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Thomas G, Caulfield J, Nikolaeva-Reynolds L, Birkett MA, Vuts J. Solvent Extraction of PDMS Tubing as a New Method for the Capture of Volatile Organic Compounds from Headspace. J Chem Ecol 2024; 50:85-99. [PMID: 38246946 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-024-01469-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) tubing is increasingly being used to collect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from static biological headspace. However, analysis of VOCs collected using PDMS tubing often deploys thermal desorption, where samples are considered as 'one-offs' and cannot be used in multiple experiments. In this study, we developed a static headspace VOC collection method using PDMS tubing which is solvent-based, meaning that VOC extracts can be used multiple times and can be linked to biological activity. Using a synthetic blend containing a range of known semiochemicals (allyl isothiocyanate, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, 1-octen-3-one, nonanal, (E)-anethol, (S)-bornyl acetate, (E)-caryophyllene and pentadecane) with differing chemical and physicochemical properties, VOCs were collected in static headspace by exposure to PDMS tubing with differing doses, sampling times and lengths. In a second experiment, VOCs from oranges were collected using PDMS sampling of static headspace versus dynamic headspace collection. VOCs were eluted with diethyl ether and analysed using gas chromatography - flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and coupled GC - mass spectrometry. GC-FID analysis of collected samples showed that longer PDMS tubes captured significantly greater quantities of compounds than shorter tubes, and that sampling duration significantly altered the recovery of all tested compounds. Moreover, greater quantities of compounds were recovered from closed compared to open systems. Finally, analysis of orange headspace VOCs showed no qualitative differences in VOCs recovered compared to dynamic headspace collections, although quantities sampled using PDMS tubing were lower. In summary, extraction of PDMS tubing with diethyl ether solvent captures VOCs from the headspace of synthetic blends and biological samples, and the resulting extracts can be used for multiple experiments linking VOC content to biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Thomas
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - John Caulfield
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | | | - Michael A Birkett
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - József Vuts
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK.
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2
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Fennine C, Favaro R, Khomenko I, Biasioli F, Cappellin L, Angeli S. Diel rhythm of volatile emissions from males and females of the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae using PTR-ToF and GC-MS. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 153:104596. [PMID: 38072186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae, is the major key pest of olive groves worldwide. As an odor-driven species, its intraspecific communication has been thoroughly investigated, yielding a combination of spiroacetals, esters and hydrocarbons. However, its management with pheromone is still restricted to olean, the major pheromone component. Given the crucial role of circadian rhythm and pheromone blends in mediating flies reproductive behavior compared to single compounds, B. oleae headspace chemical profile was carefully examined, through the combination of Proton Transfer Reaction Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (PTR-ToF) and Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). This novel approach aimed at continuously investigating the temporal scale of volatilome profile of B. oleae individuals, as well as the determination of new candidate sex-borne compounds (particularly those emitted in traces or having low molecular weight), that may be relevant to the fly's chemical communication and were unreported due to limitations of frequently used analytical techniques. Our results describe the dynamics and diversity of B. oleae chemical profile, highlighting the emission of 90 compounds, with clear diel rhythm of release, of known pheromone components of B. oleae (e.g., olean, alpha-pinene and muscalure) and new candidates. In contrast to ammonia, acetaldehyde and muscalure, which were highly emitted during the afternoon by males and mixed groups, olean was mostly released by mature females and mixed groups, with a peak of emission during early-morning and afternoon. This emission of olean around dawn is reported for the first time, suggesting early-morning mating activity in B. oleae. Furthermore, esters, such as methyl tetradecanoate, which had been earlier identified as a pheromone for B. oleae, did not exhibit any discernible release patterns. These findings are the first to demonstrate the emission of chemicals, which are only produced when males and females are close to one another, with an emission peak during the afternoon (mating period), and that may have aphrodisiac properties for B. oleae males. These results emphasize the relevance of compounds with distinct diel rhythm and address their potential function as intraspecific messengers, according to their source and timing of release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaymae Fennine
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Favaro
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Iuliia Khomenko
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Franco Biasioli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Luca Cappellin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Sergio Angeli
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Competence Centre for Plant Health, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
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3
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Santiago FP, Alavez-Rosas D, Rojas JC. Rearing and 60Co radiation do not affect attractiveness but alter the volatile profiles released by Anastrepha obliqua calling males. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38356354 DOI: 10.1017/s000748532400004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Calling males of Anastrepha obliqua release volatile compounds to attract conspecific males to form leks and females to mate. Male volatiles from Mexican and Brazilian populations of A. obliqua have been previously identified. However, there are differences in the number and identity of volatile compounds between the populations. These differences in volatile profiles may be due to male origin (e.g. wild or mass-reared flies) or methodological issues (e.g. sampling techniques). In this study, we evaluated the attractiveness of wild, laboratory non-irradiated, and laboratory-irradiated flies under semi-field conditions. Male volatiles were collected using dynamic headspace sampling (DHS) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) techniques, and identified using gas chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry. The results showed no difference in the attractiveness of wild, laboratory non-irradiated, and irradiated males to females. However, the number of captured females differed according to the origin; wild and non-irradiated females were captured more frequently than the irradiated flies. A total of 21 compounds were found using SPME, whereas only 12 were collected using DHS, although the relative amounts of these compounds were higher than those obtained using the former sampling technique. In addition, only laboratory non-irradiated males released α-pinene and menthol, which have not been previously reported in this fruit fly species. Additionally, we identified novel compounds in A. obliqua; however, certain compounds previously reported were not detected. This study suggests that despite the qualitative and quantitative variations in the volatile profiles of A. obliqua males, their attractiveness was unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida P Santiago
- Grupo de Ecología Química, Departamento de Ecología de Artrópodos y Manejo de Plagas, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km. 2.5, Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico
| | - David Alavez-Rosas
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, CDMX 04510, Mexico
| | - Julio C Rojas
- Grupo de Ecología Química, Departamento de Ecología de Artrópodos y Manejo de Plagas, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km. 2.5, Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico
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Cieśla J, Skrobisz J, Niciński B, Kloc M, Mazur K, Pałasz A, Javan GT, Tomsia M. The smell of death. State-of-the-art and future research directions. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1260869. [PMID: 37779703 PMCID: PMC10538644 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1260869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The decomposition of a body is inseparably associated with the release of several types of odors. This phenomenon has been used in the training of sniffer dogs for decades. The odor profile associated with decomposition consists of a range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), chemical composition of which varies over time, temperature, environmental conditions, and the type of microorganisms, and insects colonizing the carcass. Mercaptans are responsible for the bad smell associated with corpses; however, there are no unified recommendations for conducting forensic analysis based on the detectable odor of revealed corpses and previous research on VOCs shows differing results. The aim of this review is to systematize the current knowledge on the type of volatile organic compounds related to the decomposition process, depending on a few variables. This knowledge will improve the methods of VOCs detection and analysis to be used in modern forensic diagnostics and improve the methods of training dogs for forensic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Cieśla
- Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Julia Skrobisz
- Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Bartosz Niciński
- Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kloc
- Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mazur
- Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Artur Pałasz
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Gulnaz T. Javan
- Department of Physical and Forensic Science Programs, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
| | - Marcin Tomsia
