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Kudoyarova G, Akhiyarova G. Special Issue "Phytohormones 2022-2023". Biomolecules 2024; 14:1146. [PMID: 39334912 PMCID: PMC11430034 DOI: 10.3390/biom14091146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The hormonal system plays a decisive role in controlling plant growth and development [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzel Kudoyarova
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Octyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Guzel Akhiyarova
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Octyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia
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2
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Dobesova M, Kolackova M, Pencik O, Capal P, Chaloupsky P, Svec P, Ridoskova A, Motola M, Cicmancova V, Sopha H, Macak JM, Richtera L, Adam V, Huska D. Transcriptomic hallmarks of in vitro TiO 2 nanotubes toxicity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 256:106419. [PMID: 36807021 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, more accessible transcriptomic approaches have provided a new and deeper understanding of environmental toxicity. The present study focuses on the transcriptomic profiles of green microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii exposed to new industrially promising material, TiO2 nanotubes (NTs), as an example of a widely used one-dimensional nanomaterial. The first algal in vitro assay included 2.5 and 7.5 mg/L TiO2 NTs, resulting in a dose-dependent negative effect on biological endpoints. At a working concentration of 7.5 mg/L, RNA-sequencing showed a mainly negative effect on the cells. In summary, the results indicated metabolic disruption, such as ATP loss, damage to mitochondria and chloroplasts, loss of solutes due to permeated membranes, and cell wall damage. Moreover, apoptosis-induced transcripts were detected. Interestingly, reactivation of transposons was observed. In signalling and transcription pathways, including chromatin remodelling and locking, the annotated genes were downregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Dobesova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Kolackova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Pencik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Capal
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Slechtitelu 241/27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Chaloupsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Svec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 656/123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Ridoskova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Motola
- Center of Materials and Nanotechnologies, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nam. Cs. Legii 565, 530 02 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Cicmancova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 656/123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Center of Materials and Nanotechnologies, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nam. Cs. Legii 565, 530 02 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Hanna Sopha
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 656/123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Center of Materials and Nanotechnologies, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nam. Cs. Legii 565, 530 02 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan M Macak
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 656/123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Center of Materials and Nanotechnologies, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nam. Cs. Legii 565, 530 02 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Richtera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 656/123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Huska
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Gong P, Kang J, Sadeghnezhad E, Bao R, Ge M, Zhuge Y, Shangguan L, Fang J. Transcriptional Profiling of Resistant and Susceptible Cultivars of Grapevine ( Vitis L.) Reveals Hypersensitive Responses to Plasmopara viticola. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:846504. [PMID: 35572700 PMCID: PMC9097084 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.846504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine downy mildew is the most serious disease of grapevine cultivars that affects the rate of resistance/susceptibility to Plasmopara viticola. In this study, we used the susceptible cultivar "Zitian Seedless" and the resistant cultivar "Kober 5BB" as materials to determine the transcriptome differences and phenotypes of the leaves after inoculation with downy mildew. The differences in microstructures and molecular levels were compared and analyzed. Fluorescence staining and microscopic observations confirmed that hypersensitive cell death occurred around the stomata in "Kober 5BB" infected by downy mildew zoospores. Meanwhile, transcriptomic profiling indicated that there were 11,713 and 6,997 gene expression differences between the resistant and susceptible cultivars at 72 h after inoculation when compared to control (0 h), respectively. The differentially expressed genes of the two cultivars are significantly enriched in different pathways, including response to plant-pathogen interaction, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid, and flavonoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, the results of functional enrichment analysis showed that H2O2 metabolism, cell death, reactive oxygen response, and carbohydrate metabolism are also involved in the defense response of "Kober 5BB," wherein a total of 322 key genes have been identified. The protein interaction network showed that metacaspases (MCAs), vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs), and Papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) play an important role in the execution of hypersensitive responses (HR). In conclusion, we demonstrated that HR cell death is the key strategy in the process of grape defense against downy mildew, which may be mediated or activated by Caspase-like proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijie Gong
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Kang
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ehsan Sadeghnezhad
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruoxuan Bao
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengqing Ge
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaxian Zhuge
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingfei Shangguan
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinggui Fang
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Zakharova EV, Timofeeva GV, Fateev AD, Kovaleva LV. Caspase-like proteases and the phytohormone cytokinin as determinants of S-RNAse-based self-incompatibility-induced PCD in Petunia hybrida L. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:573-586. [PMID: 33230626 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01587-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
S-RNAse-based self-incompatibility (SI) in petunia (Petunia hybrida L.) is a self-/non-self-recognition system underlying the pistil rejection of self-pollen. Using different methods, including a TUNEL assay, we have recently shown that programmed cell death (PCD) is a factor of the SI in petunia. Here, we show that the growth of self-incompatible pollen tubes in the style tissues during 4 h after pollination is accompanied by five-sixfold increase in a caspase-like protease (CLP) activity. Exogenous cytokinin (CK) inhibits the pollen tube growth and stimulates the CLP activity in compatible pollen tubes. The actin depolymerization with latrunculin B induces a sharp drop in the CLP activity in self-incompatible pollen tubes and its increase in compatible pollen tubes. Altogether, our results suggest that a CLP is involved in the SI-induced PCD and that CK is a putative activator of the CLP. We assume that CK provokes acidification of the cytosol and thus promotes the activation of a CLP. Thus, our results suggest that CK and CLP are involved in the S-RNAse-based SI-induced PCD in petunia. Potential relations between these components in PCD signaling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Galina V Timofeeva
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Arseny D Fateev
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lidia V Kovaleva
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Boucelha L, Abrous-Belbachir O, Djebbar R. Is protein carbonylation a biomarker of seed priming and ageing? FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:611-623. [PMID: 33617758 DOI: 10.1071/fp21001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For a long time, it has been known that seed priming allows the improvement of plant production and tolerance to abiotic stresses. However, a negative effect on the longevity of the seeds thus primed was observed; these mechanisms are still poorly understood. In addition, it has been shown by several authors that seed ageing is associated with the oxidation and particularly with carbonylation of protein. Our work consisted in studying the AOPP and carbonyl protein at the different parts of the embryo from freshly primed seeds and from those that have been primed for 4 years (after storage). We subjected Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. seeds to a single or double hydropriming. Our study showed that hydropriming, and more particularly a double cycle of hydration-dehydration, makes it possible to attenuate the oxidation of the protein while it favours a certain threshold of carbonylation in the freshly dehydrated seeds in order to better trigger the germination process. On the other hand, after a storage period of 4 years, these dehydrated seeds are characterised by a strong accumulation of the products of oxidation and especially carbonylated protein, compared with the untreated seeds, which could explain the decrease of the longevity of these seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilya Boucelha
- University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, BP 32 El Alia, 16111 Bab Ezzouar Algiers (Algeria)
| | - Ouzna Abrous-Belbachir
- University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, BP 32 El Alia, 16111 Bab Ezzouar Algiers (Algeria)
| | - Réda Djebbar
- University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, BP 32 El Alia, 16111 Bab Ezzouar Algiers (Algeria); and Corresponding author.
