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Howard JN, Bosque A. IL-15 and N-803 for HIV Cure Approaches. Viruses 2023; 15:1912. [PMID: 37766318 PMCID: PMC10537516 DOI: 10.3390/v15091912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of the advances in antiretroviral therapy to treat HIV infection, the presence of a latent reservoir of HIV-infected cells represents the largest barrier towards finding a cure. Among the different strategies being pursued to eliminate or reduce this latent reservoir, the γc-cytokine IL-15 or its superagonist N-803 are currently under clinical investigation, either alone or with other interventions. They have been shown to reactivate latent HIV and enhance immune effector function, both of which are potentially required for effective reduction of latent reservoirs. In here, we present a comprehensive literature review of the different in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies conducted to date that are aimed at targeting HIV reservoirs using IL-15 and N-803.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA;
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2
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Differences in Expression of Selected Interleukins in HIV-Infected Subjects Undergoing Antiretroviral Therapy. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050997. [PMID: 35632739 PMCID: PMC9144358 DOI: 10.3390/v14050997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) inhibits the replication of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and thus may affect the functioning of the immune system, e.g., induce changes in the expression of certain cytokines. The aim was to examine the effect of cART on the expression of selected cytokines: interleukin -4, -7 and -15 in HIV-infected subjects. The test material was the plasma of HIV-infected men and healthy men (C, control group). The levels of interleukin were measured by immunoenzymatic method before cART and one year after treatment in relation to the C group. HIV-infected men were analyzed in subgroups depending on the HIV-RNA viral load, CD4+ and CD8+T-cell counts, and the type of therapeutic regimen. A significantly higher level of IL-4 was demonstrated in HIV-infected men before cART compared to those after treatment and in the control group. The use of cART resulted in a significant decrease in the level of IL-7 in HIV-infected men; however, high levels of IL-7 were associated with a low number of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells. An increase in the level of IL-15 in HIV-infected men was noted after the use of cART. There was no difference in the expression of interleukins depending on the treatment regimen used. The study showed the effect of cART on the expression of interleukins, especially IL-4 and IL-7. Further research in this direction seems promising, confirming the role of these interleukins in the course of the disease.
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Dupnik KM, Lee MH, Mishra P, Reust MJ, Colombe S, Haider SR, Yao B, Vick K, Zhang T, Xiang J, Miyaye D, Magawa R, Lyimo E, Mukerebe C, Mngara J, Kalluvya SE, de Dood CJ, van Dam GJ, Corstjens PLAM, Downs JA. Altered Cervical Mucosal Gene Expression and Lower Interleukin 15 Levels in Women With Schistosoma haematobium Infection but Not in Women With Schistosoma mansoni Infection. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:1777-1785. [PMID: 30590736 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis increases the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition in women by mechanisms that are incompletely defined. Our objective was to determine how the cervical environment is impacted by Schistosoma haematobium or Schistosoma mansoni infection by quantifying gene expression in the cervical mucosa and cytokine levels in cervicovaginal lavage fluid. METHODS We recruited women with and those without S. haematobium infection and women with and those without S. mansoni infection from separate villages in rural Tanzania with high prevalences of S. haematobium and S. mansoni, respectively. Infection status was determined by urine and stool microscopy and testing for serum circulating anodic antigen. RNA was extracted from cervical cytobrush samples for transcriptome analysis. Cytokine levels were measured by magnetic bead immunoassay. RESULTS In the village where S. haematobium was prevalent, 110 genes were differentially expressed in the cervical mucosa of 18 women with versus 39 without S. haematobium infection. Among the 27 cytokines analyzed in cervicovaginal lavage fluid from women in this village, the level of interleukin 15 was lower in the S. haematobium-infected group (62.8 vs 102.9 pg/mL; adjusted P = .0013). Differences were not observed in the S. mansoni-prevalent villages between 11 women with and 29 without S. mansoni infection. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate altered cervical mucosal gene expression and lower interleukin 15 levels in women with S. haematobium infection as compared to those with S. mansoni infection, which may influence HIV acquisition and cancer risks. Studies to determine the effects of antischistosome treatment on these mucosal alterations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Dupnik
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Myung Hee Lee
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Pallavi Mishra
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Mary Juliet Reust
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Soledad Colombe
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Syeda Razia Haider
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Benjamin Yao
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Kaitlin Vick
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Tuo Zhang
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jenny Xiang
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Donald Miyaye
- National Institute for Medical Research, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Ruth Magawa
- National Institute for Medical Research, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Eric Lyimo
- National Institute for Medical Research, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Crispin Mukerebe
- National Institute for Medical Research, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Julius Mngara
- National Institute for Medical Research, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Govert J van Dam
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jennifer A Downs
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.,Department of Medicine, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
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4
