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Loos M, Klampe B, Schulze T, Yin X, Theofilatos K, Ulmer BM, Schulz C, Behrens CS, van Bergen TD, Adami E, Maatz H, Schweizer M, Brodesser S, Skryabin BV, Rozhdestvensky TS, Bodbin S, Stathopoulou K, Christ T, Denning C, Hübner N, Mayr M, Cuello F, Eschenhagen T, Hansen A. Human model of primary carnitine deficiency cardiomyopathy reveals ferroptosis as a novel mechanism. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:2123-2137. [PMID: 37802072 PMCID: PMC10679537 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary carnitine deficiency (PCD) is an autosomal recessive monogenic disorder caused by mutations in SLC22A5. This gene encodes for OCTN2, which transports the essential metabolite carnitine into the cell. PCD patients suffer from muscular weakness and dilated cardiomyopathy. Two OCTN2-defective human induced pluripotent stem cell lines were generated, carrying a full OCTN2 knockout and a homozygous OCTN2 (N32S) loss-of-function mutation. OCTN2-defective genotypes showed lower force development and resting length in engineered heart tissue format compared with isogenic control. Force was sensitive to fatty acid-based media and associated with lipid accumulation, mitochondrial alteration, higher glucose uptake, and metabolic remodeling, replicating findings in animal models. The concordant results of OCTN2 (N32S) and -knockout emphasizes the relevance of OCTN2 for these findings. Importantly, genome-wide analysis and pharmacological inhibitor experiments identified ferroptosis, an iron- and lipid-dependent cell death pathway associated with fibroblast activation as a novel PCD cardiomyopathy disease mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Loos
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Heart Research (DZHK), Partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Birgit Klampe
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schulze
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xiaoke Yin
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Konstantinos Theofilatos
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bärbel Maria Ulmer
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Heart Research (DZHK), Partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carl Schulz
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Heart Research (DZHK), Partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Charlotta S Behrens
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Heart Research (DZHK), Partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tessa Diana van Bergen
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eleonora Adami
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrike Maatz
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Brodesser
- Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Boris V Skryabin
- Transgenic animal and genetic engineering Models (TRAM), Faculty of Medicine of the Westfalian Wilhelms-University, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Timofey S Rozhdestvensky
- Transgenic animal and genetic engineering Models (TRAM), Faculty of Medicine of the Westfalian Wilhelms-University, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Sara Bodbin
- Division of Cancer & Stem Cells, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD Nottingham, UK
| | - Konstantina Stathopoulou
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Heart Research (DZHK), Partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Christ
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Heart Research (DZHK), Partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chris Denning
- Division of Cancer & Stem Cells, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD Nottingham, UK
| | - Norbert Hübner
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 13347 Berlin, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel Mayr
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Friederike Cuello
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Heart Research (DZHK), Partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Heart Research (DZHK), Partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arne Hansen
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Heart Research (DZHK), Partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Savic D, Ball V, Holzner L, Hauton D, Timm KN, Curtis MK, Heather LC, Tyler DJ. Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance shows that the anti-ischemic drug meldonium leads to increased flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase in vivo resulting in improved post-ischemic function in the diabetic heart. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4471. [PMID: 33458907 PMCID: PMC8609426 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The diabetic heart has a decreased ability to metabolize glucose. The anti-ischemic drug meldonium may provide a route to counteract this by reducing l-carnitine levels, resulting in improved cardiac glucose utilization. Therefore, the aim of this study was to use the novel technique of hyperpolarized magnetic resonance to investigate the in vivo effects of treatment with meldonium on cardiac metabolism and function in control and diabetic rats. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were injected either with vehicle, or with streptozotocin (55 mg/kg) to induce a model of type 1 diabetes. Daily treatment with either saline or meldonium (100 mg/kg/day) was undertaken for three weeks. in vivo cardiac function and metabolism were assessed with CINE MRI and hyperpolarized magnetic resonance respectively. Isolated perfused hearts were challenged with low-flow ischemia/reperfusion to assess the impact of meldonium on post-ischemic recovery. Meldonium had no significant effect on blood glucose concentrations or on baseline cardiac function. However, hyperpolarized magnetic resonance revealed that meldonium treatment elevated pyruvate dehydrogenase flux by 3.1-fold and 1.2-fold in diabetic and control animals, respectively, suggesting an increase in cardiac glucose oxidation. Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance further demonstrated that meldonium reduced the normalized acetylcarnitine signal by 2.1-fold in both diabetic and control animals. The increase in pyruvate dehydrogenase flux in vivo was accompanied by an improvement in post-ischemic function ex vivo, as meldonium elevated the rate pressure product by 1.3-fold and 1.5-fold in the control and diabetic animals, respectively. In conclusion, meldonium improves in vivo pyruvate dehydrogenase flux in the diabetic heart, contributing to improved cardiac recovery after ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Savic
