1
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Mahajan AS, Tinel L, Riffault V, Guilbaud S, D'Anna B, Cuevas C, Saiz-Lopez A. MAX-DOAS observations of ship emissions in the North Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 206:116761. [PMID: 39083913 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Shipping emissions were measured in Dunkirk, France. Elevated aerosol extinction coefficients (AEC), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) were observed up to 500 m from surface. Formaldehyde (HCHO) did not show an increase every time, which suggests that oxidation of emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs) took longer than the transport to the observation path and dilution of direct emissions had occurred. Background NO2, HCHO, and SO2 levels were higher when the wind came over land or the surrounding industrial area, indicating that land-based sources contribute significantly; however, clear spikes in NO2 and SO2 were observed whenever ship plumes were sampled. Observations show that the ship emission contribution to pollution is significant, but land-based sources still dominate. The SO2/NO2 ratio was low throughout the campaign, although varying according to the ship type, confirming that the new fuel content regulations are being followed by most ships in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop S Mahajan
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India; IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, University of Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Liselotte Tinel
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, University of Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Véronique Riffault
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, University of Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Barbara D'Anna
- Université d'Aix-Marseille, CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement, Marseille 13331, France
| | - Carlos Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Michaelian K. The Pigment World: Life's Origins as Photon-Dissipating Pigments. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:912. [PMID: 39063667 PMCID: PMC11277707 DOI: 10.3390/life14070912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Many of the fundamental molecules of life share extraordinary pigment-like optical properties in the long-wavelength UV-C spectral region. These include strong photon absorption and rapid (sub-pico-second) dissipation of the induced electronic excitation energy into heat through peaked conical intersections. These properties have been attributed to a "natural selection" of molecules resistant to the dangerous UV-C light incident on Earth's surface during the Archean. In contrast, the "thermodynamic dissipation theory for the origin of life" argues that, far from being detrimental, UV-C light was, in fact, the thermodynamic potential driving the dissipative structuring of life at its origin. The optical properties were thus the thermodynamic "design goals" of microscopic dissipative structuring of organic UV-C pigments, today known as the "fundamental molecules of life", from common precursors under this light. This "UV-C Pigment World" evolved towards greater solar photon dissipation through more complex dissipative structuring pathways, eventually producing visible pigments to dissipate less energetic, but higher intensity, visible photons up to wavelengths of the "red edge". The propagation and dispersal of organic pigments, catalyzed by animals, and their coupling with abiotic dissipative processes, such as the water cycle, culminated in the apex photon dissipative structure, today's biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karo Michaelian
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Application of Radiation, Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Interior de la Investigación Científica, Cuidad Universitaria, Cuidad de México CP 04510, Mexico
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3
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Nixon CA. The Composition and Chemistry of Titan's Atmosphere. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2024; 8:406-456. [PMID: 38533193 PMCID: PMC10961852 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
In this review I summarize the current state of knowledge about the composition of Titan's atmosphere and our current understanding of the suggested chemistry that leads to that observed composition. I begin with our present knowledge of the atmospheric composition, garnered from a variety of measurements including Cassini-Huygens, the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, and other ground- and space-based telescopes. This review focuses on the typical vertical profiles of gases at low latitudes rather than global and temporal variations. The main body of the review presents a chemical description of how complex molecules are believed to arise from simpler species, considering all known "stable" molecules-those that have been uniquely identified in the neutral atmosphere. The last section of the review is devoted to the gaps in our present knowledge of Titan's chemical composition and how further work may fill those gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor A. Nixon
- Planetary Systems Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United
States
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4
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Xing C, Liu C, Li Q, Wang S, Tan W, Zou T, Wang Z, Lu C. Observations of HONO and its precursors between urban and its surrounding agricultural fields: The vertical transports, sources and contribution to OH. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:169159. [PMID: 38232854 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The insufficient study on vertical observations of main atmospheric reactive nitrogen oxides (NO2 and HONO) posed a great challenge to evaluate their intertransport between urban and agricultural areas, and to further learn the atmospheric nitrogen chemistry and the atmospheric oxidation capacity at high altitudes. A stereoscopic measurement campaign (satellite remote sensing, hyperspectral unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing and MAX-DOAS observation) was performed in a typical inland city Hefei and its surrounding agricultural fields from June to October 2022. Average aerosol vertical profiles exhibited a Gaussian shape above 100 m with maximum values of 0.67 km-1 and 0.55 km-1 at 300-400 m layer at Anhui University (AHU) and Changfeng (CF), respectively. The distinct layered structure was mainly attributed to regional transport. Average H2O and NO2 vertical profiles all showed a Gaussian shape and an exponential shape at AHU and CF, respectively. Moreover, the diurnal evolution of H2O profiles performed one peak and bi-peak patterns at AHU and CF, respectively, whereas the diurnal evolution of NO2 at two stations all exhibited bi-peak patterns attributed to vehicle emissions. Average HONO vertical profiles showed an exponential shape and a Gaussian shape at AHU and CF, respectively. Higher HONO (> 0.05 ppb) above 1.0 km at 14:00-16:00 was observed at CF. The transport flux analysis showed that the northern transport flux always larger than southern transport flux for aerosol and H2O. The maximum northern transport fluxes appeared at 300 m and surface for aerosol and H2O, respectively. It indicated that surrounding agricultural fields was an important source of atmospheric H2O of city. The southern transport flux was larger than northern transport flux for NO2, with a maximum net transport flux of 9.20 ppb m s-1 at 100 m. It demonstrated that NO2 transported from urban areas was an important source of NO2 in agricultural fields. For HONO, the southern transport flux was larger than northern transport flux under 100 m, whereas it was opposite above 100 m. It indicated that the HONO distributed at high altitudes at agricultural fields had potential to enhance the atmospheric oxidation capacity of urban area. The net horizontal transport fluxes of HONO of our defined cropland were 5.25 μg m-2 s-1 and -3.65 μg m-2 s-1 during non-fertilization and fertilization periods, respectively. It indicated that the cropland could obviously export HONO to surrounding atmosphere during the fertilization period. Deducing the contribution of direct emission, heterogeneous process was a major source of HONO at urban and agricultural areas. The average surface conversion rate of NO2-to-HONO (CHONO) was 0.01467 h-1, and this value decreased with the increase of height at urban station. While average surface CHONO was 0.0322 h-1 at agricultural fields, which was ~1.2-2.8 times higher than that at urban area. The CHONO at agricultural fields significantly increased with the increase of height. The average CHONO at 1.0 km was ~2.0-3.6 times higher than that at surface. That suggested that the heterogeneous process was the main HONO source at high altitudes at CF, and this process obviously correlated with aerosol and H2O. The higher OH production from HONO (P(OH)HONO) occurred at 0-200 m and 100-400 m with averaged values of 0.31 ppb h-1 and 0.39 ppb h-1 at AHU and CF, respectively. The high P(OH)HONO above 1.0 km at CF from September to October was strongly correlated with high O3 (> 80 ppb). This study emphasized the importance of the stereoscopic of HONO on the analysis of its distribution, evolution, source and atmospheric oxidizing contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Xing
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Qihua Li
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), No.3663 Northern Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Tiliang Zou
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhuang Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Science and Satellite Remote Sensing, Anhui Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Shouxian National Climatology Observatory, Shouxian 232200, China; Huaihe River Basin Typical Farmland Ecological Meteorological Field Science Experiment Base of CMA, Shouxian 232200, China.