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6
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Ambastha V, Sopory SK, Tripathy BC, Tiwari BS. Salt induced programmed cell death in rice: evidence from chloroplast proteome signature. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 48:8-27. [PMID: 32702286 DOI: 10.1071/fp19356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity, depending on its intensity, drives a challenged plant either to death, or survival with compromised productivity. On exposure to moderate salinity, plants can often survive by sacrificing some of their cells 'in target' following a route called programmed cell death (PCD). In animals, PCD has been well characterised, and involvement of mitochondria in the execution of PCD events has been unequivocally proven. In plants, mechanistic details of the process are still in grey area. Previously, we have shown that in green tissues of rice, for salt induced PCD to occur, the presence of active chloroplasts and light are equally important. In the present work, we have characterised the chloroplast proteome in rice seedlings at 12 and 24 h after salt exposure and before the time point where the signature of PCD was observed. We identified almost 100 proteins from chloroplasts, which were divided in to 11 categories based on the biological functions in which they were involved. Our results concerning the differential expression of chloroplastic proteins revealed involvement of some novel candidates. Moreover, we observed maximum phosphorylation pattern of chloroplastic proteins at an early time point (12 h) of salt exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Ambastha
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sudhir K Sopory
- Plant Molecular Biology, International Centre of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Baishnab C Tripathy
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; and Corresponding author. ; ;
| | - Budhi Sagar Tiwari
- Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujrat 482007, India; and Corresponding author. ; ;
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7
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Wang R, Liu C, Li Q, Chen Z, Sun S, Wang X. Spatiotemporal Resolved Leaf Angle Establishment Improves Rice Grain Yield via Controlling Population Density. iScience 2020; 23:101489. [PMID: 32898833 PMCID: PMC7486458 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf angle is mainly determined by the lamina joint (LJ) and contributes to ideal crop architecture for high yield. Here, we dissected five successive stages with distinct cytological features of LJs spanning organogenesis to leaf angle formation and obtained the underlying stage-specific mRNAs and small RNAs, which well explained the cytological dynamics during LJ organogenesis and leaf angle plasticity. Combining the gene coexpression correlation with high-throughput promoter analysis, we identified a set of transcription factors (TFs) determining the stage- and/or cytological structure-specific profiles. The functional studies of these TFs demonstrated that cytological dynamics determined leaf angle and that the knockout rice of these TFs with erect leaves significantly enhanced yield by maintaining the proper tiller number under dense planting. This work revealed the high-resolution mechanisms of how the cytological dynamics of LJ determined leaf erectness and served as a valuable resource to remodel rice architecture for high yield by controlling population density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongna Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Chang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Qinzhong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhina Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shiyong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Xuelu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
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Goto F, Enomoto Y, Shoji K, Shimada H, Yoshihara T. Copper treatment of peach leaves causes lesion formation similar to the biotic stress response. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2019; 36:135-142. [PMID: 31768115 PMCID: PMC6854336 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.19.0531b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) leaves are sensitive to copper (Cu) exposure. The symptoms of Cu exposure are similar to those of bacterial spot disease; however, the mechanism underlying lesion formation caused by Cu exposure is not clear. Here, we investigated whether lesion formation caused by Cu exposure was related to the mechanism underlying plant resistance to microbial pathogens. When Cu was applied to the centre of a pinhole on peach leaves, a two-step process was observed. A pale green section in the shape of a doughnut, located far from a Cu treatment point, first appeared on a leaf treated with 2 mM CuSO4. Next, a yellow-white section gradually spread from the Cu treatment point to the pale green section. Finally, a gap was formed in the middle of the pale green section. The inner part of the pale green section contained 96% of the Cu applied, indicating that Cu is retained in the lesion area. Real-time PCR analysis of the expression of genes encoding pathogenesis-related proteins and enzymes involved in phytoalexin synthesis revealed that three genes (encoding chitinase, pathogenesis-related protein 4, and β-1,3-glucanase-3) of the eight tested were upregulated by Cu treatment. Furthermore, treatment with caspase-1 inhibitors reduced lesion formation. These results show that Cu treatment of peach leaves causes cell death similar to that occurring during the biotic stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiyuki Goto
- Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko-shi, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Yusuke Enomoto
- Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko-shi, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijyuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shoji
- Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko-shi, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimada
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijyuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Yoshihara
- Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko-shi, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
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Wang W, Xiong H, Lin R, Zhao N, Zhao P, Sun MX. A VPE-like protease NtTPE8 exclusively expresses in the integumentary tapetum and is involved in seed development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:598-610. [PMID: 30589207 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is an essential process for development, and shows conserved cytological features in both plants and animals. Caspases are well-known critical components of the PCD machinery in animals. However, currently few typical counterparts have been identified in plants and only several caspase-like proteases are known to be involved in plant PCD, indicating the existence of great challenge for confirming new caspase-like proteases and elucidating the mechanisms regulating plant PCD. Here, we report a novel cysteine protease, NtTPE8, which was extracted from tobacco seeds and confirmed as a new caspase-like protease. Recombinant NtTPE8 exhibited legumain and caspase-like proteolytic activities, both of which could be inhibited by the pan-caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD-FMK). Notably, NtTPE8 possessed several caspase activities and the capacity to cleave the cathepsin H substrate FVR, indicating a unique character of NtTPE8. NtTPE8 was exclusively expressed in the integumentary tapetum and thus, is the first specific molecular marker reported to date for this cell type. Down-regulation of NtTPE8 caused seed abortion, via disturbing early embryogenesis, indicating its critical role in embryogenesis and seed development. In conclusion, we identified a novel caspase-like cysteine protease, NtTPE8, exclusively expressed in the integumentary tapetum that is involved in seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hanxian Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Rongxin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Nantian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Meng-Xiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Hatsugai N, Hara-Nishimura I. Measurement of the Caspase-1-Like Activity of Vacuolar Processing Enzyme in Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1743:163-171. [PMID: 29332295 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7668-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Caspase-like activities are essential to regulate programed cell death in plants. Although no caspase orthologous enzymes with aspartic acid specificity have been identified in plants, vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) exhibits a caspase-1-like activity. In this chapter, we introduce two methods for the measurement of the caspase-1-like/VPE activity. These methods are based on the cleavage of caspase-1 specific synthetic substrates and on monitoring the active forms of VPE using a biotinylated-inhibitor blot analysis. Both methods are also adaptable to other plant caspase-like activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Hatsugai
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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Kobylińska A, Reiter RJ, Posmyk MM. Melatonin Protects Cultured Tobacco Cells against Lead-Induced Cell Death via Inhibition of Cytochrome c Translocation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1560. [PMID: 28959267 PMCID: PMC5603737 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin was discovered in plants more than two decades ago and, especially in the last decade, it has captured the interests of plant biologists. Beyond its possible participation in photoperiod processes and its role as a direct free radical scavenger as well as an indirect antioxidant, melatonin is also involved in plant defense strategies/reactions. However, the mechanisms that this indoleamine activates to improve plant stress tolerance still require identification and clarification. In the present report, the ability of exogenous melatonin to protect Nicotiana tabacum L. line Bright Yellow 2 (BY-2) suspension cells against the toxic exposure to lead was examined. Studies related to cell proliferation and viability, DNA fragmentation, possible translocation of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol, cell morphology after fluorescence staining and also the in situ accumulation of superoxide radicals measured via the nitro blue tetrazolium reducing test, were conducted. This work establishes a novel finding by correcting the inhibition of release of mitochondrial ctytocrome c in to the cytoplasm with the high accumulation of superoxide radicals. The results show that pretreatment with 200 nm of melatonin protected tobacco cells from DNA damage caused by lead. Melatonin, as an efficacious antioxidant, limited superoxide radical accumulation as well as cytochrome c release thereby, it likely prevents the activation of the cascade of processes leading to cell death. Fluorescence staining with acridine orange and ethidium bromide documented that lead-stressed cells additionally treated with melatonin displayed intact nuclei. The results revealed that melatonin at proper dosage could significantly increase BY-2 cell proliferation and protected them against death. It was proved that melatonin could function as an effective priming agent to promote survival of tobacco cells under harmful lead-induced stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kobylińska
- Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of LodzLodz, Poland
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San AntonioTX, United States
| | - Malgorzata M. Posmyk
- Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of LodzLodz, Poland
- *Correspondence: Malgorzata M. Posmyk,
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12
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Hao Y, Wang X, Wang K, Li H, Duan X, Tang C, Kang Z. TaMCA1, a regulator of cell death, is important for the interaction between wheat and Puccinia striiformis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26946. [PMID: 27230563 PMCID: PMC4882554 DOI: 10.1038/srep26946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Metacaspase orthologs are conserved in fungi, protozoa and plants, however, their roles in plant disease resistance are largely unknown. In this study, we identified a Triticum aestivum metacaspase gene, TaMCA1, with three copies located on chromosomes 1A, 1B and 1D. The TaMCA1 protein contained typical structural features of type I metacaspases domains, including an N-terminal pro-domain. Transient expression analyses indicated that TaMCA1 was localized in cytosol and mitochondria. TaMCA1 exhibited no caspase-1 activity in vitro, but was able to inhibit cell death in tobacco and wheat leaves induced by the mouse Bax gene. In addition, the expression level of TaMCA1 was up-regulated following challenge with the Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). Knockdown of TaMCA1 via virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) enhanced plant disease resistance to Pst, and the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Further study showed that TaMCA1 decreased yeast cell resistance similar to the function of yeast metacaspase, and there was no interaction between TaMCA1 and TaLSD1. Based on these combined results, we speculate that TaMCA1, a regulator of cell death, is important during the compatible interaction of wheat and Pst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Kang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Huayi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chunlei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Jeevan Kumar SP, Rajendra Prasad S, Banerjee R, Thammineni C. Seed birth to death: dual functions of reactive oxygen species in seed physiology. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 116:663-8. [PMID: 26271119 PMCID: PMC4578000 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are considered to be detrimental to seed viability. However, recent studies have demonstrated that ROS have key roles in seed germination particularly in the release of seed dormancy and embryogenesis, as well as in protection from pathogens. SCOPE This review considers the functions of ROS in seed physiology. ROS are present in all cells and at all phases of the seed life cycle. ROS accumulation is important in breaking seed dormancy, and stimulating seed germination and protection from pathogens. However, excessive ROS accumulation can be detrimental. Therefore, knowledge of the mechanisms by which ROS influence seed physiology will provide insights that may not only allow the development of seed quality markers but also help us understand how dormancy can be broken in several recalcitrant species. CONCLUSIONS Reactive oxygen species have a dual role in seed physiology. Understanding the relative importance of beneficial and detrimental effects of ROS provides great scope for the improvement and maintenance of seed vigour and quality, factors that may ultimately increase crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Jeevan Kumar
