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Baoyindugurong J, Hou J, Ren Y, Li Y, Heshuote M, Hugejiletu, Ohara N, Naito Y, Tatematsu K. Lipase-catalyzed interesterification of Sunite sheep tail fat and flaxseed oil provides a fat having a unique fatty acid content and favorable physicochemical and nutritional properties. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:4443-4458. [PMID: 38873454 PMCID: PMC11167154 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.4111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to combine flaxseed oil (FO), rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA), with Sunite sheep tail fat (STF) through a lipase-catalyzed transesterification reaction, in order to produce an edible oil with a fatty acid ratio suitable for human needs. Initially, the optimal conditions for esterification were determined using the Box-Behnken design, with the measurement criterion being the content of ALA at the sn-2 position. The results indicated that the highest content of sn-2 ALA was obtained under the conditions of using 6.8 wt% Lipozyme®RMIM as the catalyst, a reaction temperature of 57°C, a reaction time of 3.3 h, and a substrate mass ratio of 5.6:4.4 for STF and FO. This led to the rapid breaking and recombining of molecular bonds, resulting in the interesterified fat (IF) with the highest content of ALA at the sn-2 position. Comparing STF and FO, IF exhibited excellent fatty acid composition and content. Furthermore, IF had a lower melting point and crystallization temperature compared to STF, and its solid fat content decreased with increasing temperature, completely melting at temperatures above 30°C. Thus, IF is a synthesized fat with excellent properties from both animal and vegetable sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin‐Hua Baoyindugurong
- College of Food Science and EngineeringInner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhotChina
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of BiomanufacturingHohhotChina
- Institute of Nutrition SciencesKagawa Nutrition UniversitySakadoSaitamaJapan
- School of Allied Health SciencesKitasato UniversitySagamiharaKanagawaJapan
| | - Jia‐Le Hou
- College of Food Science and EngineeringInner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhotChina
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of BiomanufacturingHohhotChina
| | - Ya‐Nan Ren
- College of Food Science and EngineeringInner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhotChina
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of BiomanufacturingHohhotChina
| | - Ya‐Wen Li
- College of Food Science and EngineeringInner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhotChina
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of BiomanufacturingHohhotChina
| | - Mailisi Heshuote
- Crystal Pharmatech, Inc.CranburyNew JerseyUSA
- Columbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Hugejiletu
- Inner Mongolia Hesge Green Industry Import and Export Co., LtdXilingolChina
| | - Naoki Ohara
- College of PharmacyKinjo Gakuin UniversityNagoyaAichiJapan
| | - Yukiko Naito
- School of Allied Health SciencesKitasato UniversitySagamiharaKanagawaJapan
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Beton-Mysur K, Kopec M, Brozek-Pluska B. Raman Imaging-A Valuable Tool for Tracking Fatty Acid Metabolism-Normal and Cancer Human Colon Single-Cell Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4508. [PMID: 38674093 PMCID: PMC11050638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Altered metabolism of lipids is a key factor in many diseases including cancer. Therefore, investigations into the impact of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids (FAs) on human body homeostasis are crucial for understanding the development of lifestyle diseases. In this paper, we focus on the impact of palmitic (PA), linoleic (LA), and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids on human colon normal (CCD-18 Co) and cancer (Caco-2) single cells using Raman imaging and spectroscopy. The label-free nature of Raman imaging allowed us to evaluate FAs dynamics without modifying endogenous cellular metabolism. Thanks to the ability of Raman imaging to visualize single-cell substructures, we have analyzed the changes in chemical composition of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, lipid droplets (LDs), and nucleus upon FA supplementation. Analysis of Raman band intensity ratios typical for lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (I1656/I1444, I1444/I1256, I1444/I750, I1304/I1256) proved that, using Raman mapping, we can observe the metabolic pathways of FAs in ER, which is responsible for the uptake of exogenous FAs, de novo synthesis, elongation, and desaturation of FAs, in mitochondria responsible for energy production via FA oxidation, in LDs specialized in cellular fat storage, and in the nucleus, where FAs are transported via fatty-acid-binding proteins, biomarkers of human colon cancerogenesis. Analysis for membranes showed that the uptake of FAs effectively changed the chemical composition of this organelle, and the strongest effect was noticed for LA. The spectroscopy studies have been completed using XTT tests, which showed that the addition of LA or EPA for Caco-2 cells decreases their viability with a stronger effect observed for LA and the opposite effect observed for PA. For normal cells, CCD-18 Co supplementation using LA or EPA stimulated cells for growing, while PA had the opposite impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beata Brozek-Pluska
- Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland; (K.B.-M.); (M.K.)
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Grape, Pomegranate, Olive, and Tomato By-Products Fed to Dairy Ruminants Improve Milk Fatty Acid Profile without Depressing Milk Production. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040865. [PMID: 36832939 PMCID: PMC9957115 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous increase in the cost of feeds and the need to improve the sustainability of animal production require the identification of alternative feeds, such as those derived from the agro-industrial sector, that can be effectively used for animal nutrition. Since these by-products (BP) are sources of bioactive substances, especially polyphenols, they may play an important role as a new resource for improving the nutritional value of animal-derived products, being effective in the modulation of the biohydrogenation process in the rumen, and, hence, in the composition of milk fatty acids (FA). The main objective of this work was to evaluate if the inclusion of BP in the diets of dairy ruminants, as a partial replacement of concentrates, could improve the nutritional quality of dairy products without having negative effects on animal production traits. To meet this goal, we summarized the effects of widespread agro-industrial by-products such as grape pomace or grape marc, pomegranate, olive cake, and tomato pomace on milk production, milk composition, and FA profile in dairy cows, sheep, and goats. The results evidenced that substitution of part of the ratio ingredients, mainly concentrates, in general, does not affect milk production and its main components, but at the highest tested doses, it can depress the yield within the range of 10-12%. However, the general positive effect on milk FA profile was evident by using almost all BP at different tested doses. The inclusion of these BP in the ration, from 5% up to 40% of dry matter (DM), did not depress milk yield, fat, or protein production, demonstrating positive features in terms of both economic and environmental sustainability and the reduction of human-animal competition for food. The general improvement of the nutritional quality of milk fat related to the inclusion of these BP in dairy ruminant diets is an important advantage for the commercial promotion of dairy products resulting from the recycling of agro-industrial by-products.
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Khan A, Nadeem M, Imran M, Gulzar N, Ahmad MH, Tayyab M, Rahim MA, Awuchi CG. Impact of safflower oil derived conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on fatty acids profile, lipolysis and sensory properties of cheddar cheese. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2130356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Awais Khan
- Department of Dairy Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Department of Dairy Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nabila Gulzar
- Department of Dairy Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tayyab
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abdul Rahim
- Department of Dairy Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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Shi Y, Tang L, Bai X, Du K, Wang H, Jia X, Lai S. Heat Stress Altered the Vaginal Microbiome and Metabolome in Rabbits. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:813622. [PMID: 35495670 PMCID: PMC9048824 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.813622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress can have an impact on parental gamete maturation and reproduction functions. According to current research, the microbial composition of the vaginal cavity is species specific. Pregnancy, menstruation, and genital diseases have been linked to the dynamics of vaginal ecology. In this study, we characterized the vaginal microbiota and metabolites after heat stress. At the phylum level, the rabbit’s vaginal microbial composition of rabbit showed high similarity with that of humans. In the Heat group, the relative abundance of the dominant microbiota Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria increased, while the relative abundance of Firmicutes decreased. Furthermore, heat stress significantly increased the relative abundance of W5053, Helcococcus, Thiopseudomonas, ldiomaarina, atopostipes, and facklamia, whereas the relative abundance of 12 genera significantly decreased, including Streptococcus, UCG-005, Alistipes, [Eubacterium]_xylanophilum_group, Comamonas, RB41, Fastidiosipila, Intestinimonas, Arthrobacter, Lactobacillus, Leucobacter, and Family_xlll_AD3011_group. Besides, the relative concentrations of 158 metabolites differed significantly between the Heat and Control groups. Among them, the endocrine hormone estradiol (E2) increased in the Heat group and was positively associated with a number of metabolites such as linolelaidic acid (C18:2N6T), N-acetylsphingosine, N-oleoyl glycine, trans-petroselinic acid, syringic acid, 2-(1-adamantyl)-1-morpholinoethan-1-one, 5-OxoETE, and 16-heptadecyne-1,2,4-triol. Further, the majority of the differential metabolites were enriched in steroid biosynthesis and endocrine and other factor-regulated calcium reabsorption pathways, reflecting that heat stress may affect calcium metabolism, hormone-induced signaling, and endocrine balance of vaginal ecology. These findings provide a comprehensive depiction of rabbit vaginal ecology and reveal the effects of heat stress on the vagina via the analysis of vaginal microbiome and metabolome, which may provide a new thought for low female fertility under heat stress.