| | - Chuan Lu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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5
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Zheng X, Javed Z, Liu C, Tanvir A, Sandhu O, Liu H, Ji X, Xing C, Lin H, Du D. MAX-DOAS and in-situ measurements of aerosols and trace gases over Dongying, China: Insight into ozone formation sensitivity based on secondary HCHO. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 135:656-668. [PMID: 37778836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive overview of the atmospheric pollutants including Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Particulate Matter PM; PM10: diameter ≤ 10 µm, and PM2.5: diameter ≤ 2.5 µm), and Ozone (O3), over Dongying (Shandong Province) from March-April 2018 and September-October 2019 by employing ground-based Multiple Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations along with the in-situ measurements attained by the national air quality monitoring platform. The concentrations of SO2 and NO2 were under the acceptable level, while both PM2.5, and PM10 were higher than the safe levels as prescribed by national and international air quality standards. The results depict that 21% of the total observation days were found to be complex polluted days (PM2.5 > 35 µg/m3 and O3 > 160 µg/m3). The secondary HCHO was used for accurate analysis of O3 sensitivity. A difference of 11.40% and 10% during March-April 2018 and September-October 2019 respectively in O3 sensitivity was found between HCHOtotal/NO2 and HCHOsec/NO2. The results indicate that primary HCHO have significant contribution in HCHO. O3 formation predominantly remained to be in VOC-limited and transitional regime during March-April 2018 and September-October 2019 in Dongying. These results imply that concurrent control of both NOx and VOCs would benefit in ozone reductions. Additionally, the criteria pollutants (PM, SO2, and NO2) depicted strong correlations with each other except for O3 for which weak correlation coefficient was obtained with all the species. This study will prove to be baseline for designing of air pollution control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zheng
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zeeshan Javed
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Aimon Tanvir
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Osama Sandhu
- National Agromet Center, Pakistan Meteorological Department, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Haoran Liu
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xiangguang Ji
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Chengzhi Xing
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Hua Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Daolin Du
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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6
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Zhang H, Li A, Hu Z, Ren H, Zhong H, Guo J, Yun L, Zhang M. Observation on the aerosol and ozone precursors in suburban areas of Shenzhen and analysis of potential source based on MAX-DOAS. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 132:109-121. [PMID: 37336601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Long-term stereoscopic observations of aerosol, NO2, and HCHO were carried out at the Yangmeikeng (YMK) site in Shenzhen. Aerosol optical depths and NO2 vertical column concentration (NO2 VCD) derived from MAX-DOAS were found to be consistent with other datasets. The total NO2 VCD values of the site remained low, varying from 2 × 1015 to 8 × 1015 mol/cm2, while the HCHO VCD was higher than NO2 VCD, varying from 7 × 1015 to 11 × 1015 mol/cm2. HCHO VCD was higher from September to early November than that was from mid-late November to December and during February 2021, in contrast, NO2 VCD did not change much during the same period. In January, NO2 VCD and HCHO VCD were both fluctuating drastically. High temperature and HCHO level in the YMK site is not only driving the ozone production up but also may be driving up the ozone concentration as well, and the O3 production regime in the YMK site tends to be NOx-limited. At various altitudes, backward trajectory clustering analysis and Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) were utilized to identify possible NO2 and HCHO source locations. The results suggested that the Huizhou-Shanwei border and the Daya Bay Sea area were the key potential source locations in the lower (200 m) and middle (500 m) atmosphere (WPSCF > 0.6). The WPSCF value was high at the 1000 m altitude which was closer to the YMK site than the near ground, indicating that the pollution transport capability in the upper atmosphere was limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ang Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Zhaokun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Hongmei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hongyan Zhong
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jianfeng Guo
- Shenzhen Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Shenzhen 518049, China
| | - Long Yun
- Shenzhen Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Shenzhen 518049, China
| | - Mingdi Zhang
- Shenzhen Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Shenzhen 518049, China
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7
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Pei Z, Balitskiy M, Thalman R, Kelly KE. Laboratory Performance Evaluation of a Low-Cost Electrochemical Formaldehyde Sensor. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7444. [PMID: 37687899 PMCID: PMC10490822 DOI: 10.3390/s23177444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is a known human carcinogen and an important indoor and outdoor air pollutant. However, current strategies for formaldehyde measurement, such as chromatographic and optical techniques, are expensive and labor intensive. Low-cost gas sensors have been emerging to provide effective measurement of air pollutants. In this study, we evaluated eight low-cost electrochemical formaldehyde sensors (SFA30, Sensirion®, Staefa, Switzerland) in the laboratory with a broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy as the reference instrument. As a group, the sensors exhibited good linearity of response (R2 > 0.95), low limit of detection (11.3 ± 2.07 ppb), good accuracy (3.96 ± 0.33 ppb and 6.2 ± 0.3% N), acceptable repeatability (3.46% averaged coefficient of variation), reasonably fast response (131-439 s) and moderate inter-sensor variability (0.551 intraclass correlation coefficient) over the formaldehyde concentration range of 0-76 ppb. We also systematically investigated the effects of temperature and relative humidity on sensor response, and the results showed that formaldehyde concentration was the most important contributor to sensor response, followed by temperature, and relative humidity. The results suggest the feasibility of using this low-cost electrochemical sensor to measure formaldehyde concentrations at relevant concentration ranges in indoor and outdoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyuan Pei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (Z.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Maxim Balitskiy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (Z.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Ryan Thalman
- Department of Chemistry, Snow College, Ephraim, UT 84627, USA;
| | - Kerry E. Kelly
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (Z.P.); (M.B.)
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8
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Luo PL, Chen IY, Khan MAH, Shallcross DE. Direct gas-phase formation of formic acid through reaction of Criegee intermediates with formaldehyde. Commun Chem 2023; 6:130. [PMID: 37349562 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00933-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ozonolysis of isoprene is considered to be an important source of formic acid (HCOOH), but its underlying reaction mechanisms related to HCOOH formation are poorly understood. Here, we report the kinetic and product studies of the reaction between the simplest Criegee intermediate (CH2OO) and formaldehyde (HCHO), both of which are the primary products formed in ozonolysis of isoprene. By utilizing time-resolved infrared laser spectrometry with the multifunctional dual-comb spectrometers, the rate coefficient kCH2OO+HCHO is determined to be (4.11 ± 0.25) × 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 296 K and a negative temperature dependence of the rate coefficient is observed and described by an Arrhenius expression with an activation energy of (-1.81 ± 0.04) kcal mol-1. Moreover, the branching ratios of the reaction products HCOOH + HCHO and CO + H2O + HCHO are explored. The yield of HCOOH is obtained to be 37-54% over the pressure (15-60 Torr) and temperature (283-313 K) ranges. The atmospheric implications of the reaction CH2OO + HCHO are also evaluated by incorporating these results into a global chemistry-transport model. In the upper troposphere, the percent loss of CH2OO by HCHO is found by up to 6% which can subsequently increase HCOOH mixing ratios by up to 2% during December-January-February months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ling Luo
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 106319, Taiwan.
| | - I-Yun Chen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 106319, Taiwan
| | - M Anwar H Khan
- School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Dudley E Shallcross
- School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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9
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He S, Wang S, Zhang S, Zhu J, Sun Z, Xue R, Zhou B. Vertical distributions of atmospheric HONO and the corresponding OH radical production by photolysis at the suburb area of Shanghai, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159703. [PMID: 36306851 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous acid (HONO) is considered as one of the main sources of the hydroxyl radical (OH), the most relevant oxidant in the atmosphere. Multi-AXis-Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements were conducted to obtain the vertical profiles of aerosol and HONO from November 1, 2020 to January 31, 2021 at a suburb site of Shanghai, China. HONO was mainly distributed near the surface, but high values HONO occasionally occurred around 0.7 km, indicating an unaccounted source of daytime HONO at high altitudes. The positive correlation between HONO and aerosols suggested that the photo-enhanced heterogeneous reactions on the aerosol surface were an important source of daytime HONO at high altitudes. To obtain the vertical distribution of OH production by HONO photolysis (P(OH)HONO), the vertical profiles of photolysis rate of HONO (JHONO) were calculated by establishing a method of combining observations with empirical relationship based on heterogeneous atmospheric and radiative transfer models. The JHONO increased approximately linearly with increasing altitudes and the noontime averages value of JHONO near the ground were 6.68 × 10-4 s-1, which was strongly negatively affected by aerosols in the morning and afternoon. The P(OH)HONO profile varied in different months (November, December, January) that the changes were mainly affected by HONO and JHONO. P(OH)HONO was more positively affected by JHONO at high altitude and noon but greatly influenced by HONO concentrations in the morning and afternoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), No. 20 Cuiniao Road, Shanghai 202162, China.
| | - Sanbao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhibin Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ruibin Xue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), No. 20 Cuiniao Road, Shanghai 202162, China; Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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10
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Qian Y, Luo Y, Dou K, Zhou H, Xi L, Yang T, Zhang T, Si F. Retrieval of tropospheric ozone profiles using ground-based MAX-DOAS. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159341. [PMID: 36228783 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, surface ozone concentrations have increased in many cities in China. Ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) is a powerful technique for retrieving the profiles of tropospheric trace gases, such as NO2, SO2, and HCHO. However, since the difficulties in deducting the effects of stratospheric ozone, there are few studies on the retrieval of tropospheric ozone profiles using MAX-DOAS measurements. Here, we developed an accurate inversion method to retrieve tropospheric ozone concentrations during the PRIDE-GBA Campaign, wherein the ozone differential slant column densities (DSCDs) were retrieved in QDOAS software using the "time-interpolated zenith spectrum" as the reference spectrum. The tropospheric DSCDs (DSCDstrop) were then calculated by subtracting the simulated stratospheric DSCDs (DSCDsstr, simulated from the SCIATRAN model) from the DSCDs. Tropospheric ozone profiles were retrieved from the DSCDstrop using the optimal estimation method (OEM). The results showed that high values of tropospheric ozone were mainly distributed below 1 km, which is consistent with lidar measurements. In addition, the observed surface ozone concentrations were highly correlated with the in-situ measurements, with correlation coefficients (R) of 0.75 and 0.81, respectively. Combined with the retrieved NO2 and HCHO profiles using the MAX-DOAS measurements, we found that the planetary boundary layer ozone pollution of HeShan Observatory during the PRIDE-GBA Campaign are controlled by the NOx-limited regime. The results of this study indicate that the MAX-DOAS technique has the potential to retrieve tropospheric ozone profiles with high temporal and spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Qian
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yuhan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Ke Dou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Haijin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Liang Xi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Taiping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Tianshu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Fuqi Si
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
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11
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Hong Q, Liu C, Hu Q, Zhang Y, Xing C, Ou J, Tan W, Liu H, Huang X, Wu Z. Vertical distribution and temporal evolution of formaldehyde and glyoxal derived from MAX-DOAS observations: The indicative role of VOC sources. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 122:92-104. [PMID: 35717094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) and glyoxal (CHOCHO) are important oxidization intermediates of most volatile organic compounds (VOCs), but their vertical evolution in urban areas is not well understood. Vertical profiles of HCHO, CHOCHO, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were retrieved from ground-based Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations in Hefei, China. HCHO and CHOCHO vertical profiles prefer to occur at higher altitudes compared to NO2, which might be caused by the photochemistry-oxidation of longer-lived VOCs at higher altitudes. Monthly means of HCHO concentrations were higher in summer, while enhanced amounts of NO2 were mainly observed in winter. CHOCHO exhibited a hump-like seasonal variation, with higher monthly-averaged values not only occurred in warm months (July-August) but also in cold months (November-December). Peak values mainly occurred during noon for HCHO but emerged in the morning for CHOCHO and NO2, suggesting that HCHO is stronger link to photochemistry than CHOCHO. We further use the glyoxal to formaldehyde ratio (GFR) to investigate the VOC sources at different altitudes. The lowest GFR value is almost found in the altitude from 0.2 to 0.4 km, and then rises rapidly as the altitude increases. The GFR results indicate that the largest contributor of the precursor VOC is biogenic VOCs at lower altitudes, while at higher altitudes is anthropogenic VOCs. Our findings provide a lot more insight into VOC sources at vertical direction, but more verification is recommended to be done in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Hong