- ICAR-Directorate of Seed Research, Maunath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh 275103, India
| | - S Rajendra Prasad
- ICAR-Directorate of Seed Research, Maunath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh 275103, India,
| | - Rintu Banerjee
- Microbial and Downstream Processing Laboratory, Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721 302, India
| | - Chakradhar Thammineni
- Research Program-Dry Land Cereals, International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502324, India and
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14
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Liu J, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Wei J. Hydrogen peroxide promotes programmed cell death and salicylic acid accumulation during the induced production of sesquiterpenes in cultured cell suspensions of Aquilaria sinensis. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2015; 42:337-346. [PMID: 32480678 DOI: 10.1071/fp14189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg produces a highly valuable agarwood characterised by a diverse array of sesquiterpenes and chromone derivatives that can protect wounded trees against potential herbivores and pathogens. A defensive reaction on the part of the plant has been proposed as the key reason for agarwood formation, but the issue of whether programmed cell death (PCD), an important process of plant immune responding, is involved in agarwood formation, still needs to be clarified. In this study, treatment of cultured cell suspensions with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced the production of sesquiterpenes due to endogenous accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and elevations in the expression of sesquiterpene biosynthetic genes. Moreover, PCD was stimulated by H2O2 in cultured cell suspensions of A. sinensis due to the induction of caspase activity, upregulated expression of metacaspases and cytochrome c, and SA accumulation. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that H2O2 stimulates PCD, SA accumulation and sesquiterpene production in cultured cell suspensions of A. sinensis. Furthermore, results from this study provide a valuable insight into investigations of the potential interactions between sesquiterpene synthesis and PCD during agarwood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanhong Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
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15
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Hatsugai N, Yamada K, Goto-Yamada S, Hara-Nishimura I. Vacuolar processing enzyme in plant programmed cell death. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:234. [PMID: 25914711 PMCID: PMC4390986 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) is a cysteine proteinase originally identified as the proteinase responsible for the maturation and activation of vacuolar proteins in plants, and it is known to be an ortholog of animal asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP/VPE/legumain). VPE has been shown to exhibit enzymatic properties similar to that of caspase 1, which is a cysteine protease that mediates the programmed cell death (PCD) pathway in animals. Although there is limited sequence identity between VPE and caspase 1, their predicted three-dimensional structures revealed that the essential amino-acid residues for these enzymes form similar pockets for the substrate peptide YVAD. In contrast to the cytosolic localization of caspases, VPE is localized in vacuoles. VPE provokes vacuolar rupture, initiating the proteolytic cascade leading to PCD in the plant immune response. It has become apparent that the VPE-dependent PCD pathway is involved not only in the immune response, but also in the responses to a variety of stress inducers and in the development of various tissues. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the contribution of VPE to plant PCD and its role in vacuole-mediated cell death, and it also compares VPE with the animal cell death executor caspase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Hatsugai
- Department of Plant Biology, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of MinnesotaSt. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Kenji Yamada
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | - Shino Goto-Yamada
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ikuko Hara-Nishimura, Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kita-Shirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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16
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Percey WJ, Shabala L, Breadmore MC, Guijt RM, Bose J, Shabala S. Ion transport in broad bean leaf mesophyll under saline conditions. PLANTA 2014; 240:729-743. [PMID: 25048444 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress reduces the ability of mesophyll tissue to respond to light. Potassium outward rectifying channels are responsible for 84 % of Na (+) induced potassium efflux from mesophyll cells. Modulation in ion transport of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) mesophyll to light under increased apoplastic salinity stress was investigated using vibrating ion-selective microelectrodes (the MIFE technique). Increased apoplastic Na(+) significantly affected mesophyll cells ability to respond to light by modulating ion transport across their membranes. Elevated apoplastic Na(+) also induced a significant K(+) efflux from mesophyll tissue. This efflux was mediated predominately by potassium outward rectifying channels (84 %) and the remainder of the efflux was through non-selective cation channels. NaCl treatment resulted in a reduction in photosystem II efficiency in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In particular, reductions in Fv'/Fm' were linked to K(+) homeostasis in the mesophyll tissue. Increased apoplastic Na(+) concentrations induced vanadate-sensitive net H(+) efflux, presumably mediated by the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase. It is concluded that the observed pump's activation is essential for the maintenance of membrane potential and ion homeostasis in the cytoplasm of mesophyll under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Percey
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
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17
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Iakimova E, Atanassov A, Woltering E. Chemical- and Pathogen-Induced Programmed Cell Death in Plants. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2005.10817292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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18
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Hierl G, Höwing T, Isono E, Lottspeich F, Gietl C. Ex vivo processing for maturation of Arabidopsis KDEL-tailed cysteine endopeptidase 2 (AtCEP2) pro-enzyme and its storage in endoplasmic reticulum derived organelles. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 84:605-20. [PMID: 24287716 PMCID: PMC3950626 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ricinosomes are specialized ER-derived organelles that store the inactive pro-forms of KDEL-tailed cysteine endopeptidases (KDEL-CysEP) associated with programmed cell death (PCD). The Arabidopsis genome encodes three KDEL-CysEP (AtCEP1, AtCEP2, and AtCEP3) that are differentially expressed in vegetative and generative tissues undergoing PCD. These Arabidopsis proteases have not been characterized at a biochemical level, nor have they been localized intracellularly. In this study, we characterized AtCEP2. A 3xHA-mCherry-AtCEP2 gene fusion including pro-peptide and KDEL targeting sequences expressed under control of the endogenous promoter enabled us to isolate AtCEP2 "ex vivo". The purified protein was shown to be activated in a pH-dependent manner. After activation, however, protease activity was pH-independent. Analysis of substrate specificity showed that AtCEP2 accepts proline near the cleavage site, which is a rare feature specific for KDEL-CysEPs. mCherry-AtCEP2 was detected in the epidermal layers of leaves, hypocotyls and roots; in the root, it was predominantly found in the elongation zone and root cap. Co-localization with an ER membrane marker showed that mCherry-AtCEP2 was stored in two different types of ER-derived organelles: 10 μm long spindle shaped organelles as well as round vesicles with a diameter of approximately 1 μm. The long organelles appear to be ER bodies, which are found specifically in Brassicacae. The round vesicles strongly resemble the ricinosomes first described in castor bean. This study provides a first evidence for the existence of ricinosomes in Arabidopsis, and may open up new avenues of research in the field of PCD and developmental tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Hierl
- Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl fuer Botanik, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Timo Höwing
- Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl fuer Botanik, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Erika Isono
- Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Department of Plant Systems Biology, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Friedrich Lottspeich
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Protein Analysis, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christine Gietl
- Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl fuer Botanik, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85350 Freising, Germany
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19
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Höwing T, Huesmann C, Hoefle C, Nagel MK, Isono E, Hückelhoven R, Gietl C. Endoplasmic reticulum KDEL-tailed cysteine endopeptidase 1 of Arabidopsis (AtCEP1) is involved in pathogen defense. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:58. [PMID: 24605116 PMCID: PMC3932416 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a genetically determined process in all multicellular organisms. Plant PCD is effected by a unique group of papain-type cysteine endopeptidases (CysEP) with a C-terminal KDEL endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal (KDEL CysEP). KDEL CysEPs can be stored as pro-enzymes in ER-derived endomembrane compartments and are released as mature CysEPs in the final stages of organelle disintegration. KDEL CysEPs accept a wide variety of amino acids at the active site, including the glycosylated hydroxyprolines of the extensins that form the basic scaffold of the cell wall. In Arabidopsis, three KDEL CysEPs (AtCEP1, AtCEP2, and AtCEP3) are expressed. Cell- and tissue-specific activities of these three genes suggest that KDEL CysEPs participate in the abscission of flower organs and in the collapse of tissues in the final stage of PCD as well as in developmental tissue remodeling. We observed that AtCEP1 is expressed in response to biotic stress stimuli in the leaf. atcep1 knockout mutants showed enhanced susceptibility to powdery mildew caused by the biotrophic ascomycete Erysiphe cruciferarum. A translational fusion protein of AtCEP1 with a three-fold hemaglutinin-tag and the green fluorescent protein under control of the endogenous AtCEP1 promoter (PCEP1::pre-pro-3xHA-EGFP-AtCEP1-KDEL) rescued the pathogenesis phenotype demonstrating the function of AtCEP1 in restriction of powdery mildew. The spatiotemporal AtCEP1-reporter expression during fungal infection together with microscopic inspection of the interaction phenotype suggested a function of AtCEP1 in controlling late stages of compatible interaction including late epidermal cell death. Additionally, expression of stress response genes appeared to be deregulated in the interaction of atcep1 mutants and E. cruciferarum. Possible functions of AtCEP1 in restricting parasitic success of the obligate biotrophic powdery mildew fungus are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Höwing
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
| | - Christina Huesmann
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
| | - Caroline Hoefle
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
| | - Marie-Kristin Nagel
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
| | - Erika Isono
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