- Cardiac Metabolism Research Group (CMRG), Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Vicky Ball
- Cardiac Metabolism Research Group (CMRG), Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Lorenz Holzner
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - David Hauton
- Cardiac Metabolism Research Group (CMRG), Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Metabolomics Research Group, Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Kerstin N. Timm
- Cardiac Metabolism Research Group (CMRG), Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - M. Kate Curtis
- Cardiac Metabolism Research Group (CMRG), Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Lisa C. Heather
- Cardiac Metabolism Research Group (CMRG), Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Damian J. Tyler
- Cardiac Metabolism Research Group (CMRG), Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Demchenko SА, Fedchenkova YА, Yeromina HО, Herashenko IV, Berdnyk OH, Demchenko AM. The synthesis of N-(4-aryl-thiazol-2-yl)-N1-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3H-azepin-2-yl)-hydrazine hydrobromides and the cardioprotective activity of (41-methoxyphenyl-thiazol-2-yl) derivative. PHARMACIA 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.68.e58788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of N-(4-aryl-thiazol-2-yl)-N1-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3Н-azepin-2-yl)-hydrazine derivatives were synthesized by interaction of equimolar quantities of substituted α-bromacetophenones with thiosemicarbazide and characterized on the basis of their elemental analyses and spectral data. Study of cardioprotective activity of the all new products in comparison to levocarnitine and its synthetic analogue mildronate were carried out. Thus, specified results indicate, N-[(41-methoxyphenyl)-thiazol-2-yl)]-N1-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3Н-azepin-2-yl)-hydrazine hydrobromide was influenced deceleration of contractive response of smooth muscles to hypoxia 13.2% more effective than levocarnitine and 6.85% more effective than mildronate and were shown pronounced cardioprotective properties. Obtained data justifies further study of N-(4-aryl-thiazol-2-yl)-N1-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3Н-azepin-yl)-hydrazine derivatives as new potential cardioprotective drugs for treatment of various cardiac diseases.
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Gureev AP, Shaforostova EA, Vitkalova IY, Sadovnikova IS, Kalinina YI, Cherednichenko VR, Reznikova KA, Valuyskikh VV, Popov VN. Long-term mildronate treatment increased Proteobacteria level in gut microbiome, and caused behavioral deviations and transcriptome change in liver, heart and brain of healthy mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 398:115031. [PMID: 32389661 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mildronate is a cardiac and neuroprotective drug that is widely used in some countries. By inhibiting carnitine biosynthesis, mildronate impairs the fatty acids transport into mitochondria, thereby decreasing the β-oxidation intensity. Since 2016, it has been prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). However, the information on its safety and its influence on the athletes' health is scarce. There are no published studies on whether mildronate-induced long-term metabolism "rearrangement" may cause negative effects on high-metabolic-rate organs and on the whole organism. Here, we demonstrate that long-term mildronate treatment of healthy mice induced global metabolism change at the transcriptome level in liver, heart, and brain. Mildronate treatment also induced some behavioral changes such as anxiety-related behavior and diminished explorative behavior. We also found that mildronate induced a dysbiosis, as manifested by an increase in Proteobacteria level in gut microbiome. At the same time, the absence of a statistically significant increase in mouse strength and endurance procedures suggests that mildronate effect on productivity is negligible. The sum of our data suggests that long-term treatment of healthy mice with mildronate induces dysbiosis and behavioral deviations despite the effectiveness of mildronate for cardiac and neurological diseases. Thus, we suggest that long-term mildronate treatment is undesirable or at the very least should be accompanied by prebiotics treatments, but this issue should be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem P Gureev
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina A Shaforostova
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Inna Yu Vitkalova
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia; Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Irina S Sadovnikova
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Yulia I Kalinina
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Vadim R Cherednichenko
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Karina A Reznikova
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Valeria V Valuyskikh
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Vasily N Popov
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia; Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, Voronezh, Russia
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5