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Qihou Hu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chengzhi Xing
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jinping Ou
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Haoran Liu
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xiaoqing Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhenfeng Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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12
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Tian X, Ren B, Xie P, Xu J, Li A, Hu F, Zheng J, Ren H, Hu Z, Pan Y, Huang X, Zhang Z, Lv Y, Tian W, Wang Z. The vertical distribution and potential sources of aerosols in the Yangtze River Delta region of China during open straw burning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157749. [PMID: 35926628 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To explore the impact of open straw burning on air quality in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and surrounding areas, three key cities in the YRD, namely Hefei, Nanjing, and Shanghai, were selected to observe changes in aerosol characteristics. Based on Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations from May to June 2021, the spatial-temporal distribution and potential sources of aerosol were studied. During the observation period, aerosol optical depth (AOD) in Shanghai was 55.15 % and 29.50 % higher than that in Hefei and Nanjing, respectively. For Shanghai, aerosols accumulated at night, and the aerosol extinction could reach 1.3 km-1 in the morning. The aerosol variations in Hefei and Nanjing were consistent due to the relative conformity of the surrounding environmental conditions (R = 0.84). The vertical distribution of aerosol in all three cities had the same Gaussian shape. The aerosol lifted layers in Nanjing and Shanghai were higher than that in Hefei, with heights of 0.2-0.8 km and 0.2-0.6 km, respectively. The averaged aerosol extinctions for these two cities were 0.34 km-1 and 0.49 km-1, respectively. Pollution source analysis was conducted based on wind field trajectory, satellite observation, and model simulation, taking Hefei as the recipient. The results showed that western Shandong Province, northern Anhui Province, northern Jiangxi Province, central Jiangsu Province, and the central YRD were the most important aerosols sources for Hefei. The contributions of central and southern Jiangsu Province were significantly higher than those of other potential sources, with a WCWTAOD (Meteoinfo concentration weight trajectory) between 1.2 and 3.0. The influence of fine particles produced by open biomass burning inside the YRD was significantly higher than that outside the region (outside contribution: 36.6 %). Regarding the influence between YRD cities, more aerosols were transported from Shanghai to Hefei and Nanjing, with similar transport contributions between Nanjing and Hefei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tian
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Optical and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Bo Ren
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Pinhua Xie
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Optical and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei 230031, China; School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optical and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Ang Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optical and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Feng Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiangyi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optical and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Hongmei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optical and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zhaokun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optical and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yifeng Pan
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xiaohui Huang
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yinsheng Lv
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zijie Wang
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
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13
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Arsene C, Bejan IG, Roman C, Olariu RI, Minella M, Passananti M, Carena L, Vione D. Evaluation of the Environmental Fate of a Semivolatile Transformation Product of Ibuprofen Based on a Simple Two-Media Fate Model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15650-15660. [PMID: 36240489 PMCID: PMC9670848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Partitioning between surface waters and the atmosphere is an important process, influencing the fate and transport of semi-volatile contaminants. In this work, a simple methodology that combines experimental data and modeling was used to investigate the degradation of a semi-volatile pollutant in a two-phase system (surface water + atmosphere). 4-Isobutylacetophenone (IBAP) was chosen as a model contaminant; IBAP is a toxic transformation product of the non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen. Here, we show that the atmospheric behavior of IBAP would mainly be characterized by reaction with •OH radicals, while degradation initiated by •NO3 or direct photolysis would be negligible. The present study underlines that the gas-phase reactivity of IBAP with •OH is faster, compared to the likely kinetics of volatilization from aqueous systems. Therefore, it might prove very difficult to detect gas-phase IBAP. Nevertheless, up to 60% of IBAP occurring in a deep and dissolved organic carbon-rich water body might be eliminated via volatilization and subsequent reaction with gas-phase •OH. The present study suggests that the gas-phase chemistry of semi-volatile organic compounds which, like IBAP, initially occur in natural water bodies in contact with the atmosphere is potentially very important in some environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Arsene
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, “Alexandru
Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
- Integrated
Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region
(CERNESIM), “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”
University of Iasi, 11
Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
- Integrated
Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region
(RECENT AIR), “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”
University of Iasi, 11
Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
| | - Iustinian G. Bejan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, “Alexandru
Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
- Integrated
Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region
(CERNESIM), “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”
University of Iasi, 11
Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
- Integrated
Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region
(RECENT AIR), “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”
University of Iasi, 11
Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
| | - Claudiu Roman
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, “Alexandru
Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
- Integrated
Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region
(CERNESIM), “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”
University of Iasi, 11
Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
- Integrated
Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region
(RECENT AIR), “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”
University of Iasi, 11
Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
| | - Romeo I. Olariu
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, “Alexandru
Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
- Integrated
Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region
(CERNESIM), “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”
University of Iasi, 11
Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
- Integrated
Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region
(RECENT AIR), “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”
University of Iasi, 11
Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
| | - Marco Minella
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125Torino, Italy
| | - Monica Passananti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125Torino, Italy
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, FI-00014Helsinki, Finland
| | - Luca Carena
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Vione
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125Torino, Italy
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14
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Zhang R, Wang S, Zhang S, Xue R, Zhu J, Zhou B. MAX-DOAS observation in the midlatitude marine boundary layer: Influences of typhoon forced air mass. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 120:63-73. [PMID: 35623773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As a passive remote sensing technique, MAX-DOAS method was widely used to investigate the vertical profiles of aerosol and trace gases in the lower troposphere. However, the measurements for midlatitude marine boundary layer are rarely reported, especially during the storm weather system. In this study, the MAX-DOAS was used to retrieve the aerosol, HCHO and NO2 vertical distribution at Huaniao Island of East China Sea in summer 2018, during which a strong tropical cyclone developed and passed through the measurement site. The observed aerosol optical depth (AOD), HCHO- and NO2-VCDs (Vertical Column Density) were in the range of 0.19-0.97, (2.57-12.27) × 1015 molec/cm2, (1.24-4.71) × 1015 molec/cm2, which is much higher than remote ocean area due to the short distance to continent. The vertically resolved aerosol extinction coefficient (AEC), HCHO and NO2 presented the decline trend with the increase of height. After the typhoon passing through, the distribution of high levels of aerosol and HCHO stretched to about 1 km and the abundances of the bottom layer were found as double higher than before, reaching 0.51 km-1 and 2.44 ppbv, while NO2 was still constrained within about 300 m with 2.59 ppbv in the bottom layer. The impacts of typhoon process forced air mass were also observed at the suburban site in Shanghai in view of both the aerosol extinction and chemical components. The different changes on air quality associated with typhoon and its mechanism in two different environments: coastal island and coastal city are worthy of further investigation as it frequent occurred in East Asia during summer and fall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), No. 20 Cuiniao Road, Shanghai 202162, China.
| | - Sanbao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ruibin Xue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), No. 20 Cuiniao Road, Shanghai 202162, China; Zhuhai Fudan Innovation Institute, Zhuhai 519000, China; Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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15
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Xing C, Liu C, Hong Q, Liu H, Wu H, Lin J, Song Y, Chen Y, Liu T, Hu Q, Tan W, Lin H. Vertical distributions and potential sources of wintertime atmospheric pollutants and the corresponding ozone production on the coast of Bohai Sea. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 319:115721. [PMID: 35863306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the wintertime vertical distributions and source areas of aerosols, NO2, and HCHO in a coastal city of Dongying from December 2020 to March 2021, using ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) and a potential source contribution function (PSCF) model, respectively. Moreover, the chemical production sensitivity of O3 at different height layers was analyzed using HCHO/NO2 ratios. The results revealed that the wintertime averaged highest concentrations of aerosol (1.25 km-1), NO2 (14.81 ppb), and HCHO (2.32 ppb) were mainly distributed at the surface layer, 100-200 m layer, and 200-300 m layer, respectively. Regarding the diurnal cycles, high concentrations of aerosol (>1.4 km-1) and NO2 (>16.0 ppb) usually appeared in the early morning and late afternoon, while high concentrations of HCHO (>2.5 ppb) usually occurred during 12:00-15:00. The PSCF model revealed that the wintertime aerosol mainly originated from Shandong, northern Jiangsu, Korea, and the northwestern Mongolian Plateau. Below 200 m, NO2 was mainly from western Shandong, whereas above 600 m, it was mainly from northern Shandong and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region. The corresponding sources for HCHO were central and southern Shandong (below 200 m) and northern Shandong, northern Jiangsu, and southeastern BTH (above 600 m). In addition, the chemical production sensitivity of O3 below 100 m was observed only in the VOC-limited regime. The percentages of O3 production under the NOx-limited, NOx-VOC-limited, and VOC-limited regimes were 10.75% (31.18%), 4.30% (19.35%), and 84.95% (49.47%) at the 500-600 m (900-1000 m) layer. This study has guiding significance for the coordinated control of PM2.5 and O3, and can assist in the implementation of regional joint prevention and control strategies for air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Xing
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China; Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Qianqian Hong
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Hanyang Liu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Hongyu Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jinan Lin
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Yuhang Song
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yujia Chen
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Ting Liu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qihou Hu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Hua Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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16
