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Scoberg B, Hobson C, van Goozen S. Psychometric Properties and Validity of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders: Parent Version (SCARED-P) in an Early Childhood Sample. Assessment 2024; 31:1442-1451. [PMID: 38258550 DOI: 10.1177/10731911231225203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders: Parent Version (SCARED-P) was originally developed for use in middle childhood and adolescence. The present study examined the psychometric properties and validity of the SCARED-P in an early childhood sample (predominantly aged 4-7 years). The 41-item version of the SCARED-P was administered to the parents of 233 children (mean age = 6.31 years, SD = 1.08; females = 34.3%). Confirmatory factor analysis provided mixed support for the original five-factor model of the SCARED-P. The SCARED-P demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency (total α = .94, subscale α = .68-.89), and good construct validity with the Child Behavior Checklist, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and the Developmental and Well-being Assessment. These findings indicate overall initial support for the SCARED-P's utility as a measure of anxiety in early childhood, but further psychometric and validation studies are needed in larger community-based samples of young children.
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Giannopoulou I, Pasalari E, Bali P, Grammatikaki D, Ferentinos P. Psychometric properties of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale in Greek Adolescents. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 27:424-438. [PMID: 34818925 DOI: 10.1177/13591045211056502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The psychometric properties of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS-47) are established cross-culturally but lacking for the Greek population. The present study examined RCADS internal consistency and validity (structural and concurrent) in Greek adolescents, and tested measurement invariance across sex and age groups. We recruited 619 secondary school students (n = 321 females), aged 12-18 years (n = 318, 12-14-year-olds). Besides RCADS, all students completed Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), a subsample (n = 300) completed Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED), whereas a non-overlapping subsample (n = 219) completed Depression Self-Rating Scale (DSRS). Structural validity was examined with Confirmatory Factor Analysis and measurement invariance was assessed with Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) modeling. Convergent and divergent validity were examined using Spearman correlations between RCADS subscales and DSRS, SCARED, and SDQ validators. The six-factor model fitted the data best, validating the originally proposed RCADS structure. Three items displayed differential item functioning for sex, another three for age group, and one item for both, albeit with trivial effect sizes (d < 0.2). Cronbach's alpha was .94. Convergent and divergent validity were also established. In conclusion, the RCADS is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing anxiety and depression symptoms in Greek adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Giannopoulou
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 393206Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Evdokia Pasalari
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 393206Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Bali
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 393206Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Grammatikaki
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 393206Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Ferentinos
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 393206Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Grasser LR, Haddad L, Manji S, Assari S, Arfken C, Javanbakht A. Trauma-Related Psychopathology in Iraqi Refugee Youth Resettled in the United States, and Comparison With an Ethnically Similar Refugee Sample: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Psychol 2021; 12:574368. [PMID: 33828500 PMCID: PMC8019895 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.574368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Conflict in Iraq has displaced millions of refugee youth. Warzone exposure and forced migration have unique acute and chronic impacts on youth, yet effects of exposure may not be universal across diverse refugee groups. Understanding how youth from various refugee groups are differentially affected by stress and trauma is critical to allocate resources and implement screening measures with the goal of providing early intervention. Method To identify the effects of warzone exposure and forced migration, a convenience sample of 48 Iraqi refugee youth ages 6-17 was assessed within the first month of arrival to the United States. Youth provided self-reported severity of posttraumatic stress and anxiety symptoms; symptom severity was then compared with an existing sample of 135 Syrian refugee youth to explore whether refugee youth of different nationalities experience the same effects of warzone exposure and forced migration. These data are the baseline for a longitudinal developmental study of refugee health, which also includes parental data. Results Severity of separation anxiety and negative alterations in cognition and mood were the greatest symptomatic concerns in Iraqi refugee youth. Thirty-eight percent of responding Iraqi youth showed possible indication of an anxiety disorder. Severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms was lower in Iraqi youth compared to Syrian youth. For both Iraqi and Syrian refugee youth, separation anxiety was the most significant concern, with more than 80% of both samples showing a possible indication of clinically significant separation anxiety. Conclusion The present observational study indicated that Iraqi refugee youth experience a range of anxiety and posttraumatic stress symptoms following warzone exposure and forced migration; posttraumatic stress symptoms were less severe in Iraqi versus Syrian youth. Comparing refugee youth of different nationalities is of particular importance, as our results demonstrate that findings from one refugee population cannot easily be generalized to another. Clinical and research efforts should prioritize interventions to address separation anxiety in refugee youth, which was of concern in both samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Ruvolo Grasser
- Stress, Trauma, and Anxiety Research Clinic (STARC Lab), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Luay Haddad
- Stress, Trauma, and Anxiety Research Clinic (STARC Lab), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Suzanne Manji
- Stress, Trauma, and Anxiety Research Clinic (STARC Lab), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Shervin Assari
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Urban Public Health, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Cynthia Arfken
- Stress, Trauma, and Anxiety Research Clinic (STARC Lab), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Arash Javanbakht
- Stress, Trauma, and Anxiety Research Clinic (STARC Lab), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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Miller KK, Brown CR, Shramko M, Svetaz MV. Applying Trauma-Informed Practices to the Care of Refugee and Immigrant Youth: 10 Clinical Pearls. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 6:E94. [PMID: 31434278 PMCID: PMC6721394 DOI: 10.3390/children6080094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Immigrant and refugee youth have higher rates of trauma than youth who are not transnational. While youth are incredibly resilient, trauma and toxic stress can result in poor health outcomes that persist throughout life. However, clinical interventions can promote resilience and decrease the negative impact of trauma. This article will review the principles of trauma-informed care and its application for the care of immigrant and refugee youth and their families by sharing concrete and feasible strategies for primary care providers and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen K Miller
- Department of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA.