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Analysis of the volatile components in different parts of three Ferula species via combined DHSA-GC-MS and multivariate statistical analysis. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kumar S, Ahmad R, Saeed S, Azeem M, Mozūraitis R, Borg-Karlson AK, Zhu G. Chemical Composition of Fresh Leaves Headspace Aroma and Essential Oils of Four Coriander Cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:820644. [PMID: 35251089 PMCID: PMC8891447 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.820644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aroma is one of the key food characteristics determining consumers' perception and acceptability of products. Coriandrum sativum L. is an aromatic herb commonly used as a food additive and taste enhancer. Besides the culinary applications, coriander is also used in traditional medicine, cosmetics, and the food industry. In this study, we aimed to determine aroma composition of fresh chopped leaves and essential oils extracted from the leaves of four coriander cultivars. The essential oils were extracted from the fresh leaves using steam distillation and volatile aroma components were collected from the headspace by solid phase micro extraction technique. Analyses were carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Free radical scavenging activity of essential oils was determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay. The essential oils were also investigated for their anti-microbial potential. The aroma of freshly chopped coriander leaves was characterized by thirteen compounds, including six aldehydes, four alcohols, one ester and one hydrocarbon. The essential oils were comprised of twenty-seven compounds, where (E)-2-decenal, decanal, (E)-2-dodecenal and (E)-2-tetradecenal were the main components in all cultivars. Free radical scavenging activity of the essential oil samples was in the range of 6-15%. The essential oils of Desi and Hybrid cultivars exhibited least minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against all tested bacterial strains. Fresh green leaves of the Desi and Peshawari cultivars were found to be the richest in six carbon chain length alcohols and acetates, which are important constituents of the aroma giving a characteristic odor referred to as the "green note." The Hybrid cultivar showed the highest free radical scavenging activity, bearing the highest amount of antioxidants. The study revealed that the fresh leaves HS aroma of Desi and Hybrid cultivars were different, however, their essential oils possessed almost similar chemistry and anti-bacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunjeet Kumar
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Raza Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Azeem
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Raimondas Mozūraitis
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Laboratory of Chemical and Behavioral Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Institute of Ecology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Anna-Karin Borg-Karlson
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Guopeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Alborn HT, Bruton RG, Beck JJ. Sampling of Volatiles in Closed Systems: A Controlled Comparison of Three Solventless Volatile Collection Methods. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:930-940. [PMID: 34415499 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Complex inter-organismal communication among plants, insects, and microbes in natural and agricultural ecological systems is typically governed by emitted and perceived semiochemicals. To understand and ultimately utilize the role of volatile semiochemicals in these interactions, headspace volatiles are routinely collected and analyzed. Numerous collection systems are available (e.g., static or dynamic; adsorption or absorption) where the choice of technique should be dependent upon the plant, insect, or microbial ecological system studied, the information sought, and the limitations of each method. Within these constraints, it remains necessary that each method detects and provides the accurate in situ, or in vitro, volatile profile of the studied system. Herein, we analyzed and compared the pros and cons of three solventless, thermal desorption systems (SPME, Tenax/cold trap, SPDE) using a synthetic standard blend of compounds mimicking a simple natural blend (benzaldehyde, b-caryophyllene, (Z)-3-hexenol, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, and limonene). Direct splitless injection and Super Q collections of the standard blend were used as controls. The results indicated that related qualitative, as well as quantitative differences, could be correlated with adsorbent sampling capacity and structural bias. The results for Tenax/cold trap and SPDE also were affected by sampled headspace volumes. All solventless techniques exhibited high analytical reproducibility, with SPME and SPDE providing ease of use, low cost, and minimal instrument modifications. The more complex Tenax/cold trap technique provided higher collection efficiency. Using these results, we provide guidance for technique selection for chemical communication applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans T Alborn
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1700 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
| | - Robert G Bruton
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1700 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - John J Beck
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1700 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
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Zhang Z, Liu Y, Portaluri V, Woodcock C, Pickett JA, Wang S, Zhou JJ. Chemical Identity and Functional Characterization of Semiochemicals That Promote the Interactions between Rice Plant and Rice Major Pest Nilaparvata lugens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:4635-4644. [PMID: 33870696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between food crops and insect pests is mediated by semiochemicals emitted from host plants. These semiochemicals are natural behavioral modifiers and act on the insect olfactory system to locate hosts and preys. In this study, eight rice neuroactive semiochemicals were identified from rice varieties by GC-EAG and GC-MS. Their ability to modify rice pest behaviors was further studied as individual chemicals and physiologically relevant blend. The total amount of each semiochemical and the expression of their biosynthesis genes were significantly higher in pest susceptible variety than in pest-resistant variety and upregulated by the infestation of the pest Nilaparvata lugens (BPH). The semiochemicals emitted by uninfested plants (UIRVs) were more attractive to BPHs. Interestingly, the attractiveness of UIRVs was significantly reduced by the addition of the blend that mimics the natural composition of these semiochemicals emitted by infested plants (IRVs). Our study suggests a mechanism for the spread of pest infestation from infested plants to uninfested plants nearby. UIRVs initially serve as attractive signals to rice insect pests. The pest infestation changes the rice semiochemical profile to be less attractive or even repellent, which pushes further colonization to uninfested plants nearby. The identified semiochemicals can be used for crop protection based on a push-pull strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Zhang
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 510640 Guangzhou, China
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, U.K
| | - Yong Liu
- Plant Protection College, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018 Taian, China
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, U.K
| | - Vincent Portaluri
- Eurofins Analytics France, Rue Pierre Adolphe Bobierre, 44323 Nantes, France
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, U.K
| | - Christine Woodcock
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, U.K
| | - John A Pickett
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, U.K
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Senshan Wang
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jing-Jiang Zhou
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, U.K
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
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Noushini S, Park SJ, Jamie I, Jamie J, Taylor P. Sampling technique biases in the analysis of fruit fly volatiles: a case study of Queensland fruit fly. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19799. [PMID: 33188282 PMCID: PMC7666149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76622-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse methods have been used to sample insect semiochemicals. Sampling methods can differ in efficiency and affinity and this can introduce significant biases when interpreting biological patterns. We compare common methods used to sample tephritid fruit fly rectal gland volatiles ('pheromones'), focusing on Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni. Solvents of different polarity, n-hexane, dichloromethane and ethanol, were compared using intact and crushed glands. Polydimethylsiloxane, polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene and polyacrylate were compared as adsorbents for solid phase microextraction. Tenax-GR and Porapak Q were compared as adsorbents for dynamic headspace sampling. Along with compounds previously reported for B. tryoni, we detected five previously unreported compounds in males, and three in females. Dichloromethane extracted more amides while there was no significant difference between the three solvents in extraction of spiroacetals except for (E,E)-2,8-dimethyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane for which n-hexane extracted higher amount than both dichloromethane and ethanol. Ethanol failed to contain many of the more volatile compounds. Crushed rectal gland samples provided higher concentrations of extracted compounds than intact rectal gland samples, but no compounds were missed in intact samples. Of solid phase microextraction fibers, polyacrylate had low affinity for spiroacetals, ethyl isobutyrate and ethyl-2-methylbutanoate. Polydimethylsiloxane was more efficient for spiroacetals while type of fiber did not affect the amounts of amides and esters. In dynamic headspace sampling, Porapak was more efficient for ethyl isobutyrate and spiroacetals, while Tenax was more efficient for other esters and amides, and sampling time was a critical factor. Biases that can be introduced by sampling methods are important considerations when collecting and interpreting insect semiochemical profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Noushini
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Soo Jean Park
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Ian Jamie
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Joanne Jamie
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Phillip Taylor
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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Niculau EDS, Alves PB, Nogueira PCDL, Romão LPC, Cunha GDC, Blank AF, Silva ADC. Chemical Profile and Use of the Peat as an Adsorbent for Extraction of Volatile Compounds from Leaves of Geranium ( Pelargonium graveolens L' Herit). Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25214923. [PMID: 33114417 PMCID: PMC7662363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from leaves of geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’ Herit) were extracted by dynamic headspace using Porapak Q (HSD-P) as adsorbent and peat, a novel adsorbent in the extraction of plant volatiles, analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography–flame ionization (GC/FID), and the results were compared with those obtained by hydrodistillation (HD). The yield volatiles changed with the extraction method. HD was more efficient for extracting linalool (11.19%) and citronellyl formate (9.41%). Citronellol (28.06%), geraniol (38.26%) and 6,9-guaiadiene (9.55%) and geranyl tiglate (8.21%) were the major components identified by dynamic headspace using peat (HSD-T), while citronellol (16.88%), geraniol (13.63%), 6,9-guaiadiene (16.98%) and citronellyl formate (6.95%) were identified by dynamic headspace using Porapak Q (HSD-P). Furthermore, this work showed, for the first time, that in natura peat is useful to extract VOCs from leaves of geranium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edenilson dos Santos Niculau
- Curso de Química, Centro de Ciências Integradas, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Av. Paraguai, s/n–esquina com Rua Uxiramas, Araguaína 77824-838, TO, Brazil
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil; (P.B.A.); (P.C.d.L.N.); (L.P.C.R.); (G.d.C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-63-3416-5681
| | - Péricles Barreto Alves
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil; (P.B.A.); (P.C.d.L.N.); (L.P.C.R.); (G.d.C.C.)