| | - Christine Gietl
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christine Gietl, Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, D-85350 Freising, Germany e-mail:
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20
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Chen H, Osuna D, Colville L, Lorenzo O, Graeber K, Küster H, Leubner-Metzger G, Kranner I. Transcriptome-wide mapping of pea seed ageing reveals a pivotal role for genes related to oxidative stress and programmed cell death. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78471. [PMID: 24205239 PMCID: PMC3812160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding of seed ageing, which leads to viability loss during storage, is vital for ex situ plant conservation and agriculture alike. Yet the potential for regulation at the transcriptional level has not been fully investigated. Here, we studied the relationship between seed viability, gene expression and glutathione redox status during artificial ageing of pea (Pisum sativum) seeds. Transcriptome-wide analysis using microarrays was complemented with qRT-PCR analysis of selected genes and a multilevel analysis of the antioxidant glutathione. Partial degradation of DNA and RNA occurred from the onset of artificial ageing at 60% RH and 50°C, and transcriptome profiling showed that the expression of genes associated with programmed cell death, oxidative stress and protein ubiquitination were altered prior to any sign of viability loss. After 25 days of ageing viability started to decline in conjunction with progressively oxidising cellular conditions, as indicated by a shift of the glutathione redox state towards more positive values (>-190 mV). The unravelling of the molecular basis of seed ageing revealed that transcriptome reprogramming is a key component of the ageing process, which influences the progression of programmed cell death and decline in antioxidant capacity that ultimately lead to seed viability loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Chen
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People's Republic of China
- Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Osuna
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Louise Colville
- Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Lorenzo
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Kai Graeber
- Institute for Biology II, Botany/Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Plant Genetics, Unit IV – Plant Genomics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helge Küster
- Institute for Plant Genetics, Unit IV – Plant Genomics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerhard Leubner-Metzger
- Institute for Biology II, Botany/Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ilse Kranner
- Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, West Sussex, United Kingdom
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21
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Jiao J, Zhou B, Zhu X, Gao Z, Liang Y. Fusaric acid induction of programmed cell death modulated through nitric oxide signalling in tobacco suspension cells. PLANTA 2013; 238:727-37. [PMID: 23838885 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1928-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fusaric acid (FA) is a nonhost-selective toxin mainly produced by Fusarium oxysporum, the causal agent of plant wilt diseases. We demonstrate that FA can induce programmed cell death (PCD) in tobacco suspension cells and the FA-induced PCD is modulated by nitric oxide (NO) signalling. Cells undergoing cell death induced by FA treatment exhibited typical characteristics of PCD including cytoplasmic shrinkage, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, membrane plasmolysis, and formation of small cytoplasmic vacuoles. In addition, caspase-3-like activity was activated upon the FA treatment. The process of FA-induced PCD was accompanied by a rapid accumulation of NO in a FA dose-dependent manner. Pre-treatment of cells with NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO) or NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-arginine monoacetate (L-NMMA) significantly reduced the rate of FA-induced cell death. Furthermore, the caspase-3-like activity and the expression of PAL and Hsr203J genes were alleviated by application of cPTIO or L-NMMA to FA-treated tobacco cells. This indicates that NO is an important factor involved in the FA-induced PCD. Our results also show that pre-treatment of tobacco cells with a caspase-3-specific inhibitor, Ac-DEVD-CHO, can reduce the rate of FA-induced cell death. These results demonstrate that the FA-induced cell death is a PCD and is modulated by NO signalling through caspase-3-like activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Jiao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China,
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22
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Oxidative protein-folding systems in plant cells. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:585431. [PMID: 24187554 PMCID: PMC3800646 DOI: 10.1155/2013/585431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are unique among eukaryotes in having evolved organelles: the protein storage vacuole, protein body, and chloroplast. Disulfide transfer pathways that function in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and chloroplasts of plants play critical roles in the development of protein storage organelles and the biogenesis of chloroplasts, respectively. Disulfide bond formation requires the cooperative function of disulfide-generating enzymes (e.g., ER oxidoreductase 1), which generate disulfide bonds de novo, and disulfide carrier proteins (e.g., protein disulfide isomerase), which transfer disulfides to substrates by means of thiol-disulfide exchange reactions. Selective molecular communication between disulfide-generating enzymes and disulfide carrier proteins, which reflects the molecular and structural diversity of disulfide carrier proteins, is key to the efficient transfer of disulfides to specific sets of substrates. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms and functions of the various disulfide transfer pathways involved in oxidative protein folding in the ER, chloroplasts, and mitochondria of plants.
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Iketani A, Nakamura M, Suzuki Y, Awai K, Shioi Y. A novel serine protease with caspase- and legumain-like activities from edible basidiomycete Flammulina velutipes. Fungal Biol 2013; 117:173-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Iakimova ET, Sobiczewski P, Michalczuk L, Węgrzynowicz-Lesiak E, Mikiciński A, Woltering EJ. Morphological and biochemical characterization of Erwinia amylovora-induced hypersensitive cell death in apple leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 63:292-305. [PMID: 23321023 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In attached apple leaves, spot-inoculated with Erwinia amylovora, the phenotypic appearance of the hypersensitive response (HR) and the participation of ethylene, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and of vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) (a plant caspase-1-like protease) were analysed. The HR in both the resistant and susceptible genotypes expressed a similar pattern of distinguishable micro HR lesions that progressed into confined macro HR lesions. The HR symptoms in apple were compared to those in non-host tobacco. The morphology of dead cells (protoplast shrinkage and retraction from cell wall) in apple leaves resembled necrotic programmed cell death (PCD). Lesion formation in both cv. Free Redstar (resistant) and cv. Idared (highly susceptible) was preceded by ROS accumulation and elevation of ethylene levels. Treatment of infected leaves with an inhibitor of ethylene synthesis led to a decrease of ethylene emission and suppression of lesion development in both cultivars. In the resistant but not in the susceptible apple cultivar an early and late increase in VPE gene expression was detected. This suggests that VPE might be an underlying component of the response to E. amylovora in resistant apple cultivars. The findings show that in the studied pathosystem the cell death during the HR proceeds through a signal transduction cascade in which ROS, ethylene and VPE pathways play a role.
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25
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Yordanova ZP, Woltering EJ, Kapchina-Toteva VM, Iakimova ET. Mastoparan-induced programmed cell death in the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 111:191-205. [PMID: 23250917 PMCID: PMC3555528 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Under stress-promoting conditions unicellular algae can undergo programmed cell death (PCD) but the mechanisms of algal cellular suicide are still poorly understood. In this work, the involvement of caspase-like proteases, DNA cleavage and the morphological occurrence of cell death in wasp venom mastoparan (MP)-treated Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were studied. METHODS Algal cells were exposed to MP and cell death was analysed over time. Specific caspase inhibitors were employed to elucidate the possible role of caspase-like proteases. YVADase activity (presumably a vacuolar processing enzyme) was assayed by using a fluorogenic caspase-1 substrate. DNA breakdown was evaluated by DNA laddering and Comet analysis. Cellular morphology was examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy. KEY RESULTS MP-treated C. reinhardtii cells expressed several features of necrosis (protoplast shrinkage) and vacuolar cell death (lytic vesicles, vacuolization, empty cell-walled corpse-containing remains of digested protoplast) sometimes within one single cell and in different individual cells. Nucleus compaction and DNA fragmentation were detected. YVADase activity was rapidly stimulated in response to MP but the early cell death was not inhibited by caspase inhibitors. At later time points, however, the caspase inhibitors were effective in cell-death suppression. Conditioned medium from MP-treated cells offered protection against MP-induced cell death. CONCLUSIONS In C. reinhardtii MP triggered PCD of atypical phenotype comprising features of vacuolar and necrotic cell deaths, reminiscent of the modality of hypersensitive response. It was assumed that depending on the physiological state and sensitivity of the cells to MP, the early cell-death phase might be not mediated by caspase-like enzymes, whereas later cell death may involve caspase-like-dependent proteolysis. The findings substantiate the hypothesis that, depending on the mode of induction and sensitivity of the cells, algal PCD may take different forms and proceed through different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenya P. Yordanova
- Department Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University ‘St Kliment Ohridski’, 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ernst J. Woltering
- Wageningen University, Horticultural Supply Chains Group, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, PO Box 630, 6700AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University, Food and Biobased Research, Bornse weilanden 9, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Veneta M. Kapchina-Toteva
- Department Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University ‘St Kliment Ohridski’, 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Elena T. Iakimova
- Wageningen University, Horticultural Supply Chains Group, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, PO Box 630, 6700AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Ornamental Plants, 1222 Negovan, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Nawkar GM, Maibam P, Park JH, Sahi VP, Lee SY, Kang CH. UV-Induced cell death in plants. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:1608-28. [PMID: 23344059 PMCID: PMC3565337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14011608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are photosynthetic organisms that depend on sunlight for energy. Plants respond to light through different photoreceptors and show photomorphogenic development. Apart from Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR; 400-700 nm), plants are exposed to UV light, which is comprised of UV-C (below 280 nm), UV-B (280-320 nm) and UV-A (320-390 nm). The atmospheric ozone layer protects UV-C radiation from reaching earth while the UVR8 protein acts as a receptor for UV-B radiation. Low levels of UV-B exposure initiate signaling through UVR8 and induce secondary metabolite genes involved in protection against UV while higher dosages are very detrimental to plants. It has also been reported that genes involved in MAPK cascade help the plant in providing tolerance against UV radiation. The important targets of UV radiation in plant cells are DNA, lipids and proteins and also vital processes such as photosynthesis. Recent studies showed that, in response to UV radiation, mitochondria and chloroplasts produce a reactive oxygen species (ROS). Arabidopsis metacaspase-8 (AtMC8) is induced in response to oxidative stress caused by ROS, which acts downstream of the radical induced cell death (AtRCD1) gene making plants vulnerable to cell death. The studies on salicylic and jasmonic acid signaling mutants revealed that SA and JA regulate the ROS level and antagonize ROS mediated cell death. Recently, molecular studies have revealed genes involved in response to UV exposure, with respect to programmed cell death (PCD).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jung Hoon Park
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 program) and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea; E-Mails: (G.M.N.); (P.M.); (J.H.P.); (V.P.S.)