| | - Calla R Brown
- Department of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Maura Shramko
- Department of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Maria Veronica Svetaz
- Department of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
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Papachristou H, Theodorou M, Neophytou K, Panayiotou G. Community sample evidence on the relations among behavioural inhibition system, anxiety sensitivity, experiential avoidance, and social anxiety in adolescents. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Rappaport BI, Pagliaccio D, Pine DS, Klein DN, Jarcho JM. Discriminant validity, diagnostic utility, and parent-child agreement on the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) in treatment- and non-treatment-seeking youth. J Anxiety Disord 2017; 51:22-31. [PMID: 28886420 PMCID: PMC5761277 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Screen for Child Anxiety and Related Emotional Disorder (SCARED) may be differentially sensitive to detecting specific or comorbid anxiety diagnoses in treatment-seeking and non-treatment-seeking youth. We assessed the SCARED's discriminant validity, diagnostic utility, and informant agreement using parent- and self-report from healthy and treatment-seeking anxious youth (Study 1, N=585) and from non-treatment-seeking anxious youth (Study 2, N=331) diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), or comorbid GAD+SAD. Among treatment-seeking youth, the SCARED showed good diagnostic utility and specificity, differentiating healthy, comorbid, and non-comorbid anxious youth. Child-parent agreement was modest: healthy child self-reports were higher than parent-reports whereas anxious child self-reports were similar or lower than parent-reports. Less consistent results emerged for diagnostic utility, specificity, and informant agreement among non-treatment-seeking youth. Given the number of non-treatment seeking anxious youth (N=33), generalizability of these findings may be limited. Together, results suggest informants may provide distinct information about children's anxiety symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Rappaport
- Emotion and Development Branch, The National Institute of Mental Health, USA
| | - D Pagliaccio
- Emotion and Development Branch, The National Institute of Mental Health, USA
| | - D S Pine
- Emotion and Development Branch, The National Institute of Mental Health, USA
| | - D N Klein
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
| | - J M Jarcho
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA.
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Valadão Dias F, Campos JADB, Mendes R, Leal I, Marôco J. The factorial structure of the SCARED-R in a Portuguese community sample. PSYCHOLOGY, COMMUNITY & HEALTH 2017. [DOI: 10.5964/pch.v6i1.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim
To evaluate the three-, four-, five- and nine-factor structures of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders - revised version (SCARED-R) in a Portuguese sample. We further aimed at assessing the gender and age patterns of anxiety symptoms.
Method
The Portuguese version of the SCARED-R was administered to a community sample of 1,314 children, aged 10-13 years. Confirmatory factorial analysis and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were employed.
Results
The five-, four- and three-factor models presented an acceptable fit to the data. An unacceptable fit to the data was obtained for the one-factor model. The refined nine-factor model presented good fit to the data after the removal of items with low factorial weights. Based on theoretical considerations, this nine-factor model was considered the best model for assessing children’s anxiety symptoms. A hierarchical structure with a second-order factor called "General Anxiety" was proposed. Adequate internal consistency and criterion related validity were demonstrated. Effects of gender and age on the anxiety scores were found.
Conclusion
The SCARED-R is a reliable tool for screening anxiety symptoms, and can be initially administered to identify children at high risk for specific DSM-IV defined anxiety disorders.