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Zhang S, Wang S, Xue R, Zhu J, Tanvir A, Li D, Zhou B. Impact Assessment of COVID-19 Lockdown on Vertical Distributions of NO 2 and HCHO From MAX-DOAS Observations and Machine Learning Models. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2021JD036377. [PMID: 36245640 PMCID: PMC9538289 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd036377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic led to major reductions on air pollutant emissions in modern history. To date, there has been no comprehensive assessment for the impact of lockdowns on the vertical distributions of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde (HCHO). Based on profiles from 0 to 2 km retrieved by Multi-AXis-Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy observation and a large volume of real-time data at a suburb site in Shanghai, China, four types of machine learning models were developed and compared, including multiple linear regression, support vector machine, bagged trees (BT), and artificial neural network. Ultimately BT model was employed to reproduce NO2 and HCHO profiles with the best performance. Predictions with different meteorological and surface pollution scenarios were conducted from 2017 to 2019, for assessing the corresponding impacts on the changes of NO2 and HCHO profiles during COVID-19 lockdown. The simulations illustrate that the NO2 decreased in 2020 by 43.8%, 45.5%, and 44.6%, relative to 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively. For HCHO, the lockdown-induced situation presented the declines of 28.6%, 32.1%, and 10.9%, respectively. In the comparisons of vertical distributions, NO2 maintained decreasing at all altitudes, while HCHO decreased at low altitudes and increased at high altitudes. During COVID-19 lockdown, the reduction of NO2 and HCHO from the variation of surface pollutants was dominated below 0.5 km, while the relevant meteorological factors played a more significant role above 0.5 km.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanbao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP)Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP)Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Institute of Eco‐Chongming (IEC)ShanghaiChina
| | - Ruibin Xue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP)Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jian Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP)Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Aimon Tanvir
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP)Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Danran Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP)Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Bin Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP)Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Institute of Eco‐Chongming (IEC)ShanghaiChina
- Institute of Atmospheric SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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17
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Seasonal Investigation of MAX-DOAS and In Situ Measurements of Aerosols and Trace Gases over Suburban Site of Megacity Shanghai, China. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14153676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Shanghai has gained much attention in terms of air quality research owing to its importance to economic capital and its huge population. This study utilizes ground-based remote sensing instrument observations, namely by Multiple AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS), and in situ measurements from the national air quality monitoring platform for various atmospheric trace gases including Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Ozone (O3), Formaldehyde (HCHO), and Particulate Matter (PM; PM10: diameter ≤ 10 µm, and PM2.5: diameter ≤ 2.5 µm) over Shanghai from June 2020 to May 2021. The results depict definite diurnal patterns and strong seasonality in HCHO, NO2, and SO2 concentrations with maximum concentrations during winter for NO2 and SO2 and in summer for HCHO. The impact of meteorology and biogenic emissions on pollutant concentrations was also studied. HCHO emissions are positively correlated with temperature, relative humidity, and the enhanced vegetation index (EVI), while both NO2 and SO2 depicted a negative correlation to all these parameters. The results from diurnal to seasonal cycles consistently suggest the mainly anthropogenic origin of NO2 and SO2, while the secondary formation from the photo-oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and substantial contribution of biogenic emissions for HCHO. Further, the sensitivity of O3 formation to its precursor species (NOx and VOCs) was also determined by employing HCHO and NO2 as tracers. The sensitivity analysis depicted that O3 formation in Shanghai is predominantly VOC-limited except for summer, where a significant percentage of O3 formation lies in the transition regime. It is worth mentioning that seasonal variation of O3 is also categorized by maxima in summer. The interdependence of criteria pollutants (O3, SO2, NO2, and PM) was studied by employing the Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and the results suggested complex interdependence among the pollutant species in different seasons. Lastly, potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis was performed to have an understanding of the contribution of different source areas towards atmospheric pollution. PSCF analysis indicated a strong contribution of local sources on Shanghai’s air quality compared to regional sources. This study will help policymakers and stakeholders understand the complex interactions among the atmospheric pollutants and provide a baseline for designing effective control strategies to combat air pollution in Shanghai.
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Impact of Drought on Isoprene Fluxes Assessed Using Field Data, Satellite-Based GLEAM Soil Moisture and HCHO Observations from OMI. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14092021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), primarily emitted by terrestrial vegetation, are highly reactive and have large effects on the oxidizing potential of the troposphere, air quality and climate. In terms of global emissions, isoprene is the most important BVOC. Droughts bring about changes in the surface emission of biogenic hydrocarbons mainly because plants suffer water stress. Past studies report that the current parameterization in the state-of-the-art Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) v2.1, which is a function of the soil water content and the permanent wilting point, fails at representing the strong reduction in isoprene emissions observed in field measurements conducted during a severe drought. Since the current algorithm was originally developed based on potted plants, in this study, we update the parameterization in the light of recent ecosystem-scale measurements of isoprene conducted during natural droughts in the central U.S. at the Missouri Ozarks AmeriFlux (MOFLUX) site. The updated parameterization results in stronger reductions in isoprene emissions. Evaluation using satellite formaldehyde (HCHO), a proxy for BVOC emissions, and a chemical-transport model, shows that the adjusted parameterization provides a better agreement between the modelled and observed HCHO temporal variability at local and regional scales in 2011–2012, even if it worsens the model agreement in a global, long-term evaluation. We discuss the limitations of the current parameterization, a function of highly uncertain soil properties such as porosity.
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Detection of Sulfur Dioxide by Broadband Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (BBCEAS). SENSORS 2022; 22:s22072626. [PMID: 35408239 PMCID: PMC9002574 DOI: 10.3390/s22072626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is an important precursor for the formation of atmospheric sulfate aerosol and acid rain. We present an instrument using Broadband Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (BBCEAS) for the measurement of SO2 with a minimum limit of detection of 0.75 ppbv (3-σ) using the spectral range 305.5–312 nm and an averaging time of 5 min. The instrument consists of high-reflectivity mirrors (0.9985 at 310 nm) and a deep UV light source (Light Emitting Diode). The effective absorption path length of the instrument is 610 m with a 0.966 m base length. Published reference absorption cross sections were used to fit and retrieve the SO2 concentrations and were compared to fluorescence standard measurements for SO2. The comparison was well correlated, R2 = 0.9998 with a correlation slope of 1.04. Interferences for fluorescence measurements were tested and the BBCEAS showed no interference, while ambient measurements responded similarly to standard measurement techniques.
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Clustering Analysis on Drivers of O3 Diurnal Pattern and Interactions with Nighttime NO3 and HONO. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13020351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The long-path differential optical absorption spectroscopy (LP-DOAS) technique was deployed in Shanghai to continuously monitor ozone (O3), formaldehyde (HCHO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrous acid (HONO), and nitrate radical (NO3) mixing ratios from September 2019 to August 2020. Through a clustering method, four typical clusters of the O3 diurnal pattern were identified: high during both the daytime and nighttime (cluster 1), high during the nighttime but low during the daytime (cluster 2), low during both the daytime and nighttime (cluster 3), and low during the nighttime but high during the daytime (cluster 4). The drivers of O3 variation for the four clusters were investigated for the day- and nighttime. Ambient NO caused the O3 gap after midnight between clusters 1 and 2 and clusters 3 and 4. During the daytime, vigorous O3 generation (clusters 1 and 4) was found to accompany higher temperature, lower humidity, lower wind speed, and higher radiation. Moreover, O3 concentration correlated with HCHO for all clusters except for the low O3 cluster 3, while O3 correlated with HCHO/NOx, but anti-correlated with NOx for all clusters. The lower boundary layer height before midnight hindered O3 diffusion and accordingly determined the final O3 accumulation over the daily cycle for clusters 1 and 4. The interactions between the O3 diel profile and other atmospheric reactive components established that higher HONO before sunrise significantly promoted daytime O3 generation, while higher daytime O3 led to a higher nighttime NO3 level. This paper summarizes the interplays between day- and nighttime oxidants and oxidation products, particularly the cause and effect for daytime O3 generation from the perspective of nighttime atmospheric components.
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Mogale R, Akpomie KG, Conradie J, Langner EHG. Dye adsorption of aluminium- and zirconium-based metal organic frameworks with azobenzene dicarboxylate linkers. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 304:114166. [PMID: 34864408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The high efficiency of metal-organic-frameworks (MOFs) such as the ZIF, MIL and UiO type species in dye adsorption is well established. Recently, an emerging class of photoresponsive azobenzene-based MOFs has found suitable application in gas adsorption. However, there is a dearth of research on their use in the adsorption of dyes and other water pollutants. In this research, two microporous photoresponsive azobenzene dicarboxylate MOFs of Al3+ (Al-AZB) and Zr4+ (Zr-AZB) were synthesized for the adsorption of congo red (CR) dye. The surface and textural properties of the synthesized MOFs were characterized by FTIR, PXRD, SEM, TGA, BET and pore analysis. Both MOFs were crystalline, thermally stable up to 300 °C and stable in aqueous medium at room temperature. The Al-AZB displayed a higher surface area (2718 m2/g) than the Zr-AZB (1098 m2/g), which significantly impacted the higher adsorption of CR. Besides, pore volumes of 0.86 cm3/g and 0.35 cm3/g were obtained for Al-AZB and Zr-AZB, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of Al-AZB and Zr-AZB was 456.6 mg/g and 128.9 mg/g, respectively, with the former superior to other potent adsorbents. The pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models were well correlated with the dye uptake on the MOFs. Thermodynamics revealed random and endothermic sorption of CR dominated by chemisorption, while efficient regeneration and reuse of both MOFs were achieved using dimethylformamide as eluent. The results proved the potency of the synthesized photoresponsive MOFs, as highly efficient and reusable materials for dye adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Refilwe Mogale
- Chemistry Department, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
| | - Kovo G Akpomie
- Chemistry Department, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Department of Pure & Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Chemistry Department, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Ernst H G Langner
- Chemistry Department, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
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Xue J, Zhao T, Luo Y, Miao C, Su P, Liu F, Zhang G, Qin S, Song Y, Bu N, Xing C. Identification of ozone sensitivity for NO 2 and secondary HCHO based on MAX-DOAS measurements in northeast China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 160:107048. [PMID: 34959197 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, tropospheric formaldehyde (HCHO) vertical column densities (VCDs) were measured using multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) from January to November 2019 in Shenyang, Northeast China. The maximum HCHO VCD value appeared in the summer (1.74 × 1016 molec/cm2), due to increased photo-oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). HCHO concentrations increased from 08:00 and peaked near 13:00, which was mainly attributed to the increased release of isoprene from plants and enhanced photolysis at noon. The HCHO VCDs observed by MAX-DOAS and OMI have a good correlation coefficient (R) of 0.78, and the contributions from primary and secondary HCHO sources were distinguished by the multi-linear regression model. The anthropogenic emissions showed unobvious seasonal variations, and the primary HCHO was relatively stable in Shenyang. Secondary HCHO contributed 82.62%, 83.90%, 78.90%, and 41.53% to the total measured ambient HCHO during the winter, spring, summer, and autumn, respectively. We also found a good correlation (R = 0.78) between enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and HCHO VCDs, indicating that the oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) was the main source of HCHO. The ratio of secondary HCHO to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was used as the tracer to analyze O3-NOx-VOC sensitivities. We found that the VOC-limited, VOC-NOx-limited, and NOx-limited regimes made up 93.67%, 6.23%, 0.11% of the overall measurements, respectively. In addition, summertime ozone (O3) sensitivity changed from VOC-limited in the morning to VOC-NOx-limited in the afternoon. Therefore, this study offers information on HCHO sources and corresponding O3 production sensitivities to support strategic management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiexiao Xue
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Yifu Luo
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Congke Miao
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Pinjie Su
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Feng Liu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Guohui Zhang
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Sida Qin
- Liaoning Science and Technology Center for Ecological and Environmental Protection, Shenyang 110161, China
| | - Youtao Song
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Naishun Bu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China; Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment Research in Cold Regions of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University, 150086, China.