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Functional differences between l- and d-carnitine in metabolic regulation evaluated using a low-carnitine Nile tilapia model. Br J Nutr 2019; 122:625-638. [PMID: 32124711 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451900148x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
l-Carnitine is essential for mitochondrial β-oxidation and has been used as a lipid-lowering feed additive in humans and farmed animals. d-Carnitine is an optical isomer of l-carnitine and dl-carnitine has been widely used in animal feeds. However, the functional differences between l- and d-carnitine are difficult to study because of the endogenous l-carnitine background. In the present study, we developed a low-carnitine Nile tilapia model by treating fish with a carnitine synthesis inhibitor, and used this model to investigate the functional differences between l- and d-carnitine in nutrient metabolism in fish. l- or d-carnitine (0·4 g/kg diet) was fed to the low-carnitine tilapia for 6 weeks. l-Carnitine feeding increased the acyl-carnitine concentration from 3522 to 10 822 ng/g and alleviated the lipid deposition from 15·89 to 11·97 % in the liver of low-carnitine tilapia. However, as compared with l-carnitine group, d-carnitine feeding reduced the acyl-carnitine concentration from 10 822 to 5482 ng/g, and increased lipid deposition from 11·97 to 20·21 % and the mRNA expression of the genes involved in β-oxidation and detoxification in the liver. d-Carnitine feeding also induced hepatic inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis. A metabolomic investigation further showed that d-carnitine feeding increased glycolysis, protein metabolism and activity of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, l-carnitine can be physiologically utilised in fish, whereas d-carnitine is metabolised as a xenobiotic and induces lipotoxicity. d-Carnitine-fed fish demonstrates increases in peroxisomal β-oxidation, glycolysis and amino acid degradation to maintain energy homeostasis. Therefore, d-carnitine is not recommended for use in farmed animals.
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Wang Y, Christopher BA, Wilson KA, Muoio D, McGarrah RW, Brunengraber H, Zhang GF. Propionate-induced changes in cardiac metabolism, notably CoA trapping, are not altered by l-carnitine. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E622-E633. [PMID: 30016154 PMCID: PMC6230704 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00081.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of propionate and its metabolites are found in several diseases that are often associated with the development of cardiac dysfunction, such as obesity, diabetes, propionic acidemia, and methylmalonic acidemia. In the present work, we employed a stable isotope-based metabolic flux approach to understand propionate-mediated perturbation of cardiac energy metabolism. Propionate led to accumulation of propionyl-CoA (increased by ~101-fold) and methylmalonyl-CoA (increased by 36-fold). This accumulation caused significant mitochondrial CoA trapping and inhibited fatty acid oxidation. The reduced energy contribution from fatty acid oxidation was associated with increased glucose oxidation. The enhanced anaplerosis of propionate and CoA trapping altered the pool sizes of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) metabolites. In addition to being an anaplerotic substrate, the accumulation of proprionate-derived malate increased the recycling of malate to pyruvate and acetyl-CoA, which can enter the TCA for energy production. Supplementation of 3 mM l-carnitine did not relieve CoA trapping and did not reverse the propionate-mediated fuel switch. This is due to new findings that the heart appears to lack the specific enzyme catalyzing the conversion of short-chain (C3 and C4) dicarboxylyl-CoAs to dicarboxylylcarnitines. The discovery of this work warrants further investigation on the relevance of dicarboxylylcarnitines, especially C3 and C4 dicarboxylylcarnitines, in cardiac conditions such as heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Bridgette A Christopher
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kirkland A Wilson
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Deborah Muoio
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Robert W McGarrah
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Henri Brunengraber
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Guo-Fang Zhang
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
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Li JM, Li LY, Qin X, Degrace P, Demizieux L, Limbu SM, Wang X, Zhang ML, Li DL, Du ZY. Inhibited Carnitine Synthesis Causes Systemic Alteration of Nutrient Metabolism in Zebrafish. Front Physiol 2018; 9:509. [PMID: 29867554 PMCID: PMC5954090 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation has been correlated with many metabolic syndromes, and the metabolic characteristics of the mammalian models of mitochondrial dysfunction have also been intensively studied. However, the effects of the impaired mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation on systemic metabolism in teleost have never been investigated. In the present study, we established a low-carnitine zebrafish model by feeding fish with mildronate as a specific carnitine synthesis inhibitor [0.05% body weight (BW)/d] for 7 weeks, and the systemically changed nutrient metabolism, including carnitine and triglyceride (TG) concentrations, fatty acid (FA) β-oxidation capability, and other molecular and biochemical assays of lipid, glucose, and protein metabolism, were measured. The results indicated that mildronate markedly decreased hepatic carnitine concentrations while it had no effect in muscle. Liver TG concentrations increased by more than 50% in mildronate-treated fish. Mildronate decreased the efficiency of liver mitochondrial β-oxidation, increased the hepatic mRNA expression of genes related to FA β-oxidation and lipolysis, and decreased the expression of lipogenesis genes. Mildronate decreased whole body glycogen content, increased glucose metabolism rate, and upregulated the expression of glucose uptake and glycolysis genes. Mildronate also increased whole body protein content and hepatic mRNA expression of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mtor), and decreased the expression of a protein catabolism-related gene. Liver, rather than muscle, was the primary organ targeted by mildronate. In short, mildronate-induced hepatic inhibited carnitine synthesis in zebrafish caused decreased mitochondrial FA β-oxidation efficiency, greater lipid accumulation, and altered glucose and protein metabolism. This reveals the key roles of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation in nutrient metabolism in fish, and this low-carnitine zebrafish model could also be used as a novel fish model for future metabolism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Min Li