| | - Paulo Cesar de Lima Nogueira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil; (P.B.A.); (P.C.d.L.N.); (L.P.C.R.); (G.d.C.C.)
| | - Luciane Pimenta Cruz Romão
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil; (P.B.A.); (P.C.d.L.N.); (L.P.C.R.); (G.d.C.C.)
| | - Graziele da Costa Cunha
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil; (P.B.A.); (P.C.d.L.N.); (L.P.C.R.); (G.d.C.C.)
| | - Arie Fitzgerald Blank
- Departamento de Engenharia Agronômica, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, Brazil; (A.F.B.); (A.d.C.S.)
| | - Anderson de Carvalho Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia Agronômica, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, Brazil; (A.F.B.); (A.d.C.S.)
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Silicone Wristbands as Passive Samplers in Honey Bee Hives. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7030086. [PMID: 32640622 PMCID: PMC7558201 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7030086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent decline of European honey bees (Apis mellifera) has prompted a surge in research into their chemical environment, including chemicals produced by bees, as well as chemicals produced by plants and derived from human activity that bees also interact with. This study sought to develop a novel approach to passively sampling honey bee hives using silicone wristbands. Wristbands placed in hives for 24 h captured various compounds, including long-chain hydrocarbons, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, sugars, and sterols with wide ranging octanol–water partition coefficients (Kow) that varied by up to 19 orders of magnitude. Most of the compounds identified from the wristbands are known to be produced by bees or plants. This study indicates that silicone wristbands provide a simple, affordable, and passive method for sampling the chemical environment of honey bees.
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Radadiya A, Pickett JA. Characterizing human odorant signals: insights from insect semiochemistry and in silico modelling. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190263. [PMID: 32306882 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions relating to human chemical signalling, although widely acknowledged, are relatively poorly characterized chemically, except for human axillary odour. However, the extensive chemical ecology of insects, involving countless pheromone and other semiochemical identifications, may offer insights into overcoming problems of characterizing human-derived semiochemicals more widely. Current techniques for acquiring insect semiochemicals are discussed, particularly in relation to the need for samples to relate, as closely as possible, to the ecological situation in which they are naturally deployed. Analysis is facilitated by chromatography coupled to electrophysiological preparations from the olfactory organs of insects in vivo. This is not feasible with human olfaction, but there are now potential approaches using molecular genetically reconstructed olfactory preparations already in use with insect systems. There are specific insights of value for characterizing human semiochemicals from advanced studies on semiochemicals of haematophagous insects, which include those involving human hosts, in addition to wider studies on farm and companion animals. The characterization of the precise molecular properties recognized in olfaction could lead to new advances in analogue design and a range of novel semiochemicals for human benefit. There are insights from successful synthetic biology studies on insect semiochemicals using novel biosynthetic precursors. Already, wider opportunities in olfaction emerging from in silico studies, involving a range of theoretical and computational approaches to molecular design and understanding olfactory systems at the molecular level, are showing promise for studying human semiochemistry. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Olfactory communication in humans'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Radadiya
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - John A Pickett
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
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13
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Ferdenzi C, Richard Ortegón S, Delplanque S, Baldovini N, Bensafi M. Interdisciplinary challenges for elucidating human olfactory attractiveness. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190268. [PMID: 32306873 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many species use chemicals to communicate. In humans, there is increasing evidence that chemicals conveyed by the body are extremely important in interpersonal relationships. However, many aspects of chemical communication remain to be explored to fully understand this function in humans. The aim of this article is to identify relevant challenges in this field, with a focus on human attractiveness in the context of reproduction, and to put forward roadmaps for future studies that will hopefully extend to a wider range of social interactions. The first challenge consists in not being limited to body (mal)odours from the axilla. Preliminary data on how the odour of the face and head is perceived are presented. Second, there is a crucial need to increase our knowledge of the chemical bases of human chemical communication. Third, cross-cultural approaches must not be overlooked, because they have a major input in understanding the universal and culture-specific aspects of chemical communication. Fourth, the influence of specific cultural practices such as contraceptive and fragrance use is likely to be prominent and, therefore, needs to be well described. The fifth and last challenge for research projects in this field is the integration of different disciplines such as behavioural sciences, social sciences, neurosciences and microbiology. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Olfactory communication in humans'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ferdenzi
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, F-69675 Bron Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Richard Ortegón
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, F-69675 Bron Cedex, France
| | - Sylvain Delplanque
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Baldovini
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, CNRS UMR 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, F-06108 Nice, France
| | - Moustafa Bensafi
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, F-69675 Bron Cedex, France
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14
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Yang CY, Seo MH, Lee SC. Male-Produced Aggregation Pheromone of the Sloe Bug, Dolycoris baccarum L. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:818-822. [PMID: 31659569 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The sloe bug, Dolycoris baccarum L. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), is a Palearctic species and an important polyphagous pest. Previous studies have reported that male D. baccarum produce an aggregation pheromone, to which conspecific adults of both sexes respond. We used solid-phase microextraction (SPME) to collect volatiles released by sexually mature virgin males and females, and identified potential components of the male-produced aggregation pheromone. Analysis of the SPME samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed three male-specific components, α-bisabolol, trans-α-bergamotene, and β-bisabolene, at a ratio of 100:10:3. A field trapping experiment showed that (±)-α-bisabolol alone attracted D. baccarum adults, and it was synergized by trans-α-bergamotene, but not (S)-β-bisabolene. However, neither trans-α-bergamotene nor (S)-β-bisabolene was attractive individually. A binary blend of (±)-α-bisabolol and trans-α-bergamotene in a 10:1 ratio was less attractive than caged live males, suggesting that further study is necessary to determine the absolute configuration or steroisomeric composition of the natural pheromone components. This is the first report of α-bisabolol and trans-α-bergamotene as semiochemicals among Pentatomidae, and the first to identify α-bisabolol from insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yeol Yang
- Horticultural and Herbal Crop Environment Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Wanju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mi Hye Seo
- Horticultural and Herbal Crop Environment Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Chan Lee
- Horticultural and Herbal Crop Environment Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Wanju, Republic of Korea
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15