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van de Worp WRPH, Schols AMWJ, Theys J, van Helvoort A, Langen RCJ. Nutritional Interventions in Cancer Cachexia: Evidence and Perspectives From Experimental Models. Front Nutr 2020; 7:601329. [PMID: 33415123 PMCID: PMC7783418 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.601329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a complex metabolic syndrome characterized by involuntary skeletal muscle loss and is associated with poor clinical outcome, decreased survival and negatively influences cancer therapy. No curative treatments are available for cancer cachexia, but nutritional intervention is recommended as a cornerstone of multimodal therapy. Optimal nutritional care is pivotal in the treatment of cancer cachexia, and the effects of nutrients may extend beyond provision of adequate energy uptake, targeting different mechanisms or metabolic pathways that are affected or deregulated by cachexia. The evidence to support this notion derived from nutritional intervention studies in experimental models of cancer cachexia is systematically discussed in this review. Moreover, experimental variables and readout parameters to determine skeletal muscle wasting and cachexia are methodologically evaluated to allow critical comparison of similar studies. Single- and multinutrient intervention studies including qualitative modulation of dietary protein, dietary fat, and supplementation with specific nutrients, such as carnitine and creatine, were reviewed for their efficacy to counteract muscle mass loss and its underlying mechanisms in experimental cancer cachexia. Numerous studies showed favorable effects on impaired protein turnover and related metabolic abnormalities of nutritional supplementation in parallel with a beneficial impact on cancer-induced muscle wasting. The combination of high quality nutrients in a multitargeted, multinutrient approach appears specifically promising, preferentially as a multimodal intervention, although more studies investigating the optimal quantity and combination of nutrients are needed. During the review process, a wide variation in timing, duration, dosing, and route of supplementation, as well as a wide variation in animal models were observed. Better standardization in dietary design, and the development of experimental models that better recapitulate the etiology of human cachexia, will further facilitate successful translation of experimentally-based multinutrient, multimodal interventions into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter R P H van de Worp
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM-School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Annemie M W J Schols
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM-School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jan Theys
- Department of Precision Medicine, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ardy van Helvoort
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM-School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ramon C J Langen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM-School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Wang DH, Wang Z, Le KP, Cortright JR, Park HG, Tobias HJ, Brenna JT. Potentially High Value Conjugated Linolenic Acids (CLnA) in Melon Seed Waste. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:10306-10312. [PMID: 31464431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated linolenic acids (CLnAs) are natural phytochemicals with known and potential bioactivities in mammals. Established CLnA sources are limited to a few common fruit seeds, notably pomegranate seeds and cherry pits, and the search for alternatives is impeded in part by cumbersome methods for reliable measurement. We investigated CLnA contents in lower value fruit seeds with a recently available facile mass spectrometry method, solvent-mediated chemical ionization, enabling and quantitative analysis. We report for the first time the detection of CLnAs in cantaloupe and honeydew seeds at levels of 2 mg CLnA/g seed kernel. Based on the combined waste stream for these muskmelons of about 1.4 billion pounds in the USA annually, we estimate that the available CLnAs amount to 37.5 tons, similar to cherry pits. Our results suggest the potentially enhanced economic value of a specific class of bioactives that may be extracted from discarded food processing waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hao Wang
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition , University of Texas at Austin , 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd , Austin , Texas 78723 , United States
| | - Zhen Wang
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition , University of Texas at Austin , 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd , Austin , Texas 78723 , United States
| | - Kim Phuong Le
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition , University of Texas at Austin , 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd , Austin , Texas 78723 , United States
| | - J Raven Cortright
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition , University of Texas at Austin , 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd , Austin , Texas 78723 , United States
| | - Hui Gyu Park
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition , University of Texas at Austin , 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd , Austin , Texas 78723 , United States
| | - Herbert J Tobias
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition , University of Texas at Austin , 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd , Austin , Texas 78723 , United States
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition , University of Texas at Austin , 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd , Austin , Texas 78723 , United States
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8
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Conjugated Linoleic Acid Effects on Cancer, Obesity, and Atherosclerosis: A Review of Pre-Clinical and Human Trials with Current Perspectives. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020370. [PMID: 30754681 PMCID: PMC6413010 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, are straining our healthcare system, necessitating the development of novel strategies for weight loss. Lifestyle modifications, such as exercise and caloric restriction, have proven effective against obesity in the short term, yet obesity persists because of the high predilection for weight regain. Therefore, alternative approaches to achieve long term sustainable weight loss are urgently needed. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a fatty acid found naturally in ruminant animal food products, has been identified as a potential anti-obesogenic agent, with substantial efficacy in mice, and modest efficacy in obese human populations. Originally described as an anti-carcinogenic fatty acid, in addition to its anti-obesogenic effects, CLA has now been shown to possess anti-atherosclerotic properties. This review summarizes the pre-clinical and human studies conducted using CLA to date, which collectively suggest that CLA has efficacy against cancer, obesity, and atherosclerosis. In addition, the potential mechanisms for the many integrative physiological effects of CLA supplementation will be discussed in detail, including an introduction to the gut microbiota as a potential mediator of CLA effects on obesity and atherosclerosis.