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Yu Li
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pascal Degrace
- Team Pathophysiology of Dyslipidemia, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, INSERM UMR1231 "Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer," Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Demizieux
- Team Pathophysiology of Dyslipidemia, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, INSERM UMR1231 "Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer," Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Samwel M Limbu
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei-Ling Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Liang Li
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Dambrova M, Makrecka-Kuka M, Vilskersts R, Makarova E, Kuka J, Liepinsh E. Pharmacological effects of meldonium: Biochemical mechanisms and biomarkers of cardiometabolic activity. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:771-780. [PMID: 26850121 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Meldonium (mildronate; 3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazinium)propionate; THP; MET-88) is a clinically used cardioprotective drug, which mechanism of action is based on the regulation of energy metabolism pathways through l-carnitine lowering effect. l-Carnitine biosynthesis enzyme γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase and carnitine/organic cation transporter type 2 (OCTN2) are the main known drug targets of meldonium, and through inhibition of these activities meldonium induces adaptive changes in the cellular energy homeostasis. Since l-carnitine is involved in the metabolism of fatty acids, the decline in its levels stimulates glucose metabolism and decreases concentrations of l-carnitine related metabolites, such as long-chain acylcarnitines and trimethylamine-N-oxide. Here, we briefly reviewed the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of meldonium in treatment of heart failure, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, atherosclerosis and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Dambrova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia; Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema Str. 16, Riga LV-1007, Latvia.
| | - Marina Makrecka-Kuka
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Reinis Vilskersts
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia; Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema Str. 16, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Elina Makarova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Janis Kuka
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Edgars Liepinsh
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
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Liepinsh E, Makrecka-Kuka M, Kuka J, Vilskersts R, Makarova E, Cirule H, Loza E, Lola D, Grinberga S, Pugovics O, Kalvins I, Dambrova M. Inhibition of L-carnitine biosynthesis and transport by methyl-γ-butyrobetaine decreases fatty acid oxidation and protects against myocardial infarction. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:1319-32. [PMID: 25363063 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The important pathological consequences of ischaemic heart disease arise from the detrimental effects of the accumulation of long-chain acylcarnitines in the case of acute ischaemia-reperfusion. The aim of this study is to test whether decreasing the L-carnitine content represents an effective strategy to decrease accumulation of long-chain acylcarnitines and to reduce fatty acid oxidation in order to protect the heart against acute ischaemia-reperfusion injury. KEY RESULTS In this study, we used a novel compound, 4-[ethyl(dimethyl)ammonio]butanoate (Methyl-GBB), which inhibits γ-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (IC₅₀ 3 μM) and organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2, IC₅₀ 3 μM), and, in turn, decreases levels of L-carnitine and acylcarnitines in heart tissue. Methyl-GBB reduced both mitochondrial and peroxisomal palmitate oxidation rates by 44 and 53% respectively. In isolated hearts treated with Methyl-GBB, uptake and oxidation rates of labelled palmitate were decreased by 40%, while glucose oxidation was increased twofold. Methyl-GBB (5 or 20 mg·kg(-1)) decreased the infarct size by 45-48%. In vivo pretreatment with Methyl-GBB (20 mg·kg(-1)) attenuated the infarct size by 45% and improved 24 h survival of rats by 20-30%. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Reduction of L-carnitine and long-chain acylcarnitine content by the inhibition of OCTN2 represents an effective strategy to protect the heart against ischaemia-reperfusion-induced damage. Methyl-GBB treatment exerted cardioprotective effects and increased survival by limiting long-chain fatty acid oxidation and facilitating glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Liepinsh
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
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Activated peroxisomal fatty acid metabolism improves cardiac recovery in ischemia-reperfusion. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2013; 386:541-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0849-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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11