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Torto B, Cortada L, Murungi LK, Haukeland S, Coyne DL. Management of Cyst and Root Knot Nematodes: A Chemical Ecology Perspective. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8672-8678. [PMID: 30037217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant parasitic nematode infection of crops can be highly detrimental to agricultural production. Since the discovery that plant roots release chemicals that attract the infective stage of plant parasitic nematodes some 80 years ago, significant progress in identifying the signaling molecules has occurred only relatively recently. Here, we review the literature on chemical ecological studies of two major plant parasitic nematode groups: root knot nematodes in the genus Meloidogyne and cyst nematodes in the genus Globodera because of the negative impact their parasitism has on farming systems in Africa. We then highlight perspectives for future directions for their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology ( icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Laura Cortada
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) , P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Lucy K Murungi
- Department of Horticulture , Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) , P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Solveig Haukeland
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology ( icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Danny L Coyne
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) , P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi , Kenya
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16
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Yohe LR, Brand P. Evolutionary ecology of chemosensation and its role in sensory drive. Curr Zool 2018; 64:525-533. [PMID: 30108633 PMCID: PMC6084603 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoy048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
All behaviors of an organism are rooted in sensory processing of signals from its environment, and natural selection shapes sensory adaptations to ensure successful detection of cues that maximize fitness. Sensory drive, or divergent selection for efficient signal transmission among heterogeneous environments, has been a useful hypothesis for describing sensory adaptations, but its current scope has primarily focused on visual and acoustic sensory modalities. Chemosensation, the most widespread sensory modality in animals that includes the senses of smell and taste, is characterized by rapid evolution and has been linked to sensory adaptations to new environments in numerous lineages. Yet, olfaction and gustation have been largely underappreciated in light of the sensory drive hypothesis. Here, we examine why chemosensory systems have been overlooked and discuss the potential of chemosensation to shed new insight on the sensory drive hypothesis and vice versa. We provide suggestions for developing a framework to better incorporate studies of chemosensory adaptation that have the potential to shape a more complete, coherent, and holistic interpretation of the sensory drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel R Yohe
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Geology & Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Philipp Brand
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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17
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Beck JJ, Alborn HT, Block AK, Christensen SA, Hunter CT, Rering CC, Seidl-Adams I, Stuhl CJ, Torto B, Tumlinson JH. Interactions Among Plants, Insects, and Microbes: Elucidation of Inter-Organismal Chemical Communications in Agricultural Ecology. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:6663-6674. [PMID: 29895142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The last 2 decades have witnessed a sustained increase in the study of plant-emitted volatiles and their role in plant-insect, plant-microbe, and plant-plant interactions. While each of these binary systems involves complex chemical and biochemical processes between two organisms, the progression of increasing complexity of a ternary system (i.e., plant-insect-microbe), and the study of a ternary system requires nontrivial planning. This planning can include an experimental design that factors in potential overarching ecological interactions regarding the binary or ternary system, correctly identifying and understanding unexpected observations that may occur during the experiment and thorough interpretation of the resultant data. This challenge of planning, performing, and interpreting a plant's defensive response to multiple biotic stressors will be even greater when abiotic stressors (i.e., temperature or water) are factored into the system. To fully understand the system, we need to not only continue to investigate and understand the volatile profiles but also include and understand the biochemistry of the plant's response to these stressors. In this review, we provide examples and discuss interaction considerations with respect to how readers and future authors of the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry can contribute their expertise toward the extraction and interpretation of chemical information exchanged between agricultural commodities and their associated pests. This holistic, multidisciplinary, and thoughtful approach to interactions of plants, insects, and microbes, and the resultant response of the plants can lead to a better understanding of agricultural ecology, in turn leading to practical and viable solutions to agricultural problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Beck
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Hans T Alborn
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Anna K Block
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Shawn A Christensen
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Charles T Hunter
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Caitlin C Rering
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Irmgard Seidl-Adams
- Center for Chemical Ecology , Penn State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Charles J Stuhl
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) , 30772-00100 , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - James H Tumlinson
- Center for Chemical Ecology , Penn State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
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18
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Rojas B, Burdfield-Steel E, De Pasqual C, Gordon S, Hernández L, Mappes J, Nokelainen O, Rönkä K, Lindstedt C. Multimodal Aposematic Signals and Their Emerging Role in Mate Attraction. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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19
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Identification of a New Blend of Host Fruit Volatiles from Red Downy Hawthorn, Crataegus mollis, Attractive to Rhagoletis pomonella Flies from the Northeastern United States. J Chem Ecol 2018; 44:671-680. [PMID: 29923080 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-0977-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A new blend of volatiles was identified for the fruit of downy red hawthorn, Crataegus mollis, that is attractive to Rhagoletis pomonella flies infesting this host in the northeastern USA. The new blend was as attractive as the previously identified mixture but is more complex in the number of odorants (six in the old versus ten in the new) and differs significantly in the ratio of three volatiles, 3-methylbutan-1-ol, butyl hexanoate, and dihydro-β-ionone, that are common to both blends and exerted agonist or antagonist effects on behavior in a flight tunnel assay. However, behavioral results with the old and new northern hawthorn blends, as well as modified blends with substituted ratios of 3-methylbutan-1-ol, butyl hexanoate, dihydro-β-ionone, indicated that the 'agonist' or 'antagonist' effects of these volatiles depended on the ratio, or balance of compounds within the blend. In addition, the new blend contains a number of esters identified from the headspace of domesticated apple, Malus domestica, that are attractive to apple-origin R. pomonella, and present in the five other blends from southern hawthorns, including the southern C. mollis var. texana blend, but are not part of the previously identified blend from northern C. mollis fruit. This finding supports the hypothesis that in addition to providing specificity to the odor blends of the northern and southern hawthorn populations, the presence of the significant amounts of ester compounds in the new northern hawthorn blend might have provided a source of standing variation that could help explain the shift in host preference by C. mollis-infesting flies to introduced apple in the mid-1800's.