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Bordoni V, Sacchi A, Casetti R, Cimini E, Tartaglia E, Pinnetti C, Mondi A, Gruber CEM, Antinori A, Agrati C. Impact of ART on dynamics of growth factors and cytokines in primary HIV infection. Cytokine 2019; 125:154839. [PMID: 31542514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Antiretroviral treatment (ART) of Primary HIV Infection (PHI) has demonstrated virological and immunological benefits. The effect of early ART during PHI on the level of growth factors and chemokines modulating immune cell functions remains to be established. The aim of our work was to analyze the dynamics of 27 cytokines, chemokines and growth/regulation factors in plasma of HIV infected patients treated during PHI. Patients with PHI (n = 43) were enrolled before, 24 and 48 weeks after therapy initiation. Quantification of soluble immune mediators was performed in plasma from HIV infected patients and healthy donors (HD, n = 7) by Luminex technology. The cytokines profile was strongly perturbed in primary HIV infected patients when compared to healthy donors (HD). After 48 weeks of ART, some of these factors were restored to HD level (IL-2, IL-5, IL-7, IL-9, IL12p70, TNFα) while others persisted higher than HD (IL-6, IL-10, IL-13). Interestingly, a subset of chemokines, such as IL-8, MCP-1, RANTES and CCL27, and growth factors such as HGF, SCF and GM-CSF, increased during ART, reaching values significantly higher than HD after 48 weeks. Moreover, the G-CSF and MIP-1β soluble mediators were persistently altered and showed an inverse correlation with the CD4/CD8 T cell ratio. The increase of chemokines with antiviral activity and of growth factors with hematopoietic and immunomodulatory properties may have beneficial effects. Other studies are mandatory to evaluate the effects of long lasting levels of these factors to clarify their possible role in the context of protection/pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Bordoni
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Sacchi
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Casetti
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cimini
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Tartaglia
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Pinnetti
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Mondi
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Cesare E M Gruber
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Antinori
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Agrati
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
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5
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Swaminathan S, Qiu J, Rupert AW, Hu Z, Higgins J, Dewar RL, Stevens R, Rehm CA, Metcalf JA, Sherman BT, Baseler MW, Lane HC, Imamichi T. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) Strongly Correlates with Increasing HIV-1 Viremia and Markers of Inflammation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167091. [PMID: 27880829 PMCID: PMC5120855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE IL-15 has been postulated to play an important role in HIV-1 infection, yet there are conflicting reports regarding its expression levels in these patients. We sought to measure the level of IL-15 in a large, well characterised cohort of HIV-1 infected patients and correlate this with well known markers of inflammation, including CRP, D-dimer, sCD163 and sCD14. DESIGN AND METHODS IL-15 levels were measured in 501 people (460 patients with HIV-1 infection and 41 uninfected controls). The HIV-1 infected patients were divided into 4 groups based on viral load: <50 copies/ml, 51-10,000 copies/ml, 10,001-100,000 copies/ml and >100,000 copies/ml. The Mann Whitney test (non-parametric) was used to identify significant relationships between different patient groups. RESULTS IL-15 levels were significantly higher in patients with viral loads >100,000 copies/ml (3.02 ± 1.53 pg/ml) compared to both uninfected controls (1.69 ± 0.37 pg/ml, p<0.001) or patients with a viral load <50 copies/ml (1.59 ± 0.40 pg/ml (p<0.001). There was a significant correlation between HIV-1 viremia and IL-15 levels (Spearman r = 0.54, p<0.001) and between CD4+ T cell counts and IL-15 levels (Spearman r = -0.56, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS IL-15 levels are significantly elevated in HIV-1 infected patients with viral loads >100,000 copies/ml compared to uninfected controls, with a significant direct correlation noted between IL-15 and HIV-1 viremia and an inverse correlation between IL-15 levels and CD4+ T cell counts. These data support a potential role for IL-15 in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Swaminathan
- Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ju Qiu
- Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, United States of America
| | - Adam W. Rupert
- Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, United States of America
| | - Zonghui Hu
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Jeanette Higgins
- Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, United States of America
| | - Robin L. Dewar
- Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, United States of America
| | - Randy Stevens
- Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Rehm
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Julia A. Metcalf
- Division of Clinical Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Brad T. Sherman
- Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Baseler
- Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, United States of America
| | - H. Clifford Lane
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
- Division of Clinical Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Tomozumi Imamichi
- Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, United States of America
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6
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Rodriguez AR, Hodara V, Murthy K, Morrow L, Sanchez M, Bienvenu AE, Murthy KK. T cell interleukin-15 surface expression in chimpanzees infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Cell Immunol 2014; 288:24-30. [PMID: 24565973 PMCID: PMC4373471 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) contributes to natural killer cell development and immune regulation. However, IL-15 and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production are significantly reduced during progression to AIDS. We have previously reported that HIV infected chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) express CD3-CD8+ IFN-γ+ natural killer (NK) cells with an inverse correlation to plasma HIV viral load. To expand on our initial study, we examined a larger population of HIV infected chimpanzees (n=10). Whole blood flow cytometry analyses showed that recombinant gp120 (rgp120) or recombinant IL-15 induces specific CD3-CD8+ IFN-γ+ NK cells at higher levels than CD3+CD8+ IFN-γ+ T cells in HIV infected specimens. Interestingly, peripheral blood T cells exhibited 0.5-3% IL-15 surface Tcell/NKT cell phenotypes, and rIL-15 stimulation significantly (P<0.007) up-regulated CD4+CD25+ T cell expression. Importantly, these data demonstrate novel T cell interleukin-15 expression and indicate a plausible regulatory mechanism for this cell-type during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette R Rodriguez
- Research Centers at Minority Institutions, Biophotonics Core, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States; Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245, United States.
