populations presented individuals with simultaneous mutations in the Na-channel and GABA-Cl genes. This could be a significant problem for the future control of R. microplus. This study shows the wide dispersion of a pyrethroid resistance-associated SNP in high frequency in the region. Fipronil resistance mutations are also dispersed across the region and increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonor A Castro-Janer
- Departamento de Patobiología, Unidad Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, UDELAR- Av. Lasplaces 1620, CP.11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Guilherme M Klafke
- Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal(IPVDF). Estrada Do Conde 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS, 92990-000, Brazil
| | - André Díaz
- Departamento de Patobiología, Unidad Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, UDELAR- Av. Lasplaces 1620, CP.11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Fontes
- Departamento de Patobiología, Unidad Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, UDELAR- Av. Lasplaces 1620, CP.11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Baraibar
- Departamento de Patobiología, Unidad Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, UDELAR- Av. Lasplaces 1620, CP.11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
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11
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Silva JHD, Rebesquini R, Setim DH, Scariot CA, Vieira MIB, Zanella R, Motta ACD, Alves LP, Bondan C. Chemoprophylaxis for babesiosis and anaplasmosis in cattle: case report. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 29:e010520. [PMID: 33263615 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cattle tick fever (CTF) causes significant economic losses in the livestock sector. The pathogenic action of the hemoparasites is associated with anemia, weight loss, abortion and reduced productivity, which result with animal death. Programs to prevent CTF involve several procedures, including immunization, chemoprophylaxis and use of ectoparasiticides, together with the vector control in the environment. The objective of this study was to report an acute outbreak of CTF in a group of 157 Hereford cattle from a farm without presence of the vector, that were moved to a farm in the same state with a high tick infestation (Rhipicephalus microplus). On the day before the transportation, the animals received a chemoprophylaxis with imidocarb dipropionate (3 mg/kg, SC), which was repeated 21 days after the first application. After 42 days, some animals showed signs compatible with CTF, which was confirmed through clinical examination, necropsy, histopathological and hemoparasitological analyses. The morbidity rate was 37.6% and the mortality rate was 24.8%. Calves that were recently weaned were the group most affected with the tick fever, morbidity (100% and mortality (73%). Chemoprophylaxis in association with use of ectoparasiticides was not sufficient to control the outbreak of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerbeson Hoffmann da Silva
- Programa de Residência Profissional Integrada em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo - UPF, Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil
| | - Renata Rebesquini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Agronomia, Universidade de Passo Fundo - UPF, Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil
| | - Diorges Henrique Setim
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo - UPF, Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil
| | - Cláudia Almeida Scariot
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo - UPF, Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil
| | | | - Ricardo Zanella
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo - UPF, Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil
| | - Adriana Costa da Motta
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo - UPF, Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil
| | - Leonardo Porto Alves
- Programa de Residência Profissional Integrada em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo - UPF, Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil
| | - Carlos Bondan
- Programa de Residência Profissional Integrada em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo - UPF, Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo - UPF, Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil
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12
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In Vitro Evaluation of Essential Oils Derived from Piper nigrum (Piperaceae) and Citrus limonum (Rutaceae) against the Tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Biochem Res Int 2017; 2017:5342947. [PMID: 29123924 PMCID: PMC5651092 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5342947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research aimed to study the chemical composition and acaricidal activity of Citrus limonum and Piper nigrum essential oils against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. GC-MS analysis of C. limonum essential oil showed limonene (50.3%), β-pinene (14.4%), and γ-terpinene (11.7%) as the major components; P. nigrum oil was mainly composed of β-caryophyllene (26.2%), σ-ocymene (5.8%), and α-pinene (5.5%). Acaricide activity was evaluated at concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0% (v/v) of each plant oil, as well as 1 : 1 combination of both oils (5% : 5%, 2.5% : 2.5%, and 1.25% : 1.25% each), by immersing engorged R. microplus females for one minute. The LC90 of oils from C. limonum, P. nigrum, and the combination were 4.9%, 14.8%, and 5.1%, respectively. C. limonum essential oil caused 100% mortality of engorged females at the highest concentration (10%). P. nigrum essential oil inhibited egg-laying by up to 96% in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting it reduces tick fecundity. When combined, the oils presented toxicity as to C. limonum oil alone, but with stronger inhibition of oviposition (5% : 5%), indicating a possible additive effect against R. microplus. The present data provide support for further investigation of novel natural products to control bovine tick infestations.