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20
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Alborn HT. A Technique for Thermal Desorption Analyses Suitable for Thermally-Labile, Volatile Compounds. J Chem Ecol 2018; 44:103-110. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-0924-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Knudsen GK, Norli HR, Tasin M. The Ratio between Field Attractive and Background Volatiles Encodes Host-Plant Recognition in a Specialist Moth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2206. [PMID: 29312430 PMCID: PMC5744616 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Volatiles emitted by plants convey an array of information through different trophic levels. Animals such as host-seeking herbivores encounter plumes with filaments from both host and non-host plants. While studies showed a behavioral effect of non-host plants on herbivore host location, less information is available on how a searching insect herbivore perceives and flies upwind to a host-plant odor plume within a background of non-host volatiles. We hypothesized here that herbivorous insects in search of a host-plant can discriminate plumes of host and non-host plants and that the taxonomic relatedness of the non-host have an effect on finding the host. We also predicted that the ratio between certain plant volatiles is cognized as host-plant recognition cue by a receiver herbivorous insect. To verify these hypotheses we measured the wind tunnel response of the moth Argyresthia conjugella to the host plant rowan, to non-host plants taxonomically related (Rosaceae, apple and pear) or unrelated to the host (Pinaceae, spruce) and to binary combination of host and non-host plants. Volatiles were collected from all plant combinations and delivered to the test insect via an ultrasonic sprayer as an artificial plume. While the response to the rowan as a plant was not affected by the addition of any of the non-host plants, the attraction to the corresponding sprayed headspace decreased when pear or apple but not spruce were added to rowan. A similar result was measured toward the odor exiting a jar where freshly cut plant material of apple or pear or spruce was intermixed with rowan. Dose-response gas-chromatography coupled to electroantennography revealed the presence of seven field attractive and seven background non-attractive antennally active compounds. Although the abundance of field attractive and of some background volatiles decreased in all dual combinations in comparison with rowan alone, an increased amount of the background compounds (3E)-4,8-Dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene ((E)-DMNT) and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate was found in the rowan-apple and rowan-pear but not in the rowan-spruce headspace. A higher ratio between the abundance of each field attractive component and that of (E)-DMNT and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate was measured for rowan and rowan-spruce in contrast to rowan-pear and rowan-apple headspaces. Our result suggests that the ratio between field attractive and background antennaly active volatiles encodes host-plant recognition in our study system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir K Knudsen
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans R Norli
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marco Tasin
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Oslo, Norway
- Integrated Plant Protection, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Alnarp, Sweden
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22
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Wilson CR, Davies NW, Corkrey R, Wilson AJ, Mathews AM, Westmore GC. Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analysis determines association of individual potato foliage volatiles with onion thrips preference, cultivar and plant age. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181831. [PMID: 28746359 PMCID: PMC5528874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) causes sporadic but serious disease in Australian potato crops. TSWV is naturally spread to potato by thrips of which Thrips tabaci is the most important. Prior studies indicated possible non-preference of potato cultivars to T. tabaci. Select potato cultivars were assessed for non-preference to T. tabaci in paired and group choice trials. Cultivars 'Bismark', 'Tasman' and 'King Edward' were less preferred than 'Atlantic', 'Russet Burbank' and 'Shepody'. Green leaf volatiles were sampled using solid-phase microextraction from the headspace of potato cultivars of two ages that differed in T. tabaci preference. Analysis of headspace volatile data using Receiver Operating Characteristic curves identified individual volatiles associated with T. tabaci preference and non-preference, young and old plants and individual cultivars. These data could be used to inform breeding programs for selection of T. tabaci resistance to assist with TSWV management, and biological testing of novel thrips management compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum R. Wilson
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture (TIA), New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania (UTAS), New Town, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Noel W. Davies
- Central Science Laboratory, UTAS, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ross Corkrey
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture (TIA), New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania (UTAS), New Town, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Annabel J. Wilson
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture (TIA), New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania (UTAS), New Town, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Alison M. Mathews
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture (TIA), New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania (UTAS), New Town, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Guy C. Westmore
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture (TIA), New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania (UTAS), New Town, Tasmania, Australia
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Burkle LA, Runyon JB. The smell of environmental change: Using floral scent to explain shifts in pollinator attraction. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2017; 5:apps1600123. [PMID: 28690928 PMCID: PMC5499301 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1600123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As diverse environmental changes continue to influence the structure and function of plant-pollinator interactions across spatial and temporal scales, we will need to enlist numerous approaches to understand these changes. Quantitative examination of floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is one approach that is gaining popularity, and recent work suggests that floral VOCs hold substantial promise for better understanding and predicting the effects of environmental change on plant-pollinator interactions. Until recently, few ecologists were employing chemical approaches to investigate mechanisms by which components of environmental change may disrupt these essential mutualisms. In an attempt to make these approaches more accessible, we summarize the main field, laboratory, and statistical methods involved in capturing, quantifying, and analyzing floral VOCs in the context of changing environments. We also highlight some outstanding questions that we consider to be highly relevant to making progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Burkle
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717 USA
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Justin B. Runyon
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 1648 S. 7th Avenue, Bozeman, Montana 59717 USA
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24
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Comparison of Two Volatile Sampling Techniques Based on Different Loading Factors in Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds Released from Spoiled Raw Beef. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Rodriguez SA, Paliza ML, Nazareno MA. Influence of Adsorbent Nature on the Dynamic Headspace Study of Insect Semiochemicals. Aust J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/ch17064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In chemical ecology studies (insect–insect, insect–plant relationships), it is important to choose the appropriate sampling methods and the correct optimization of sampling by using dynamic systems. In the present work, different adsorbents were evaluated in a dynamic system that presents a stream of purified air flowing through an aeration chamber containing a mixture of volatile organic compounds, mainly insect semiochemicals such as α-pinene, sulcatone, β-linalool, menthone, isomenthone, methyl salicylate, grandlure I, grandlure II, grandlure III, grandlure IV, eugenol, and α-ionone. Traditional adsorbents such as Tenax TA, Porapak Q, Hayesep Q, and activated charcoal were evaluated; further, alternatives such as Porapak Rxn RP, HLB, SCX, and silica gel, among others were proposed owing to their lower cost. The results demonstrated that Porapak Q and Porapak Rxn RP, despite their different chemical composition, were able to produce similar ratios of compounds to that of the reference solution and, moreover, with the highest recovery yields. However, it is important to emphasize the adsorption selectivity provided by SCX for eugenol and α-ionone. When Porapak Rxn RP was used in the analysis of Eucalyptus globulus volatiles, excellent results were obtained, and these agree with reported data from a hydrodistillation method.
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26
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Vuts J, Woodcock CM, Sumner ME, Caulfield JC, Reed K, Inward DJG, Leather SR, Pickett JA, Birkett MA, Denman S. Responses of the two-spotted oak buprestid, Agrilus biguttatus (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), to host tree volatiles. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:845-851. [PMID: 26663022 PMCID: PMC5066750 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agrilus bigutattus (Fabricius) is a forest pest of increasing importance in the United Kingdom. The larvae damage weakened native oaks and are thought to contribute to premature tree death. Suspected links with acute oak decline (AOD) are not yet confirmed, but AOD-predisposed trees appear to become more susceptible to A. biguttatus attack. Thus, management may be necessary for control of this insect. To explore the possibility of monitoring beetle populations by baited traps, the host tree volatiles regulating A. biguttatus-oak interactions were studied. RESULTS Biologically active volatile organic compounds in dynamic headspace extracts of oak foliage and bark were identified initially by coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography (GC-EAG) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the structures were confirmed by GC coinjection with authentic compounds. Of two synthetic blends of these compounds comprising the active leaf volatiles, the simpler one containing three components evoked strongly positive behavioural responses in four-arm olfactometer tests with virgin females and males, although fresh leaf material was more efficient than the blend. The other blend, comprising a five-component mixture made up of bark volatiles, proved to be as behaviourally active for gravid females as bark tissue. CONCLUSIONS These initial results on A. biguttatus chemical ecology reveal aspects of the role of attractive tree volatiles in the host-finding of beetles and underpin the development of semiochemically based surveillance strategies for this forest insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Vuts
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, UK
| | - Christine M Woodcock
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, UK
| | - Mary E Sumner
- Centre for Ecosystems, Society and Biosecurity, Forest Research, UK
- Department of Crop and Environment Sciences, Harper Adams University, UK
| | - John C Caulfield
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, UK
| | - Katy Reed
- Centre for Ecosystems, Society and Biosecurity, Forest Research, UK
- Department of Crop and Environment Sciences, Harper Adams University, UK
| | | | - Simon R Leather
- Department of Crop and Environment Sciences, Harper Adams University, UK
| | - John A Pickett
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, UK
| | - Michael A Birkett
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, UK
| | - Sandra Denman
- Centre for Ecosystems, Society and Biosecurity, Forest Research, UK
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Vuts J, Francke W, Mori K, Zarbin PHG, Hooper AM, Millar JG, Pickett JA, Tóth M, Chamberlain K, Caulfield JC, Woodcock CM, Tröger AG, Csonka ÉB, Birkett MA. Pheromone Bouquet of the Dried Bean Beetle,Acanthoscelides obtectus(Col.: Chrysomelidae), Now Complete. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chappuis CJF, Niclass Y, Vuilleumier C, Starkenmann C. Quantitative headspace analysis of selected odorants from latrines in Africa and India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:6134-6140. [PMID: 25946964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This analytical investigation focuses on the quantification of odorant molecules in the headspace of latrines. Hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan were derivatized under a more stable N-ethyl maleimide conjugate. Since the amount of odorant molecules is very low in the gas phase, we developed a method that had two steps of concentration. The first step consisted of the accumulation of volatiles in buffered water by bubbling 350 L of air in a bottle. The second step consisted of loading the water on a 1 g solid-phase extraction cartridge, shipping it to our laboratories, and desorbing with Et2O, which achieved a total concentration factor of 3.5 × 10(6). The acidification of the water phase gave us access to the acids, and an additional bottle containing an acidic ion-exchange resin gave us access to trimethyl amine. The limits of quantification in the gas phase were 8.7 × 10(-4) μg/L air for hydrogen sulfide, 1 × 10(-4) μg/L air for methyl mercaptan, 1 × 10(-3) μg/L air for butyric acid, 1 × 10(-4) μg/L air for p-cresol, 1 × 10(-5) μg/L air for indole, and 1 × 10(-5) μg/L air for skatole. The system was calibrated by using olfactometers, which can deliver a precisely known quantity of volatiles into the air. We were able to quantify all compounds near their odor detection thresholds (ODTs). All ODTs were measured in our laboratory with the same olfactometry method. This allowed accurate and comparable ODT values for malodorant compounds from toilets.