| | - Chengzhi Xing
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
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Zhu J, Wang S, Dao X, Liu D, Wang J, Zhang S, Xue R, Tang G, Zhou B. Comparative observation of aerosol vertical profiles in urban and suburban areas: Impacts of local and regional transport. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150363. [PMID: 34818754 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ground-based Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) instruments were used to carry out observation of aerosol in the urban and suburban areas of Shanghai from October 17 to November 21, 2019. Fudan University (FDU) site is a typical urban environment, surrounded by residential areas, commercial areas and arterial roads, while Dianshan Lake (DSL) site is a suburban environment with high vegetation coverage and no pollutant emission sources. The aerosol retrieved by MAX-DOAS was in good correlation with the observation of sun photometer and the PM2.5 concentration of the corresponding site, which demonstrates that the aerosol retrieved by MAX-DOAS is reliable and feasible. Comparing the mean aerosol extinction coefficient (AEC) profiles during the observation period between urban and suburban areas, it was found that the occurrence of high aerosol concentration at FDU was nearly 3 h later than that of DSL at suburban site. And the aerosol at DSL was concentrated at an altitude of 0.3- 0.5 km, with a mean peak value of 0.486 km-1, which was slightly higher than the peak AEC of 0.453 km-1 at FDU of 0.2- 0.4 km. The difference in aerosol characteristics between the two sites may be due to the fact that the influences of aerosol transport and boundary layer dynamics are different between the two sites. The backward trajectories analysis also presents that there were mutual transports of aerosol between urban and suburban areas, which affect the optical properties of the aerosol in these two sites. In a case of aerosol pollution, we visualized the transport pathway of aerosol from the western part of the North China Plain to Shanghai using AEC profiles and backward trajectories, providing the evidence that the local aerosol pollution in Shanghai was affected by long-distance transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), No. 20 Cuiniao Road, Shanghai 202162, China.
| | - Xu Dao
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Duanyang Liu
- Nanjing Joint Institute for Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Key Laboratory of Transportation Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Sanbao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ruibin Xue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guigang Tang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), No. 20 Cuiniao Road, Shanghai 202162, China; Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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The Characterization of Haze and Dust Processes Using MAX-DOAS in Beijing, China. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13245133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Haze and dust pollution have a significant impact on human production, life, and health. In order to understand the pollution process, the study of these two pollution characteristics is important. In this study, a one-year observation was carried out at the Beijing Southern Suburb Observatory using the MAX-DOAS instrument, and the pollution characteristics of the typical haze and dust events were analyzed. First, the distribution of aerosol extinction (AE) and H2O concentrations in the two typical pollution events were studied. The results showed that the correlation coefficient (r) between H2O and AE at different heights decreased during dust processes and the correlation slope (|k|) increased, whereas r increased and |k| decreased during haze periods. The correlation slope increased during the dust episode due to low moisture content and increased O4 absorption caused by abundant suspended dry crustal particles, but decreased during the haze episode due to a significant increase of H2O absorption. Secondly, the gas vertical column density (VCD) indicated that aerosol optical depth (AOD) increased during dust pollution events in the afternoon, while the H2O VCD decreased; in haze pollution processes, both H2O VCD and AOD increased. There were significant differences in meteorological conditions during haze (wind speed (WD) was <2 m/s, and relative humidity (RH) was >60%) and dust pollution (WD was >4 m/s, and RH was <60%). Next, the vertical distribution characteristics of gases during the pollution periods were studied. The AE profile showed that haze pollution lasted for a long time and changed slowly, whereas the opposite was true for dust pollution. The pollutants (aerosols, NO2, SO2, and HCHO) and H2O were concentrated below 1 km during both these typical pollution processes, and haze pollution was associated with a strong temperature inversion around 1.0 km. Lastly, the water vapor transport fluxes showed that the water vapor transport from the eastern air mass had an auxiliary effect on haze pollution at the observation location. Our results are of significance for exploring the pollution process of tropospheric trace gases and the transport of water vapor in Beijing, and provide a basis for satellite and model verification.
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Vertical Structure of Air Pollutant Transport Flux as Determined by Ground-Based Remote Sensing Observations in Fen-Wei Plain, China. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13183664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Air pollutant transport plays an important role in local air quality, but field observations of transport fluxes, especially their vertical distributions, are very limited. We characterized the vertical structures of transport fluxes in central Luoyang, Fen-Wei Plain, China, in winter based on observations of vertical air pollutant and wind profiles using multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) and Doppler wind lidar, respectively. The northwest and the northeast are the two privileged wind directions. The wind direction and total transport scenarios were dominantly the northwest during clear days, turning to the northeast during the polluted days. Increased transport flux intensities of aerosol were found at altitudes below 400 m on heavily polluted days from the northeast to the southwest over the city. Considering pollution dependence on wind directions and speeds, surface-dominated northeast transport may contribute to local haze events. Northwest winds transporting clean air masses were dominant during clean periods and flux profiles characterized by high altitudes between 200 and 600 m in Luoyang. During the COVID-19 lockdown period in late January and February, clear reductions in transport flux were found for NO2 from the northeast and for HCHO from the northwest, while the corresponding main transport altitude remained unchanged. Our findings provide better understandings of regional transport characteristics, especially at different altitudes.
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Observations by Ground-Based MAX-DOAS of the Vertical Characters of Winter Pollution and the Influencing Factors of HONO Generation in Shanghai, China. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13173518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Analyzing vertical distribution characters of air pollutants is conducive to study the mechanisms under polluted atmospheric conditions. Nitrous acid (HONO) is a kind of crucial species in photochemical cycles. Exploring the influence and sources of HONO in air pollution at different altitudes offers some insights into the research of tropospheric oxidation chemistry processes. Ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements were conducted in Shanghai, China, from December 2017 to March 2018 to investigate vertical distributions and diurnal variations of trace gases (NO2, HONO, HCHO, SO2, and water vapor) and aerosol extinction coefficient in the boundary layer. Aerosol and NO2 showed decreasing profile exponentially, SO2 and HCHO concentrations were observed relatively high values in the middle layer. SO2 was caused by industrial emissions, while HCHO was from secondary sources. As for HONO, below 0.82 km, the heterogeneous reactions of NO2 impacted on forming HONO, while in the upper layers, vertical diffusion might be the dominant source. The contribution of OH production from HONO photolysis at different altitudes was mainly controlled by the concentration of HONO. MAX-DOAS measurements characterize the vertical structure of air pollutants in Shanghai and provide further understanding for HONO formation, which can help deploy advanced measurement platforms of regional air pollution over eastern China.
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Atmospheric Impacts of COVID-19 on NOx and VOC Levels over China Based on TROPOMI and IASI Satellite Data and Modeling. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12080946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
China was the first country to undergo large-scale lockdowns in response to the pandemic in early 2020 and a progressive return to normalization after April 2020. Spaceborne observations of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs), including formaldehyde (HCHO), glyoxal (CHOCHO), and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), reveal important changes over China in 2020, relative to 2019, in response to the pandemic-induced shutdown and the subsequent drop in pollutant emissions. In February, at the peak of the shutdown, the observed declines in OVOC levels were generally weaker (less than 20%) compared to the observed NO2 reductions (−40%). In May 2020, the observations reveal moderate decreases in NO2 (−15%) and PAN (−21%), small changes in CHOCHO (−3%) and HCHO (6%). Model simulations using the regional model MAGRITTEv1.1 with anthropogenic emissions accounting for the reductions due to the pandemic explain to a large extent the observed changes in lockdown-affected regions. The model results suggest that meteorological variability accounts for a minor but non-negligible part (~−5%) of the observed changes for NO2, whereas it is negligible for CHOCHO but plays a more substantial role for HCHO and PAN, especially in May. The interannual variability of biogenic and biomass burning emissions also contribute to the observed variations, explaining e.g., the important column increases of NO2 and OVOCs in February 2020, relative to 2019. These changes are well captured by the model simulations.
