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Sayed J, Gamal A, Theyab A, Algahtani M, Aldaadi BB. Neonatal rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 2 caused by a novel homozygous variant in the GNPAT gene. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e7504. [PMID: 37323250 PMCID: PMC10264737 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.7504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP) is a rare disorder (~1 in 100,000 live births) of faulty plasmalogen biosynthesis and defective peroxisomal metabolism. RCDP type 2 is specifically caused by glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase (GNPAT) gene mutations and is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The disorder is characterized by skeletal abnormalities, distinctive facial features, intellectual disability, and respiratory distress. The case report describes a newborn baby with a dysmorphic facial appearance and skeletal abnormalities who was admitted to neonatal intensive care with respiratory distress. His parents were first cousins. The whole exome sequencing for this patient identified an interesting homozygous variant in the GNPAT gene [GNPAT (NM_014236.4):c.1602+1G>A (p.?), Chr1 (GRCh37):g.231408138G>A]. This case report aims to highlight the patient's clinical presentation with the variant and the whole exome sequencing, indicating the identification of a novel mutation in the GNPAT gene causing RCDP type 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Sayed
- Security Forces Hospital Makkah (SFHM)MakahSaudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Gamal
- College of MedicineAl‐Faisal UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Theyab
- College of MedicineAl‐Faisal UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
- Department of Laboratory and Blood BankSecurity Forces Hospital MakkahMakahSaudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Algahtani
- Department of Laboratory and Blood BankSecurity Forces Hospital MakkahMakahSaudi Arabia
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2
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Pradhan SS, Rao KR, Manjunath M, Saiswaroop R, Patnana DP, Phalguna KS, Choudhary B, Sivaramakrishnan V. Vitamin B 6, B 12 and folate modulate deregulated pathways and protein aggregation in yeast model of Huntington disease. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:96. [PMID: 36852176 PMCID: PMC9958225 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03525-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an incurable and progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting the basal ganglia of the brain. HD is caused due to expansion of the polyglutamine tract in the protein Huntingtin resulting in aggregates. The increased PolyQ length results in aggregation of protein Huntingtin leading to neuronal cell death. Vitamin B6, B12 and folate are deficient in many neurodegenerative diseases. We performed an integrated analysis of transcriptomic, metabolomic and cofactor-protein network of vitamin B6, B12 and folate was performed. Our results show considerable overlap of pathways modulated by Vitamin B6, B12 and folate with those obtained from transcriptomic and metabolomic data of HD patients and model systems. Further, in yeast model of HD we showed treatment of B6, B12 or folate either alone or in combination showed impaired aggregate formation. Transcriptomic analysis of yeast model treated with B6, B12 and folate showed upregulation of pathways like ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, autophagy, peroxisome, fatty acid, lipid and nitrogen metabolism. Metabolomic analysis of yeast model shows deregulation of pathways like aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, metabolism of various amino acids, nitrogen metabolism and glutathione metabolism. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of yeast model showed concordance in the pathways obtained. Knockout of Peroxisomal (PXP1 and PEX7) and Autophagy (ATG5) genes in yeast increased aggregates which is mitigated by vitamin B6, B12 and folate treatment. Taken together our results show a role for Vitamin B6, B12 and folate mediated modulation of pathways important for preventing protein aggregation with potential implications for HD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03525-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Sanwid Pradhan
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134 India
| | - K. Raksha Rao
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, Karnataka 560100 India
| | - Meghana Manjunath
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, Karnataka 560100 India
| | - R. Saiswaroop
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134 India
| | - Durga Prasad Patnana
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134 India
| | - Kanikaram Sai Phalguna
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134 India
| | - Bibha Choudhary
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, Karnataka 560100 India
| | - Venketesh Sivaramakrishnan
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134 India
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3
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Blevins MS, Shields SWJ, Cui W, Fallatah W, Moser AB, Braverman NE, Brodbelt JS. Structural Characterization and Quantitation of Ether-Linked Glycerophospholipids in Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorder Tissue by Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12621-12629. [PMID: 36070546 PMCID: PMC9631334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The biological impact of ether glycerophospholipids (GP) in peroxisomal disorders and other diseases makes them significant targets as biomarkers for diagnostic assays or deciphering pathology of the disorders. Ether lipids include both plasmanyl and plasmenyl lipids, which each contain an ether or a vinyl ether bond at the sn-1 linkage position, respectively. This linkage, in contrast to traditional diacyl GPs, precludes their detailed characterization by mass spectrometry via traditional collisional-based MS/MS techniques. Additionally, the isomeric nature of plasmanyl and plasmenyl pairs of ether lipids introduces a further level of complexity that impedes analysis of these species. Here, we utilize 213 nm ultraviolet photodissociation mass spectrometry (UVPD-MS) for detailed characterization of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) plasmenyl and plasmanyl lipids in mouse brain tissue. 213 nm UVPD-MS enables the successful differentiation of these four ether lipid subtypes for the first time. We couple this UVPD-MS methodology to reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) for characterization and relative quantitation of ether lipids from normal and diseased (Pex7 deficiency modeling the peroxisome biogenesis disorder, RCDP) mouse brain tissue, highlighting the ability to pinpoint specific structural features of ether lipids that are important for monitoring aberrant lipid metabolism in peroxisomal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly S Blevins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Samuel W J Shields