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Hao RJ, Zhang Q, Yang WR, Wang J, Cheng TR, Pan HT, Zhang QX. Emitted and endogenous floral scent compounds of Prunus mume and hybrids. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kännaste A, Copolovici L, Niinemets Ü. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for determination of biogenic volatile organic compounds emitted by plants. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1153:161-9. [PMID: 24777796 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0606-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is one of the most widely used methods for analyzing the emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from plants. Preconcentration of VOCs on the cartridges filled with different adsorbents is a well-accepted method for sampling of headspace. Here, we describe a gas-chromatographic method for determination of different isoprenoids (isoprene, monoterpenes, homoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes). The technique is based on adsorption of compounds of interest on multibed adsorbent cartridges followed by thermodesorption, and detection and analysis by GC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Kännaste
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
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Joachim C, Weisser WW. Real-Time Monitoring of (E)-β-Farnesene Emission in Colonies of the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Under Lacewing and Ladybird Predation. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:1254-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lin J, Aoll J, Niclass Y, Velazco MI, Wünsche L, Pika J, Starkenmann C. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of volatile constituents from latrines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:7876-82. [PMID: 23829328 DOI: 10.1021/es401677q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
More than 2.5 billion people defecate in the open. The increased commitment of private and public organizations to improving this situation is driving the research and development of new technologies for toilets and latrines. Although key technical aspects are considered by researchers when designing new technologies for developing countries, the basic aspect of offending malodors from human waste is often neglected. With the objective of contributing to technical solutions that are acceptable to global consumers, we investigated the chemical composition of latrine malodors sampled in Africa and India. Field latrines in four countries were evaluated olfactively and the odors qualitatively and quantitatively characterized with three analytical techniques. Sulfur compounds including H2S, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl-mono-(di;tri) sulfide are important in sewage-like odors of pit latrines under anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic conditions, in Nairobi for example, paracresol and indole reached concentrations of 89 and 65 μg/g, respectively, which, along with short chain fatty acids such as butyric acid (13 mg/g) explained the strong rancid, manure and farm yard odor. This work represents the first qualitative and quantitative study of volatile compounds sampled from seven pit latrines in a variety of geographic, technical, and economic contexts in addition to three single stools from India and a pit latrine model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Lin
- Firmenich SA, Corporate R&D Division, P.O. Box 239, CH-1211 Geneva 8, Switzerland
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Human skin volatiles: a review. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:569-78. [PMID: 23615881 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Odors emitted by human skin are of great interest to biologists in many fields; applications range from forensic studies to diagnostic tools, the design of perfumes and deodorants, and the ecology of blood-sucking insect vectors of human disease. Numerous studies have investigated the chemical composition of skin odors, and various sampling methods have been used for this purpose. The literature shows that the chemical profile of skin volatiles varies greatly among studies, and the use of different sampling procedures is probably responsible for some of these variations. To our knowledge, this is the first review focused on human skin volatile compounds. We detail the different sampling techniques, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages, which have been used for the collection of skin odors from different parts of the human body. We present the main skin volatile compounds found in these studies, with particular emphasis on the most frequently studied body regions, axillae, hands, and feet. We propose future directions for promising experimental studies on odors from human skin, particularly in relation to the chemical ecology of blood-sucking insects.
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Dormont L, Bessière JM, McKey D, Cohuet A. New methods for field collection of human skin volatiles and perspectives for their application in the chemical ecology of human-pathogen-vector interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 216:2783-8. [PMID: 23580718 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.085936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Odours emitted by human skin are of great interest to biologists in many fields, with practical applications in forensics, health diagnostic tools and the ecology of blood-sucking insect vectors of human disease. Convenient methods are required for sampling human skin volatiles under field conditions. We experimentally compared four modern methods for sampling skin odours: solvent extraction, headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME), and two new techniques not previously used for the study of mammal volatiles, contact SPME and dynamic headspace with a chromatoprobe design. These methods were tested and compared both on European subjects under laboratory conditions and on young African subjects under field conditions. All four methods permitted effective trapping of skin odours, including the major known human skin volatile compounds. In both laboratory and field experiments, contact SPME, in which the time of collection was restricted to 3 min, provided results very similar to those obtained with classical headspace SPME, a method that requires 45 min of collection. Chromatoprobe sampling also proved to be very sensitive, rapid and convenient for the collection of human-produced volatiles in natural settings. Both contact SPME and chromatoprobe design may considerably facilitate the study of human skin volatiles under field conditions, opening new possibilities for examining the olfactory cues mediating the host-seeking behaviour of mosquito vectors implicated in the transmission of major diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dormont
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Azeem M, Rajarao GK, Nordenhem H, Nordlander G, Borg-Karlson AK. Penicillium expansum volatiles reduce pine weevil attraction to host plants. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:120-8. [PMID: 23297108 PMCID: PMC3562436 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The pine weevil Hylobius abietis (L.) is a severe pest of conifer seedlings in reforested areas of Europe and Asia. To identify minimally toxic and ecologically sustainable compounds for protecting newly planted seedlings, we evaluated the volatile metabolites produced by microbes isolated from H. abietis feces and frass. Female weevils deposit feces and chew bark at oviposition sites, presumably thus protecting eggs from feeding conspecifics. We hypothesize that microbes present in feces/frass are responsible for producing compounds that deter weevils. Here, we describe the isolation of a fungus from feces and frass of H. abietis and the biological activity of its volatile metabolites. The fungus was identified by morphological and molecular methods as Penicillium expansum Link ex. Thom. It was cultured on sterilized H. abietis frass medium in glass flasks, and volatiles were collected by SPME and analyzed by GC-MS. The major volatiles of the fungus were styrene and 3-methylanisole. The nutrient conditions for maximum production of styrene and 3-methylanisole were examined. Large quantities of styrene were produced when the fungus was cultured on grated pine bark with yeast extract. In a multi-choice arena test, styrene significantly reduced male and female pine weevils' attraction to cut pieces of Scots pine twigs, whereas 3-methylanisole only reduced male weevil attraction to pine twigs. These studies suggest that metabolites produced by microbes may be useful as compounds for controlling insects, and could serve as sustainable alternatives to synthetic insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Azeem
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunaratna Kuttuva Rajarao
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Biotechnology, Division of Environmental Microbiology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Nordenhem
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology, P.O. Box 7044, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Göran Nordlander
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology, P.O. Box 7044, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Karin Borg-Karlson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Tartu University, Institute of Technology, Division of Organic Chemistry, Tartu, 50411 Estonia
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Stadler S, Stefanuto PH, Brokl M, Forbes SL, Focant JF. Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds from Human Analogue Decomposition Using Thermal Desorption Coupled to Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography–Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 85:998-1005. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302614y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Stadler
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000
Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada L1H 7K4
| | - Pierre-Hugues Stefanuto
- CART, Organic and Biological Analytical
Chemistry Group, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Allée de la Chimie 3, B-6c Sart-Tilman,
B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Michał Brokl
- CART, Organic and Biological Analytical
Chemistry Group, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Allée de la Chimie 3, B-6c Sart-Tilman,
B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Shari L. Forbes
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000
Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada L1H 7K4
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway,
New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Jean-François Focant
- CART, Organic and Biological Analytical
Chemistry Group, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Allée de la Chimie 3, B-6c Sart-Tilman,
B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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Real-time measurement of volatile chemicals released by bed bugs during mating activities. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50981. [PMID: 23227225 PMCID: PMC3515544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, bed bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) problems have increased dramatically in many parts of the world, leading to a renewed interest in their chemical ecology. Most studies of bed bug semiochemicals have been based on the collection of volatiles over a period of time followed by chemical analysis. Here we present for the first time, a combination of proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry and video analysis for real-time measurement of semiochemicals emitted by isolated groups of bed bugs during specific behavioural activities. The most distinct peaks in the proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry recordings were always observed close to the termination of mating attempts, corresponding to the defensive emissions that bed bugs have been suspected to exploit for prevention of unwanted copulations. The main components of these emissions were (E)-2-hexenal and (E)-2-octenal recorded in ratios between 1∶3 and 3∶1. In the current study, the quantity varied over 1000 fold for both of the compounds with up to 40 µg total release in a single emission. Males also emit defensive compounds due to homosexual copulation attempts by other males, and no significant differences were observed in the ratio or the amount of the two components released from males or females. In summary, this study has demonstrated that combining proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry with video analysis can provide detailed information about semiochemicals emitted during specific behavioural activities.