| | - Vaidurya Pratap Sahi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 program) and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea; E-Mails: (G.M.N.); (P.M.); (J.H.P.); (V.P.S.)
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 program) and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea; E-Mails: (G.M.N.); (P.M.); (J.H.P.); (V.P.S.)
| | - Chang Ho Kang
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 program) and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea; E-Mails: (G.M.N.); (P.M.); (J.H.P.); (V.P.S.)
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Li Z, Yue H, Xing D. MAP Kinase 6-mediated activation of vacuolar processing enzyme modulates heat shock-induced programmed cell death in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 195:85-96. [PMID: 22497243 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
• Vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE), a cysteine protease, has been intensively studied in plant hypersensitive cell death, but the role and molecular mechanism of VPEs in response to abiotic stresses remain unclear. This work investigated the involvement of VPEs in Arabidopsis response to heat stress. • Under heat shock (HS), Arabidopsis VPE activity and the transcript level of γVPE were both upregulated, and γVPE deficiency suppressed vacuolar disruption and delayed caspase-3-like activation in HS-induced programmed cell death (PCD). Moreover, the change of VPE activity generally paralleled the alteration of caspase-1-like activity under HS treatment, indicating that HS-induced VPE activity might exhibit the caspase-1-like activity. • Further studies showed that MAP Kinase 6 (MPK6) activity was increased after HS treatment, and experiments with inhibitors and mutants suggested that MPK6 was responsible for the γVPE activation after HS treatment. In response to HS stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, increase of cytoplasmic calcium concentration ([Ca(2+) ](cyt)) and the upregulation of calmodulin 3 (CaM3) transcript level occurred upstream of MPK6 activation. • Our results suggested that activation of Arabidopsis γVPE was mediated by MPK6 and played an important role in HS-induced Arabidopsis PCD, providing new insight into the mechanistic study of plant VPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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28
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Ou H, Gao N, Wei C, Deng Y, Qiao J. Immediate and long-term impacts of potassium permanganate on photosynthetic activity, survival and microcystin-LR release risk of Microcystis aeruginosa. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 219-220:267-275. [PMID: 22537919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The immediate and long-term impacts of potassium permanganate (KMnO(4)) as pre-oxidant on Microcystis aeruginosa and microcystin-LR (MC-LR) release risk were investigated. The cell density and the integrity of M. aeruginosa were determined by a flow cytometry, and typical photosynthetic parameters were measured by a pulse amplitude modulated fluorometer. The photosynthetic parameters were reduced to different degrees, accompanied with slight cytoclasis and complete degradation of extracellular MC-LR immediately after various dosages KMnO(4) oxidation (2-20 mg L(-1)). In a 6-d cultivation following 5 mg L(-1) KMnO(4) oxidation, the cell density decreased from 3.9×10(6) to 0.6×10(6) cells mL(-1), and then increased to 0.9×10(6) cells mL(-1), while the extracellular MC-LR increased from 0 to 51.2 μg L(-1). In the cultivation after 10 mg L(-1) KMnO(4) treatment, the intracellular MC-LR and cell activity significantly declined, while significant cytoclasis (cell density from 3.8×10(6) to 0 cells mL(-1)) and MC-LR release (increase from 0 to 15.2 μg L(-1)) were observed. The photosynthetic parameters were found to be useful tools to predict the recovery tendency of M. aeruginosa cells, and the MC-LR release risk should be considered during KMnO(4) pre-oxidation in water-treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huase Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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29
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Hierl G, Vothknecht U, Gietl C. Programmed cell death in Ricinus and Arabidopsis: the function of KDEL cysteine peptidases in development. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 145:103-13. [PMID: 22268582 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) in plants is a prerequisite for development as well as seed and fruit production. It also plays a significant role in pathogen defense. A unique group of papain-type cysteine endopeptidases, characterized by a C-terminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal (KDEL CysEP), is involved in plant PCD. Genes for these endopeptidases have been sequenced and analyzed from 25 angiosperms and gymnosperms. They have no structural relationship to caspases involved in mammalian PCD and homologs to this group of plant cysteine endopeptidases have not been found in mammals or yeast. In castor beans (Ricinus communis), the CysEP is synthesized as pre-pro-enzyme. The pro-enzyme is transported to the cytosol of cells undergoing PCD in ER-derived vesicles called ricinosomes. These vesicles release the mature CysEP in the final stages of organelle disintegration triggered by acidification of the cytoplasm resulting from the disruption of the vacuole. Mature CysEP digests the hydroxyproline (Hyp)-rich proteins (extensins) that form the basic scaffold of the plant cell wall. The KDEL CysEPs accept a wide variety of amino acids at the active site, including the glycosylated Hyp residues of the extensins. In Arabidopsis, three KDEL CysEPs (AtCEP1, AtCEP2 and AtCEP3) are expressed in tissues undergoing PCD. In transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing β-glucuronidase under the control of the promoters for these three genes, cell- and tissue-specific activities were mapped during seedling, flower and seed development. KDEL CysEPs participate in the collapse of tissues in the final stage of PCD and in tissue re-modeling such as lateral root formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Hierl
- Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Institute of Botany, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising, Germany
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30
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Ou H, Gao N, Deng Y, Qiao J, Wang H. Immediate and long-term impacts of UV-C irradiation on photosynthetic capacity, survival and microcystin-LR release risk of Microcystis aeruginosa. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:1241-1250. [PMID: 22209277 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the immediate and long-term impacts of shortwave ultraviolet (UV-C) irradiation on photosynthetic capacity, survival, and recovery of Microcystis aeruginosa were investigated. The risk of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) release during irradiation was also estimated. The cell density was determined by a flow cytometry, and typical chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, including the effective quantum yield, photosynthetic efficiency and maximal electron transport rate, were measured by a pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometer. Under various UV-C dosages (140-4200 mJ cm(-2)), photosynthetic capacities were reduced, to different degrees, accompanied by slight cytoclasis and complete degradation of extracellular MC-LR immediately after irradiation. In a 6-d cultivation following UV-C irradiation, cell density and extracellular MC-LR in the samples treated by 140 mJ cm(-2) UV-C irradiation increased from 4.0×10(6) cells mL(-1) and 8 μg L(-1) to 5.1×10(6) cells mL(-1) and 20 μg L(-1), respectively. Significant M. aeruginosa cytoclasis (cell density from 4.0×10(6) to 1.0×10(6) cells mL(-1)) and MC-LR release (2-25 μg L(-1)) occurred when the UV-C dosage reached 350 mJ cm(-2). Cell cytoclasis and MC-LR release were enhanced in the cultivated samples under higher UV-C dosages. Results revealed that photosynthetic parameters were useful tools to predict the recovery profiles of M. aeruginosa cells, and the MC-LR release risk should be considered after UV-C inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huase Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Mingjing building, 1239# Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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31
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Rodríguez-Serrano M, Bárány I, Prem D, Coronado MJ, Risueño MC, Testillano PS. NO, ROS, and cell death associated with caspase-like activity increase in stress-induced microspore embryogenesis of barley. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:2007-24. [PMID: 22197894 PMCID: PMC3295391 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Under specific stress treatments (cold, starvation), in vitro microspores can be induced to deviate from their gametophytic development and switch to embryogenesis, forming haploid embryos and homozygous breeding lines in a short period of time. The inductive stress produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), signalling molecules mediating cellular responses, and cell death, modifying the embryogenic microspore response and therefore, the efficiency of the process. This work analysed cell death, caspase 3-like activity, and ROS and NO production (using fluorescence probes and confocal analysis) after inductive stress in barley microspore cultures and embryogenic suspension cultures, as an in vitro system which permitted easy handling for comparison. There was an increase in caspase 3-like activity and cell death after stress treatment in microspore and suspension cultures, while ROS increased in non-induced microspores and suspension cultures. Treatments of the cultures with a caspase 3 inhibitor, DEVD-CHO, significantly reduced the cell death percentages. Stress-treated embryogenic suspension cultures exhibited high NO signals and cell death, while treatment with S-nitrosoglutathione (NO donor) in control suspension cultures resulted in even higher cell death. In contrast, in microspore cultures, NO production was detected after stress, and, in the case of 4-day microspore cultures, in embryogenic microspores accompanying the initiation of cell divisions. Subsequent treatments of stress-treated microspore cultures with ROS and NO scavengers resulted in a decreasing cell death during the early stages, but later they produced a delay in embryo development as well as a decrease in the percentage of embryogenesis in microspores. Results showed that the ROS increase was involved in the stress-induced programmed cell death occurring at early stages in both non-induced microspores and embryogenic suspension cultures; whereas NO played a dual role after stress in the two in vitro systems, one involved in programmed cell death in embryogenic suspension cultures and the other in the initiation of cell division leading to embryogenesis in reprogrammed microspores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pilar S. Testillano