| | - Vida Hodara
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245, United States
| | - Kruthi Murthy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - LaShayla Morrow
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245, United States
| | - Melissa Sanchez
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245, United States
| | - Amy E Bienvenu
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245, United States
| | - Krishna K Murthy
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245, United States
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7
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Bae JS, Shim SH, Hwang SD, Kim JW, Park DW, Park CI. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of interleukin (IL)-15 and IL-15 receptor α from rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1209-1215. [PMID: 23911652 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian interleukin (IL)-15 plays an important role in the activation of CD8(+) T cells and natural killer (NK) cells along with its receptor α (IL-15Rα). To understand the potential roles of IL-15 and IL-15Rα in fish, we identified IL-15 and IL-15Rα cDNA from rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) and investigated their gene expression profiles after bacterial and viral infection. Coding regions of rock bream (Rb) IL-15 and RbIL-15Rα cDNAs were 534 and 402 bp encoding 177 and 133 amino acid residues, respectively. The sushi domain of IL-15Rα was highly conserved between rock bream and other species. Unlike other IL-15Rαs, RbIL-15Rα does not have a transmembrane region. Gene expression of RbIL-15 and RbIL-15Rα was widely expressed in different tissues of healthy fish, especially immune-related tissues. RbIL-15 and RbIL-15Rα were highly induced in the kidney and spleen after infection with Edwardsiella tarda, Streptococcus iniae and red seabream iridovirus. Gene expression patterns of RbIL-15 and RbIL-15Rα were similar in the kidney and spleen after pathogen infection. However, these genes were differentially induced in the liver after pathogen infection. These results suggest that the different responses of RbIL-15 and RbIL-15Rα to pathogen infection may be induced by different tissues or cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sol Bae
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 445, Inpyong-dong, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam 650-160, Republic of Korea
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8
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Gregson JN, Kuri-Cervantes L, Mela CM, Gazzard BG, Bower M, Goodier MR. Short communication: NKG2C+ NK cells contribute to increases in CD16+CD56- cells in HIV type 1+ individuals with high plasma viral load. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:84-8. [PMID: 22920222 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic HIV-1 infection results in the expansion of both NKG2C+ and CD16+CD56- human natural killer cells. NKG2C+ cells proliferate in response to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and expansion of the dysfunctional CD56-CD16+ natural killer (NK) cells is associated with HIV-1 viremia. Here we report an association between increased proportions of CD56-CD16+ NK cells in viremic HIV-1+ individuals and an increased contribution of NKG2C+ cells to this subset. These data, in addition to anti-HCMV IgG serology, indicate a potential contribution of both HCMV and HIV-1 to NK cell dysfunction in HIV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N.S. Gregson
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leticia Kuri-Cervantes
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M. Mela
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian G. Gazzard
- Division of HIV-GUM, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Bower
- Clinical Oncology Unit, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin R. Goodier
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Infection and Immunity Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Song W, Li Y, Wilson CM, Tang J. Identification of three immunologic correlates for HIV type 1 pathogenesis in youth. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011; 27:639-46. [PMID: 20969482 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2010.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the stability and heterogeneity of cytokine and chemokine profiles in 80 youth with and without HIV-1 infection, we tested plasma samples at repeated visits without antiretroviral therapy. Among nine analytes that were quantified using multiplexing assays, interleukin 10 (IL-10), IL-18, and soluble CD30 persistently showed a positive correlation with HIV-1 viral load (Spearman ρ = 0.40-0.59, p < 0.01 for all). A negative correlation with CD4(+) T cell counts (ρ = -0.40 to -0.60, p < 0.01 for all) was also persistent for the three analytes. Analyses restricted to 48 AIDS-free youth (96 visits) yielded similar findings, as did multivariable models in which race, sex, age, body mass index, and time interval between visits were treated as covariates. These relationships reflected two novel features observed for all three analytes. First, their presence in plasma was relatively stable between visits (ρ = 0.50-0.90, p < 0.03), regardless of HIV-1 infection status. Second, pairwise correlation was strong and persistent in HIV-1-seropositive youth (ρ = 0.40-0.59, p < 0.01), but not in HIV-1, seronegatives (p > 0.13). Additional analytes, especially eotaxin/CCL11 and SDF-1β/CXCL12, had no correlation with HIV-1-related outcomes despite their stability between visits. Overall, circulating IL-10, IL-18, and soluble CD30 could partially track unfavorable responses to HIV-1 infection in youth. These markers of persistent immune activation are individually and collectively indicative of HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Yufeng Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Craig M. Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jianming Tang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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10