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Kuka J, Vilskersts R, Cirule H, Makrecka M, Pugovics O, Kalvinsh I, Dambrova M, Liepinsh E. The cardioprotective effect of mildronate is diminished after co-treatment with L-carnitine. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2011; 17:215-22. [PMID: 21903968 DOI: 10.1177/1074248411419502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mildronate, an inhibitor of L-carnitine biosynthesis and uptake, is a cardioprotective drug whose mechanism of action is thought to rely on the changes in concentration of L-carnitine in heart tissue. In the present study, we compared the cardioprotective effect of mildronate (100 mg/kg) and a combination of mildronate and L-carnitine (100 + 100 mg/kg) administered for 14 days with respect to the observed changes in l-carnitine level and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-I)-dependent fatty acid metabolism in the heart tissues. Concentrations of L-carnitine and its precursor γ-butyrobetaine (GBB) were measured by ultraperformance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, mitochondrial respiration, activity of CPT-I, and expression of CPT-IA/B messenger RNA (mRNA) were measured. Isolated rat hearts were subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Administration of mildronate induced a 69% decrease in L-carnitine concentration and a 6-fold increase in GBB concentration in the heart tissue as well as a 27% decrease in CPT-I-dependent mitochondrial respiration on palmitoyl-coenzyme A. In addition, mildronate treatment induced a significant reduction in infarct size and also diminished the ischemia-induced respiration stimulation by exogenous cytochrome c. Treatment with a combination had no significant impact on L-carnitine concentration, CPT-I-dependent mitochondrial respiration, and infarct size. Our results demonstrated that the mildronate-induced decrease in L-carnitine concentration, concomitant decrease in fatty acid transport, and maintenance of the intactness of outer mitochondrial membrane in heart mitochondria are the key mechanisms of action for the anti-infarction activity of mildronate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Kuka
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia.
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12
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Liepinsh E, Konrade I, Skapare E, Pugovics O, Grinberga S, Kuka J, Kalvinsh I, Dambrova M. Mildronate treatment alters γ-butyrobetaine and l-carnitine concentrations in healthy volunteers. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 63:1195-201. [PMID: 21827492 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of long-term administration of the cardioprotective drug mildronate on the concentrations of l-carnitine and γ-butyrobetaine in healthy volunteers. METHODS Mildronate was administered perorally, at a dosage of 500mg, twice daily. Plasma and urine samples were collected weekly. Daily meat consumption within an average, non-vegetarian diet was monitored. l-Carnitine, γ-butyrobetaine and mildronate concentrations were measured using the UPLC/MS/MS method. KEY FINDINGS After 4 weeks, the average concentrations of l-carnitine in plasma significantly decreased by 18%. The plasma concentrations of γ-butyrobetaine increased about two-fold, and this effect was statistically significant in both the male and female groups. In urine samples, a significant increase in l-carnitine and γ-butyrobetaine levels was observed, which provides evidence for increased excretion of both substances during the mildronate treatment. At the end of the treatment period, the plasma concentration of mildronate was 20µm on average. There were no significant differences between the effects observed in female and male volunteers. Meat consumption partially reduced the l-carnitine-lowering effects induced by mildronate. CONCLUSIONS Long-term administration of mildronate significantly lowers l-carnitine plasma concentrations in non-vegetarian, healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgars Liepinsh
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga LV1006, Latvia.
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13
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Liepinsh E, Kuka J, Svalbe B, Vilskersts R, Skapare E, Cirule H, Pugovics O, Kalvinsh I, Dambrova M. Effects of long-term mildronate treatment on cardiac and liver functions in rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 105:387-94. [PMID: 19663820 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mildronate is a cardioprotective drug that improves cardiac function during ischaemia and functions by lowering l-carnitine concentration in body tissues and modulating myocardial energy metabolism. The aim of the present study was to characterise cardiovascular function and liver condition after long-term mildronate treatment in rats. In addition, changes in the plasma lipid profile, along with changes in the concentration of mildronate, l-carnitine and gamma-butyrobetaine were monitored in the rat tissues. Wistar rats were perorally treated daily with a mildronate dose of either 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg for 4, 8 or 12 weeks. The l-carnitine-lowering effect of mildronate was dose-dependent. However, the carnitine levels reached a plateau after about four weeks of treatment. During the additional weeks of treatment, the carnitine levels were not considerably changed. The obtained results provide evidence that even a high dose of mildronate does not alter cardiovascular parameters and the function of isolated rat hearts. Furthermore, the histological evaluation of liver tissue cryosections and measurement of biochemical markers of hepatic toxicity showed that all the measured values were within the normal reference range. Our results provide evidence that long-term mildronate administration induces significant changes in carnitine homeostasis, but it is not associated with cardiac impairment or disturbances in liver function.