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Morel N, Signorini ML, Mangold AJ, Guglielmone AA, Nava S. Strategic control of Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus ) microplus infestation on beef cattle grazed in Panicum maximum grasses in a subtropical semi-arid region of Argentina. Prev Vet Med 2017; 144:179-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Canevari JT, Mangold AJ, Guglielmone AA, Nava S. Population dynamics of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in a subtropical subhumid region of Argentina for use in the design of control strategies. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 31:6-14. [PMID: 27747901 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The population dynamics of Rhipicephalus microplus (Ixodida: Ixodidae) in northwest Argentina was analysed to support the design of strategic methods for its control. Both parasitic and non-parasitic phases were studied. The seasonal activity of R. microplus in its parasitic phase was characterized by three peaks in abundance: the first in mid-late spring; the second in summer, and the third in autumn. The non-parasitic phase of R. microplus was characterized by a long total non-parasitic period observed after exposures of females from mid-summer to early autumn, a short total non-parasitic period observed after exposures of females from late winter to late spring, a short period of larval longevity in early and mid-summer, and no hatch of the eggs produced by females exposed in mid- and late autumn and winter. Treatments of cattle administered during the period from late winter to late spring will act on small cohorts of R. microplus, preventing the emergence of larger generations in summer and autumn. A 17-week spelling period starting in late spring and early summer will be necessary to achieve optimal control of R. microplus free-living larvae. If spelling begins in mid- or late summer or in autumn, the required period will be 26-27 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Canevari
- Instituto de Investigaciòn Animal del Chaco Semiárido (IIACS), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Chañar Pozo, Argentina
| | - A J Mangold
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rafaela, Argentina
| | - A A Guglielmone
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rafaela, Argentina
| | - S Nava
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rafaela, Argentina
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Susceptibility of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus to fluazuron (2.5 mg/kg) and a combination of novaluron (2.0 mg/kg) + eprinomectin (0.36 mg/kg) in field studies in Brazil. Prev Vet Med 2016; 135:74-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ramírez Rodríguez PB, Rosario Cruz R, Domínguez García DI, Hernández Gutiérrez R, Lagunes Quintanilla RE, Ortuño Sahagún D, González Castillo C, Gutiérrez Ortega A, Herrera Rodríguez SE, Vallejo Cardona A, Martínez Velázquez M. Identification of immunogenic proteins from ovarian tissue and recognized in larval extracts of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus , through an immunoproteomic approach. Exp Parasitol 2016; 170:227-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Veríssimo CJ, Vasques F, Duarte KMR, Paulino VT, Ambrósio LA. Management and control of parasites on dairy farms in northwestern region of São Paulo state. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 25:306-16. [PMID: 27580398 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612016050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cattle farming is of great economic and social importance in all Brazilian's regions. Parasites can reduce milk productivity, especially the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. This study consisted of a questionnaire answered by 40 milk producers in the northwestern region of the State of São Paulo. The aim was to ascertain how these producers controlled ticks and other parasites. Very many of them knew nothing about the biological cycle of the cattle tick or about strategic control or acaricide efficacy tests. The majority (87.5%) controlled ticks at a high frequency, without technical criteria and care to apply the acaricide. Spraying was the most used mode of acaricide application (95%) and endectocides were used by 45%. Cattle tick fever was the harm most associated with ticks (87.5%) followed closely by screwworm (77.5%). However, 65% were satisfied with their tick control. About the control of others parasites, all dewormed at least twice a year their animals; 65% were controlling horn fly; 40% had problems with screwworm. The interviewers had in general good level of education and the farms generally exhibited a high degree of technology for milk production on pasture because half of them received technical assistance frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecília José Veríssimo
- Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento do Estado de SP, Instituto de Zootecnia - IZ, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios - APTA, Nova Odessa, SP, Brasil
| | - Flávia Vasques
- Coordenadoria de Assistência Técnica Integral - CATI, Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento do Estado de São Paulo, Votuporanga, SP, Brasil
| | - Keila Maria Roncato Duarte
- Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento do Estado de SP, Instituto de Zootecnia - IZ, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios - APTA, Nova Odessa, SP, Brasil
| | - Valdinei Tadeu Paulino
- Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento do Estado de SP, Instituto de Zootecnia - IZ, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios - APTA, Nova Odessa, SP, Brasil
| | - Luis Alberto Ambrósio
- Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento do Estado de SP, Instituto de Zootecnia - IZ, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios - APTA, Nova Odessa, SP, Brasil
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18
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Nava S, Mangold AJ, Canevari JT, Guglielmone AA. Strategic applications of long-acting acaricides against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in northwestern Argentina, with an analysis of tick distribution among cattle. Vet Parasitol 2015; 208:225-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Integrated control of an acaricide-resistant strain of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus by applying Metarhizium anisopliae associated with cypermethrin and chlorpyriphos under field conditions. Vet Parasitol 2014; 207:302-8. [PMID: 25577676 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae to control ticks has been shown in several in vitro experiments. However, few studies have been undertaken in field conditions in order to demonstrate the applicability of its use as a biological control of ticks and its combination with chemical acaricides. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of M. anisopliae to control an acaricide-resistant strain of Rhipicephalus microplus under laboratory and field conditions. First, the compatibility of M. anisopliae strain (TIS-BR03) with commercial acaricides and its potential to control the cattle tick were evaluated in vitro. In general, acaricide treatments had mild effects on fungus viability. In the field experiment, the median of treatment efficacy with acaricide only, M. anisopliae only and combination of M. anisopliae with acaricide were 71.1%, 56.3% and 97.9%, respectively. There is no statistical difference between groups treated with M. anisopliae and acaricide alone. Thus, in this work we have demonstrated the applicability of M. anisopliae use associated or not with chemical acaricides on field conditions in order to control an acaricide-resistant strain of the cattle tick R. microplus.
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Nogueira J, Vinturelle R, Mattos C, Tietbohl LAC, Santos MG, Junior ISV, Mourão SC, Rocha L, Folly E. Acaricidal properties of the essential oil from Zanthoxylum caribaeum against Rhipicephalus microplus. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 51:971-975. [PMID: 25276925 DOI: 10.1603/me13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lamarck (Rutaceae) is plant species with a variety of medical applications, including insecticidal activity. This study determined the bioacaricidal activity of the essential oil from Z. caribaeum leaves against engorged Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887) females using the adult immersion test. For this purpose, three serial concentrations (5.0, 2.5, and 1.25%, vol:vol, in 1% dimetilsulfoxide) of the essential oil were used. Essential oil 5% caused 65% mortality on the first day after treatment, 85% on the second day, and 100% mortality by the fifth day. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the acaricidal activity of the essential oil from Z. caribaeum leaves against cattle ticks.