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Yu H, Tawab-Amiri A, Dzutsev A, Sabatino M, Aleman K, Yarchoan R, Terabe M, Sui Y, Berzofsky JA. IL-15 ex vivo overcomes CD4+ T cell deficiency for the induction of human antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:205-14. [PMID: 21474552 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1010579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) Th cells are important for the induction and maintenance of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell function, so their loss or dysfunction in HIV-infected or cancer patients could reduce the patients' ability to control viral infection. Previous work in murine systems indicated that IL-15 codelivered with vaccines could overcome CD4(+) Th cell deficiency for induction of functionally efficient CD8(+) T cells and maintenance of viral-specific CTLs, but its efficacy in helping primary human CD8(+) T cell responses is unknown. In the present study, a peptide-pulsed, DC-based human coculture ex vivo system was used to study the role of IL-15 in overcoming CD4(+) Th deficiency to elicit CD8(+) T cell responses in CD4-depleted PBMCs from healthy individuals and PBMCs from HIV-1-infected patients. We found that IL-15 could overcome CD4(+) Th deficiency to induce primary and recall memory CD8(+) T cell responses in healthy individuals. Moreover, in CD4-deficient, HIV-1-infected patients with diminished CD8(+) T cell responses, IL-15 greatly enhanced CD8(+) T cell responses to alloantigen. These results suggest that IL-15 may be useful in the development of therapeutic and preventive vaccines against cancers and viral infections in patients defective in CD4(+) Th cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Yu
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Di Sabatino A, Calarota SA, Vidali F, MacDonald TT, Corazza GR. Role of IL-15 in immune-mediated and infectious diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2011; 22:19-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Foxall RB, Soares RS, Albuquerque AS, Cortesão CS, Victorino RM, Sousa AE. Increased frequency of CD25dimCD4+ T-cells in HIV-2 infection, a naturally occurring attenuated form of HIV-1. Clin Immunol 2008; 127:158-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Li W, Li S, Hu Y, Tang B, Cui L, He W. Efficient augmentation of a long-lasting immune responses in HIV-1 gag DNA vaccination by IL-15 plasmid boosting. Vaccine 2008; 26:3282-90. [PMID: 18472194 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are major regulators of the immune response, and have been used as adjuvants to improve vaccine potency. In this study, we investigated the adjuvant effects of interleukin (IL)-15 on improving the immunogenicity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 gag DNA vaccine in Balb/c mice. During a 370-day follow-up, cellular and humoral immune responses in three separate cohorts of mice were monitored. These results were exemplified through: lymphocyte proliferation, induction of antigen-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes, long-term production of specific antibodies, and proportion of differentiated memory CD8(+) T cells. These data revealed that just boost of IL-15 at day 8 after co-immunization induced more homeostatic cell proliferation, augmented proliferation frequency of IFN-gamma-secreting antigen-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes, maintained the long-lasting humoral immune response and promoted the turnover of memory T cell precursors into central memory T cells. Taken together, our data demonstrated that a single IL-15 boosting can enhance both the humoral and cellular immune responses of the HIV-1 gag DNA vaccination. This novel boosting strategy may facilitate the application of IL-15 as an adjuvant for HIV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Sirskyj D, Thèze J, Kumar A, Kryworuchko M. Disruption of the gamma c cytokine network in T cells during HIV infection. Cytokine 2008; 43:1-14. [PMID: 18417356 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The common gamma chain (gammac)-sharing cytokines (IL's-2, 4, 7, 9, 15, and 21) play a vital role in the survival, proliferation, differentiation and function of T lymphocytes. As such, disruption of their signaling pathways would be expected to have severe consequences on the integrity of the immune system. Indeed, it appears that the signaling network of these cytokines is both disrupted and exploited by HIV at various stages of infection. IL-2 secretion and signaling downstream of its receptor are impaired in T cells from chronically-infected HIV+ patients. Elevated plasma IL-7 levels and decreased IL-7Ralpha expression in patient T cells results in significantly decreased responsiveness to this critical cytokine. Interestingly, IL-2 and IL-15 are also able to render CD4+ T cells permissive to HIV infection through their influence on the activity of the APOBEC3G deaminase enzyme. Herein, we describe the current state of knowledge on how the gammac cytokine network is affected during HIV infection, with a focus on how this impairs CD4+ and CD8+ T cell function while also benefiting the virus itself. We also address the use of cytokines as adjuncts to highly active antiretroviral therapy to bolster immune reconstitution in infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danylo Sirskyj
- Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO)-Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Iannello A, Debbeche O, Samarani S, Ahmad A. Antiviral NK cell responses in HIV infection: II. viral strategies for evasion and lessons for immunotherapy and vaccination. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:27-49. [PMID: 18388299 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0907649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As is the case in other viral infections, humans respond to HIV infection by activating their NK cells. However, the virus uses several strategies to neutralize and evade the host's NK cell responses. Consequently, it is not surprising that NK cell functions become compromised in HIV-infected individuals in early stages of the infection. The compromised NK cell functions also adversely affect several aspects of the host's antiviral adaptive immune responses. Researchers have made significant progress in understanding how HIV counters NK cell responses of the host. This knowledge has opened new avenues for immunotherapy and vaccination against this infection. In the first part of this review article, we gave an overview of our current knowledge of NK cell biology and discussed how the genes encoding NK cell receptors and their ligands determine innate genetic resistance/susceptibilty of humans against HIV infections and AIDS. In this second part, we discuss NK cell responses, viral strategies to counter these responses, and finally, their implications for anti-HIV immunotherapy and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Iannello
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Center of Research Ste Justine Hospital, 3175 Côte Ste-Catherine, Montreal, Qc, H3T 1C5, Canada
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16