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Colville L, Bradley EL, Lloyd AS, Pritchard HW, Castle L, Kranner I. Volatile fingerprints of seeds of four species indicate the involvement of alcoholic fermentation, lipid peroxidation, and Maillard reactions in seed deterioration during ageing and desiccation stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:6519-30. [PMID: 23175670 PMCID: PMC3504501 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The volatile compounds released by orthodox (desiccation-tolerant) seeds during ageing can be analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Comparison of three legume species (Pisum sativum, Lathyrus pratensis, and Cytisus scoparius) during artificial ageing at 60% relative humidity and 50 °C revealed variation in the seed volatile fingerprint between species, although in all species the overall volatile concentration increased with storage period, and changes could be detected prior to the onset of viability loss. The volatile compounds are proposed to derive from three main sources: alcoholic fermentation, lipid peroxidation, and Maillard reactions. Lipid peroxidation was confirmed in P. sativum seeds through analysis of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal. Volatile production by ageing orthodox seeds was compared with that of recalcitrant (desiccation-sensitive) seeds of Quercus robur during desiccation. Many of the volatiles were common to both ageing orthodox seeds and desiccating recalcitrant seeds, with alcoholic fermentation forming the major source of volatiles. Finally, comparison was made between two methods of analysis; the first used a Tenax adsorbent to trap volatiles, whilst the second used solid phase microextraction to extract volatiles from the headspace of vials containing powdered seeds. Solid phase microextraction was found to be more sensitive, detecting a far greater number of compounds. Seed volatile analysis provides a non-invasive means of characterizing the processes involved in seed deterioration, and potentially identifying volatile marker compounds for the diagnosis of seed viability loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Colville
- Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK.
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Wang J, Chen Q, Hu K, Zeng L, Pan Y, Huang H. Change in aromatic components of banana during the preparation process of juice and microcapsule powder. Int J Food Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zhang S, Zhao T, Wang H, Wang J. Comparison of SPE-TD-GC-FID with UPLC-PDA and GC-MS Methods for Analysis of Benzene, Toluene and Xylene Isomers in Solid-Liquid Mixing Paints. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2029-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Degenhardt DC, Refi-Hind S, Stratmann JW, Lincoln DE. Systemin and jasmonic acid regulate constitutive and herbivore-induced systemic volatile emissions in tomato, Solanum lycopersicum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:2024-37. [PMID: 20970815 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants that overexpress the Prosystemin gene (35S::PS) and plants with a mutation in the JA biosynthetic pathway (def1) are known to exhibit a constitutive or reduced wound response, respectively. Here it is demonstrated that several independent 35S::PS lines emit high levels of specific volatiles in addition to increased accumulation of proteinase inhibitors (PIs). Furthermore, the temporal dynamics of systemically induced volatile compounds including green-leaf volatiles, terpenes, and shikimic acid-derivatives from 35S::PS and def1 plants in response to herbivore wounding and treatment with jasmonic acid (JA) are described. Application of JA induced defense protein accumulation and volatile emissions in wild type plants, but did not further increase systemic volatile emissions from 35S::PS plants. Wounding by Manduca sexta larvae induced synthesis of defense proteins and emission of volatiles in wild type plants, but not in def1 plants. Application of jasmonic acid restored the local and systemic accumulation of defense proteins in def1, as well as enhanced herbivore-induced volatile emissions. These results provide strong support for the role of prosystemin- and JA-signaling in the regulation of volatile emissions in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Degenhardt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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42
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Birkett MA. The Chemistry of Plant Signalling. PLANT COMMUNICATION FROM AN ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-12162-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Vermeir S, Hertog M, Vankerschaver K, Swennen R, Nicolaï B, Lammertyn J. Instrumental based flavour characterisation of banana fruit. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2009.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Jansen RMC, Hofstee JW, Wildt J, Verstappen FWA, Bouwmeester HJ, van Henten EJ. Induced plant volatiles allow sensitive monitoring of plant health status in greenhouses. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2009; 4:824-829. [PMID: 19847108 PMCID: PMC2802792 DOI: 10.4161/psb.4.9.9431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach to support the inspection of greenhouse crops is based on the measurement of volatile organic compounds emitted by unhealthy plants. This approach has attracted some serious interest over the last decade. In pursuit of this interest, we performed several experiments at the laboratory-scale to pinpoint marker volatiles that can be used to indicate certain health problems. In addition to these laboratory experiments, pilot and model studies were performed in order to verify the validity of these marker volatiles under real-world conditions. This paper provides an overview of results and gives an outlook on the use of plant volatiles for plant health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel M C Jansen
- Farm Technology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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López P, Batlle R, Salafranca J, Nerín C. Efficiency of whole and skimmed powdered milk for trapping volatile compounds released from plastic containers in high-temperature applications. J Food Prot 2008; 71:1889-97. [PMID: 18810874 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.9.1889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Plastic food containers used for high-temperature applications are not completely inert, and potentially harmful chemicals may be transferred to foodstuffs when such containers are heated. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of food fat content on the efficiency of trapping volatile organic compounds from heated plastic packaging. Relatively simple food matrices such as powdered skimmed and whole milk were evaluated with respect to their retention of several selected migrants: toluene, 1-octene, ethylbenzene, o-, m-, and p-xylene, styrene, and 1,4-dichlorobenzene released from containers made of polypropylene (random and copolymer), polycarbonate, and styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, which are all commonly used in high-temperature applications. The analytical method (purge and trap gas chromatography and mass spectrometry) was optimized for each matrix. The developed procedure had detection limits of 0.01 to 1.2 ng, depending on the analyte and sample matrix, and both reproducibility and repeatability (expressed as relative standard deviation) were below 15%. This method was applied to the different plastic materials. The concentrations of the volatile compounds in both matrices were well below the established specific migration limits. Temperature and fat content of powdered milk were the most influential variables in mass transfer processes. These values were compared with those obtained with either Tenax TA (alternative test medium for fatty food simulants) or Porapak Q (another widely used sorbent). Similar results were found in skimmed powdered milk and Tenax TA, but significant differences were observed for whole powdered milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- P López
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research, i3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, María de Luna St. 3, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