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Xing C, Liu C, Hu Q, Fu Q, Wang S, Lin H, Zhu Y, Wang S, Wang W, Javed Z, Ji X, Liu J. Vertical distributions of wintertime atmospheric nitrogenous compounds and the corresponding OH radicals production in Leshan, southwest China. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 105:44-55. [PMID: 34130838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations were operated from 02 to 21 December 2018 in Leshan, southwest China, to measure HONO, NO2 and aerosol extinction vertical distributions, and these were the first MAX-DOAS measurement results in Sichuan Basin. During the measurement period, characteristic ranges for surface concentration were found to be 0.26-4.58 km-1 and averaged at 0.93 km-1 for aerosol extinction, 0.49 to 35.2 ppb and averaged at 4.57 ppb for NO2 and 0.03 to 7.38 ppb and averaged at 1.05 ppb for HONO. Moreover, vertical profiles of aerosol, NO2 and HONO were retrieved from MAX-DOAS measurements using the Heidelberg Profile (HEIPRO) algorithm. By analysing the vertical gradients of pollutants and meteorological information, we found that aerosol and HONO are strongly localised, while NO2 is mainly transmitted from the north direction (city center direction). Nitrogen oxides such as HONO and NO2 are important for the production of hydroxyl radical (OH) and oxidative capacity in the troposphere. In this study, the averaged value of OH production rate from HONO is about 0.63 ppb/hr and maximum value of ratio between OH production from HONO and from (HONO+O3) is > 93% before12:00 in Leshan. In addition, combustion emission contributes to 26% for the source of HONO in Leshan, and we found that more NO2 being converted to HONO under the conditions with high aerosol extinction coefficient and high relative humidity is also a dominant factor for the secondary produce of HONO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Xing
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, USTC, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Qihou Hu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), No.3663 Northern Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hua Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yizhi Zhu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Shuntian Wang
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Zeeshan Javed
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiangguang Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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Recommendations for HCHO and SO2 Retrieval Settings from MAX-DOAS Observations under Different Meteorological Conditions. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13122244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the occurrence of fog and haze over China has increased. The retrieval of trace gases from the multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) is challenging under these conditions. In this study, various reported retrieval settings for formaldehyde (HCHO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) are compared to evaluate the performance of these settings under different meteorological conditions (clear day, haze, and fog). The dataset from 1st December 2019 to 31st March 2020 over Nanjing, China, is used in this study. The results indicated that for HCHO, the optimal settings were in the 324.5–359 nm wavelength window with a polynomial order of five. At these settings, the fitting and root mean squared (RMS) errors for column density were considerably improved for haze and fog conditions, and the differential slant column densities (DSCDs) showed more accurate values compared to the DSCDs between 336.5 and 359 nm. For SO2, the optimal settings for retrieval were found to be at 307–328 nm with a polynomial order of five. Here, root mean square (RMS) and fitting errors were significantly lower under all conditions. The observed HCHO and SO2 vertical column densities were significantly lower on fog days compared to clear days, reflecting a decreased chemical production of HCHO and aqueous phase oxidation of SO2 in fog droplets.
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Pospisilova V, Bell DM, Lamkaddam H, Bertrand A, Wang L, Bhattu D, Zhou X, Dommen J, Prevot ASH, Baltensperger U, El Haddad I, Slowik JG. Photodegradation of α-Pinene Secondary Organic Aerosol Dominated by Moderately Oxidized Molecules. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6936-6943. [PMID: 33961408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA) undergoes chemical and physical changes when exposed to UV radiation, affecting the atmospheric lifetime of the involved molecules. However, these photolytic processes remain poorly constrained. Here, we present a study aimed at characterizing, at a molecular level and in real time, the chemical composition of α-pinene SOA exposed to UV-A light at 50% relative humidity in an atmospheric simulation chamber. Significant SOA mass loss is observed at high loadings (∼100 μg m-3), whereas the effect is less prevalent at lower loadings (∼20 μg m-3). For the vast majority of molecules measured by the extractive electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometer, there is a fraction that is photoactive and decays when exposed to UV-A radiation and a fraction that appears photorecalcitrant. The molecules that are most photoactive contain between 4 and 6 oxygen atoms, while the more highly oxygenated compounds and dimers do not exhibit significant decay. Overall, photolysis results in a reduction of the volatility of SOA, which cannot be explained by simple evaporative losses but requires either a change in volatility related to changes in functional groups or a change in physical parameters (i.e., viscosity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Pospisilova
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Tofwerk, 3600 Thun, Switzerland
| | - David M Bell
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Houssni Lamkaddam
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Amelie Bertrand
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Liwei Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Deepika Bhattu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Department of Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar 342037, India
| | - Xueqin Zhou
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Josef Dommen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Andre S H Prevot
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jay G Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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Hong Q, Liu C, Hu Q, Xing C, Tan W, Liu T, Liu J. Vertical distributions of tropospheric SO 2 based on MAX-DOAS observations: Investigating the impacts of regional transport at different heights in the boundary layer. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 103:119-134. [PMID: 33743894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Information on the vertical distribution of air pollutants is essential for understanding their spatiotemporal evolution underlying urban atmospheric environment. This paper presents the SO2 profiles based on ground-based Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements from March 2018 to February 2019 in Hefei, East China. SO2 decrease rapidly with increasing heights in the warm season, while lifted layers were observed in the cold season, indicating accumulation or long-range transport of SO2 in different seasons might occur at different heights. The diurnal variations of SO2 were roughly consistent for all four seasons, exhibiting the minimum at noon and higher values in the morning and late afternoon. Lifted layers of SO2 were observed in the morning for fall and winter, implying the accumulation or transport of SO2 in the morning mainly occurred at the top of the boundary layer. The bivariate polar plots showed that weighted SO2 concentrations in the lower altitude were weakly dependent on wind, but in the middle and upper altitudes, higher weighted SO2 concentrations were observed under conditions of middle-high wind speed. Concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis suggested that potential sources of SO2 in spring and summer were local and transported mainly occurred in the lower altitude from southern and eastern areas; while in fall and winter, SO2 concentrations were deeply affected by long-range transport from northwestern and northern polluted regions in the middle and upper altitudes. Our findings provide new insight into the impacts of regional transport at different heights in the boundary layer on SO2 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Hong
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Qihou Hu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Chengzhi Xing
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Ting Liu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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Abstract
Based on the analysis of solar radiation and meteorological parameters measured at a subtropical forest in China during 2013–2016, a new empirical model of global solar irradiance has been developed. It can calculate global solar irradiance at the ground and at the top of the atmosphere (TOA); both are in agreement with the observations. This model is used to calculate the extinction of global solar irradiance in the atmosphere and the contributions from absorbing and scattering substances. The loss of global solar irradiance is dominated by absorbing and absorbing substances. The results show clear seasonal and interannual variations during the observation period. Sensitivity analysis indicates that global solar irradiance is more sensitive to changes in scattering, quantified by the S/G factor (S and G are diffuse and global solar radiation, respectively), than to changes in absorption. The relationships between the extinction factor (AF) of G and S/G and between the AF and the aerosol optical depth (AOD) are determined and used to estimate S/G and the AOD from the measured AF. This empirical model is applied to calculate the albedos at the TOA and the ground. This empirical model is useful to study global solar radiation and the energy–atmosphere interactions.
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Variation Characteristics and Transportation of Aerosol, NO2, SO2, and HCHO in Coastal Cities of Eastern China: Dalian, Qingdao, and Shanghai. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13050892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper studied the method for converting the aerosol extinction to the mass concentration of particulate matter (PM) and obtained the spatio-temporal distribution and transportation of aerosol, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and formaldehyde (HCHO) based on multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations in Dalian (38.85°N, 121.36°E), Qingdao (36.35°N, 120.69°E), and Shanghai (31.60°N, 121.80°E) from 2019 to 2020. The PM2.5 measured by the in situ instrument and the PM2.5 simulated by the conversion formula showed a good correlation. The correlation coefficients R were 0.93 (Dalian), 0.90 (Qingdao), and 0.88 (Shanghai). A regular seasonality of the three trace gases is found, but not for aerosols. Considerable amplitudes in the weekly cycles were determined for NO2 and aerosols, but not for SO2 and HCHO. The aerosol profiles were nearly Gaussian, and the shapes of the trace gas profiles were nearly exponential, except for SO2 in Shanghai and HCHO in Qingdao. PM2.5 presented the largest transport flux, followed by NO2 and SO2. The main transport flux was the output flux from inland to sea in spring and winter. The MAX-DOAS and the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) models’ results were compared. The overestimation of NO2 and SO2 by CAMS is due to its overestimation of near-surface gas volume mixing ratios.
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Ojeda Lerma Z, Rivera Cardenas C, Friedrich MM, Stremme W, Bezanilla A, Arellano EJ, Grutter M. Evaluation of OMI NO2 Vertical Columns Using MAX-DOAS Observations over Mexico City. REMOTE SENSING 2021; 13:761. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.3390/rs13040761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a gas pollutant that can be measured from space and several operational products are now available from instruments on-board of satellite-based platforms. There are still, however, many unknowns about the accuracy of these products under different viewing and surface conditions since ground-based observations are generally scarce. This is particularly the case of high-altitude sub-tropical megacities such as the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA). In this study, we use more than five years of data from four ground-based MAX-DOAS instruments distributed within the MCMA in order to evaluate the DOMINO product from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on board the Aura satellite. We compare OMI against each MAX-DOAS site independently using the vertical column densities (VCDs) reported by each instrument. The VCDs are also compared after smoothing the MAX-DOAS profiles with the a priori and the Averaging Kernels of the satellite product. We obtain an overall correlation coefficient (R) of 0.6 that does not improve significantly after the smoothing is applied. However, the slopes in the linear regressions for the individual sites improve when applying the smoothing from 0.36 to 0.62 at UNAM, from 0.26 to 0.49 at Acatlán, from 0.78 to 1.23 at Vallejo, and from 0.50 to 0.97 at the Cuautitlán station. The large differences observed between the OMI and MAX-DOAS VCDs are attributed to a reduced sensitivity of the satellite product near the surface and the large aerosol loading typically present within the mixed layer of the MCMA. This may also contribute to a slight overestimation of the VCDs from the MAX-DOAS measurements that presents a total error (random + systematic) of about 20%. As a result of this comparison, we find that OMI retrievals are on average 56% lower than the MAX-DOAS without any correction. The near-surface concentrations are estimated from the lowest layers of the MAX-DOAS retrievals and these compare well with surface measurements from in situ analyzers operated at the co-located air quality monitoring stations. The diurnal variability for each station is analyzed and discussed in relation to their location within the city.