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | | | - Wedad Fallatah
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, 21423, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ann B Moser
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | | | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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4
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Uzor NE, McCullough LD, Tsvetkov AS. Peroxisomal Dysfunction in Neurological Diseases and Brain Aging. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:44. [PMID: 32210766 PMCID: PMC7075811 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes exist in most cells, where they participate in lipid metabolism, as well as scavenging the reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are produced as by-products of their metabolic functions. In certain tissues such as the liver and kidneys, peroxisomes have more specific roles, such as bile acid synthesis in the liver and steroidogenesis in the adrenal glands. In the brain, peroxisomes are critically involved in creating and maintaining the lipid content of cell membranes and the myelin sheath, highlighting their importance in the central nervous system (CNS). This review summarizes the peroxisomal lifecycle, then examines the literature that establishes a link between peroxisomal dysfunction, cellular aging, and age-related disorders that affect the CNS. This review also discusses the gap of knowledge in research on peroxisomes in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndidi-Ese Uzor
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Louise D. McCullough
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
- UTHealth Consortium on Aging, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Andrey S. Tsvetkov
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
- UTHealth Consortium on Aging, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
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5
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Abe Y, Tamura S, Honsho M, Fujiki Y. A Mouse Model System to Study Peroxisomal Roles in Neurodegeneration of Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1299:119-143. [PMID: 33417212 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60204-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fourteen PEX genes are currently identified as genes responsible for peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs). Patients with PBDs manifest as neurodegenerative symptoms such as neuronal migration defect and malformation of the cerebellum. To address molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of PBDs, mouse models for the PBDs have been generated by targeted disruption of Pex genes. Pathological phenotypes and metabolic abnormalities in Pex-knockout mice well resemble those of the patients with PBDs. The mice with tissue- or cell type-specific inactivation of Pex genes have also been established by using a Cre-loxP system. The genetically modified mice reveal that pathological phenotypes of PBDs are mediated by interorgan and intercellular communications. Despite the illustrations of detailed pathological phenotypes in the mutant mice, mechanistic insights into pathogenesis of PBDs are still underway. In this chapter, we overview the phenotypes of Pex-inactivated mice and the current understanding of the pathogenesis underlying PBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Abe
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Yukio Fujiki
- Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, Fukuoka, Japan. .,Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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6
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Subhashini P, Jaya Krishna S, Usha Rani G, Sushma Chander N, Maheshwar Reddy G, Naushad SM. Application of machine learning algorithms for the differential diagnosis of peroxisomal disorders. J Biochem 2019; 165:67-73. [PMID: 30295825 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We have established diagnostic thresholds of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) for the differential diagnosis of peroxisomal disorders using the machine learning tools. The plasma samples of 131 controls and 90 cases were tested for VLCFA using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry following stable isotope dilution. These data were used to construct association rules and for recursive partitioning. The C26/22 in healthy controls ranged between 0.008 and 0.01. The C26 levels between 1.61 and 3.34 µmol/l and C26/C22 between 0.05 and 0.10 are diagnostic of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD). Very high levels of C26 (>3.34 µmol/l) and C26/C22 ratio (>0.10) are diagnostic of Zellweger syndrome (ZS). Significant elevation of phytanic acid was observed in Refsum (t = 6.14, P < 0.0001) and Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP) (t = 16.72, P < 0.0001). The C26/C22 ratio is slightly elevated in RCDP (t = 2.58, P = 0.01) while no such elevation was observed in Refsum disease (t = 0.86, P = 0.39). The developed algorithm exhibited greater clinical utility (AUC: 0.99-1.00) in differentiating X-ALD, ZS and healthy controls. The algorithm has greater clinical utility in the differential diagnosis of peroxisomal disorders based on VLCFA pattern. Plasmalogens will add additional value in differentiating RCDP and Refsum disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pammi Subhashini
- Biochemical Genetics, Sandor Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Banjara Hills, Road No: 3, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sampangi Jaya Krishna
- Biochemical Genetics, Sandor Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Banjara Hills, Road No: 3, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ganni Usha Rani
- Biochemical Genetics, Sandor Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Banjara Hills, Road No: 3, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nooguri Sushma Chander
- Biochemical Genetics, Sandor Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Banjara Hills, Road No: 3, Hyderabad, India
| | - Gummadi Maheshwar Reddy
- Biochemical Genetics, Sandor Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Banjara Hills, Road No: 3, Hyderabad, India
| | - Shaik Mohammad Naushad
- Biochemical Genetics, Sandor Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Banjara Hills, Road No: 3, Hyderabad, India
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7