- Plant Development and Nuclear Architecture, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC. Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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32
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Zou J, Liu C, Chen X. Proteomics of rice in response to heat stress and advances in genetic engineering for heat tolerance in rice. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:2155-65. [PMID: 21769604 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1122-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Rice is the most important food crop worldwide. Global warming inevitably affects the grain yields of rice. Recent proteomics studies in rice have provided evidence for better understanding the mechanisms of thermal adaptation. Heat stress response in rice is complicated, involving up- or down-regulation of numerous proteins related to different metabolic pathways. The heat-responsive proteins mainly include protection proteins, proteins involved in protein biosynthesis, protein degradation, energy and carbohydrate metabolism, and redox homeostasis. In addition, increased thermotolerance in transgenic rice was obtained by overexpression of rice genes and genes from other plants. On the other hand, heterologous expression of some rice proteins led to enhanced thermotolerance in bacteria and other easily transformed plants. In this paper, we review the proteomic characterization of rice in response to high temperature and achievements of genetic engineering for heat tolerance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zou
- Crop Gene Engineering Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Furong District, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
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33
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Kim WY, Lee SY, Jung YJ, Chae HB, Nawkar GM, Shin MR, Kim SY, Park JH, Kang CH, Chi YH, Ahn IP, Yun DJ, Lee KO, Kim YM, Kim MG, Lee SY. Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP)-like protein lacks a baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) domain and attenuates cell death in plant and animal systems. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:42670-42678. [PMID: 21926169 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.262204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel Arabidopsis thaliana inhibitor of apoptosis was identified by sequence homology to other known inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins. Arabidopsis IAP-like protein (AtILP) contained a C-terminal RING finger domain but lacked a baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) domain, which is essential for anti-apoptotic activity in other IAP family members. The expression of AtILP in HeLa cells conferred resistance against tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α/ActD-induced apoptosis through the inactivation of caspase activity. In contrast to the C-terminal RING domain of AtILP, which did not inhibit the activity of caspase-3, the N-terminal region, despite displaying no homology to known BIR domains, potently inhibited the activity of caspase-3 in vitro and blocked TNF-α/ActD-induced apoptosis. The anti-apoptotic activity of the AtILP N-terminal domain observed in plants was reproduced in an animal system. Transgenic Arabidopsis lines overexpressing AtILP exhibited anti-apoptotic activity when challenged with the fungal toxin fumonisin B1, an agent that induces apoptosis-like cell death in plants. In AtIPL transgenic plants, suppression of cell death was accompanied by inhibition of caspase activation and DNA fragmentation. Overexpression of AtILP also attenuated effector protein-induced cell death and increased the growth of an avirulent bacterial pathogen. The current results demonstrated the existence of a novel plant IAP-like protein that prevents caspase activation in Arabidopsis and showed that a plant anti-apoptosis gene functions similarly in plant and animal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woe Yeon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Sun Yong Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Young Jun Jung
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Ho Byoung Chae
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Ganesh M Nawkar
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Mi Rim Shin
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Chang Ho Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Yong Hun Chi
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Il Pyung Ahn
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon 441-856, Korea
| | - Dae Jin Yun
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Kyun Oh Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea
| | - Min Gab Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon 441-856, Korea; College of Pharmacy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, Korea.
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea.
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34
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Nakamura M, Iketani A, Shioi Y. A survey of proteases in edible mushrooms with synthetic peptides as substrates. MYCOSCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10267-010-0094-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Nakamura M, Iketani A, Shioi Y. A survey of proteases in edible mushrooms with synthetic peptides as substrates. MYCOSCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10267-010-0089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Abstract
Almost all plant cells have large vacuoles that contain both hydrolytic enzymes and a variety of defense proteins. Plants use vacuoles and vacuolar contents for programmed cell death (PCD) in two different ways: for a destructive way and for a non-destructive way. Destruction is caused by vacuolar membrane collapse, followed by the release of vacuolar hydrolytic enzymes into the cytosol, resulting in rapid and direct cell death. The destructive way is effective in the digestion of viruses proliferating in the cytosol, in susceptible cell death induced by fungal toxins, and in developmental cell death to generate integuments (seed coats) and tracheary elements. On the other hand, the non-destructive way involves fusion of the vacuolar and the plasma membrane, which allows vacuolar defense proteins to be discharged into the extracellular space where the bacteria proliferate. Membrane fusion, which is normally suppressed, was triggered in a proteasome-dependent manner. Intriguingly, both ways use enzymes with caspase-like activity; the membrane-fusion system uses proteasome subunit PBA1 with caspase-3-like activity, and the vacuolar-collapse system uses vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) with caspase-1-like activity. This review summarizes two different ways of vacuole-mediated PCD and discusses how plants use them to attack pathogens that invade unexpectedly.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hara-Nishimura
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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Coll NS, Epple P, Dangl JL. Programmed cell death in the plant immune system. Cell Death Differ 2011; 18:1247-56. [PMID: 21475301 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 573] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death has a central role in innate immune responses in both plants and animals. Besides sharing striking convergences and similarities in the overall evolutionary organization of their innate immune systems, both plants and animals can respond to infection and pathogen recognition with programmed cell death. The fact that plant and animal pathogens have evolved strategies to subvert specific cell death modalities emphasizes the essential role of cell death during immune responses. The hypersensitive response (HR) cell death in plants displays morphological features, molecular architectures and mechanisms reminiscent of different inflammatory cell death types in animals (pyroptosis and necroptosis). In this review, we describe the molecular pathways leading to cell death during innate immune responses. Additionally, we present recently discovered caspase and caspase-like networks regulating cell death that have revealed fascinating analogies between cell death control across both kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Coll
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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38
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Lord CEN, Gunawardena AHLAN. Environmentally induced programmed cell death in leaf protoplasts of Aponogeton madagascariensis. PLANTA 2011; 233:407-21. [PMID: 21063887 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1304-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Within plant systems, two main forms of programmed cell death (PCD) exist: developmentally regulated and environmentally induced. The lace plant (Aponogeton madagascariensis) naturally undergoes developmentally regulated PCD to form perforations between longitudinal and transverse veins over its leaf surface. Developmental PCD in the lace plant has been well characterized; however, environmental PCD has never before been studied in this plant species. The results presented here portray heat shock (HS) treatment at 55 °C for 20 min as a promising inducer of environmental PCD within lace plant protoplasts originally isolated from non-PCD areas of the plant. HS treatment produces cells displaying many characteristics of developmental PCD, including blebbing of the plasma membrane, increased number of hydrolytic vesicles and transvacuolar strands, nuclear condensation, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling positive nuclei, as well as increased Brownian motion within the vacuole. Results presented here for the first time provide evidence of chloroplasts in the vacuole of living protoplasts undergoing environmentally induced PCD. Findings suggest that the mitochondria play a critical role in the cell death process. Changes in mitochondrial dynamics were visualized in HS-treated cells, including loss of mitochondrial mobility, reduction in ΔΨ(m), as well as the proximal association with chloroplasts. The role of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) was examined by pre-treatment with the PTP agonist cyclosporine A. Overall, HS is depicted as a reliable method to induce PCD within lace plant protoplasts, and proves to be a reliable technique to enable comparisons between environmentally induced and developmentally regulated PCD within one species of plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E N Lord
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H4J1, Canada.