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Effect of inhibiting carnitine biosynthesis on male rat sexual performance. Physiol Behav 2008; 95:341-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Liepinsh E, Vilskersts R, Skapare E, Svalbe B, Kuka J, Cirule H, Pugovics O, Kalvinsh I, Dambrova M. Mildronate decreases carnitine availability and up-regulates glucose uptake and related gene expression in the mouse heart. Life Sci 2008; 83:613-9. [PMID: 18801379 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS l-carnitine has been shown to play a central role in both fat and carbohydrate metabolisms. This study investigated whether acute and long-term treatments with an l-carnitine biosynthesis inhibitor, mildronate (3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazinium) propionate), modulate glucose uptake. MAIN METHODS The effects of acute and long-term administration of mildronate at a dose of 200 mg/kg (i.p. daily for 20 days) were tested in mouse blood plasma and heart. KEY FINDINGS Acute administration of mildronate in vivo, or in vitro administration with perfusion buffer in isolated heart experiments, did not induce any effects on glucose blood concentration and uptake in the heart. Mildronate long-term treatment significantly decreased carnitine concentration in plasma and heart tissues, as well as increased the rate of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by 35% and the expression of glucose transporter 4, hexokinase II, and insulin receptor proteins in mouse hearts. In addition, expression of both carnitine palmitoyltransferases IA and IB were significantly increased. Mildronate long-term treatment statistically significantly decreased fed state blood glucose from 6+/-0.2 to 5+/-0.1 mM, but did not affect plasma insulin and C-peptide levels. SIGNIFICANCE Our experiments demonstrate for the first time that long-term mildronate treatment decreases carnitine content in the mouse heart and leads to increased glucose uptake and glucose metabolism-related gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgars Liepinsh
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga LV1006, Latvia.
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Ling B, Alcorn J. Acute administration of cefepime lowers L-carnitine concentrations in early lactation stage rat milk. J Nutr 2008; 138:1317-22. [PMID: 18567754 DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.7.1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study investigated the potential for important in vivo drug-nutrient transport interactions at the lactating mammary gland using the L-carnitine transporter substrates, cefepime and L-carnitine, as proof-of-concept. On d 4 (n = 6/treatment) and d 10 (n = 6/treatment) of lactation, rats were administered cefepime (250 mg/h) or saline by continuous i.v. infusion (4 h). Serum and milk L-carnitine and cefepime concentrations were quantified by HPLC-UV. In whole mammary gland, organic cation/carnitine transporter (OCTN)1, OCTN2, OCTN3, amino acid transporter B(0,+) (ATB(0,+)), and L-carnitine transporter 2 expression were determined by quantitative RT-PCR and by western blot and immunohistochemistry when possible. Cefepime caused a 56% decrease in milk L-carnitine concentrations on lactation d 4 (P = 0.0048) but did not affect milk L-carnitine at lactation d 10 or serum L-carnitine concentrations at either time. The mean L-carnitine and cefepime milk:serum ratios (M/S) decreased from 9.1 +/- 0.4 to 4.9 +/- 0.6 (P < 0.0001) and 0.89 +/- 0.3 to 0.12 +/- 0.02 (P = 0.0473), respectively, between d 4 and d 10 of lactation. In both groups, OCTN2 (P < 0.0001), OCTN3 (P = 0.0039), and ATB(0,+) (P = 0.004) mRNA expression and OCTN2 protein (P < 0.0001) were higher in mammary glands at d 4 of lactation compared with d 10. Immunohistochemistry revealed OCTN1 and OCTN2 localization in the mammary alveolar epithelium and OCTN3 expression in the interstitial space and blood vessel endothelium. In conclusion, cefepime significantly decreased milk L-carnitine concentrations only at d 4 of lactation. Relative to d 10, enhanced expression of OCTN2 and ATB(0,+) in mammary glands at d 4 of lactation and higher M/S (L-carnitine and cefepime) suggests cefepime competes with L-carnitine for L-carnitine transporters expressed in the lactating mammary gland to adversely affect L-carnitine milk concentrations and these effects depend upon lactation stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbing Ling
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C9 Canada