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Qian G, Fan W, Ahlemeyer B, Karnati S, Baumgart-Vogt E. Peroxisomes in Different Skeletal Cell Types during Intramembranous and Endochondral Ossification and Their Regulation during Osteoblast Differentiation by Distinct Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143439. [PMID: 26630504 PMCID: PMC4668026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ossification defects leading to craniofacial dysmorphism or rhizomelia are typical phenotypes in patients and corresponding knockout mouse models with distinct peroxisomal disorders. Despite these obvious skeletal pathologies, to date no careful analysis exists on the distribution and function of peroxisomes in skeletal tissues and their alterations during ossification. Therefore, we analyzed the peroxisomal compartment in different cell types of mouse cartilage and bone as well as in primary cultures of calvarial osteoblasts. The peroxisome number and metabolism strongly increased in chondrocytes during endochondral ossification from the reserve to the hypertrophic zone, whereas in bone, metabolically active osteoblasts contained a higher numerical abundance of this organelle than osteocytes. The high abundance of peroxisomes in these skeletal cell types is reflected by high levels of Pex11β gene expression. During culture, calvarial pre-osteoblasts differentiated into secretory osteoblasts accompanied by peroxisome proliferation and increased levels of peroxisomal genes and proteins. Since many peroxisomal genes contain a PPAR-responsive element, we analyzed the gene expression of PPARɑ/ß/ɣ in calvarial osteoblasts and MC3T3-E1 cells, revealing higher levels for PPARß than for PPARɑ and PPARɣ. Treatment with different PPAR agonists and antagonists not only changed the peroxisomal compartment and associated gene expression, but also induced complex alterations of the gene expression patterns of the other PPAR family members. Studies in M3CT3-E1 cells showed that the PPARß agonist GW0742 activated the PPRE-mediated luciferase expression and up-regulated peroxisomal gene transcription (Pex11, Pex13, Pex14, Acox1 and Cat), whereas the PPARß antagonist GSK0660 led to repression of the PPRE and a decrease of the corresponding mRNA levels. In the same way, treatment of calvarial osteoblasts with GW0742 increased in peroxisome number and related gene expression and accelerated osteoblast differentiation. Taken together, our results suggest that PPARß regulates the numerical abundance and metabolic function of peroxisomes via Pex11ß in parallel to osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Qian
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 123, 35385 Giessen, Germany
| | - Wei Fan
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 123, 35385 Giessen, Germany
| | - Barbara Ahlemeyer
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 123, 35385 Giessen, Germany
| | - Srikanth Karnati
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 123, 35385 Giessen, Germany
| | - Eveline Baumgart-Vogt
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 123, 35385 Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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8
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Malheiro AR, da Silva TF, Brites P. Plasmalogens and fatty alcohols in rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata and Sjögren-Larsson syndrome. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:111-21. [PMID: 25432520 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9795-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens are a special class of ether-phospholipids, best recognized by their vinyl-ether bond at the sn-1 position of the glycerobackbone and by the observation that their deficiency causes rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP). The complex plasmalogen biosynthetic pathway involves multiple enzymatic steps carried-out in peroxisomes and in the endoplasmic reticulum. The rate limiting step in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens resides in the formation of the fatty alcohol responsible for the formation of an intermediate with an alkyl-linked moiety. The regulation in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens also takes place at this step using a feedback mechanism to stimulate or inhibit the biosynthesis. As such, fatty alcohols play a relevant role in the formation of ether-phospholipids. These advances in our understanding of complex lipid biosynthesis brought two seemingly distinct disorders into the spotlight. Sjögren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) is caused by defects in the microsomal fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH) leading to the accumulation of fatty alcohols and fatty aldehydes. In RCDP cells, the defect in plasmalogens is thought to generate a feedback signal to increase their biosynthesis, through the activity of fatty acid reductases to produce fatty alcohols. However, the enzymatic defects in either glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase (GNPAT) or alkylglycerone phosphate synthase (AGPS) disrupt the biosynthesis and result in the accumulation of the fatty alcohols. A detailed characterization on the processes and enzymes that govern these intricate biosynthetic pathways, as well as, the metabolic characterization of defects along the pathway should increase our understanding of the causes and mechanisms behind these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Malheiro
- Lab Nerve Regeneration, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC, Porto, Portugal
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Ro M, Park J, Nam M, Bang HJ, Yang J, Choi KS, Kim SK, Chung JH, Kwack K. Association between peroxisomal biogenesis factor 7 and autism spectrum disorders in a Korean population. J Child Neurol 2012; 27:1270-5. [PMID: 22378669 DOI: 10.1177/0883073811435507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication, impaired reciprocal social interaction, and repetitive patterns of behaviors or interests. Although the cause of autism spectrum disorder remains elusive, the present study identified peroxisomal biogenesis factor 7 (PEX7) as a gene associated with autism spectrum disorder, and this association was examined in a Korean population. PEX7 encodes a cytosolic receptor for peroxisome targeting signal 2 of peroxisomal matrix enzymes that are targeted to and translocated into the peroxisome. PEX7 defects are associated with rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 1 and Refsum disease. Mutations in PEX7 are related to a variety of mild to severe clinical symptoms, including mental retardation. The analysis of 9 intronic single nucleotide polymorphisms in 214 patients with autism spectrum disorder and 258 controls revealed the association of 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms and 1 haplotype with autism spectrum disorder (P < .05).