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Ground-Based MAX-DOAS Observations of Tropospheric NO2 and HCHO During COVID-19 Lockdown and Spring Festival Over Shanghai, China. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13030488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reduced mobility and less anthropogenic activity under special case circumstances over various parts of the world have pronounced effects on air quality. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of reduced anthropogenic activity on air quality in the mega city of Shanghai, China. Observations from the highly sophisticated multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscope (MAX-DOAS) instrument were used for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde (HCHO) column densities. In situ measurements for NO2, ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM2.5) and the air quality index (AQI) were also used. The concentration of trace gases in the atmosphere reduces significantly during annual Spring Festival holidays, whereby mobility is reduced and anthropogenic activities come to a halt. The COVID-19 lockdown during 2020 resulted in a considerable drop in vertical column densities (VCDs) of HCHO and NO2 during lockdown Level-1, which refers to strict lockdown, i.e., strict measures taken to reduce mobility (43% for NO2; 24% for HCHO), and lockdown Level-2, which refers to relaxed lockdown, i.e., when the mobility restrictions were relaxed somehow (20% for NO2; 22% for HCHO), compared with pre-lockdown days, as measured by the MAX-DOAS instrument. However, for 2019, a reduction in VCDs was found only during Level-1 (24% for NO2; 6.62% for HCHO), when the Spring Festival happened. The weekly cycle for NO2 and HCHO depicts no significant effect of weekends on the lockdown. After the start of the Spring Festival, the VCDs of NO2 and HCHO showed a decline for 2019 as well as 2020. Backward trajectories calculated using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model indicated more air masses coming from the sea after the Spring Festival for 2019 and 2020, implying that a low pollutant load was carried by them. No impact of anthropogenic activity was found on O3 concentration. The results indicate that the ratio of HCHO to NO2 (RFN) fell in the volatile organic compound (VOC)-limited regime.
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Spinei E, Tiefengraber M, Müller M, Gebetsberger M, Cede A, Valin L, Szykman J, Whitehill A, Kostakis A, Santos F, Abbuhasan N, Zhao X, Fioletov V, Lee SC, Swap R. Effect of Polyoxymethylene (POM-H Delrin) offgassing within Pandora head sensor on direct sun and multi-axis formaldehyde column measurements in 2016 - 2019. ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 2021; 14:647-663. [PMID: 33643474 PMCID: PMC7903538 DOI: 10.5194/amt-14-647-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of formaldehyde measurements by the Pandora spectrometer systems between 2016 and 2019 suggested that there was a temperature dependent process inside Pandora head sensor that emitted formaldehyde. Some parts in the head sensor were manufactured from thermal plastic polyoxymethylene homopolimer (E.I. Du Pont de Nemour & Co., USA: POM-H Delrin®) and were responsible for formaldehyde production. Laboratory analysis of the four Pandora head sensors showed that internal formaldehyde production had exponential temperature dependence with a damping coefficient of 0.0911±0.0024 °C-1 and the exponential function amplitude ranging from 0.0041 DU to 0.049 DU. No apparent dependency on the head sensor age and heating/cooling rates was detected. The total amount of formaldehyde internally generated by the POM-H Delrin components and contributing to the direct sun measurements were estimated based on the head sensor temperature and solar zenith angle of the measurements. Measurements in winter, during colder (<10°C) days in general and at high solar zenith angles (> 75 °) were minimally impacted. Measurements during hot days (>28°C) and small solar zenith angles had up to 1 DU (2.69×1016 molecules/cm2) contribution from POM-H Delrin parts. Multi-axis differential slant column densities were minimally impacted (< 0.01 DU) due to the reference spectrum collected within a short time period with a small difference in head sensor temperature. Three new POM-H Delrin free Pandora head sensors (manufactured in summer 2019) were evaluated for temperature dependent attenuation across the entire spectral range (300 to 530 nm). No formaldehyde or any other absorption above the instrumental noise was observed across the entire spectral range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Spinei
- Center for Space Science And Engineering Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Martin Tiefengraber
- LuftBlick, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Moritz Müller
- LuftBlick, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Luke Valin
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James Szykman
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Fernando Santos
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Nader Abbuhasan
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Zhao
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Vitali Fioletov
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Sum Chi Lee
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Robert Swap
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
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Investigating the Impacts of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Trace Gases Using Ground-Based MAX-DOAS Observations in Nanjing, China. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12233939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and consequent lockdowns all over the world have had various impacts on atmospheric quality. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the lockdown on the air quality of Nanjing, China. The off-axis measurements from state-of-the-art remote-sensing Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscope (MAX-DOAS) were used to observe the trace gases, i.e., Formaldehyde (HCHO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), and Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), along with the in-situ time series of NO2, SO2 and Ozone (O3). The total dataset covers the span of five months, from 1 December 2019, to 10 May 2020, which comprises of four phases, i.e., the pre lockdown phase (1 December 2019, to 23 January 2020), Phase-1 lockdown (24 January 2020, to 26 February 2020), Phase-2 lockdown (27 February 2020, to 31 March 2020), and post lockdown (1 April 2020, to 10 May 2020). The observed results clearly showed that the concentrations of selected pollutants were lower along with improved air quality during the lockdown periods (Phase-1 and Phase-2) with only the exception of O3, which showed an increasing trend during lockdown. The study concluded that limited anthropogenic activities during the spring festival and lockdown phases improved air quality with a significant reduction of selected trace gases, i.e., NO2 59%, HCHO 38%, and SO2 33%. We also compared our results with 2019 data for available gases. Our results imply that the air pollutants concentration reduction in 2019 during Phase-2 was insignificant, which was due to the business as usual conditions after the Spring Festival (Phase-1) in 2019. In contrast, a significant contamination reduction was observed during Phase-2 in 2020 with the enforcement of a Level-II response in lockdown conditions i.e., the easing of the lockdown situation in some sectors during a specific interval of time. The observed ratio of HCHO to NO2 showed that tropospheric ozone production involved Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) limited scenarios.
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Xing C, Liu C, Hu Q, Fu Q, Lin H, Wang S, Su W, Wang W, Javed Z, Liu J. Identifying the wintertime sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from MAX-DOAS measured formaldehyde and glyoxal in Chongqing, southwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:136258. [PMID: 32007868 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations were performed from 27 December 2018 to 16 January 2019 in Changshou, one of subdistricts of Chongqing, China. Primary atmospheric pollutant in Changshou during wintertime was PM2.5, whose contribution averaged about 70.15% ± 9.5% of PM10. The ratio of PM2.5/PM10 decreased when PM2.5 pollution became worse, and it should attribute to biomass burning and the contribution of hygroscopic growth and enhanced heterogeneous chemistry under high relative humidity condition. Moreover, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), formaldehyde (HCHO) and glyoxal (CHOCHO) vertical profiles during the campaign period were retrieved separately. TROPOMI HCHO vertical column densities (VCDs) and MAX-DOAS HCHO VCDs were correlated well (R = 0.93). In order to identify the sources of volatile organic compound (VOC) in Changshou, the ratio of CHOCHO to HCHO (RGF) in five different layers were estimated. The estimated daily averaged RGF were 0.0205 ± 0.0077, 0.0727 ± 0.0286, 0.0864 ± 0.0296, 0.0770 ± 0.0275 and 0.0746 ± 0.0263 in 0-100 m, 100-200 m, 300-400 m, 500-600 m and 700-800 m layers, respectively. The estimated RGF will increase when biomass burnings were dominated. Using NO2 as a tracer of anthropogenic emissions, we found the RGF values gradually decrease with the increase of NO2 levels. RGF values in 0-100 m layer and all the other upper layers are 0.015-0.025 and 0.06-0.14, and that means the dominant sources of VOCs in 0-100 m layer and all the other upper layers are biogenic emission and anthropogenic emission (especially biomass burning), respectively. In addition, we found that RGF has site dependence which is in compliance with several previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Xing
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, USTC, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Qihou Hu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Hua Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shuntian Wang
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Wenjing Su
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Zeeshan Javed
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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Petrenko T, Rauhut G. Account of non-Condon effects in time-independent Raman wavefunction theory: Calculation of the S 1 ← S 0 vibronic absorption spectrum of formaldehyde. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:114109. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0003272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Taras Petrenko
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Guntram Rauhut
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Liu J, Li X, Yang Y, Wang H, Kuang C, Zhu Y, Chen M, Hu J, Zeng L, Zhang Y. Sensitive Detection of Ambient Formaldehyde by Incoherent Broadband Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2020; 92:2697-2705. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China P. R
| | - Yiming Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
| | - Haichao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Cailing Kuang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mindong Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China P. R
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China P. R
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
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Fang B, Yang N, Zhao W, Wang C, Zhang W, Song W, Venables DS, Chen W. Improved spherical mirror multipass-cell-based interband cascade laser spectrometer for detecting ambient formaldehyde at parts per trillion by volume levels. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:8743-8750. [PMID: 31873651 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.008743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of an improved spherical mirror multipass-cell-based interband cascade laser (ICL) spectrometer for ambient formaldehyde (HCHO) detection. The multipass cell consists of two easily manufactured spherical mirrors that are low cost, and have a simple structure, large mirror area utilization, and dense spot pattern. Optical interference caused by the multipath cell was largely reduced, resulting in good sensitivity. Using wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS), a detection precision (${1} \sigma $1σ) of 51 pptv in 10 s was achieved with an absorption pathlength of 96 m, which compared favorably with the performance of other state-of-the-art instruments. The precision can be further improved by using a long absorption pathlength configuration and by removing fringe-like optical noise caused by the collimation lens. Ambient application of the developed spectrometer was demonstrated.