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Hocke AC, Lampe MP, Witzenrath M, Mollenkopf H, Zerrahn J, Schmeck B, Kessler U, Krüll M, Hammerschmidt S, Hippenstiel S, Schütte H, Suttorp N, Rosseau S. Cell-specific interleukin-15 and interleukin-15 receptor subunit expression and regulation in pneumococcal pneumonia--comparison to chlamydial lung infection. Cytokine 2007; 38:61-73. [PMID: 17611121 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Revised: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 has critical impact on the homeostasis and activation of natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, gammadeltaT cells, and CD8(+)T cells, and contributes to antimicrobial defenses particularly at mucosal sites. The respiratory tract comprises a large mucosal surface and harbors significant amounts of lymphocytes, however the expression pattern of IL-15 in the lung and its role in local immune responses are largely unknown. We therefore analyzed the differential expression of IL-15 and the IL-15 receptor (IL-15R) complex in the lungs of mice and demonstrated substantial constitutive expression in bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages, and vascular smooth muscle cells, implicating contribution to pulmonary immune cell homeostasis already under normal conditions. The induction of pneumococcal pneumonia but not the infection with Chlamydophila pneumoniae evoked a significant up-regulation of IL-15 on alveolar macrophages and bronchial epithelial cells, with the latter presenting de-novo expression of IL-15 on their basolateral surface and additional up-regulation of IL-15Ralpha. Moreover, transcriptome analysis as well as semi-quantitative PCR indicated at least partial transcriptional regulation in mice lungs. In conclusion IL-15 is suggested being of functional importance in the pulmonary immune response against pneumococcal pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas C Hocke
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Respiratory Diseases, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Hryniewicz A, Price DA, Moniuszko M, Boasso A, Edghill-Spano Y, West SM, Venzon D, Vaccari M, Tsai WP, Tryniszewska E, Nacsa J, Villinger F, Ansari AA, Trindade CJ, Morre M, Brooks D, Arlen P, Brown HJ, Kitchen CMR, Zack JA, Douek DC, Shearer GM, Lewis MG, Koup RA, Franchini G. Interleukin-15 but not interleukin-7 abrogates vaccine-induced decrease in virus level in simian immunodeficiency virus mac251-infected macaques. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:3492-504. [PMID: 17339444 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.6.3492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The loss of CD4(+) T cells and the impairment of CD8(+) T cell function in HIV infection suggest that pharmacological treatment with IL-7 and IL-15, cytokines that increase the homeostatic proliferation of T cells and improve effector function, may be beneficial. However, these cytokines could also have a detrimental effect in HIV-1-infected individuals, because both cytokines increase HIV replication in vitro. We assessed the impact of IL-7 and IL-15 treatment on viral replication and the immunogenicity of live poxvirus vaccines in SIV(mac251)-infected macaques (Macaca mulatta). Neither cytokine augmented the frequency of vaccine-expanded CD4(+) or CD8(+) memory T cells, clonal recruitment to the SIV-specific CD8(+) T cell pool, or CD8(+) T cell function. Vaccination alone transiently decreased the viral set point following antiretroviral therapy suspension. IL-15 induced massive proliferation of CD4(+) effector T cells and abrogated the ability of vaccination to decrease set point viremia. In contrast, IL-7 neither augmented nor decreased the vaccine effect and was associated with a decrease in TGF-beta expression. These results underscore the importance of testing immunomodulatory approaches in vivo to assess potential risks and benefits for HIV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hryniewicz
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Building 41, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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18
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Fluur C, De Milito A, Fry TJ, Vivar N, Eidsmo L, Atlas A, Federici C, Matarrese P, Logozzi M, Rajnavölgyi E, Mackall CL, Fais S, Chiodi F, Rethi B. Potential Role for IL-7 in Fas-Mediated T Cell Apoptosis During HIV Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:5340-50. [PMID: 17404319 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.8.5340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-7 promotes survival of resting T lymphocytes and induces T cell proliferation in lymphopenic conditions. As elevated IL-7 levels occur in HIV-infected individuals in addition to high Fas expression on T cells and increased sensitivity to Fas-induced apoptosis, we analyzed whether IL-7 has a regulatory role in Fas-mediated T cell apoptosis. We show that IL-7 up-regulates Fas expression on naive and memory T cells through a mechanism that involves translocation of Fas molecules from intracellular compartments to the cell membrane. IL-7 induced the association of Fas with the cytoskeletal component ezrin and a polarized Fas expression on the cell surface. The potential role of IL-7 in Fas up-regulation in vivo was verified in IL-7-treated macaques and in HIV-infected or chemotherapy treated patients by the correlation between serum IL-7 levels and Fas expression on T cells. IL-7 treatment primed T cells for Fas-induced apoptosis in vitro and serum IL-7 levels correlated with the sensitivity of T cells to Fas-induced apoptosis in HIV-infected individuals. Our data suggest an important role for IL-7 in Fas-mediated regulation of T cell homeostasis. Elevated IL-7 levels associated with lymphopenic conditions, including HIV-infection, might participate in the increased sensitivity of T cells for activation-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Fluur
- Department of Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Rodriguez AR, Arulanandam BP, Hodara VL, McClure HM, Cobb EK, Salas MT, White R, Murthy KK. Influence of interleukin-15 on CD8+ natural killer cells in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected chimpanzees. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:641-651. [PMID: 17251583 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimpanzees are susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) and develop persistent infection but generally do not progress to full-blown AIDS. Several host and immunological factors have been implicated in mediating resistance to disease progression. Chimpanzees have a higher prevalence of circulating natural killer (NK) cells than humans; however, their role in mediating resistance to disease progression is not well understood. Furthermore, NK cell survival and activity have been shown to be dependent on interleukin-15 (IL-15). Accordingly, the influence of IL-15 on NK cell activity and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production was evaluated in naive and HIV-1-infected chimpanzees. In vitro stimulation of whole-blood cultures with recombinant gp120 (rgp120) resulted in enhanced IFN-gamma production predominantly by the CD3(-) CD8(+) subset of NK cells, and addition of anti-IL-15 to the system decreased IFN-gamma production. Moreover, in vitro stimulation with recombinant IL-15 (rIL-15) augmented IFN-gamma production from this subset of NK cells and increased NK cell cytotoxic activity. Stimulation with rgp120 also resulted in a 2- to 7-fold increase in IL-15 production. These findings suggest that chimpanzee CD3(-) CD8(+) NK cells play a vital role in controlling HIV-1 infection by producing high levels of IFN-gamma, and that IL-15 elicits IFN-gamma production in this subpopulation of NK cells in HIV-1-infected chimpanzees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette R Rodriguez