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Affiliation(s)
- MyungJa Ro
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
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10
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da Silva TF, Sousa VF, Malheiro AR, Brites P. The importance of ether-phospholipids: a view from the perspective of mouse models. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1501-8. [PMID: 22659211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ether-phospholipids represent an important group of phospholipids characterized by an alkyl or an alkenyl bond at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone. Plasmalogens are the most abundant form of alkenyl-glycerophospholipids, and their synthesis requires functional peroxisomes. Defects in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens are the biochemical hallmark of the human peroxisomal disorder Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata (RCDP), which is characterized by defects in eye, bone and nervous tissue. The generation and characterization of mouse models with defects in plasmalogen levels have significantly advanced our understanding of the role and importance of plasmalogens as well as pathogenetic mechanisms underlying RCDP. A review of the current mouse models and the description of the combined knowledge gathered from the histopathological and biochemical studies is presented and discussed. Further characterization of the role and functions of plasmalogens will contribute to the elucidation of disease pathogenesis in peroxisomal and non-peroxisomal disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Metabolic Functions and Biogenesis of Peroxisomes in Health and Disease.
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Brites P, Ferreira AS, da Silva TF, Sousa VF, Malheiro AR, Duran M, Waterham HR, Baes M, Wanders RJA. Alkyl-glycerol rescues plasmalogen levels and pathology of ether-phospholipid deficient mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28539. [PMID: 22163031 PMCID: PMC3232224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A deficiency of plasmalogens, caused by impaired peroxisomal metabolism affects normal development and multiple organs in adulthood. Treatment options aimed at restoring plasmalogen levels may be relevant for the therapy of peroxisomal and non-peroxisomal disorders. In this study we determined the in vivo efficacy of an alkyl glycerol (AG), namely, 1-O-octadecyl-rac-glycerol, as a therapeutic agent for defects in plasmalogen synthesis. To achieve this, Pex7 knockout mice, a mouse model for Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata type 1 characterized by the absence of plasmalogens, and WT mice were fed a control diet or a diet containing 2% alkyl-glycerol. Plasmalogen levels were measured in target organs and the biochemical data were correlated with the histological analysis of affected organs. Plasmalogen levels in all peripheral tissues of Pex7 KO mice fed the AG diet for 2 months normalized to the levels of AG fed WT mice. In nervous tissues of Pex7 KO mice fed the AG-diet, plasmalogen levels were significantly increased compared to control fed KO mice. Histological analysis of target organs revealed that the AG-diet was able to stop the progression of the pathology in testis, adipose tissue and the Harderian gland. Interestingly, the latter tissues are characterized by the presence of lipid droplets which were absent or reduced in size and number when ether-phospholipids are lacking, but which can be restored with the AAG treatment. Furthermore, nerve conduction in peripheral nerves was improved. When given prior to the occurrence of major pathological changes, the AG-diet prevented or ameliorated the pathology observed in Pex7 KO mice depending on the degree of plasmalogen restoration. This study provides evidence of the beneficial effects of treating a plasmalogen deficiency with alkyl-glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Brites
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.
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12
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Kunze M, Neuberger G, Maurer-Stroh S, Ma J, Eck T, Braverman N, Schmid JA, Eisenhaber F, Berger J. Structural requirements for interaction of peroxisomal targeting signal 2 and its receptor PEX7. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:45048-62. [PMID: 22057399 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.301853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The import of a subset of peroxisomal matrix proteins is mediated by the peroxisomal targeting signal 2 (PTS2). The results of our sequence and physical property analysis of known PTS2 signals and of a mutational study of the least characterized amino acids of a canonical PTS2 motif indicate that PTS2 forms an amphipathic helix accumulating all conserved residues on one side. Three-dimensional structural modeling of the PTS2 receptor PEX7 reveals a groove with an evolutionarily conserved charge distribution complementary to PTS2 signals. Mammalian two-hybrid assays and cross-complementation of a mutation in PTS2 by a compensatory mutation in PEX7 confirm the interaction site. An unstructured linker region separates the PTS2 signal from the core protein. This additional information on PTS2 signals was used to generate a PTS2 prediction algorithm that enabled us to identify novel PTS2 signals within human proteins and to describe KChIP4 as a novel peroxisomal protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kunze
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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13
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Wood PL, Khan MA, Smith T, Ehrmantraut G, Jin W, Cui W, Braverman NE, Goodenowe DB. In vitro and in vivo plasmalogen replacement evaluations in rhizomelic chrondrodysplasia punctata and Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease using PPI-1011, an ether lipid plasmalogen precursor. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:182. [PMID: 22008564 PMCID: PMC3238230 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Childhood peroxisomal disorders and leukodystrophies are devastating diseases characterized by dysfunctional lipid metabolism. Plasmalogens (ether glycerophosphoethanolamine lipids) are decreased in these genetic disorders. The biosynthesis of plasmalogens is initiated in peroxisomes but completed in the endoplasmic reticulum. We therefore undertook a study to evaluate the ability of a 3-substituted, 1-alkyl, 2-acyl glyceryl ether lipid (PPI-1011) to replace plasmalogens in rhizomelic chrondrodysplasia punctata type 1 (RCDP1) and rhizomelic chrondrodysplasia punctata type 2 (RCDP2) lymphocytes which possess peroxisomal mutations culminating in deficient plasmalogen synthesis. We also examined plasmalogen synthesis in Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) lymphocytes which possess a proteolipid protein-1 (PLP1) missense mutation that results in abnormal PLP1 folding and it's accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the cellular site of the last steps in plasmalogen synthesis. In vivo incorporation of plasmalogen precursor into tissue plasmalogens was also evaluated in the Pex7 mouse model of plasmalogen deficiency. Results In both RCDP1 and RCDP2 lymphocytes, PPI-1011 repleted the target ethanolamine plasmalogen (PlsEtn16:0/22:6) in a concentration dependent manner. In addition, deacylation/reacylation reactions resulted in repletion of PlsEtn 16:0/20:4 in both RCDP1 and RCDP2 lymphocytes, repletion of PlsEtn 16:0/18:1 and PlsEtn 16:0/18:2 in RCDP2 lymphocytes, and partial repletion of PlsEtn 16:0/18:1 and PlsEtn 16:0/18:2 in RCDP1 lymphocytes. In the Pex7 mouse, oral dosing of labeled PPI-1011 demonstrated repletion of tissue levels of the target plasmalogen PlsEtn 16:0/22:6 with phospholipid remodeling also resulting in significant repletion of PlsEtn 16:0/20:4 and PlsEtn 16:0/18:1. Metabolic conversion of PPI-1011 to the target plasmalogen was most active in the liver. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that PPI-1011 is activated (removal of 3-substitution) and converted to PlsEtn in vitro in both RCDP1 and RCDP2 lymphocytes and in vivo in the Pex7 mouse model of RCPD1 effectively bypassing the peroxisomal dysfunction present in these disorders. While PPI-1011 was shown to replete PlsEtns 16:0/x, ether lipid precursors of PlsEtn 18:0/x and PlsEtn 18:1/x may also be needed to achieve optimal clinical benefits of plasmalogen replacement in these complex patient populations. In contrast, only limited plasmalogen replacement was observed in PMD lymphocytes suggesting that the effects of protein misfolding and accumulation in the ER negatively affect processing of plasmalogen precursors in this cellular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Wood
- Dept, of Pharmacology, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA.
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14
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Brites P, Mooyer PAW, el Mrabet L, Waterham HR, Wanders RJA. Plasmalogens participate in very-long-chain fatty acid-induced pathology. Brain 2008; 132:482-92. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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15
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Abstract
Peroxisomes are involved in the synthesis and degradation of complex fatty acids. They contain enzymes involved in the α-, β- and ω-oxidation pathways for fatty acids. Investigation of these pathways and the diseases associated with mutations in enzymes involved in the degradation of phytanic acid have led to the clarification of the pathophysiology of Refsum's disease, rhizomelic chondrodysplasia and AMACR (α-methylacyl-CoA racemase) deficiency. This has highlighted the role of an Fe(II)- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases [PhyH (phytanoyl-CoA 2-hydroxylase), also known as PAHX], thiamin-dependent lyases (phytanoyl-CoA lyase) and CYP (cytochrome P450) family 4A in fatty acid metabolism. The differential regulation and biology of these pathways is suggesting novel ways to treat the neuro-ophthalmological sequelae of Refsum's disease. More recently, the discovery that AMACR and other peroxisomal β-oxidation pathway enzymes are highly expressed in prostate and renal cell cancers has prompted active investigation into the role of these oxidation pathways and the peroxisome in the progression of obesity- and insulin resistance-related cancers.
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16
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Baes M, Van Veldhoven PP. Generalised and conditional inactivation of Pex genes in mice. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1763:1785-93. [PMID: 17007945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Revised: 08/17/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
During the past 10 years, several Pex genes have been knocked out in the mouse with the purpose to generate models to study the pathogenesis of peroxisome biogenesis disorders and/or to investigate the physiological importance of the Pex proteins. More recently, mice with selective inactivation of a Pex gene in particular cell types were created. The metabolic abnormalities in peroxisome deficient mice paralleled to a large extent those of Zellweger patients. Several but not all of the clinical and histological features reported in patients also occurred in peroxisome deficient mice as for example hypotonia, cortical and cerebellar malformations, endochondral ossification defects, hepatomegaly, liver fibrosis and ultrastructural abnormalities of mitochondria in hepatocytes. Although the molecular origins of the observed pathologies have not yet been resolved, several new insights on the importance of peroxisomes in different tissues have emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Baes
- Laboratory for Cell Metabolism, Campus Gasthuisberg Onderwijs en Navorsing II, bus 823 Herestraat 49 B-3000, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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17
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Nguyen T, Bjorkman J, Paton BC, Crane DI. Failure of microtubule-mediated peroxisome division and trafficking in disorders with reduced peroxisome abundance. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:636-45. [PMID: 16449325 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to peroxisomes in normal cells, remnant peroxisomes in cultured skin fibroblasts from a subset of the clinically severe peroxisomal disorders that includes the biogenesis disorder Zellweger syndrome and the single-enzyme defect D-bifunctional protein (D-BP) deficiency, are enlarged and significantly less abundant. We tested whether these features could be related to the known role of microtubules in peroxisome trafficking in mammalian cells. We found that remnant peroxisomes in fibroblasts from patients with PEX1-null Zellweger syndrome or D-BP deficiency exhibited clustering and loss of alignment along peripheral microtubules. Similar effects were observed for both cultured embryonic fibroblasts and brain neurons from a PEX13-null mouse with a Zellweger-syndrome-like phenotype, and a less-pronounced effect was observed for fibroblasts from an infantile Refsum patient who was homozygous for a milder PEX1 mutation. By contrast, such