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Hatsugai N, Hara-Nishimura I. Two vacuole-mediated defense strategies in plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2010; 5:1568-70. [PMID: 21512325 PMCID: PMC3115105 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.12.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
As plants lack immune cells, each cell has to defend itself against invading pathogens. Plant cells have a large central vacuole that accumulates a variety of hydrolytic enzymes and antimicrobial compounds, raising the possibility that vacuoles play a role in plant defense. However, how plants use vacuoles to protect against invading pathogens is poorly understood. Recently, we characterized two vacuole-mediated defense strategies associated with programmed cell death (PCD). In one strategy, vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) mediated the disruption of the vacuolar membrane, resulting in the release of vacuolar contents into the cytoplasm in response to viral infection. In the other strategy, proteasome-dependent fusion of the central vacuole with the plasma membrane caused the discharge of vacuolar antibacterial protease and cell death-promoting contents from the cell in response to bacterial infection. Intriguingly, both strategies relied on enzymes with caspase-like activities: the vacuolar membrane-collapse system required VPE, which has caspase-1-like activity, and the membrane-fusion system required a proteasome that has caspase-3-like activity. Thus, plants may have evolved a cellular immune system that involves vacuolar membrane collapse to prevent the systemic spread of viral pathogens, and membrane fusion to inhibit the proliferation of bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Hatsugai
- Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- Research Center for Cooperative Projects; Hokkaido University; Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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40
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Coll NS, Vercammen D, Smidler A, Clover C, Van Breusegem F, Dangl JL, Epple P. Arabidopsis type I metacaspases control cell death. Science 2010; 330:1393-7. [PMID: 21097903 DOI: 10.1126/science.1194980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metacaspases are distant relatives of animal caspases found in protozoa, fungi, and plants. Limited experimental data exist defining their function(s), despite their discovery by homology modeling a decade ago. We demonstrated that two type I metacaspases, AtMC1 and AtMC2, antagonistically control programmed cell death in Arabidopsis. AtMC1 is a positive regulator of cell death and requires conserved caspase-like putative catalytic residues for its function. AtMC2 negatively regulates cell death. This function is independent of the putative catalytic residues. Manipulation of the Arabidopsis type I metacaspase regulatory module can nearly eliminate the hypersensitive cell death response (HR) activated by plant intracellular immune receptors. This does not lead to enhanced pathogen proliferation, decoupling HR from restriction of pathogen growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria S Coll
- Department of Biology, 108 Coker Hall, University of North Carolina (UNC), CB 3280, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
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41
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Grudkowska M, Zagdańska B. Acclimation to frost alters proteolytic response of wheat seedlings to drought. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 167:1321-1327. [PMID: 20674076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A comparative examination of cysteine proteinases in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings differing in sensitivity to frost and drought revealed many similarities and differences in response to water deprivation. Azocaseinolytic activity was enhanced under water deficiency, but the enhancement was significantly lower in the tolerant genotype (Kobra cultivar). On the contrary, acclimation of wheat seedlings at low temperature had no effect on the proteolytic activity of the tolerant cultivar and depressed the azocaseinolytic activity of the sensitive cultivar (Tortija). However, the observed depression of enzyme activity was fully reversible under dehydration. The content of soluble proteins was reduced in dehydrated non-acclimated and in acclimated seedlings of the frost-sensitive cultivar, but increased in acclimated seedlings of the tolerant cultivar. The cysteine proteinases were preferentially induced under water deficiency when assessment was based on the inhibitory effect of iodoacetate on azocasein hydrolysis. Separation of cysteine proteinases by SDS-PAGE containing gelatin as a substrate showed two bands with apparent molecular masses of 36 and 38 kDa in the sensitive cultivar, and a third band was detected (42 kDa) in the resistant cultivar. Water deficit and low temperature induced the new cysteine proteinases of molecular masses about 29, 33 and 42 kDa in sensitive non-acclimated seedlings. Polyclonal antibodies raised against Arabidopsis proteinase responsive to drought (RD21) cross-reacted with the protein in the 33 kDa region, and a slight signal was obtained in the 42 kDa region, but only in dehydrated seedlings acclimated to frost. Several polypeptides of molecular masses of 30, 22, 20 and 18 kDa were recognized by the Arabidopsis aleurain-like proteinase (AtALEU) antibodies. The results presented indicate that cysteine proteinases are potentially responsible for both low temperature and drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Grudkowska
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization, Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Radzików, POB 1019, 00-950 Warsaw, Poland
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Zhang H, Dong S, Wang M, Wang W, Song W, Dou X, Zheng X, Zhang Z. The role of vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) from Nicotiana benthamiana in the elicitor-triggered hypersensitive response and stomatal closure. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:3799-812. [PMID: 20603283 PMCID: PMC2921209 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Elicitors/pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) trigger the plant immune system, leading to rapid programmed cell death (hypersensitive response, HR) and stomatal closure. Previous reports have shown that the vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE), a cysteine proteinase responsible for the maturation of vacuolar proteins, has caspase-1-like activity and mediates TMV- and mycotoxin-induced cell death. The role of VPE from Nicotiana benthamiana in the response to three elicitors: bacterial harpin, fungal Nep1, and oomycete boehmerin, is described here. Single-silenced (NbVPE1a or NbVPE1b) and dual-silenced (NbVPE1a/1b) N. benthamiana plants were produced by virus-induced gene silencing. Although NbVPE silencing does not affect H(2)O(2) accumulation triggered by boehmerin, harpin, or Nep1, the HR is absent in NbVPE1a- and NbVPE1a/1b-silenced plants treated with harpin alone. However, NbVPE-silenced plants develop a normal HR after boehmerin and Nep1 treatment. These results suggest that harpin-triggered HR is VPE-dependent. Surprisingly, all gene-silenced plants show significantly impaired elicitor-induced stomatal closure and elicitor-promoted nitric oxide (NO) production in guard cells. Dual-silenced plants show increased elicitor-triggered AOS production in guard cells. The accumulation of transcripts associated with defence and cell redox is modified by VPE silencing in elicitor signalling. Overall, these results indicate that VPE from N. benthamiana functions not only in elicitor-induced HR, but also in elicitor-induced stomatal closure, suggesting that VPE may be involved in elicitor-triggered immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Sahu PP, Rai NK, Chakraborty S, Singh M, Chandrappa PH, Ramesh B, Chattopadhyay D, Prasad M. Tomato cultivar tolerant to Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus infection induces virus-specific short interfering RNA accumulation and defence-associated host gene expression. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2010; 11:531-44. [PMID: 20618710 PMCID: PMC6640424 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) infection causes significant yield loss in tomato. The availability of a conventional tolerance source against this virus is limited in tomato. To understand the molecular mechanism of virus tolerance in tomato, the abundance of viral genomic replicative intermediate molecules and virus-directed short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) by the host plant in a naturally tolerant cultivar H-88-78-1 and a susceptible cultivar Punjab Chhuhara at different time points after agroinfection was studied. We report that less abundance of viral replicative intermediate in the tolerant cultivar may have a correlation with a relatively higher accumulation of virus-specific siRNAs. To study defence-related host gene expression in response to ToLCNDV infection, the suppression subtractive hybridization technique was used. A library was prepared from tolerant cultivar H-88-78-1 between ToLCNDV-inoculated and Agrobacterium mock-inoculated plants of this cultivar at 21 days post-inoculation (dpi). A total of 106 nonredundant transcripts was identified and classified into 12 different categories according to their putative functions. By reverse Northern analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), we identified the differential expression pattern of 106 transcripts, 34 of which were up-regulated (>2.5-fold induction). Of these, eight transcripts showed more than four fold induction. qRT-PCR analysis was carried out to obtain comparative expression profiling of these eight transcripts between Punjab Chhuhara and H-88-78-1 on ToLCNDV infection. The expression patterns of these transcripts showed a significant increase in differential expression in the tolerant cultivar, mostly at 14 and 21 dpi, in comparison with that in the susceptible cultivar, as analysed by qRT-PCR. The probable direct and indirect relationship of siRNA accumulation and up-regulated transcripts with the ToLCNDV tolerance mechanism is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Pankaj Sahu
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
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Palmieri MC, Lindermayr C, Bauwe H, Steinhauser C, Durner J. Regulation of plant glycine decarboxylase by s-nitrosylation and glutathionylation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 152:1514-28. [PMID: 20089767 PMCID: PMC2832280 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.152579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play an essential role in nitric oxide (NO) signal transduction in plants. Using the biotin-switch method in conjunction with nano-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, we identified 11 candidate proteins that were S-nitrosylated and/or glutathionylated in mitochondria of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves. These included glycine decarboxylase complex (GDC), a key enzyme of the photorespiratory C(2) cycle in C3 plants. GDC activity was inhibited by S-nitrosoglutathione due to S-nitrosylation/S-glutathionylation of several cysteine residues. Gas-exchange measurements demonstrated that the bacterial elicitor harpin, a strong inducer of reactive oxygen species and NO, inhibits GDC activity. Furthermore, an inhibitor of GDC, aminoacetonitrile, was able to mimic mitochondrial depolarization, hydrogen peroxide production, and cell death in response to stress or harpin treatment of cultured Arabidopsis cells. These findings indicate that the mitochondrial photorespiratory system is involved in the regulation of NO signal transduction in Arabidopsis.