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Chan SM, Leung CH. Factor Structure of the Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) in a Community Sample of Hong Kong Chinese Adolescents. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2015; 46:671-82. [PMID: 25288523 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-014-0509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The current study tested the factor structure of the 41-item SCARED in assessing anxiety in a sample of Hong Kong adolescents. Data were collected from 5,226 youths (54.5 % boys) aged 12-18. Results showed that the scale and the five subscales had high internal consistency. However, confirmatory factor analyses showed that the original five-factor model did not fit the data collected in this sample. Instead, the results revealed a seven-factor model consisting of one second-order factor of anxiety and seven first-order factors: the four original factors of General Anxiety, Panic/Somatic Syndromes, Social Anxiety, and School Phobia and three new factors representing different aspects of Separation Anxiety. Group invariance in the Boys and Girls models was found. It is recommended that the three new factors (Fear of Loneliness, Separation Fear, Worry about Harm) be further developed by adding new items so as to enhance the content and construct validities of the SCARED when used with Hong Kong adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Mui Chan
- Department of Psychological Studies, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong,
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VanderLaan DP, Petterson LJ, Vasey PL. Elevated childhood separation anxiety: An early developmental expression of heightened concern for kin in homosexual men? PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cooper-Vince CE, Emmert-Aronson BO, Pincus DB, Comer JS. The diagnostic utility of separation anxiety disorder symptoms: an item response theory analysis. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 42:417-28. [PMID: 23963543 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-013-9788-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
At present, it is not clear whether the current definition of separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is the optimal classification of developmentally inappropriate, severe, and interfering separation anxiety in youth. Much remains to be learned about the relative contributions of individual SAD symptoms for informing diagnosis. Two-parameter logistic Item Response Theory analyses were conducted on the eight core SAD symptoms in an outpatient anxiety sample of treatment-seeking children (N = 359, 59.3 % female, M Age = 11.2) and their parents to determine the diagnostic utility of each of these symptoms. Analyses considered values of item threshold, which characterize the SAD severity level at which each symptom has a 50 % chance of being endorsed, and item discrimination, which characterize how well each symptom distinguishes individuals with higher and lower levels of SAD. Distress related to separation and fear of being alone without major attachment figures showed the strongest discrimination properties and the lowest thresholds for being endorsed. In contrast, worry about harm befalling attachment figures showed the poorest discrimination properties, and nightmares about separation showed the highest threshold for being endorsed. Distress related to separation demonstrated crossing differential item functioning associated with age-at lower separation anxiety levels excessive fear at separation was more likely to be endorsed for children ≥9 years, whereas at higher levels this symptom was more likely to be endorsed by children <9 years. Implications are discussed for optimizing the taxonomy of SAD in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Cooper-Vince
- Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders, Department of Psychology, Boston University, 648 Beacon Street, 6th Floor, Boston, MA, 02215, USA,
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The implementation of life space crisis intervention in residential care and special education for children and adolescents with EBD: an effect study. Psychiatr Q 2014; 85:267-84. [PMID: 24570221 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-014-9288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
When working with children and adolescents with emotional and behavioural disorders, conflicts are a part of daily life. At present, a variety of conflict resolution or conflict management programs, that can be divided into three categories, are described in the literature. A first category contains programs that focus on training for children and adolescents, and are often curriculum-based. The second category focuses on training for parents, and the third category contains programs that focus on training for professionals. The presents study was designed to evaluated the effectiveness of Life Space Crisis Intervention (LSCI), a therapeutic and verbal strategy developed by Long that fits into this third category of conflict management programs. Throughout a four-year project, al staff in a Flemish centre offering residential care and special education were trained in LSCI. On a yearly basis, data with regard to time in program, academic achievement, behavioural problems and anxiety problems were collected. The results show an increase in time spent in program and in academic achievement, and a decrease in youths' anxiety, indicating that the implementation of LSCI contributes constructively to the treatment of children and adolescents with EBD.
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Generalized Anxiety Symptoms and Identity Processes in Cross-Cultural Samples of Adolescents from the General Population. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-014-9275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Dehghani F, Amiri S, Molavi H, Neshat-Doost HT. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the screen for child anxiety-related emotional disorders (SCARED). J Anxiety Disord 2013; 27:469-74. [PMID: 23872506 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the psychometric properties of the Persian translation of the Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders-child version (SCARED-C) in a community sample of 557 children, aged 9-13 years, in the city of Isfahan, Iran. In addition to the SCARED-C, all the participants completed the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) and the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). The SCARED-C demonstrated moderate to high internal consistency (alpha=0.59-0.80) and good convergent and divergent validity. The one-factor and the five-factor model of the SCARED-C fitted the data moderately. However, the five-factor model had a significantly better fit than the one-factor model (Δχ(2)=287.346, df=10, P<.001). These findings showed that SCARED-C can be used as a reliable and valid measure of anxiety symptoms among children in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Dehghani
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran.
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Essau CA, Olaya B, Pasha G, O'Callaghan J, Bray D. The structure of anxiety symptoms among adolescents in Iran: a confirmatory factor analytic study of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale. J Anxiety Disord 2012; 26:871-8. [PMID: 23070031 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the psychometric properties of the Iranian translation of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS) in a large community sample of adolescents (N = 1984), aged 12-17 years, in Ahvaz City, Iran. In addition to the SCAS, all participants completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC). The internal consistency (Cronbach Alpha = .92) and the validity of the Iranian translation of the SCAS was excellent. The SCAS total scores correlated significantly with the CES-DC, as well as with the emotional, conduct problems, hyperactivity-inattention, and peer problems subscales of the SDQ. However, Steiger's Z test demonstrated that correlations between the SCAS scores and the SDQ conduct problems or hyperactivity-inattention subscales were significantly lower than the correlations between the SCAS scores and the SDQ emotional symptoms subscale. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed the same 6-factor structure as the original SCAS. The SCAS proved to be a reliable and valid measure of anxiety symptoms among adolescents in Iran.
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