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA
| | | | - Vida L Hodara
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA
| | - Hazel M McClure
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA
| | - Elaine K Cobb
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA
| | - Mary T Salas
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA
| | - Robert White
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA
| | - Krishna K Murthy
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA
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Mela CM, Burton CT, Imami N, Nelson M, Steel A, Gazzard BG, Gotch FM, Goodier MR. Switch from inhibitory to activating NKG2 receptor expression in HIV-1 infection: lack of reversion with highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2005; 19:1761-9. [PMID: 16227783 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000183632.12418.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 infection is characterized by increase in inhibitory receptors and loss of activating receptors on natural killer (NK) cells, resulting in loss of cell activity. Exceptionally, for an inhibitory receptor, the proportion of NK cells bearing CD94-NKG2A decreases during HIV-1 infection. It is not understood whether HIV-1 itself or other concomitant infections drive these changes. OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between HIV-1 viraemia and changes in C-type lectin-like receptor expression in NK cells and to investigate the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on these changes. METHODS Three cohorts of patients were studied: (1) before, during and after treatment interruption in aviraemic and viraemic patients receiving HAART (n = 15); (2) HIV-1-positive treatment-naive individuals (n = 13); and (3) HIV-1-positive individuals receiving successful HAART for a minimum of 1 year without interruption (n = 11). Flow cytometry was used to study the expression of NKG2A before and after treatment interruption and to define expanded populations of NK cells in untreated and treated HIV-1-positive individuals. Assays were performed in vitro to assess the cytotoxicity of the expanded populations. RESULTS Increases in plasma HIV-1 RNA during treatment interruption in aviraemic HAART-treated individuals did not influence the proportion of NK cells carrying the complex CD94-NKG2A. Loss of NKG2A NK cells corresponded to the dramatic expansion of a distinct population of cells expressing a functional activating CD94-NKG2C receptor with skewed expression of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor family and natural cytotoxicity receptors. CONCLUSION Changes in the NK cell repertoire during HIV-1 infection were not a result of HIV-1 viraemia alone but resembled those associated with concomitant infections.
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22
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Mueller YM, Petrovas C, Bojczuk PM, Dimitriou ID, Beer B, Silvera P, Villinger F, Cairns JS, Gracely EJ, Lewis MG, Katsikis PD. Interleukin-15 increases effector memory CD8+ t cells and NK Cells in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques. J Virol 2005; 79:4877-85. [PMID: 15795273 PMCID: PMC1069542 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.8.4877-4885.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) in vitro treatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals specifically enhances the function and survival of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells, while in vivo IL-15 treatment of mice preferentially expands memory CD8+ T cells. In this study, we investigated the in vivo effect of IL-15 treatment in 9 SIVmac251-infected cynomolgus macaques (low dose of IL-15, 10 microg/kg of body weight, n = 3; high dose of IL-15, 100 microg/kg, n = 3; control [saline], n = 3; dose administered twice weekly for 4 weeks). IL-15 treatment induced a nearly threefold increase in peripheral blood CD8+CD3- NK cells. Furthermore, CD8+ T-cell numbers increased more than twofold, mainly due to an increase in the CD45RA-CD62L- and CD45RA+CD62L- effector memory CD8+ T cells. Expression of Ki-67 in the CD8+ T cells indicated expansion of CD8+ T cells and not redistribution. IL-15 did not affect CD4+ T-cell, B-cell, and CD14+ macrophage numbers. No statistically significant differences in changes from baseline in the viral load were observed when control-, low-dose-, and high-dose-treated animals were compared. No clinical adverse effects were observed in any of the animals studied. The selective expansion of effector memory CD8+ T cells and NK cells by IL-15 further supports IL-15's possible therapeutic use in viral infections such as HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne M Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Ln., Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
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23
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24
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Couturier JP, Root-Bernstein RS. HIV may produce inhibitory microRNAs (miRNAs) that block production of CD28, CD4 and some interleukins. J Theor Biol 2005; 235:169-84. [PMID: 15862587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2004] [Revised: 10/26/2004] [Accepted: 01/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It is well-known that HIV-1 infection results in a gradual decline of the CD4+ T-lymphocytes, but the underlying mechanism of this decline is not completely understood. Research has shown that HIV-1 infection of CD4+ T cells results in decreased CD28 expression, but the mechanism of this repression is unknown. There is also substantial evidence demonstrating regulatory involvement of microRNA (miRNA) during protein expression in plants and some animals, and reports have recently been published confirming the existence of viral-encoded miRNAs. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that viral-encoded miRNA from HIV-1 may directly alter T cell, macrophage and dendritic cell activity. To investigate a potential correlation between the genomic complementarity of HIV-1 and host cell protein expression, a local alignment search was performed to assess for regions of complementarity between the HIV-1 proviral genome and the mRNA coding sequence of various proteins expressed by CD+ T cells and macrophages. Regions of complementarity with strong correlations to the currently established criteria for miRNA:target mRNA activity were found between HIV-1 and CD28, CTLA-4 and some interleukins, suggesting that HIV-1 may produce translational repression in host cells.