changes were not seen for patients with peroxisomal disorders characterized by normal peroxisome abundance and size. Stable overexpression of PEX11beta to induce peroxisome proliferation largely re-established the alignment of peroxisomal structures along peripheral microtubules in both PEX1-null and D-BP-deficient cells. In D-BP-deficient cells, peroxisome division was apparently driven to completion, as induced peroxisomal structures were similar to the spherical parental structures. By contrast, in PEX1-null cells the majority of induced peroxisomal structures were elongated and tubular. These structures were apparently blocked at the division step, despite having recruited DLP1, a protein necessary for peroxisome fission. These findings indicate that the increased size, reduced abundance, and disturbed cytoplasmic distribution of peroxisomal structures in PEX1-null and D-BP-deficient cells reflect defects at different stages in peroxisome proliferation and division, processes that require association of these structures with, and dispersal along, microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam Nguyen
- Cell Biology Group, Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
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18
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Dhaunsi GS. Molecular mechanisms of organelle biogenesis and related metabolic diseases. Med Princ Pract 2005; 14 Suppl 1:49-57. [PMID: 16103713 DOI: 10.1159/000086184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2004] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Organelle biogenesis is regulated by transcriptional networks that modulate expression of specific genes encoding organellar proteins. Structural and functional specificity of organelles requires not only the transcription of specific genes and translation of resulting mRNAs, but also the transfer of encoded polypeptides to their site of function through signaling peptides. A defect in targeting of proteins to their subcellular site of function may not necessarily prevent biogenesis of the organelle, but would definitely lead to formation of a defective organelle with respect to that specific function. Several metabolic diseases are associated with dysfunction or defects in organelle biogenesis; among these, peroxisome biogenesis disorders, mitochondrial biogenesis defects and lysosomal storage disorders are an extensively studied group of genetic diseases where biogenesis of the organelle is compromised either due to a defect in assembly of the organelle itself or impaired import of matrix proteins into the organelle. Recent advances in biochemical and molecular aspects of biogenesis of subcellular organelles have not only unraveled the mechanisms for organization of cellular networks, but have also provided new insights into the development of metabolic diseases that are caused by disruption of organelle biogenesis. This article reviews the molecular mechanisms of biogenesis of mitochondria, lysosomes and peroxisomes in relation to the metabolic diseases of genetic or nongenetic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gursev S Dhaunsi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
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19
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Ferdinandusse S, Denis S, Van Roermund CWT, Wanders RJA, Dacremont G. Identification of the peroxisomal β-oxidation enzymes involved in the degradation of long-chain dicarboxylic acids. J Lipid Res 2004; 45:1104-11. [PMID: 15060085 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m300512-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) are omega-oxidation products of monocarboxylic acids. After activation by a dicarboxylyl-CoA synthetase, the dicarboxylyl-CoA esters are shortened via beta-oxidation. Although it has been studied extensively where this beta-oxidation process takes place, the intracellular site of DCA oxidation has remained controversial. Making use of fibroblasts from patients with defined mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation defects, we show in this paper that peroxisomes, and not mitochondria, are involved in the beta-oxidation of C16DCA. Additional studies in fibroblasts from patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, straight-chain acyl-CoA oxidase (SCOX) deficiency, d-bifunctional protein (DBP) deficiency, and rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 1, together with direct enzyme measurements with human recombinant l-bifunctional protein (LBP) and DBP expressed in a fox2 deletion mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, show that the main enzymes involved in beta-oxidation of C16DCA are SCOX, both LBP and DBP, and sterol carrier protein X, possibly together with the classic 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase. This is the first indication of a specific function for LBP, which has remained elusive until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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20
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Hoang MP, Carder KR, Pandya AG, Bennett MJ. Ichthyosis and Keratotic Follicular Plugs Containing Dystrophic Calcification in Newborns. Am J Dermatopathol 2004; 26:53-8. [PMID: 14726822 DOI: 10.1097/00000372-200402000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prior to the recent characterization of the enzymatic defect and identification of the involved gene, the histopathology of X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata (Conradi-Hünermann-Happle syndrome or CDPX2) has been described under various names including calcinosis universalis, chondrodystrophia calcificans congenita, Conradi disease, and Conradi-Hünermann syndrome. We present two newborns with characteristic ichthyosiform erythroderma noted at birth. Radiographs demonstrated chondrodysplasia punctata in one patient. Although the x-ray performed at birth was negative in the other patient, sterol analyses of the keratotic scales were diagnostic for CDPX2. Skin biopsies from both patients showed thick laminated orthokeratosis and prominent keratotic follicular plugs containing dystrophic calcification. We also retrospectively examined 20 cases of various types of ichthyosis seen over a 23-year period at our institution. Intracorneal calcium deposition was not seen in any of these cases. As demonstrated by our cases and review of the literature, dystrophic calcification in the keratotic plug is a distinctive histopathologic feature of Conradi-Hünermann-Happle syndrome in newborns and is not seen in other known forms of ichthyoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai P Hoang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9073, USA.