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Oppedisano F, Fanello D, Calvani M, Indiveri C. Interaction of mildronate with the mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine transport protein. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2008; 22:8-14. [PMID: 18273902 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of mildronate [3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazine) propionate] with the purified mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine transporter reconstituted in liposomes has been studied. Mildronate, externally added to the proteoliposomes, strongly inhibited the carnitine/carnitine antiport catalyzed by the reconstituted transporter with an IC(50) of 560 muM. A kinetic analysis revealed that the inhibition is completely competitive, that is, mildronate interacts with the substrate-binding site. The half-saturation constant of the transporter for external mildronate (K(i)) is 530 muM. Carnitine/mildronate antiport has been measured as [(3)H]carnitine uptake into proteoliposomes containing internal mildronate or as [(3)H]carnitine efflux from proteoliposomes in the presence of external mildronate, indicating that mildronate is transported by the carnitine/acylcarnitine transporter and that the inhibition observed was due to the transport of mildronate in the place of carnitine. The intraliposomal half-saturation constant for mildronate transport (K(m)) has been determined. Its value, 18 mM, is much higher than the external half-saturation constant (K(i)) in agreement with the asymmetric properties of the transporter. In vivo, the antiport reaction between cytosolic (administered) mildronate and matrix carnitine may cause intramitochondrial carnitine depletion. This effect, together with the inhibition of the physiological transport, will lead to impairment of fatty acid utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Oppedisano
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, Via P.Bucci 4c, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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Degrace P, Demizieux L, Du ZY, Gresti J, Caverot L, Djaouti L, Jourdan T, Moindrot B, Guilland JC, Hocquette JF, Clouet P. Regulation of Lipid Flux between Liver and Adipose Tissue during Transient Hepatic Steatosis in Carnitine-depleted Rats. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:20816-26. [PMID: 17496329 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611391200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rats with carnitine deficiency due to trimethylhydrazinium propionate (mildronate) administered at 80 mg/100 g body weight per day for 10 days developed liver steatosis only upon fasting. This study aimed to determine whether the transient steatosis resulted from triglyceride accumulation due to the amount of fatty acids preserved through impaired fatty acid oxidation and/or from up-regulation of lipid exchange between liver and adipose tissue. In liver, mildronate decreased the carnitine content by approximately 13-fold and, in fasted rats, lowered the palmitate oxidation rate by 50% in the perfused organ, increased 9-fold the triglyceride content, and doubled the hepatic very low density lipoprotein secretion rate. Concomitantly, triglyceridemia was 13-fold greater than in controls. Hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I activity and palmitate oxidation capacities measured in vitro were increased after treatment. Gene expression of hepatic proteins involved in fatty acid oxidation, triglyceride formation, and lipid uptake were all increased and were associated with increased hepatic free fatty acid content in treated rats. In periepididymal adipose tissue, mildronate markedly increased lipoprotein lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase activities in fed and fasted rats, respectively. On refeeding, carnitine-depleted rats exhibited a rapid decrease in blood triglycerides and free fatty acids, then after approximately 2 h, a marked drop of liver triglycerides and a progressive decrease in liver free fatty acids. Data show that up-regulation of liver activities, peripheral lipolysis, and lipoprotein lipase activity were likely essential factors for excess fat deposit and release alternately occurring in liver and adipose tissue of carnitine-depleted rats during the fed/fasted transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Degrace
- UMR 866 INSERM-UB, Equipe Physiopathologie des dyslipidémies, Faculté des Sciences, 21000 Dijon, France
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19
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Dietary mildronate supplementation has no effect on carnitine biosynthetic enzyme mRNA expression in rat. Nutr Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2007.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sesti C, Simkhovich BZ, Kalvinsh I, Kloner RA. Mildronate, a novel fatty acid oxidation inhibitor and antianginal agent, reduces myocardial infarct size without affecting hemodynamics. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2006; 47:493-9. [PMID: 16633095 DOI: 10.1097/01.fjc.0000211732.76668.d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mildronate is a fatty acid oxidation inhibitor approved as an antianginal drug in parts of Europe. We carried out the first study to determine whether a 10-day course of mildronate could reduce myocardial infarct size (IS) during acute myocardial ischemia. Sprague Dawley rats received 200 mg/kg/d of mildronate (treated group, n = 16) or sterile water (control group, n = 14) subcutaneously for 10 days before ischemia-reperfusion. Rats were then subjected to 45 minutes of left coronary artery occlusion and 2 hours of reperfusion. The 2 groups had identical areas at risk: treated 38 +/- 3%; controls 38 +/- 2%. The amount of necrosis was smaller in the mildronate group at 16 +/- 2% of the left ventricle versus controls, 22 +/- 2% (P = 0.05); and for any amount of risk >25%, necrosis was smaller in the treated group (P = 0.0035). Myocardial IS (% of risk zone) was 43+/-3% in the mildronate-treated rats, and 57+/-4% in controls (P = 0.004). During occlusion, there were no differences between the 2 groups in heart rate (216 +/- 12 bpm, mildronate and 210 +/- 9 bpm, control), in mean arterial pressure (60 +/- 2 mm Hg, mildronate and 64 +/- 3 mm Hg, control) or in the frequency of arrhythmias. Our study for the first time demonstrated that a 10-day treatment with mildronate reduced myocardial IS in an experimental model of acute myocardial ischemia, without any effect on hemodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casilde Sesti