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Ayres DR, Pereira RJ, Boligon AA, Baldi F, Roso VM, Albuquerque LG. Genetic parameters and investigation of genotype × environment interactions in Nellore × Hereford crossbred for resistance to cattle ticks in different regions of Brazil. J Appl Genet 2014; 56:107-13. [PMID: 25108748 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-014-0238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Data from 6,156 Nellore × Hereford crossbred cattle, distributed in 18 herds located in the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), São Paulo (SP), Paraná (PR) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS), were analysed in order to investigate genetic variation for resistance to the cattle tick through the estimation of variance components and genetic parameters for counting ticks (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus) in natural infestation, and also a possible genotype × environment interaction. The tick count data (CC) were transformed to log10(CC + 1) and grouped into two regions, defined by cluster analysis and analysed using the method of restricted maximum likelihood. The statistical model included the additive genetic effect as random and fixed effects of the contemporary group (CG) and genetic group (GG) as classificatory and the age of the animal at the time of counting (linear effect) and individual heterozygosity (linear effect, ranging from 0 to 1) as covariates. In the studied regions, the effect of heterosis found was inversely proportional; in other words, the count of ticks decreased with the increase of heterozygosity. The observed heritability estimation for resistance to tick infestation were 0.12 ± 0.04 and 0.11 ± 0.04 for groups A (RS and south PR) and B (MS, SP and north PR), respectively. The results of this study suggest that selection for animals resistant to ticks would be possible using the tick count to estimate the genetic value of animals, but with a slow genetic progress. The genetic correlation for tick count between the two groups (A and B) was 0.84 ± 0.27 and genotype × environment interaction for this trait was not observed in the studied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Ayres
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil,
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Seasonal Variation and Frequency Distribution of Ectoparasites in Crossbreed Cattle in Southeastern Brazil. J Vet Med 2014; 2014:759854. [PMID: 26464941 PMCID: PMC4590873 DOI: 10.1155/2014/759854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to evaluate the seasonal variation and frequency distribution of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Haematobia irritans, and Dermatobia hominis on crossbred heifers under field conditions in the northeast of Minas Gerais state, southeastern Brazil. From November 2007 to September 2009 (23 months), 40 heifers aged 16.6 ± 2.4 months were divided into groups A (1/4 Holstein × 3/4 Gir) and B (1/2 Holstein × 1/2 Gir) and had the monthly infestation estimated along with the climatic conditions. The mean maximum and minimum temperatures were 28.5 and 19°C, respectively. The ectoparasites were present on animals in all months of the year. The levels of ticks on the animals were low (3.0 ± 0.2 ticks/animal), with the highest density in midwinter. The temperature was the climatic factor that most influenced the tick levels. The population of H. irritans (13.9 ± 0.3 flies/animal) and D. hominis (1.5 ± 0.2 larvae/animal) on heifers was more influenced by rainfall and exhibited two population peaks during the year. 1/2 Holstein heifers harbored significantly more H. irritans and D. hominis than 1/4 Holstein heifers. The results are discussed considering the most appropriate periods to apply ectoparasiticides and the genetic make-up of the animals.
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Sahu A, Mohanty B, Panda MR, Sardar KK, Dehuri M. Prevalence of tick infestation in dogs in and around Bhubaneswar. Vet World 2013. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2013.982-985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Reck J, Marks FS, Rodrigues RO, Souza UA, Webster A, Leite RC, Gonzales JC, Klafke GM, Martins JR. Does Rhipicephalus microplus tick infestation increase the risk for myiasis caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax in cattle? Prev Vet Med 2013; 113:59-62. [PMID: 24176137 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The larval phase of Cochliomyia hominivorax (screwworm) is an obligate parasite of vertebrate animals, particularly mammals, and widespread in South America, where it remains one of the most important parasitic diseases of domestic animals. The skin of cattle highly infested by ticks, with cutaneous lesions, exudation of tissue fluid and blood scent seems to produce the ideal environment for fly attraction. However, an association between these parasites was never investigated. The aim of this work was to verify if there is an association between Rhipicephalus microplus tick load and the occurrence of C. hominivorax myiasis in cattle, and to quantify the risk. Sixty bovine (Bos taurus taurus, Angus breed) under field conditions were observed for 24 weeks, during which weekly tick counts and examination for the presence of myiasis were performed. There was a significant association between a high tick burden (24-week mean above 50 ticks per animal) and myiasis occurrence (P=0.0102). The calculated relative risk (RR) for C. hominivorax myiasis occurrence in cattle with high tick burden was 3.85 (CI95%=1.23-12.13); indicating that cattle highly parasitized by R. microplus have about four times more risk of myiasis than those with a low parasite load. As far as we aware, this is the first statistically based evidence of the relationship between R. microplus parasitic load and occurrence of myiasis by C. hominivorax. This result could be useful for the design of integrated control strategies for these parasites and to provide more information for the understanding of cattle tick parasitism in cattle production.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Reck
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil.