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25
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Jennes W, Vereecken C, Fransen K, de Roo A, Kestens L. Disturbed secretory capacity for macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta in progressive HIV infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004; 20:1087-91. [PMID: 15585099 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2004.20.1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective role of beta-chemokines in HIV infection and disease remains controversial. Contradictory findings have been reported possibly as the result of different beta-chemokine detection methods. To test this, peripheral blood lymphocytes from treatment-naive HIV patients, patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and uninfected controls were assessed for intracellular beta-chemokine levels in comparison with levels of beta-chemokine secretion in culture supernatants. HIV patients had significantly higher intracellular levels of macrophages inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta than uninfected control subjects. In contrast, MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta supernatant levels were significantly lower in HIV patients than in controls. Interestingly, both intracellular and supernatant levels of RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) were significantly increased in HIV patients. Prolonged (> 3 years) administration of HAART in HIV patients normalized the intracellular levels of MIP-1 beta and RANTES and restored the decreased supernatant levels of MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta to levels observed among controls. Significant direct correlations observed between the intracellular and the supernatant levels of beta-chemokines in controls were lost in treatment-naive (except MIP-1 beta) and HAART-treated patients (except RANTES after 3 years of HAART). These data indicate that lymphocytes of HIV patients display a disrupted capacity to secrete the beta-chemokines MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta, which may constitute a mechanism of immune dysfunction in progressive HIV infection. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the detection of beta-chemokines in HIV patients by different methods may indeed result in contradictory findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Jennes
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
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26
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Doisne JM, Urrutia A, Lacabaratz-Porret C, Goujard C, Meyer L, Chaix ML, Sinet M, Venet A. CD8+ T cells specific for EBV, cytomegalovirus, and influenza virus are activated during primary HIV infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:2410-8. [PMID: 15294954 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.4.2410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Primary viral infections, including primary HIV infection, trigger intense activation of the immune system, with marked expansion of CD38(+)CD8(+) T cells. Whether this expansion involves only viral-specific cells or includes a degree of bystander activation remains a matter of debate. We therefore examined the activation status of EBV-, CMV-, and influenza virus (FLU)-specific CD8(+) T cells during primary HIV infection, in comparison to HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells. The activation markers CD38 and HLA-DR were strongly expressed on HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells. Surprisingly, CD38 expression was also up-regulated on CD8(+) T cells specific for other viruses, albeit to a lesser extent. Activation marker expression returned to normal or near-normal values after 1 year of highly active antiretroviral therapy. HIV viral load correlated with CD38 expression on HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells but also on EBV-, CMV-, and FLU-specific CD8(+) T cells. In primary HIV infection, EBV-specific CD8(+) T cells also showed increased Ki67 expression and decreased Bcl-2 expression, compared with values observed in HIV-seronegative control subjects. These results show that bystander activation occurs during primary HIV infection, even though HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells express the highest level of activation. The role of this bystander activation in lymphocyte homeostasis and HIV pathogenesis remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Doisne
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale E0109, Immunité Antivirale Systémique et Cérébrale, Faculté de Médicine, Paris, France.
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27
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Petrovas C, Mueller YM, Dimitriou ID, Bojczuk PM, Mounzer KC, Witek J, Altman JD, Katsikis PD. HIV-specific CD8+ T cells exhibit markedly reduced levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:4444-53. [PMID: 15034060 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-specific CD8(+) T cells are highly sensitive to spontaneous and CD95/Fas-induced apoptosis, and this sensitivity may impair their ability to control HIV infection. To elucidate the mechanism behind this sensitivity, in this study we examined the levels of antiapoptotic molecules Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L) in HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells from HIV-infected individuals. Bcl-2 expression was markedly decreased in HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells compared with CMV-specific and total CD8(+) T cells from HIV-infected individuals as well as total CD8(+) T cells from healthy donors. CD8(+) T cell Bcl-2 levels inversely correlated with spontaneous and CD95/Fas-induced apoptosis of CD8(+) T cells from HIV-infected individuals. HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells also had significantly lower levels of Bcl-x(L) compared with CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells. Finally, IL-15 induces both Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L) expression in HIV-specific and total CD8(+) T cells, and this correlated with apoptosis inhibition and increased survival in both short- and long-term cultures. Our data indicate that reduced Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L) may play an important role in the increased sensitivity to apoptosis of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells and suggest a possible mechanism by which IL-15 increases their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Petrovas
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
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28