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Gilbert
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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22
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Ballock RT, O'Keefe RJ. Physiology and pathophysiology of the growth plate. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART C, EMBRYO TODAY : REVIEWS 2003; 69:123-43. [PMID: 12955857 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.10014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Longitudinal growth of the skeleton is a result of endochondral ossification that occurs at the growth plate. Through a sequential process of cell proliferation, extracellular matrix synthesis, cellular hypertrophy, matrix mineralization, vascular invasion, and eventually apoptosis, the cartilage model is continually replaced by bone as length increases. The regulation of longitudinal growth at the growth plate occurs generally through the intimate interaction of circulating systemic hormones and locally produced peptide growth factors, the net result of which is to trigger changes in gene expression by growth plate chondrocytes. This review highlights recent advances in genetics and cell biology that are illuminating the important regulatory mechanisms governing the structure and biology of the growth plate, and provides selected examples of how studies of human mutations have yielded a wealth of new knowledge regarding the normal biology and pathophysiology of growth plate cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tracy Ballock
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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23
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van den Brink DM, Brites P, Haasjes J, Wierzbicki AS, Mitchell J, Lambert-Hamill M, de Belleroche J, Jansen GA, Waterham HR, Wanders RJA. Identification of PEX7 as the second gene involved in Refsum disease. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72:471-7. [PMID: 12522768 PMCID: PMC379239 DOI: 10.1086/346093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2002] [Accepted: 11/04/2002] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients affected with Refsum disease (RD) have elevated levels of phytanic acid due to a deficiency of the peroxisomal enzyme phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase (PhyH). In most patients with RD, disease-causing mutations in the PHYH gene have been identified, but, in a subset, no mutations could be found, indicating that the condition is genetically heterogeneous. Linkage analysis of a few patients diagnosed with RD, but without mutations in PHYH, suggested a second locus on chromosome 6q22-24. This region includes the PEX7 gene, which codes for the peroxin 7 receptor protein required for peroxisomal import of proteins containing a peroxisomal targeting signal type 2. Mutations in PEX7 normally cause rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 1, a severe peroxisomal disorder. Biochemical analyses of the patients with RD revealed defects not only in phytanic acid alpha-oxidation but also in plasmalogen synthesis and peroxisomal thiolase. Furthermore, we identified mutations in the PEX7 gene. Our data show that mutations in the PEX7 gene may result in a broad clinical spectrum ranging from severe rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata to relatively mild RD and that clinical diagnosis of conditions involving retinitis pigmentosa, ataxia, and polyneuropathy may require a full screen of peroxisomal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan M. van den Brink
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Department of Chemical Pathology, King’s College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, Refsum’s Disease Clinic, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, and Department of Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College Medical School, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London
| | - Pedro Brites
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Department of Chemical Pathology, King’s College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, Refsum’s Disease Clinic, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, and Department of Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College Medical School, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London
| | - Janet Haasjes
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Department of Chemical Pathology, King’s College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, Refsum’s Disease Clinic, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, and Department of Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College Medical School, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London
| | - Anthony S. Wierzbicki
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Department of Chemical Pathology, King’s College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, Refsum’s Disease Clinic, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, and Department of Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College Medical School, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London
| | - John Mitchell
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Department of Chemical Pathology, King’s College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, Refsum’s Disease Clinic, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, and Department of Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College Medical School, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London
| | - Michelle Lambert-Hamill
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Department of Chemical Pathology, King’s College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, Refsum’s Disease Clinic, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, and Department of Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College Medical School, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London
| | - Jacqueline de Belleroche
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Department of Chemical Pathology, King’s College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, Refsum’s Disease Clinic, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, and Department of Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College Medical School, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London
| | - Gerbert A. Jansen
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Department of Chemical Pathology, King’s College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, Refsum’s Disease Clinic, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, and Department of Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College Medical School, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London
| | - Hans R. Waterham
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Department of Chemical Pathology, King’s College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, Refsum’s Disease Clinic, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, and Department of Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College Medical School, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London
| | - Ronald J. A. Wanders
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Department of Chemical Pathology, King’s College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, Refsum’s Disease Clinic, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, and Department of Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College Medical School, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London
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24
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Van den Brink DM, Brites P, Haasjes J, Wierzbicki AS, Mitchell J, Lambert-Hamill M, de Belleroche J, Jansen GA, Waterham HR, Wanders RJA. Identification of PEX7 as the Second Gene Involved in Refsum Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 544:69-70. [PMID: 14713215 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9072-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daan M Van den Brink