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25
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Henrioud AN. Towards sustainable parasite control practices in livestock production with emphasis in Latin America. Vet Parasitol 2011; 180:2-11. [PMID: 21723040 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Endo and ectoparasites of domestic ruminants directly or indirectly contribute to reduce sustainability affecting food security in subsistence or small scale farming systems, food safety (food borne diseases and pesticide residues), environment (pesticides, pollution and ecotoxicity) and farmer's equity (limited or uneven access to relevant technical information/training). This is especially true for some regions of Latin America where there still are huge areas of natural grazing land for cattle, sheep and goats. Sustainable parasite control is not an absolute concept given the different regions and productive systems of the world and therefore, could have different levels of adoption and impact on farmers. This article develops a conceptual framework to better understand where each region or country is situated in terms of attaining a reasonable increase in animal production while preserving sustainability. Within this context the capacity to prioritize the target parasite species for control according to local epidemiology and production systems, the early diagnosis and monitoring of parasite resistance as well as the availability of well trained field professionals acquire a major role, creating an enabling environment for present and future decision support system approaches. Until new and different means of controlling parasites become available; the challenge is to utilize Good Animal Husbandry Practices and Integrated Parasite Management (IPM) principles in a pragmatic way allowing the rational use of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nari Henrioud
- Dirección de Laboratorios Veterinarios (DILAVE), Ruta 8, Km 17.500, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Paim F, Souza APD, Bellato V, Sartor AA. Selective control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in fipronil-treated cattle raised on natural pastures in Lages, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2011; 20:13-6. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612011000100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An examination of a selective control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and consequent cost reduction was carried out in two areas of native pasture in the municipality of Lages, State of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil, from May 2007 to April 2009. Forty cattle were divided into two groups of 20 animals each (conventional and selective control groups). At 14-day intervals female ticks larger than 4.5 mm found on the right flank of cattle bodies were counted, and these results multiplied by two. Fipronil 1 mg.kg-1 pour on was then administered for tick control. In the conventional group all the cattle were treated when tick count averaged more than 40 female ticks per animal while in the selective group only animals parasitized by more than 40 ticks were treated with acaricide. Every 28 days the cattle's weight was checked for cost-effective analysis. The conventional group required an additional 20 doses of fipronil compared with the selective one. There was no statistically significant differences regarding weight gain in both groups.
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Santos TRB, Farias NAR, Cunha Filho NA, Pappen FG, Vaz Junior IS. Abordagem sobre o controle do carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus no sul do Rio Grande do Sul. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2009000100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul a infestação dos bovinos por Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ocorre, principalmente, entre os meses de outubro e abril, devido às condições climáticas. Além do conhecimento do ciclo biológico desse parasito, também é fundamental conhecer a epidemiologia, para estabelecer estratégias de controle. No Rio Grande do Sul, e também no Brasil, existem poucos estudos epidemiológicos a respeito da resistência aos acaricidas. Além disso, a grande área geográfica e a deficiência estrutural quanto ao uso e acesso a bancos de dados dificultam a obtenção de dados confiáveis. O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar um inquérito abordando a percepção dos produtores da região sul do Rio Grande do Sul, quanto à identificação de populações de R. (B.) microplus difíceis de controlar com acaricidas e os fatores de risco para a seleção de populações de carrapatos resistentes. Para execução do trabalho foram coletados dados sobre o controle do carrapato de bovinos de corte, em 85 propriedades de sete municípios, localizados na região sul do Estado. Os resultados revelaram a existência de associação positiva entre a dificuldade de controlar o carrapato com os acaricidas e o grau de instrução do proprietário (até o ensino fundamental com OR=3,67 e p=0,01) e o número de aplicação de carrapaticida por ano (superior a 4 com OR=4,05 e p=0,006). Esses resultados indicam também que propriedades com mais de 100 bovinos de corte em criação extensiva, na região sul do rio Grande do Sul apresentam características que podem contribuir para uma maior vida útil dos carrapaticidas do que as verificadas em outras regiões do País.
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