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Haskins CP, Henderson G, Champ CE. Meat, eggs, full-fat dairy, and nutritional boogeymen: Does the way in which animals are raised affect health differently in humans? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:2709-2719. [PMID: 29672133 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1465888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Background: Food recommendations to improve cancer prevention are generally based on epidemiologic data and remain inconsistent. These epidemiologic studies, while controversial, have generally produced results that caution against the consumption of high-fat foods, including eggs, red meat, and full-fat dairy, such as butter and cheese. Yet, limited data exist assessing the quality of individual sources of these foods and the effect each has after its consumption. This study set out to assess the impact sources of food within the same groups from animals raised differently on variables associated with health in human studies. Methods and Materials: A search was conducted through MEDLINE, Embase, and PubMed. In total, twenty-nine studies met inclusion criteria, measuring physiologic changes in humans after consuming animal products following animal diet manipulation. A meta-analysis was attempted to assess the differences between the cohorts in these studies, but was aborted due to poor study quality, vast differences in study design, and a limited number of studies. Results: Studies varied by animal, animal diet manipulation, food product, and overall design. Significant differences were present between groups eating the same food (cheese, beef, eggs, and butter) from animals raised differently, including levels of: conjugated linoleic acid, omega-3 fatty acids (alpha linoleic acid [ALA], docosahexaenoic acid [DHA], and eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA]), and inflammatory factors (triacyl glycerol [TAG], interleukin-6 [IL-6], interleukin-8 [IL-8], tumor necrosis factor [TNF], and C-reactive protein [CRP]). Lipid levels were minimally affected. Conclusions: This work highlights differences in human health markers after consumption of the same foods from animals raised differently. Overall, lipid levels remained relatively neutral, but significant changes in inflammatory and other serum markers and phospholipids were present. Future studies and dietary recommendations should consider how animals are raised, as this can produce different effects on health markers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George Henderson
- Human Potential Centre, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Colin E Champ
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , Pittsburgh , PA , United States
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Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Microbes, Immunity, and Behavior: Psychoneuroimmunology Meets the Microbiome. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:178-192. [PMID: 27319972 PMCID: PMC5143479 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is now a large volume of evidence to support the view that the immune system is a key communication pathway between the gut and brain, which plays an important role in stress-related psychopathologies and thus provides a potentially fruitful target for psychotropic intervention. The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem with a diverse range of organisms and a sophisticated genomic structure. Bacteria within the gut are estimated to weigh in excess of 1 kg in the adult human and the microbes within not only produce antimicrobial peptides, short chain fatty acids, and vitamins, but also most of the common neurotransmitters found in the human brain. That the microbial content of the gut plays a key role in immune development is now beyond doubt. Early disruption of the host-microbe interplay can have lifelong consequences, not just in terms of intestinal function but in distal organs including the brain. It is clear that the immune system and nervous system are in continuous communication in order to maintain a state of homeostasis. Significant gaps in knowledge remain about the effect of the gut microbiota in coordinating the immune-nervous systems dialogue. However, studies using germ-free animals, infective models, prebiotics, probiotics, and antibiotics have increased our understanding of the interplay. Early life stress can have a lifelong impact on the microbial content of the intestine and permanently alter immune functioning. That early life stress can also impact adult psychopathology has long been appreciated in psychiatry. The challenge now is to fully decipher the molecular mechanisms that link the gut microbiota, immune, and central nervous systems in a network of communication that impacts behavior patterns and psychopathology, to eventually translate these findings to the human situation both in health and disease. Even at this juncture, there is evidence to pinpoint key sites of communication where gut microbial interventions either with drugs or diet or perhaps fecal microbiota transplantation may positively impact mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry & Neurobehavioural Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Dietary docosahexaenoic acid reverses nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis caused by conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in mice. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Wall R, Cryan JF, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, Dinan TG, Stanton C. Bacterial neuroactive compounds produced by psychobiotics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 817:221-39. [PMID: 24997036 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We recently coined the phrase 'psychobiotics' to describe an emerging class of probiotics of relevance to psychiatry [Dinan et al., Biol Psychiatry 2013;74(10):720-726]. Such "mind-altering" probiotics may act via their ability to produce various biologically active compounds, such as peptides and mediators normally associated with mammalian neurotransmission. Several molecules with neuroactive functions such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin, catecholamines and acetylcholine have been reported to be microbially-derived, many of which have been isolated from bacteria within the human gut. Secreted neurotransmitters from bacteria in the intestinal lumen may induce epithelial cells to release molecules that in turn modulate neural signalling within the enteric nervous system and consequently signal brain function and behaviour of the host. Consequently, neurochemical containing/producing probiotic bacteria may be viewed as delivery vehicles for neuroactive compounds and as such, probiotic bacteria may possibly have the potential as a therapeutic strategy in the prevention and/or treatment of certain neurological and neurophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Wall
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
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13
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Use of near infrared spectroscopy for estimating meat chemical composition, quality traits and fatty acid content from cattle fed sunflower or flaxseed. Meat Sci 2014; 98:279-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Extruded linseed and rapeseed both influenced fatty acid composition of total lipids and their polar and neutral fractions in longissimus thoracis and semitendinosus muscles of finishing Normand cows. Meat Sci 2014; 96:99-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Prieto N, Dugan M, López-Campos Ó, Aalhus J, Uttaro B. At line prediction of PUFA and biohydrogenation intermediates in perirenal and subcutaneous fat from cattle fed sunflower or flaxseed by near infrared spectroscopy. Meat Sci 2013; 94:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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16
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Vera-Ramirez L, Ramirez-Tortosa MC, Sanchez-Rovira P, Ramirez-Tortosa CL, Granados-Principal S, Lorente JA, Quiles JL. Impact of Diet on Breast Cancer Risk: A Review of Experimental and Observational Studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 53:49-75. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.521600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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17
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Yasuda S, Igoshi K. Anticancer Effect in HL-60 Human Leukemia Cells and Other Helath-Beneficial Functions of Cheese. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ojbd.2013.33a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Barrett E, Fitzgerald P, Dinan TG, Cryan JF, Ross RP, Quigley EM, Shanahan F, Kiely B, Fitzgerald GF, O'Toole PW, Stanton C. Bifidobacterium breve with α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid alters fatty acid metabolism in the maternal separation model of irritable bowel syndrome. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48159. [PMID: 23185248 PMCID: PMC3502412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the impact of dietary supplementation with a Bifidobacterium breve strain together with linoleic acid & α-linolenic acid, for 7 weeks, on colonic sensitivity and fatty acid metabolism in rats. Maternally separated and non-maternally separated Sprague Dawley rats (n = 15) were orally gavaged with either B. breve DPC6330 (10(9) microorganisms/day) alone or in combination with 0.5% (w/w) linoleic acid & 0.5% (w/w) α-linolenic acid, daily for 7 weeks and compared with trehalose and bovine serum albumin. Tissue fatty acid composition was assessed by gas-liquid chromatography and visceral hypersensitivity was assessed by colorectal distension. Significant differences in the fatty acid profiles of the non-separated controls and maternally separated controls were observed for α-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid in the liver, oleic acid and eicosenoic acid (c11) in adipose tissue, and for palmitoleic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in serum (p<0.05). Administration of B. breve DPC6330 to MS rats significantly increased palmitoleic acid, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the liver, eicosenoic acid (c11) in adipose tissue and palmitoleic acid in the prefrontal cortex (p<0.05), whereas feeding B. breve DPC6330 to non separated rats significantly increased eicosapentaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid in serum (p<0.05) compared with the NS un-supplemented controls. Administration of B. breve DPC6330 in combination with linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid to maternally separated rats significantly increased docosapentaenoic acid in the serum (p<0.01) and α-linolenic acid in adipose tissue (p<0.001), whereas feeding B. breve DPC6330 with fatty acid supplementation to non-separated rats significantly increased liver and serum docosapentaenoic acid (p<0.05), and α-linolenic acid in adipose tissue (p<0.001). B. breve DPC6330 influenced host fatty acid metabolism. Administration of B. breve DPC6330 to maternally separated rats significantly modified the palmitoleic acid, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid contents in tissues. The effect was not observed in non-separated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin Barrett