- The Heart Institute, Good Samaritan Hospital, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90017, USA
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Sjakste N, Gutcaits A, Kalvinsh I. Mildronate: an antiischemic drug for neurological indications. CNS DRUG REVIEWS 2005; 11:151-68. [PMID: 16007237 PMCID: PMC6741751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3458.2005.tb00267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mildronate (3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazinium)propionate; MET-88; meldonium, quaterine) is an antiischemic drug developed at the Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis. Mildronate was designed to inhibit carnitine biosynthesis in order to prevent accumulation of cytotoxic intermediate products of fatty acid beta-oxidation in ischemic tissues and to block this highly oxygen-consuming process. Mildronate is efficient in the treatment of heart ischemia and its consequences. Extensive evaluation of pharmacological activities of mildronate revealed its beneficial effect on cerebral circulation disorders and central nervous system (CNS) functions. The drug is used in neurological clinics for the treatment of brain circulation disorders. It appears to improve patients' mood; they become more active, their motor dysfunction decreases, and asthenia, dizziness and nausea become less pronounced. Since the brain does not utilize fatty acids as fuel other mechanisms of action of mildronate in CNS should be considered. Several reports indicate the possible existence of an alternative, non-carnitine dependent mechanism of action of mildronate. Our recent findings suggest that CNS effects of mildronate could be mediated by stimulation of the nitric oxide production in the vascular endothelium by modification of the gamma-butyrobetaine and its esters pools. It is hypothesized that mildronate may increase the formation of the gamma-butyrobetaine esters. The latter are potent cholinomimetics and may activate eNOS via acetylcholine receptors or specific gamma-butyrobetaine ester receptors. This article summarizes known pharmacological effects of mildronate, its pharmacokinetics, toxicology, as well as the proposed mechanisms of action.
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Peschechera A, Scalibastri M, Russo F, Giarrizzo MG, Carminati P, Giannessi F, Arduini A, Ricciolini R. Carnitine depletion in rat pups from mothers given mildronate: a model of carnitine deficiency in late fetal and neonatal life. Life Sci 2005; 77:3078-91. [PMID: 15979102 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2004] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mildronate (3-(2,2,2,-trimethylhydrazinium)propionate), is a butyrobetaine analogue that is known to inhibit gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase, the enzyme catalyzing the last step of carnitine biosynthesis. When administered to adult rats it determines a systemic carnitine deficiency and may therefore serve as an animal model for human carnitine depletion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of mildronate administration to pregnant and lactating rats on tissue carnitine concentrations in 4- and 13-day-old rat pups. At 14 days of gestation female rats began to receive mildronate in the diet (200 mg/kg/d) and this continued for entire lactation period. Mildronate treatment determined a large reduction of carnitine levels in the milk of lactating dams. Because organ carnitine concentrations in neonatal rats are directly related to dietary supply, pups from mildronate group had significantly depleted levels of total carnitine in serum, heart, liver, muscle, brain and pancreas relative to controls, at 4 and 13 days of age. Correspondingly, an increase in triglyceride levels was observed in liver, heart and muscle of mildronate pups. This is in agreement with a reduction of basal rate of oxidation of [U-(14)C]-palmitate to (14)CO(2) and (14)C-acid-soluble products observed in liver homogenates from carnitine-deficient pups. All functional and biochemical modifications were compatible with a carnitine deficiency status. In conclusion our results describe a model of carnitine depletion in pups, suitable for the investigation of carnitine deficiency in fetal-neonatal nutrition, without any concomitant mildronate-mediated metabolic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Peschechera
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Sigma-Tau Pharmaceuticals Industries, Via Pontina Km 30,400 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
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