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Petriv OI, Pilgrim DB, Rachubinski RA, Titorenko VI. RNA interference of peroxisome-related genes in C. elegans: a new model for human peroxisomal disorders. Physiol Genomics 2002; 10:79-91. [PMID: 12181365 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00044.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) for the posttranscriptional silencing of genes was used to evaluate the importance of various peroxisomal enzymes and peroxins for the development of Caenorhabditis elegans and to compare the roles of these proteins in the nematode to their roles in yeasts and humans. The nematode counterparts of the human ATP-binding cassette half-transporters, the enzymes alkyldihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase and Delta(3,5)-Delta (2,4)-dienoyl-CoA isomerase, the receptors for peroxisomal membrane and matrix proteins (Pex19p and Pex5p), and components of the docking and translocation machineries for matrix proteins (Pex13p and Pex12p) are essential for the development of C. elegans. Unexpectedly, RNAi silencing of the acyl-CoA synthetase-mediated activation of fatty acids, the alpha- and beta-oxidation of fatty acids, the intraperoxisomal decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, and the peroxins Pex1p, Pex2p, and Pex6p had no apparent effect on C. elegans development. The described analysis of functional gene knockouts through RNAi provides a basis for the use of C. elegans as a valuable model system with which to study the molecular and physiological defects underlying the human peroxisomal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleh I Petriv
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Canada
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26
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Ferdinandusse S, Meissner T, Wanders RJA, Mayatepek E. Identification of the peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzymes involved in the degradation of leukotrienes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 293:269-73. [PMID: 12054595 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs) are metabolically inactivated via omega-oxidation and subsequent beta-oxidation from the omega-end. This beta-oxidation process takes place in peroxisomes. In this study we investigated the role of different enzymes involved in peroxisomal beta-oxidation in the degradation of LTs. We analyzed LTB(4), LTE(4), and their oxidation products in urine of patients with Infantile Refsum's disease (IRD), d-bifunctional protein (DBP) deficiency, Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata (RCDP) type 1, and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (XALD). We found that patients with IRD and DBP deficiencies excrete increased amounts of LTB(4), LTE(4), omega-carboxy-LTB(4), and omega-carboxy-LTE(4) in their urine, whereas the beta-oxidation products were not detectable. These results show that DBP plays an essential role in the degradation of LTs. In urine of patients with XALD and RCDP type 1 we found normal levels of LTB(4), LTE(4), and their oxidation products, indicating that the adrenoleukodystrophy protein and peroxisomal 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase are not involved in the metabolic inactivation of LTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22700, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Ferdinandusse S, Denis S, Mooijer PA, Zhang Z, Reddy JK, Spector AA, Wanders RJ. Identification of the peroxisomal β-oxidation enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of docosahexaenoic acid. J Lipid Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)31527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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28
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Su HM, Moser AB, Moser HW, Watkins PA. Peroxisomal straight-chain Acyl-CoA oxidase and D-bifunctional protein are essential for the retroconversion step in docosahexaenoic acid synthesis. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:38115-20. [PMID: 11500517 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m106326200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) is essential for normal brain and retinal development. The nature and subcellular location of the terminal steps in DHA biosynthesis have been controversial. Rather than direct Delta4-desaturation of C22:5n-3, it has been proposed that this intermediate is elongated to C24:5n-3, desaturated to C24:6n-3, and "retroconverted" to DHA via peroxisomal beta-oxidation. However, this hypothesis has recently been challenged. The goal of this study was to determine the mechanism and specific enzymes required for the retroconversion step in human skin fibroblasts. Cells from patients with deficiencies of either acyl-CoA oxidase or D-bifunctional protein, the first two enzymes of the peroxisomal straight-chain fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway, exhibited impaired (5-20% of control) conversion of either [1-14C]18:3n-3 or [1-14C]22:5n-3 to DHA as did cells from peroxisome biogenesis disorder patients comprising eight distinct genotypes. In contrast, normal DHA synthesis was observed in cells from patients with rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata, Refsum disease, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, and deficiency of mitochondrial medium- or very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Acyl-CoA oxidase-deficient cells accumulated 2-5 times more radiolabeled C24:6n-3 than did controls. Our data are consistent with the retroconversion hypothesis and demonstrate that peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzymes acyl-CoA oxidase and D-bifunctional protein are essential for this process in human skin fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Su
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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Kumada S, Hayashi M, Kenmochi J, Kurosawa S, Shimozawa N, Kratz LE, Kelley RI, Taki K, Okaniwa M. Lethal form of chondrodysplasia punctata with normal plasmalogen and cholesterol biosynthesis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2001; 98:250-5. [PMID: 11169563 DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(20010122)98:3<250::aid-ajmg1087>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We present a male autopsied case of chondrodysplasia punctata with abnormal face, symmetrical proximal limb shortness, severe psychomotor developmental delay, respiratory muscle weakness, and death at the age of 2 years. Although his clinical manifestations were similar to those of rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP), biochemical studies using skin fibroblasts did not document the peroxisomal dysfunction described in RCDP. In addition, the sterol profile, for which abnormalities have recently been reported in cases of X-linked dominant form chondrodysplasia punctata (CDPX2), was normal both in the liver and in the fibroblasts. This patient may represent a new lethal form of chondrodysplasia punctata.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kumada
- Department of Pediatrics, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
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Prasad C, Cramer BC, Pushpanathan C, Crowley MC, Ives EJ. Kyphomelic dysplasia: a rare form of semilethal skeletal dysplasia. Clin Genet 2000; 58:390-5. [PMID: 11140840 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2000.580510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Kyphomelic dysplasia is a rare form of generalized skeletal dysplasia with about 15 cases described so far in the literature. We present the clinical, radiological, and pathological findings of an antenatally detected female fetus affected with this disorder. The differential diagnoses of prenatal and perinatal semilethal skeletal dysplasias and salient features of documented cases of kyphomelic dysplasia are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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