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Patrick Fitzgerald
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G. Dinan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F. Cryan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R. Paul Ross
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Eamonn M. Quigley
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fergus Shanahan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Barry Kiely
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerald F. Fitzgerald
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul W. O'Toole
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
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Ramirez RA, Lee A, Schedin P, Russell JS, Masso-Welch PA. Alterations in mast cell frequency and relationship to angiogenesis in the rat mammary gland during windows of physiologic tissue remodeling. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:890-900. [PMID: 22431477 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mammary epithelium undergoes proliferation and regression accompanied by remodeling of the fibrocellular and vascular stroma. Mast cells are abundant in these compartments and have been implicated in remodeling during wound healing and cancer progression. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that mast cell abundance correlates with physiologic mammary tissue remodeling during estrous cycling, lactogenesis (pregnancy and lactation) and involution. RESULTS Mast cell and capillary frequency were quantified in the stroma surrounding ducts and lobules from mammary glands of rats. During estrous cycling, periductal mast cell numbers were unchanged, but lobule-associated mast cells significantly increased in the regressive phase of diestrus II. During lactogenesis, lobular stroma mast cells peaked early in pregnancy, at D2, followed by a significant decrease throughout lactation. Involution was associated with a rapid return in mast cell numbers, similar to diestrus II. Lobular vascularization peaked during the state of metestrus, when limited secretory differentiation occurs. Lobular angiogenesis peaked at D7 of pregnancy, regressed, and then returned to high levels during lactation and early involution, when secretory differentiation is high. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest mast cells are predominantly associated with regressive lobular remodeling during cycling and involution, whereas angiogenesis is predominantly associated with secretory differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Ramirez
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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20
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Yasuda S, Kuwata H, Kawamoto K, Shirakawa J, Atobe S, Hoshi Y, Yamasaki M, Nishiyama K, Tachibana H, Yamada K, Kobayashi H, Igoshi K. Effect of highly lipolyzed goat cheese on HL-60 human leukemia cells: antiproliferative activity and induction of apoptotic DNA damage. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:2248-60. [PMID: 22541454 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To establish cheese as a dairy product with health benefits, we embarked on examining the multifunctional role of cheeses, especially in the field of cancer prevention. The current study was designed to investigate whether different types of commercial goat cheeses may possess antiproliferative activity, using an HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cell line as a cancer cell model. Among 11 cheese extracts tested at 500μg/mL, 6 (Crottin de Chavignol, Pouligny Saint-Pierre, Chabichou du Poitou, Valencay, Kavli, and Sainte-Maure de Touraine) resulted in a significant decrease of cell viability, which is consistent with a decrease in viable cell number. Compared with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) value of individual cheeses in cellular proliferation assays, the Pouligny Saint-Pierre extract showed strong inhibition. Incubation of cells in the presence of Pouligny Saint-Pierre extract resulted in induction of cellular morphological changes and apoptotic DNA fragmentation as well as expression of the active form of caspase-3 protein. Based on the quantification of the ratio of free fatty acids to triglycerides in different cheese samples, a significant correlation was detected between lipolytic ripeness and IC(50) values for antiproliferative capacity tested in HL-60 cells. Collectively, these results support a potential role of highly lipolyzed goat cheeses in the prevention of leukemic cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yasuda
- Department of Bioscience, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kawayo, Minamiaso, Aso, Kumamoto, Japan.
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21
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Krishnan S, Russell J, Bodziak M, Koury S, Masso-Welch P. Direct effects of conjugated linoleic acid isomers on P815 mast cells in vitro. Immunol Invest 2012; 41:399-411. [PMID: 22268590 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2011.647187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a dietary fatty acid which causes extensive remodeling and mast cell recruitment in the mouse mammary gland. Two CLA isomers, 9,11- and 10,12-CLA, have differing effects in vivo, with only 10,12-CLA increasing mast cell number. The purpose of this project is to test the hypothesis that CLA acts directly on the mast cell. The P815 mastocytoma cell line was assayed for the effects of CLA on mast cell number, proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. Both CLA isomers decreased viable mast cell number, with no effect on membrane integrity, or cell cycle distribution. 10,12-CLA induced an increase in apoptosis, assessed by Annexin-FITC binding. Both isomers increased mast cell granularity, and secretion of MMP-9. The complex effects of CLA isomers on mast cells in the mammary gland are distinct from direct effects on mast cells in vitro, and may require interactions between multiple cell types present in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Krishnan
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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McNiven M, Duynisveld J, Turner T, Mitchell A. Ratio of n-6/n-3 in the diets of beef cattle: Effect on growth, fatty acid composition, and taste of beef. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Foote MR, Giesy SL, Bernal-Santos G, Bauman DE, Boisclair YR. t10,c12-CLA decreases adiposity in peripubertal mice without dose-related detrimental effects on mammary development, inflammation status, and metabolism. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R1521-8. [PMID: 20844263 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00445.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The trans 10, cis 12-conjugated linoleic acid (10,12-CLA) isomer reduces adiposity in several animal models. In the mouse, however, this effect is associated with adipose tissue inflammation, hyperinsulinemia and hepatic lipid accumulation. Moreover, 10,12-CLA was recently shown to promote mammary ductal hyperplasia and ErbB2/Her2-driven mammary cancer in the mouse. Reasons for detrimental effects of 10,12-CLA on the mouse mammary gland could relate to its effect on the mammary fat pad (MFP), which is essential for normal development. Accordingly, we hypothesized that mammary effects of 10,12-CLA were mediated through the MFP in a dose-dependent manner. Female FVB mice were fed 10,12-CLA at doses of 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, or 0.5% of the diet from day 24 of age, and effects on mammary development and metabolism were measured on day 49. The 0.5% dose reduced ductal elongation and caused premature alveolar budding. These effects were associated with increased expression of inflammatory markers and genes shown to alter epithelial growth (IGF binding protein-5) and alveolar budding (TNF-α and receptor of activated NF-κB ligand). The 0.5% dose also caused hyperinsulinemia and hepatic lipid accumulation. In contrast, the 0.1% 10,12-CLA dose had no adverse effects on mammary development, metabolic events, and inflammatory responses, but remained effective in decreasing adipose weights and lipogenic gene expression. These results show that a low dose of 10,12-CLA reduces adiposity in the mouse without negative effects on mammary development, inflammation, and metabolism, and suggest that previously reported detrimental effects relate to the use of excessive doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Foote
- Dept. of Animal Science, Cornell Univ., 259 Morrison Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Tian M, Kliewer KL, Asp ML, Stout MB, Belury MA. c9t11-Conjugated linoleic acid-rich oil fails to attenuate wasting in colon-26 tumor-induced late-stage cancer cachexia in male CD2F1 mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 55:268-77. [PMID: 20827675 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Cancer cachexia is characterized by muscle and adipose tissue wasting caused partly by chronic, systemic inflammation. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) are a group of fatty acids with various properties including anti-inflammatory cis9, trans11 (c9t11)-CLA and lipid-mobilizing trans10, cis12 (t10c12)-CLA. The purpose of this study was to test whether dietary supplementation of a c9t11-CLA-rich oil (6:1 c9t11:t10c12) could attenuate wasting of muscle and adipose tissue in colon-26 adenocarcinoma-induced cachexia in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Loss of body weight, muscle and adipose tissue mass caused by tumors were not rescued by supplementation with the c9t11-CLA-rich oil. In quadriceps muscle, c9t11-CLA-rich oil exacerbated tumor-induced gene expression of inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6 receptor and the E3 ligase MuRF-1 involved in muscle proteolysis. In epididymal adipose tissue, tumor-driven delipidation and atrophy was aggravated by the c9,t11-CLA-rich oil, demonstrated by further reduced adipocyte size and lower adiponectin expression. However, expression of inflammatory cytokines and macrophage markers were not altered by tumors, or CLA supplementation. CONCLUSION These data suggest that addition of c9t11-CLA-rich oil (0.6% c9t11, 0.1% t10c12) in diet did not ameliorate wasting in mice with cancer cachexia. Instead, it increased expression of inflammatory markers in the muscle and increased adipose delipidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tian