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Hatsugai N, Iwasaki S, Tamura K, Kondo M, Fuji K, Ogasawara K, Nishimura M, Hara-Nishimura I. A novel membrane fusion-mediated plant immunity against bacterial pathogens. Genes Dev 2009; 23:2496-506. [PMID: 19833761 PMCID: PMC2779742 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1825209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plants have developed their own defense strategies because they have no immune cells. A common plant defense strategy involves programmed cell death (PCD) at the infection site, but how the PCD-associated cell-autonomous immunity is executed in plants is not fully understood. Here we provide a novel mechanism underlying cell-autonomous immunity, which involves the fusion of membranes of a large central vacuole with the plasma membrane, resulting in the discharge of vacuolar antibacterial proteins to the outside of the cells, where bacteria proliferate. The extracellular fluid that was discharged from the vacuoles of infected leaves had both antibacterial activity and cell death-inducing activity. We found that a defect in proteasome function abolished the membrane fusion associated with both disease resistance and PCD in response to avirulent bacterial strains but not to a virulent strain. Furthermore, RNAi plants with a defective proteasome subunit PBA1 have reduced DEVDase activity, which is an activity associated with caspase-3, one of the executors of animal apoptosis. The plant counterpart of caspase-3 has not yet been identified. Our results suggest that PBA1 acts as a plant caspase-3-like enzyme. Thus, this novel defense strategy through proteasome-regulating membrane fusion of the vacuolar and plasma membranes provides plants with a mechanism for attacking intercellular bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Hatsugai
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Xu Q, Zhang L. Plant caspase-like proteases in plant programmed cell death. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2009; 4:902-4. [PMID: 19938376 PMCID: PMC2802789 DOI: 10.4161/psb.4.9.9531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a genetically-controlled disassembly of the cell. In animal systems, the central core execution switch for apoptotic PCD is the activation of caspases (Cysteine-containing Aspartate-specific proteases). Accumulating evidence in recent years suggests the existence of caspase-like activity in plants and its functional involvement in various types of plant PCD, although no functional homologs of animal caspases were identified in plant genome. In this mini-review, we will cover the recent results on the existence of plant caspase-like proteases and introduce major technologies used in detecting the activation of caspase-like proteases during plant PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixian Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Bax Inhibitor-1, a conserved cell death suppressor, is a key molecular switch downstream from a variety of biotic and abiotic stress signals in plants. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:3149-3167. [PMID: 19742129 PMCID: PMC2738916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10073149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In Nature plants are constantly challenged by a variety of environmental stresses that could lead to disruptions in cellular homeostasis. Programmed cell death (PCD) is a fundamental cellular process that is often associated with defense responses to pathogens, during development and in response to abiotic stresses in fungi, animals and plants. Although there are many characteristics shared between different types of PCD events, it remains unknown whether a common mechanism drives various types of PCD in eukaryotes. One candidate regulator for such a mechanism is Bax Inhibitor-1 (BI-1), an evolutionary conserved, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident protein that represents an ancient cell death regulator that potentially regulates PCD in all eukaryotes. Recent findings strongly suggested that BI-1 plays an important role in the conserved ER stress response pathway to modulate cell death induction in response to multiple types of cell death signals. As ER stress signaling pathways has been suggested to play important roles not only in the control of ER homeostasis but also in other biological processes such as the response to pathogens and abiotic stress in plants, BI-1 might function to control the convergence point that modulates the level of the “pro-survival and pro-death” signals under multiple stress conditions.
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Casani S, Fontanini D, Capocchi A, Lombardi L, Galleschi L. Investigation on cell death in the megagametophyte of Araucaria bidwillii Hook. post-germinated seeds. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2009; 47:599-607. [PMID: 19321357 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The megagametophyte of the Araucaria bidwillii seed is a storage tissue that surrounds and feeds the embryo. When all its reserves are mobilized, the megagametophyte degenerates as a no longer needed tissue. In this work we present a biochemical and a cytological characterization of the megagametophyte cell death. The TUNEL assay showed progressive DNA fragmentation throughout the post-germinative stages, while DNA electrophoretic analysis highlighted a smear as the predominant pattern of DNA degradation and internucleosomal DNA cleavage only for a minority of cells at late post-germinative stages. Cytological investigations at these stages detected profound changes in the size and morphology of the megagametophyte nuclei. By using in vitro assays, we were able to show a substantial increase in proteolytic activities, including caspase-like protease activities during the megagametophyte degeneration. Among the caspase-like enzymes, caspase 6- and 1-like proteases appeared to be the most active in the megagametophyte with a preference for acidic pH. On the basis of our results, we propose that the major pathway of cell death in the Araucaria bidwillii megagametophyte is necrosis; however, we do not exclude that some cells undergo developmental programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Casani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Luca Ghini 5, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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Jiménez C, Capasso JM, Edelstein CL, Rivard CJ, Lucia S, Breusegem S, Berl T, Segovia M. Different ways to die: cell death modes of the unicellular chlorophyte Dunaliella viridis exposed to various environmental stresses are mediated by the caspase-like activity DEVDase. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:815-28. [PMID: 19251986 PMCID: PMC2652065 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death is necessary for homeostasis in multicellular organisms and it is also widely recognized to occur in unicellular organisms. However, the mechanisms through which it occurs in unicells, and the enzymes involved within the final response is still the subject of heated debate. It is shown here that exposure of the unicellular microalga Dunaliella viridis to several environmental stresses, induced different cell death morphotypes, depending on the stimulus received. Senescent cells demonstrated classical and unambiguous apoptotic-like characteristics such as chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, intact organelles, and blebbing of the cell membrane. Acute heat shock caused general swelling and altered plasma membrane, but the presence of chromatin clusters and DNA strand breaks suggested a necrotic-like event. UV irradiated cells presented changes typical for necrosis, together with apoptotic characteristics resembling an intermediate cell-death phenotype termed aponecrosis-like. Cells subjected to hyperosmotic shock revealed chromatin spotting without DNA fragmentation, and extensive cytoplasmic swelling and vacuolization, comparable to a paraptotic-like cell death phenotype. Nitrogen-starved cells showed pyknosis, blebbing, and cytoplasmic consumption, indicating a similarity to autophagic/vacuolar-like cell death. The caspase-like activity DEVDase was measured by using the fluorescent substrate Ac-DEVD-AMC and antibodies against the human caspase-3 active enzyme cross-reacted with bands, the intensity of which paralleled the activity. All the environmental stresses tested produced a substantial increase in both DEVDase activity and protein levels. The irreversible caspase-3 inhibitor Z-DEVD-FMK completely inhibited the enzymatic activity whereas serine and aspartyl proteases inhibitors did not. These results show that cell death in D. viridis does not conform to a single pattern and that environmental stimuli may produce different types of cell death depending on the type and intensity of the stimulus, all of which help to understand the cell death-dependent and cell death-independent functions of caspase-like proteins. Hence, these data support the theory that alternative, non-apoptotic programmed cell death (PCDs), exist either in parallel or in an independent manner with apoptosis and were already present in single-celled organisms that evolved some 1.2-1.6 billion years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Jiménez
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Bvd. Louis Pasteur s/n, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan M. Capasso
- Department of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 E. 9th Av. Denver, CO 80262, USA
| | - Charles L. Edelstein
- Department of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 E. 9th Av. Denver, CO 80262, USA
| | - Christopher J. Rivard
- Department of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 E. 9th Av. Denver, CO 80262, USA
| | - Scott Lucia
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 E. 9th Av. Denver, CO 80262, USA
| | - Sophia Breusegem
- Department of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 E. 9th Av. Denver, CO 80262, USA
| | - Tomás Berl
- Department of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 E. 9th Av. Denver, CO 80262, USA
| | - María Segovia
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Bvd. Louis Pasteur s/n, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
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