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Brown AE, Riddick EW, Aldrich JR, Holmes WE. Identification of (-)-beta-caryophyllene as a gender-specific terpene produced by the multicolored Asian lady beetle. J Chem Ecol 2007; 32:2489-99. [PMID: 17019620 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-006-9158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the development and use of techniques for characterizing volatile chemicals emitted by the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), in an effort to identify the semiochemicals involved in establishment and persistence of overwintering beetle aggregations. Volatiles emitted from live beetles were detected by using whole-air sampling and solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Adsorbed volatiles were thermally desorbed and identified with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). By comparing the chromatograms of volatiles emitted from live male and female beetles, a sesquiterpene, (-)-beta-caryophyllene, was found only in the females. The identity of (-)-beta-caryophyllene was confirmed by using NIST Library searches, comparing retention times with those of known standards, and by using higher-resolution GC/MS above bench top capability. Although SPME trapping detected a wider array of compounds compared to whole-air sampling, the latter method is better suited for automation. Unattended automated sampling is required for the continuous measurement of targeted compounds under dynamically changing incubation conditions. These conditions, mimicking natural overwintering conditions, are essential to our long-term goal of using this technology to detect and identify the aggregation pheromone of H. axyridis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashli E Brown
- Biological Control of Pests Research Unit, ARS, USDA, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
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Dehghan Abkenar S, Yamini Y, Shemirani F, Assadi Y. Solid phase microextraction with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry: a very rapid method for identification of volatile organic compounds emitted by Carum copticum. Nat Prod Res 2006; 20:850-9. [PMID: 16753923 DOI: 10.1080/14786410500463064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of flower scent represents an important field of modern biological research which is directed towards special theories of biological recognition. The headspace solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify the volatile components of Carum copticum (C. copticum) cultivated in Iran. The compounds were identified according to their retention indices and mass spectra (EI, 70 eV). The effects of different parameters, such as the desorption time, the extraction temperature, the sample mass, the addition of salt, the pre-equilibration time and the extraction time, on the extraction efficiency were investigated. The optimized conditions were: the desorption time, 2 min; the extraction temperature, 58 degrees Celsius; the sample mass, 1.000 g in 4.0 mL 2.0 M NaCl solution; the pre-equilibration time, 25 min; the extraction time, 20 min. Finally, ten components were identified in the volatile components of C. copticum. The major components of C. copticum were thymol (68.2%), gamma-terpinene (13.9%), p-cymene (11.6%), myrcene (1.0%) and beta-pinene (0.6%). Precision of the proposed method is good and %RSD less than 14 was obtained.
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Stewart-Jones A, Poppy GM. Comparison of Glass Vessels and Plastic Bags for Enclosing Living Plant Parts for Headspace Analysis. J Chem Ecol 2006; 32:845-64. [PMID: 16718573 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-006-9039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 12/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plants release volatile chemicals into their surrounding air space that can affect the physiology of neighboring plants and influence the behavior of insects. In studying these interactions, it is desirable to collect volatiles from plants that have not been excised and are growing under as natural conditions as possible. We compared a vessel of borosilicate glass and Nylon-6 or polyester [poly(ethyleneterephthalate) or PET] cooking bags for enclosing plants during collection of volatiles. A push-pull airflow system was used, and volatiles were trapped on Tenax TA and analyzed by gas chromatography after thermal desorption. Low levels of impurities were found for the glass vessel and polyester bags. Nylon bags contained higher levels and more impurities. Recoveries of standards of 10 plant volatiles were measured in static and dynamic systems. In a static air system, there was good recovery only from the glass vessel. In a dynamic system, there was generally good recovery from both the glass vessel and polyester bags. Recoveries of alpha-pinene and (Z)-jasmone were poor throughout. The former was shown to have a very low breakthrough volume on the Tenax TA adsorbent, and the latter may be strongly adsorbed on glass. All three materials were essentially transparent in the IR and visible (photosynthetic) range but with significantly different absorptions in the UV range. In a simulated dynamic entrainment in full sunlight, internal vessel temperatures were higher than ambient by up to 9.5 degrees C in the glass vessel and 7.5 degrees C in the polyester bag. Lower increases in temperature relative to ambient (<1 degrees C) were recorded when entrainments were conducted in the shade. In a field trial, the profiles of volatiles collected from an apple tree infested with rosy apple aphid using a glass vessel and a polyester bag were similar. Polyester bags are recommended as more convenient than glass vessels for the enclosure of plants during the collection of volatiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Stewart-Jones
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton, SO16 7PX, UK.
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Chen X, Nakamuta K, Nakanishi T, Nakashima T, Tokoro M, Mochizuki F, Fukumoto T. Female sex pheromone of a carpenter moth, Cossus insularis (Lepidoptera: Cossidae). J Chem Ecol 2006; 32:669-79. [PMID: 16683203 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-005-9025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2005] [Revised: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the identification of a sex pheromone component of a cossid moth, Cossus insularis. Coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) analysis of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) collections of volatiles released by live female moths showed that two compounds elicited EAG responses from the antennae of male moths. These compounds were identified as (E)-3-tetradecenyl acetate (E3-14:Ac) and (Z)-3-tetradecenyl acetate (Z3-14:Ac) by mass spectral analysis and retention index comparisons with synthetic standards. The ratio of E3-14:Ac and Z3-14:Ac was 95:5 in the effluvia of a female. In field bioassays, sticky traps baited with blends of E3-14:Ac and Z3-14:Ac showed that E3-14:Ac is an essential component of the pheromone. However, the role of Z3-14:Ac is unclear, because E3-14:Ac as a single component was as attractive to male moths as blends of E3-14:Ac and Z3-14:Ac, including the 95:5 blend released by live female moths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Chen
- Department of Forest Entomology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba Norin Kenkyu Danchi-nai, Ibaraki, Japan
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Sánchez-Hernández C, López MG, Délano-Frier JP. Reduced levels of volatile emissions in jasmonate-deficient spr2 tomato mutants favour oviposition by insect herbivores. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2006; 29:546-57. [PMID: 17080606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tomato plants release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) following insect or mechanical damage. In this study, the constitutive and wound-induced emission levels of VOCs in suppressor of prosystemin-mediated responses2 (spr2) mutant plants, compromised in linolenic acid (LA) and jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis, and in 35S::prosystemin (35S::prosys) plants, having upregulated direct defence responses, were compared. The spr2 mutants produced constitutively lower levels of VOCs, which were nonetheless increased in response to (a)biotic damage, although at lower levels than wild-type (Wt) and 35S::prosys plants. No significant differences in VOC emissions were detected between the latter two genotypes, thereby suggesting that systemin does not regulate indirect defence responses, whereas differences in fatty acid composition in spr2 plants led to the predominant emission of saturated C6 volatiles in response to wounding. The expression of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS2), a key gene involved in VOC synthesis in the chloroplast, was only upregulated in Manduca sexta L.-damaged Wt and 35S::prosys plants. However, its expression was restored in spr2 plants by exogenous LA or JA, suggesting that abated VOC emissions in spr2 plants are correlated with lowered DXS2 expression. Bioassays with two different insects showed that adult females significantly preferred spr2 plants, indicating that lowered levels of VOCs in tomato influence plant selection by insects during oviposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Sánchez-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN-Unidad Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato, León., Irapuato, Gto., México
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