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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25
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Ke XY, Zhao BJ, Zhao X, Wang Y, Huang Y, Chen XM, Zhao BX, Zhao SS, Zhang X, Zhang Q. The therapeutic efficacy of conjugated linoleic acid - paclitaxel on glioma in the rat. Biomaterials 2010; 31:5855-64. [PMID: 20430438 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Considering the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic in brain tumor, synergistic anti-tumor activity with taxane as well as potential activity for transporting chemotherapeutic agents across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the purpose of this study was to synthesize CLA-paclitaxel (CLA-PTX) conjugate which could reach to the brain tissue and target brain tumor. The CLA was covalently linked to PTX. The conjugate was stable in PBS and rat plasma in vitro and had no microtubule assembly activity in solution and slight effect of arresting cell cycle progression at the G(2)-M phase. The in vitro cytotoxicity of conjugate was lower than that of PTX (p < 0.05). The conjugate showed higher cellular uptake efficiency on C6 glioma cells. The entire pharmacokinetic index revealed the significant enhancement of the conjugate pharmacokinetics compared with that in PTX (p < 0.01). The conjugate, unlike PTX, could distribute in brain tissue and retained higher concentrations throughout 360 h. The anti-tumor efficacy in brain tumor-bearing rats after administering conjugate was significantly higher than that after giving Taxol (p < 0.01). In conclusion, this CLA-PTX conjugate showed great potential to become a new prodrug of PTX and the methodology can be applied to other anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Yu Ke
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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26
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Andres AC, Djonov V. The mammary gland vasculature revisited. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2010; 15:319-28. [PMID: 20706777 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-010-9186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Concomitant with the extensive growth and differentiation of the mammary epithelium during pregnancy and lactation, and epithelial involution after weaning, the vasculature of the mammary gland undergoes repeated cycles of expansion and regression. Vascular expansion is effected by sprouting angiogenesis, intussusception and conceivably also vasculogenesis. The capacity of the epithelial cells to stimulate vascular growth and differentiation is dependent on the constellation of systemic and local hormones and growth factors as well as the changing demands for oxygenation and nutrient supply. This results in the release of angiogenic factors which stimulate endothelial cell growth and regulate vascular architecture. In contrast to the angiogenic phase of the mammary gland cycle, little is known about the control of vascular regression although this would possibly offer new insights into therapeutic possibilities against breast cancer. In this review we summarize knowledge regarding the mechanisms regulating the vasculature of the mammary gland and delineate the importance of the vasculature in the attainment of organ function. In addition, we discuss the angiogenic mechanisms observed during mammary carcinogenesis and their consequences for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Catherine Andres
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Tiefenaustrasse 120c, Bern, Switzerland.
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27
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Dervishi E, Serrano C, Joy M, Serrano M, Rodellar C, Calvo JH. Effect of the feeding system on the fatty acid composition, expression of the Delta9-desaturase, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha, Gamma, and Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1 genes in the semitendinous muscle of light lambs of the Rasa Aragonesa breed. BMC Vet Res 2010; 6:40. [PMID: 20649987 PMCID: PMC2917425 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-6-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) are receiving increasing attention because of their beneficial effects on human health, with milk and meat products derived from ruminants as important sources of CLA in the human diet. SCD gene is responsible for some of the variation in CLA concentration in adipose tissues, and PPARγ, PPARα and SREBP1 genes are regulator of SCD gene. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the feeding system on fatty acid composition, CLA content and relative gene expression of Δ9-desaturase (SCD), Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ), Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha, (PPARα) and Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein (SREBP1) in Rasa Aragonesa light lambs in semitendinous muscle. Forty-four single-born male lambs were used to evaluate the effect of the feeding system, varying on an intensity gradient according to the use of concentrates: 1. grazing alfalfa, 2. grazing alfalfa with a supplement for lambs, 3. indoor lambs with grazing ewes and 4. drylot. Results Both grazing systems resulted in a higher concentration of vaccenic acid (VA), CLA, CLA/VA acid ratio, and a lower oleic content, oleic acid (C18:1)/stearic acid (C18:0) ratio, PUFA n-6/n-3 ratio and SCD expression compared to other diets. In addition feeding system affected the fatty acid composition and SCD expression, possibly due to CLA concentration or the PUFA n-6/n-3 ratio. Both expression of the SCD gene and the feeding system were important factors affecting CLA concentration in the animal's semitendinous muscle. PPARγ, PPARα and SREBP1 expression seemed to be unaffected by the feeding system. Although no significant results were found, PPARγ, PPARα and SREBP1 showed similar expression pattern as SCD. Moreover, the correlation results between SCD expression and PPARγ (p < 0.01), as well as SREBP1 (p < 0.01) expression, may suggest that these genes were affecting SCD expression in a different way. Conclusions The data indicated that the feeding system is the main factor affecting the fatty acid composition and SCD gene expression, which is also affected by CLA and possibly by n-6/n-3 PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda Dervishi
- Unidad de Tecnología en Producción Animal, CITA, Zaragoza, Spain
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Aldai N, Dugan ME, Kramer JK. Can the trans-18:1 and conjugated linoleic acid profiles in retail ground beef be healthier than steak? J Food Compost Anal 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Aldai N, Dugan ME, Juárez M, Martínez A, Osoro K. Double-muscling character influences the trans-18:1 and conjugated linoleic acid profiles in concentrate-fed yearling bulls. Meat Sci 2010; 85:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Eder K, Ringseis R. Metabolism and actions of conjugated linoleic acids on atherosclerosis-related events in vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54:17-36. [PMID: 19760681 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) are biologically highly active lipid compounds that have attracted great scientific interest due to their ability to cause either inhibition of atherosclerotic plaque development or even regression of pre-established atherosclerotic plaques in mice, hamsters and rabbits. The underlying mechanisms of action, however, are only poorly understood. Since cell culture experiments are appropriate to gain insight into the mechanisms of action of a compound, the present review summarizes data from cell culture studies about the metabolism and the actions of CLAs on atherosclerosis-related events in endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), which are important cells contributing to atherosclerotic lesion development. Based on these studies, it can be concluded that CLAs exert several beneficial actions including inhibition of inflammatory and vasoactive mediator release from ECs and SMCs, which may help explain the anti-atherogenic effect of CLAs observed in vivo. The observation that significant levels of CLA metabolites, which have been reported to have significant biological activities, are well detectable in ECs and SMCs indicates that the anti-atherogenic effects observed with CLAs are presumably mediated not only by CLAs themselves but also by their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Eder
- Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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Abstract
Studies with animal models in vivo as well as with animal and human tumor cells in vitro suggest that specific fatty acids could reduce breast tumorigenesis. The most striking dietary fatty acid studies in animal models that show promise for reduction of breast cancer risk in humans are with conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) and n-3 fatty acids. Although a number of mechanisms have been proposed, the specific target of those fatty acids is not yet known. We sought to determine whether the effects of those fatty acids on terminally differentiated tumor cell seen could be due to alteration of breast cancer stem cells. The isomers, cis9, trans11-CLA and trans10, cis12-CLA, and the n-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic, reduced the proliferation of, and had increased toxicity towards, mammary tumor initiating cells. One mechanism involved in the effect of n-3 fatty acids may be due to alteration of the profile of prostaglandins. These results indicate that select fatty acids may be useful for preventing or reducing the risk of breast cancer as they may target the tumor initiating cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent L Erickson
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616-8643, USA.