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Ahr B, Robert-Hebmann V, Devaux C, Biard-Piechaczyk M. Apoptosis of uninfected cells induced by HIV envelope glycoproteins. Retrovirology 2004; 1:12. [PMID: 15214962 PMCID: PMC446229 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-1-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2004] [Accepted: 06/23/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a key event in biologic homeostasis but is also involved in the pathogenesis of many human diseases including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Although multiple mechanisms contribute to the gradual T cell decline that occurs in HIV-infected patients, programmed cell death of uninfected bystander T lymphocytes, including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, is an important event leading to immunodeficiency. The HIV envelope glycoproteins (Env) play a crucial role in transducing this apoptotic signal after binding to its receptors, the CD4 molecule and a coreceptor, essentially CCR5 and CXCR4. Depending on Env presentation, the receptor involved and the complexity of target cell contact, apoptosis induction is related to death receptor and/or mitochondria-dependent pathways. This review summarizes current knowledge of Env-mediated cell death leading to T cell depletion and clinical complications and covers the sometimes conflicting studies that address the possible mechanisms of T cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ahr
- Laboratoire Infections Rétrovirales et Signalisation Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5121-UM1, Institut de Biologie, 4, Bd Henri IV, CS 89508, 34960 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Véronique Robert-Hebmann
- Laboratoire Infections Rétrovirales et Signalisation Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5121-UM1, Institut de Biologie, 4, Bd Henri IV, CS 89508, 34960 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Christian Devaux
- Laboratoire Infections Rétrovirales et Signalisation Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5121-UM1, Institut de Biologie, 4, Bd Henri IV, CS 89508, 34960 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Martine Biard-Piechaczyk
- Laboratoire Infections Rétrovirales et Signalisation Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5121-UM1, Institut de Biologie, 4, Bd Henri IV, CS 89508, 34960 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
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Mastroianni CM, d'Ettorre G, Forcina G, Vullo V. Teaching tired T cells to fight HIV: time to test IL-15 for immunotherapy? Trends Immunol 2004; 25:121-5. [PMID: 15036038 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2004.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio M Mastroianni
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, La Sapienza University, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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30
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d'Ettorre G, Forcina G, Andreotti M, Sarmati L, Palmisano L, Andreoni M, Vella S, Mastroianni CM, Vullo V. Interleukin-15 production by monocyte-derived dendritic cells and T cell proliferation in HIV-infected patients with discordant response to highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 135:280-5. [PMID: 14738457 PMCID: PMC1808945 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A discordant response to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) occurs when CD4 T cell counts are stable or increased over time despite persistently detectable HIV-RNA levels. In order to identify immunological factors affecting discordant treatment responses, a total of 27 HIV-infected patients were studied: (a) 10 naive patients (mean CD4+ = 101.5 cells/microl; mean HIV-RNA = 4.8 log10 copies/ml); (b) seven responder patients (mean CD4+ = 908.9 cells/microl); and (c) 10 discordant patients (mean CD4+ = 396.1 cells/microl; mean HIV-RNA = 5.4 log10 copies/ml). Five healthy blood donors were included as HIV-seronegative controls. The following parameters were evaluated: interleukin (IL)-15 production by monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC) after stimulation with lypopolysaccaride (LPS) and Candida albicans; recall and HIV-1-specific antigen lymphocyte proliferation (LP). Increased levels of IL-15 production by MDDC after stimulation with LPS and C. albicans were found both in discordant patients and responder patients. Conversely, a strong reduction of IL-15 levels was observed in naive patients. Discordant patients developed positive LP responses to C. albicans and HIV-1 p24. LP in response to C. albicans and HIV-1 p24 was also positive in responder patients. Decreased LP response was found in naive patients. In conclusion, HIV-infected patients with discordant viro-immunological responses to HAART present increased levels of IL-15 production by MDDC and enhanced recall and HIV-1-specific antigen LP responses, suggesting an improvement in indices of immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- G d'Ettorre
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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31
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Goodier MR, Imami N, Moyle G, Gazzard B, Gotch F. Loss of the CD56hiCD16- NK cell subset and NK cell interferon-gamma production during antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1: partial recovery by human growth hormone. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 134:470-6. [PMID: 14632753 PMCID: PMC1808890 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2003.02329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that human natural killer (NK) cells are lost from the periphery and are functionally suppressed during HIV-1 infection, and that the administration of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) results in a recovery of NK cell numbers in HIV-1-infected individuals. However, despite this recovery, interleukin (IL)-2 + IL-12-driven interferon (IFN)-gamma production by NK cells has been shown to remain suppressed after HAART. Here we show that the innate immune factor IL-15 in combination with IL-12 is also unable to recover NK cell IFN-gamma production in HAART-treated individuals. Furthermore, we also demonstrate an imbalance in the distribution of CD56loCD16hi and CD56hiCD16- NK subsets after successful HAART, CD56hiCD16- cells being reduced substantially in HIV-1 patients on HAART. Treatment of patients with combined human growth hormone and antiretroviral therapy resulted in further enhancement in the absolute numbers and the proportion of NK cells in some individuals in the absence of parallel effects on CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, in these individuals HAART with growth hormone resulted in an enhancement of cytokine-driven NK cell activation and IFN-gamma production compared to the HAART-only baseline.
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MESH Headings
- Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active
- CD56 Antigen/analysis
- Cells, Cultured
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Flow Cytometry
- HIV Infections/drug therapy
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV-1
- Human Growth Hormone/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-12/pharmacology
- Interleukin-15/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lymphocyte Count
- Receptors, IgG/analysis
- Statistics, Nonparametric
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Goodier
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK.
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