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Yasuda S, Ohkura N, Suzuki K, Yamasaki M, Nishiyama K, Kobayashi H, Hoshi Y, Kadooka Y, Igoshi K. Effects of highly ripened cheeses on HL-60 human leukemia cells: Antiproliferative activity and induction of apoptotic DNA damage. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:1393-400. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Donnelly C, Olsen AM, Lewis LD, Eisenberg BL, Eastman A, Kinlaw WB. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) inhibits expression of the Spot 14 (THRSP) and fatty acid synthase genes and impairs the growth of human breast cancer and liposarcoma cells. Nutr Cancer 2009; 61:114-22. [PMID: 19116881 DOI: 10.1080/01635580802348666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Spot 14 (THRSP, S14) is a nuclear protein involved in the regulation of genes required for fatty acid synthesis in normal and malignant mammary epithelial and adipose cells. Harvatine and Bauman (1) reported that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) inhibits S14 gene expression in bovine mammary and mouse adipose tissues and reduces milk fat production in cows. We hypothesized that CLA inhibits S14 gene expression in human breast cancer and liposarcoma cells and that this will retard their growth. Exposure of T47D breast cancer cells to a mixture of CLA isomers reduced the expression of the S14 and fatty acid synthase (FAS) genes. The mixture caused a dose-related inhibition of T47D cell growth, as did pure c9, t11 and t10, c12-CLA, but not linoleic acid. Similar effects were observed in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Provision of 8 mircoM palmitate fully (CLA mix, t10, c12-CLA) or partially (c9, t11-CLA) reversed the antiproliferative effect in T47D cells. CLA likewise suppressed levels of S14 and FAS mRNAs in liposarcoma cells and caused growth inhibition that was prevented by palmitic acid. CLA did not affect the growth of nonlipogenic HeLa cells or human fibroblasts. We conclude that as in bovine mammary and mouse adipose cells, CLA suppresses S14 and FAS gene expression in human breast cancer and liposarcoma cells. Rescue from the antiproliferative effect of CLA by palmitic acid indicates that reduced tumor lipogenesis is a major mechanism for the anticancer effects of CLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Donnelly
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
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Conjugated Linoleic Acid Decreases MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cell Growth and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Receptor Levels. Lipids 2009; 44:449-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-009-3288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Li J, Fan Y, Zhang Z, Yu H, An Y, Kramer JKG, Deng Z. Evaluating the trans Fatty Acid, CLA, PUFA and Erucic Acid Diversity in Human Milk from Five Regions in China. Lipids 2009; 44:257-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-009-3282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Aldai N, Dugan MER, Kramer JKG, Mir PS, McAllister TA. Nonionophore antibiotics do not affect the trans-18:1 and conjugated linoleic acid composition in beef adipose tissue1. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:3522-32. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-0946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Wang LS, Huang YW, Liu S, Yan P, Lin YC. Conjugated linoleic acid induces apoptosis through estrogen receptor alpha in human breast tissue. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:208. [PMID: 18652667 PMCID: PMC2517598 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a naturally occurring fatty acid found in ruminant products such as milk and beef, has been shown to possess anti-cancer activities in in vivo animal models and in vitro cell culture systems. In human breast cancer, the overall duration of estrogen exposure is the most important risk factor for developing estrogen-responsive breast cancer. Accordingly, it has been suggested that estrogen exposure reduces apoptosis through the up-regulation of the anti-apoptosis protein, Bcl-2. Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein, regulates apoptosis and plays a crucial role in the development and growth regulation of normal and cancerous cells. Our research interest is to examine the effects of CLA on the induction of apoptosis in human breast tissues. Methods The localization of Bcl-2 in both normal and cancerous human breast tissues was determined by immunohistochemical staining and the Bcl-2 protein expression was tested by western blot analysis. Co-culture of epithelial cells and stromal cells was carried out in the presence or absence of CLA to evaluate apoptosis in the context of a cell-cell interaction. Results The results showed that both normal and cancerous breast tissues were positive for Bcl-2 staining, which was higher overall in mammary ducts but very low in the surrounding stromal compartment. Interestingly, by quantifying the western blot data, basal Bcl-2 protein levels were higher in normal breast epithelial cells than in cancerous epithelial cells. Furthermore, treatment with 17β-estradiol (E2) stimulated growth and up-regulated Bcl-2 expression in estrogen responsive breast epithelial cells; however, these carcinogenic effects were diminished by either CLA or 4-Hydroxytamoxifen (Tam) and were suppressed further by the combination of CLA and Tam. In both one cell type cultured and co-culture systems, CLA induced cell apoptosis in ERα transfected MDA-MB-231 cells but not in the wild type MDA-MB-231 cells. Conclusion These data, therefore, demonstrate that ERα plays important roles in CLA induced apoptosis in human breast tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Shu Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Islam MA, Kim YS, Jang WJ, Lee SM, Kim HG, Kim SY, Kim JO, Ha YL. A mixture of trans, trans conjugated linoleic acid induces apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells with reciprocal expression of Bax and Bcl-2. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:5970-5976. [PMID: 18570428 DOI: 10.1021/jf8004977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The growth inhibitory effect of a mixture of trans, trans conjugated linoleic acid isomers (t, t CLA) was investigated in a human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, with references to c9, t11 CLA, t10, c12 CLA, and linoleic acid. The t, t CLA treatment effectively induced a cytotoxic effect in a time-dependent (0-6 days) and concentration-dependent (0-40 microM) manner, as compared to the reference and control treatments. The apoptotic parameters were measured on cells treated with 40 microM t, t CLA for 4 days. The occurrence of the characteristic morphological changes and DNA fragmentation confirmed apoptosis. The t, t CLA treatment led to an increase in the level of p53 tumor suppressor protein and Bax protein, but suppressed the expression of Bcl-2 protein. In addition, cytochrome c was released from the mitochondria into the cytosol, and the activation of caspase-3 led to the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Moreover, the composition of the linoleic and arachidonic acids was decreased in cellular membranes. These findings suggest that incorporation of t, t CLA in the membrane induces a mitochondria-mediated apoptosis that can enhance the antiproliferative effect of t, t CLA in MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Islam
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21), Graduate School, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
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Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) inhibits new vessel growth in the mammalian brain. Brain Res 2008; 1213:35-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Meng X, Shoemaker SF, McGee SO, Ip MM. t10,c12-Conjugated linoleic acid stimulates mammary tumor progression in Her2/ErbB2 mice through activation of both proliferative and survival pathways. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:1013-21. [PMID: 18339686 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The t10,c12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) inhibits rat mammary carcinogenesis, metastasis from a transplantable mouse mammary tumor and angiogenesis; however, it stimulates mammary tumorigenesis in transgenic mice overexpressing ErbB2 in the mammary epithelium (ErbB2 transgenic mice). In the current study, we report that a 4-week supplementation of the diet with 0.5% trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (t10,c12-CLA) stimulated the growth of established ErbB2-overexpressing mammary tumors by 30% and increased the number of new tumors from 11% to 82%. Additionally, when t10,c12-CLA supplementation of ErbB2 transgenic mice was initiated at 21 weeks of age, a time just prior to tumor appearance, overall survival was decreased from 46.4 weeks in the control to 39.0 weeks in the CLA group, and survival after detection of a palpable tumor from 7.5 to 4.6 weeks. Short-term supplementation from 10 to 14 weeks or 21 to 25 weeks of age temporarily accelerated tumor development, but over the long term, there was no significant effect on mammary tumorigenesis. Long term as well as a short 4-week supplementation increased mammary epithelial hyperplasia and lobular development, and altered the mammary stroma; this was reversible in mice returned to the control diet. t10,c12-CLA altered proliferation and apoptosis of the mammary epithelium, although this differed depending on the length of administration and/or the age of the mice. The increased tumor development with t10,c12-CLA was associated with increased phosphorylation of the IGF-I/insulin receptor, as well as increased signaling through the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathways; however, neither phospho-ErbB2 nor ErbB2 was altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Sierra V, Aldai N, Castro P, Osoro K, Coto-Montes A, Oliván M. Prediction of the fatty acid composition of beef by near infrared transmittance spectroscopy. Meat Sci 2008; 78:248-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ou L, Wu Y, Ip C, Meng X, Hsu YC, Ip MM. Apoptosis induced by t10,c12-conjugated linoleic acid is mediated by an atypical endoplasmic reticulum stress response. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:985-94. [PMID: 18263853 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700465-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) inhibits rat mammary carcinogenesis, in part by inducing apoptosis of preneoplastic and neoplastic mammary epithelial cells. The current study focused on the mechanism by which apoptosis is induced. In TM4t mammary tumor cells, trans-10,cis-12 (t10,c12)-CLA induced proapoptotic C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) concurrent with the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Knockdown of CHOP attenuated t10,c12-CLA-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, t10,c12-CLA induced the cleavage of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident caspase-12, and a selective inhibitor of caspase-12 significantly alleviated t10,c12-CLA-induced apoptosis. Using electron microscopy, we observed that t10,c12-CLA treatment resulted in marked dilatation of the ER lumen. Together, these data suggest that t10,c12-CLA induces apoptosis through ER stress. To further explore the ER stress pathway, we examined the expression of the following upstream ER stress signature markers in response to CLA treatment: X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) mRNA (unspliced and spliced), phospho-eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 2 alpha, activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and BiP proteins. We found that t10,c12-CLA induced the expression and splicing of XBP1 mRNA as well as the phosphorylation of eIF2 alpha. In contrast, ATF4 was induced modestly, but not significantly, and BiP was not altered. In summary, our data demonstrate that apoptosis induced by t10,c12-CLA is mediated, at least in part, through an atypical ER stress response that culminates in the induction of CHOP and the cleavage of caspase-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Ou
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Yasui Y, Suzuki R, Kohno H, Miyamoto S, Beppu F, Hosokawa M, Miyashita K, Tanaka T. 9trans,11trans conjugated linoleic acid inhibits the development of azoxymethane-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci in rats. Nutr Cancer 2008; 59:82-91. [PMID: 17927506 DOI: 10.1080/01635580701419055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of 9trans,11trans (9t,11t)-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in rats. Male F344 rats were given 2 weekly subcutaneous injections of AOM (20 mg/kg bw) to induce colonic ACF. They also were fed a diet containing either 0.01%, 0.1%, or 1% 9t,11t-CLA for 4 wk starting 1 wk before the first dosing of AOM. The group that received a diet supplemented with 9t,11t-CLA had a significantly lower number of ACF/colon in comparison to the AOM alone group in a dose-dependent manner up to 0.1%. Furthermore, treatment with 9t,11t-CLA induced apoptosis and suppressed cell proliferation activity in the non-lesional crypts. The downregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and cyclin D1 and the activation of peroxisome proliferators activated receptor gamma were observed in the colonic mucosa of rats fed a diet supplemented with 9t,11t-CLA. Our findings thus provide some novel insight into the chemopreventive effect of 9t,11t-CLA against preinitiation as well as postinitiation stages of colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Yasui
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan.
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Nutrition and breast cancer among sporadic cases and gene mutation carriers: An overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 32:52-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cdp.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
We reviewed the literature regarding the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) preparations enriched in specific isomers, cis9, trans11-CLA (c9, t11-CLA) or trans10, cis12-CLA (t10, c12-CLA), on tumorigenesis in vivo and growth of tumor cell lines in vitro. We also examined the potential mechanisms by which CLA isomers may alter the incidence of cancer. We found no published reports that examined the effects of purified CLA isomers on human cancer in vivo. Incidence of rat mammary tumors induced by methylnitrosourea was decreased by c9, t11-CLA in all studies and by t10, c12-CLA in just a few that included it. Those 2 isomers decreased the incidence of forestomach tumors induced by benzo (a) pyrene in mice. Both isomers reduced breast and forestomach tumorigenesis. The c9, t11-CLA isomer did not affect the development of spontaneous tumors of the intestine or mammary gland, whereas t10, c12-CLA increased development of genetically induced mammary and intestinal tumors. In vitro, t10, c12-CLA inhibited the growth of mammary, colon, colorectal, gastric, prostate, and hepatoma cell lines. These 2 CLA isomers may regulate tumor growth through different mechanisms, because they have markedly different effects on lipid metabolism and regulation of oncogenes. In addition, c9, t11-CLA inhibited the cyclooxygenase-2 pathway and t10, c12-CLA inhibited the lipooxygenase pathway. The t10, c12-CLA isomer induced the expression of apoptotic genes, whereas c9, t11-CLA did not increase apoptosis in most of the studies that assessed it. Several minor isomers including t9, t11-CLA; c11, t13-CLA; c9, c11-CLA; and t7, c11-CLA were more effective than c9, t11-CLA or t10, c12-CLA in inhibiting cell growth in vitro. Additional studies with purified isomers are needed to establish the health benefit and risk ratios of each isomer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirvair S Kelley
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8643, USA
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Cruz-Hernandez C, Kramer JKG, Kennelly JJ, Glimm DR, Sorensen BM, Okine EK, Goonewardene LA, Weselake RJ. Evaluating the conjugated linoleic acid and trans 18:1 isomers in milk fat of dairy cows fed increasing amounts of sunflower oil and a constant level of fish oil. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:3786-801. [PMID: 17638990 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2006-698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate different levels of sun-flower oil (SFO) in dairy rations to increase vaccenic (trans-11-18:1) and rumenic acids (cis-9,trans-11-18:2) in milk fat, and assess the content and composition of other trans-octadecenoic (trans-18:1) and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) isomers. Eighty lactating Holstein cows were fed control diets for 4 wk and then placed on 4 diets for 38 d; milk fat was analyzed after 10 and 38 d. The treatments were: control, 1.5% SFO plus 0.5% fish oil (FO), 3% SFO plus 0.5% FO, and 4.5% SFO plus 0.5% FO. The forage-to-concentrate ratio was 50:50 and consisted of barley/alfalfa/hay silage and corn/barley grain concentrate. There were no differences in milk production. Supplementation of SFO/FO reduced milk fat compared with respective pretreatment periods, but milk protein and lactose levels were not affected. There was a linear decrease in all short- and medium-chain saturated fatty acids (SFA) in milk fat after 10 d (25.5, 24.1, 20.2, and 16.7%) and a corresponding linear increase in total trans-18:1 (5.2, 9.1, 14.1, and 21.3%) and total CLA (0.7, 1.9, 2.4, and 3.9%). The other FA in milk fat were not affected. Separation of trans-18:1 isomers was achieved by combination of gas chromatography (GC; 100-m highly polar capillary column) and prior separation of trans FA by silver ion-thin layer chromatography followed by GC. The CLA isomers were resolved by a combination of GC and silver ion-HPLC. The trans-11- and trans-10-18:1 isomers accounted for approximately 50% of the total trans-18:1 increase when SFO/FO diets were fed. On continued feeding to 38 d, trans-11-18:1 increased with 1.5% SFO/FO, stayed the same with 3%, and declined with 4.5% SFO/FO. Rumenic acid showed a similar pattern on continued feeding as trans-11-18:2; levels increased to 0.43, 1.5, 1.9, and 3.4% at 10 d and to 0.42, 2.15, 2.09, and 2.78% at 38 d. Rumenic acid was the major CLA isomer in all 4 diets: 66, 77, 78 and 85%. The CLA isomers trans-7,cis-9-, trans-9,cis-11-, trans-10,cis-12-, trans-11,trans-13-, and trans-9,trans-11-/trans-10,trans-12-18:2 also increased from 0.18 (control) to 0.52% (4.5% SFO/FO). Milk fat produced from 3% SFO/FO appeared most promising: trans-11-18:1 and cis-9,trans-11-18:2 increased 4.5-fold, total SFA reduced 18%, and moderate levels of trans-10-18:1 (3.2%), other trans-18:1 (6.6%) and CLA isomers (0.5%) were observed, and that composition remained unchanged to 38 d. The 4.5% SFO/FO diet produced higher levels of trans-11-18:1 and cis-9,trans-11-18:2, a 28% reduction in SFA, and similar levels of other trans-18:1 (9.2%) and CLA isomers (0.52%), but the higher levels of trans-11-18:1 and cis-9,trans-11-18:2 were not sustained. A stable milk fat quality was achieved by feeding moderate amounts of SFO (3% of DM) in the presence of 0.5% FO that had 4% vaccenic and 2% rumenic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cruz-Hernandez
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Alberta, 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G-2P5
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Bocca C, Bozzo F, Francica S, Colombatto S, Miglietta A. Involvement of PPAR gamma and E-cadherin/beta-catenin pathway in the antiproliferative effect of conjugated linoleic acid in MCF-7 cells. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:248-56. [PMID: 17354222 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a naturally occurring fatty acid, which has been shown to exert beneficial effects against breast carcinogenesis. It has been reported that CLA could modulate cellular proliferation and differentiation through the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Among different PPAR isotypes, PPAR gamma is involved in growth inhibition of transformed cells. Ligands of PPAR gamma are considered as potential anticancer drugs, so CLA was tested for its ability to induce PPAR gamma expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The effects of CLA and of a specific synthetic PPAR gamma antagonist were evaluated on cell growth as well as on parameters responsible for cell growth regulation. We demonstrated here that CLA stimulated the expression of PPAR gamma to levels up to control and caused PPAR gamma translocation into the nucleus. Furthermore, the overexpression of PPAR gamma positively correlates with the inhibition of cell proliferation and with the modulation of ERK signaling induced by CLA; in all cases the administration of the antagonist reverted CLA effects. The PPAR-signaling pathway is connected with the beta-catenin/E-cadherin pathway, thus we evaluated CLA effects on the expression and cellular distribution of these proteins, which are involved in cell adhesion and responsible for invasive behavior. The treatment with CLA determined the up-regulation and the redistribution of beta-catenin and E-cadherin and the antagonist reverted only the effect on beta-catenin. These studies indicate that CLA regulates PPAR gamma expression by selectively acting as an agonist and may influence cell-cell adhesion and invasiveness of MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bocca
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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Dugan MER, Kramer JKG, Robertson WM, Meadus WJ, Aldai N, Rolland DC. Comparing subcutaneous adipose tissue in beef and muskox with emphasis on trans 18:1 and conjugated linoleic acids. Lipids 2007; 42:509-18. [PMID: 17492324 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-007-3051-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Muskox (Ovibos moschatus) are ruminant animals native to the far north and little is known about their fatty acid composition. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (backfat) from 16 wild muskox was analyzed and compared to backfat from 16 barley fed beef cattle. Muskox backfat composition differed substantially from beef and the most striking difference was a high content of 18:0 (26.8 vs. 9.77%). This was accompanied by higher levels of most other saturated fatty acids except beef had more 16:0. Muskox backfat also had a lower level of cis-18:1 and this was related to a lower expression of steroyl-CoA desaturase mRNA. Beef backfat had a higher level of total trans-18:1 (4.25 vs. 2.67%). The most prominent trans-18:1 isomers in beef backfat were 10t-18:1 (2.13%) and 11t-18:1 (0.77%) whereas the most prominent isomers in muskox backfat were 11t-18:1 (1.41%), 13t/14t- (0.27%) and 16t-18:1 (0.23%). The total conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content was higher in beef backfat than muskox (0.67 vs. 0.50%) with 9c,11t-18:2 as the most abundant CLA isomer. The second most abundant CLA isomer in beef backfat was 7t,9c-18:2 (0.10%) whereas in muskox it was 11t13c-18:2 (0.04%). Muskox backfat had a higher content of 18:3n-3 and its elongation and desaturation products 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 and a lower n-6/n-3 ratio. Overall, the high forage diet of muskox seemed to produce a healthier fatty acid profile and highlighted the need to develop feeding strategies for intensively raising beef that will not negatively impacting fatty acid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E R Dugan
- Lacombe Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, AB, Canada, T4L 1W1.
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Russell JS, McGee SO, Ip MM, Kuhlmann D, Masso-Welch PA. Conjugated linoleic acid induces mast cell recruitment during mouse mammary gland stromal remodeling. J Nutr 2007; 137:1200-7. [PMID: 17449582 PMCID: PMC2447169 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.5.1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a dietary chemopreventive agent that induces apoptosis in the mammary adipose vascular endothelium and decreases mammary brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT). To determine onset and extent of stromal remodeling, we fed CD2F1/Cr mice diets supplemented with 1 or 2 g/100 g mixed CLA isomers for 1-7 wk. BAT loss, collagen deposition, and leukocyte recruitment occurred in the mouse mammary fat pad, coincident with an increase in parenchymal-associated mast cells in mice fed both levels of CLA. Feeding experiments with purified isomers (0.5 g/100 g diet) demonstrated that these changes were induced by trans-10, cis-12 CLA (10,12-CLA), but not by cis-9, trans-11 CLA (9,11-CLA). This stromal remodeling did not require tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, a major cytokine in mast cells, as TNF-alpha null mice demonstrated collagen deposition, increased leukocytes, and BAT loss in the mammary fat pad in response to 10,12-CLA. To test the hypothesis that mast cells recruited in response to 10,12-CLA were required for stromal remodeling, Steel mice (WBB6F1/J-kit(W)/kit(W-V)), which lack functional mast cells, were examined for their stromal response to 10,12-CLA. Both wild-type and Steel mice showed a significantly increased leukocytic adipose infiltrate, collagen deposition, and decreased adipocyte size, although BAT was maintained in Steel mice. These results demonstrate that 10,12-CLA induces an inflammatory and fibrotic phenotype in the mouse mammary gland stroma that is independent of TNF-alpha or mast cells and suggest caution in the use of 10,12-CLA for breast cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S. Russell
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Sibel Oflazoglu McGee
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Margot M. Ip
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Dietrich Kuhlmann
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Canisius College, Buffalo, NY 14208
| | - Patricia A. Masso-Welch
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Lengi AJ, Corl BA. Identification and characterization of a novel bovine stearoyl-CoA desaturase isoform with homology to human SCD5. Lipids 2007; 42:499-508. [PMID: 17468887 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-007-3056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) is an enzyme responsible for the production of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid in ruminant fats, and for the synthesis of palmitoleoyl-CoA and oleoyl-CoA. To date, only one SCD isoform has been described in ruminant species, although multiple isoforms have been found in many other mammalian species. In this paper, we describe for the first time a second SCD isoform in cattle, which appears to be an ortholog of human SCD5 rather than a homolog of bovine SCD1 or any of the described murine SCD isoforms. As described in other SCD proteins, the predicted amino acid sequence of bovine SCD5 includes four transmembrane domains and three conserved histidine motifs. The amino-terminus of the predicted protein sequence of SCD5 lacks the PEST sequences typically found in SCD1 homologs, which are thought to target proteins for rapid degradation. Similar to human SCD5, the bovine SCD5 gene is organized into five exons and four introns, and is highly expressed in the brain. In other tissues examined, mRNA expression of SCD5 was minimal. Furthermore, the expression levels of SCD5 between brain gray and white matter are not different. This is the first description of a homolog of human SCD5 in a non-primate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Lengi
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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