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Shutter JD, Allen NT, Hanisco TF, Wolfe GM, St. Clair JM, Keutsch FN. A new laser-based and ultra-portable gas sensor for indoor and outdoor formaldehyde (HCHO) monitoring. ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 2019; 12:6079-6089. [PMID: 32514321 PMCID: PMC7278527 DOI: 10.5194/amt-12-6079-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a new commercially available, laser-based, and ultra-portable formaldehyde (HCHO) gas sensor is characterized, and its usefulness for monitoring HCHO mixing ratios in both indoor and outdoor environments is assessed. Stepped calibrations and intercomparison with well-established laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) instrumentation allow a performance evaluation of the absorption-based, mid-infrared HCHO sensor from Aeris Technologies, Inc. The Aeris sensor displays linear behavior (R2 > 0.940) when compared with LIF instruments from Harvard and NASA Goddard. A non-linear least-squares fitting algorithm developed independently of the sensor's manufacturer to fit the sensor's raw absorption data during post-processing further improves instrument performance. The 3σ limit of detection (LOD) for 2, 15, and 60 min integration times are 2190, 690, and 420 pptv HCHO, respectively, for mixing ratios reported in real-time, though the LOD improves to 1800, 570, and 300 pptv HCHO, respectively, during post-processing. Moreover, the accuracy of the sensor was found to be ±(10% + 0.3) ppbv when compared against LIF instrumentation sampling ambient air. This sub-ppbv precision and level of accuracy are sufficient for most HCHO levels measured in indoor and outdoor environments. While the compact Aeris sensor is currently not a replacement for the most sensitive research-grade instrumentation available, its usefulness for monitoring HCHO is clearly demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Shutter
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Norton T. Allen
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Thomas F. Hanisco
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Lab, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Glenn M. Wolfe
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Lab, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA
| | - Jason M. St. Clair
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Lab, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA
| | - Frank N. Keutsch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Koch W, Bonfanti M, Eisenbrandt P, Nandi A, Fu B, Bowman J, Tannor D, Burghardt I. Two-layer Gaussian-based MCTDH study of the S1 ← S0 vibronic absorption spectrum of formaldehyde using multiplicative neural network potentials. J Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5113579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Werner Koch
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Bina Fu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian, China
| | - Joel Bowman
- Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Ground-Based MAX-DOAS Observations of CHOCHO and HCHO in Beijing and Baoding, China. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11131524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glyoxal (CHOCHO) and formaldehyde (HCHO) trace gases were successfully retrieved from a multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) system in Beijing (39.95°N, 116.32°E) and Baoding (39.15°N, 115.40°E), China. The measurements of these trace gases span the period from May 2017 to April 2018. Higher levels of trace gases were observed in Beijing most likely due to increased transport and industrial activities compared to Baoding. Different time scales were analyzed from seasonal to daily levels. Seasonal variation categorized by wintertime maximum and summertime minimum was observed for CHOCHO, while for HCHO maximum values were recorded during summer at both observation points. Variations in the diurnal cycle of trace gases were examined. The results are consistent with strong links to photo-oxidations of VOCs for HCHO production, whereas the CHOCHO diurnal variation can be related to anthropogenic effects in the evening. Weekends didn’t have any significant effect on both HCHO and CHOCHO. We investigated the temperature dependency of HCHO and CHOCHO. HCHO shows positive correlation with air temperature, which strengthened the argument that HCHO production is linked to photo-oxidation of VOCs. CHOCHO is anti-correlated with air temperature. This suggests that photolysis is a major sink for CHOCHO in Beijing and Baoding. We also investigated the relationship between CHOCHO and HCHO VCDs with enhanced vegetation index (EVI) data obtained from MODIS, which represents a direct relation with biogenic emissions. The positive correlations were observed among monthly mean HCHO VCDs and monthly mean EVI at both monitoring stations. The strong correlation of HCHO with EVI found, suggests that oxidation of isoprene and HCHO production is strongly related, while negative correlation was observed among CHOCHO VCDs and EVI.
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Zhong J, Kumar M, Anglada JM, Martins-Costa MTC, Ruiz-Lopez MF, Zeng XC, Francisco JS. Atmospheric Spectroscopy and Photochemistry at Environmental Water Interfaces. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2019; 70:45-69. [PMID: 31174459 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-042018-052311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The air-water interface is ubiquitous in nature, as manifested in the form of the surfaces of oceans, lakes, and atmospheric aerosols. The aerosol interface, in particular, can play a crucial role in atmospheric chemistry. The adsorption of atmospheric species onto and into aerosols modifies their concentrations and chemistries. Moreover, the aerosol phase allows otherwise unlikely solution-phase chemistry to occur in the atmosphere. The effect of the air-water interface on these processes is not entirely known. This review summarizes recent theoretical investigations of the interactions of atmosphere species with the air-water interface, including reactant adsorption, photochemistry, and the spectroscopy of reactants at the water surface, with an emphasis on understanding differences between interfacial chemistries and the chemistries in both bulk solution and the gas phase. The results discussed here enable an understanding of fundamental concepts that lead to potential air-water interface effects, providing a framework to understand the effects of water surfaces on our atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68566, USA
| | - M Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68566, USA
| | - J M Anglada
- Departament de Química Biològica i Modelització Molecular, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (IQAC-CSIC), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M T C Martins-Costa
- Le Laboratoire Structure et Réactivité des Systèmes Moléculaires Complexes (SRSMC), CNRS UMR 7019, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - M F Ruiz-Lopez
- Le Laboratoire Structure et Réactivité des Systèmes Moléculaires Complexes (SRSMC), CNRS UMR 7019, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - X C Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68566, USA
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68566, USA.,Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6316, USA;
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Chao W, Yin C, Takahashi K, Lin JJM. Effects of water vapor on the reaction of CH2OO with NH3. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:22589-22597. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04682h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A strong synergic effect of water and ammonia molecules may enhance the formation of H2NCH2OOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chao
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
| | - Cangtao Yin
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
| | - Kaito Takahashi
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
| | - Jim Jr-Min Lin
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry
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Garcia-Nieto D, Benavent N, Saiz-Lopez A. Measurements of atmospheric HONO vertical distribution and temporal evolution in Madrid (Spain) using the MAX-DOAS technique. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 643:957-966. [PMID: 29960232 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous acid (HONO) stands as one of the main species in tropospheric chemistry, primarily in polluted, urban regions. Due to its fast photodissociation, it is considered as one the main sources of the hydroxyl radical (OH), the most relevant oxidant in the atmosphere. Therefore, the evaluation of HONO concentration profiles and their temporal evolution is important for urban atmospheric chemistry. In this study, we report a year-round measurement of HONO vertical concentration profiles, as well as their diurnal and seasonal evolution during 2016 in Madrid. Making use of the Multi-AXis Differential Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) technique in addition to inversion algorithms, we retrieved the aerosol extinction and trace gas concentrations. Our results show HONO maximum values of 3.5-4 ppbv in the early morning and late afternoon, and minima around noon, when the lifetime of HONO against photolysis is shortest. On average, there is a pronounced HONO concentration gradient across different seasons, being higher during the autumn and winter months. Finally, we estimate and discuss the production rate of OH radicals from HONO photolysis, along with its variability throughout the year.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Garcia-Nieto
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Benavent
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Bonfanti M, Petersen J, Eisenbrandt P, Burghardt I, Pollak E. Computation of the S 1 ← S 0 Vibronic Absorption Spectrum of Formaldehyde by Variational Gaussian Wavepacket and Semiclassical IVR Methods. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:5310-5323. [PMID: 30141930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The vibronic absorption spectrum of the electric dipole forbidden and vibronically allowed S1(1 A2) ← S0(1 A1) transition of formaldehyde is calculated by Gaussian wavepacket and semiclassical methods, along with numerically exact reference calculations, using the potential energy surface of Fu, Shepler, and Bowman ( J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 7957). Specifically, the variational multiconfigurational Gaussian (vMCG) approach and the Herman-Kluk semiclassical initial value representation (HK-SCIVR) are compared to assess the accuracy and convergence of these methods, benchmarked against numerically exact time-dependent wavepacket propagation (TDWP) on the reference potential energy surface. The vMCG calculation is shown to converge quite well with about 100 variationally evolving Gaussian functions and using a local cubic expansion instead of the conventional local harmonic approximation. By contrast, the HK-SCIVR approach with ∼105 trajectories reproduces the vibrationally structured spectral envelope correctly but yields a strongly broadened spectrum. The comparison of the computed absorption spectrum with experiment shows that the relevant vibronic progressions are reasonably reproduced by all computations, but deviations of the order of 10-100 cm-1 occur, underscoring that both electronic structure calculations and dynamical approaches remain challenging in the calculation of typical small-molecule excited-state spectra by trajectory-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bonfanti
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , Goethe University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 , D-60438 Frankfurt/Main , Germany
| | - Jakob Petersen
- Chemical and Biological Physics Department , Weizmann Institute of Science , 76000 Rehovot , Israel
| | - Pierre Eisenbrandt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , Goethe University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 , D-60438 Frankfurt/Main , Germany
| | - Irene Burghardt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , Goethe University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 , D-60438 Frankfurt/Main , Germany
| | - Eli Pollak
- Chemical and Biological Physics Department , Weizmann Institute of Science , 76000 Rehovot , Israel
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Tian X, Xie P, Xu J, Li A, Wang Y, Qin M, Hu Z. Long-term observations of tropospheric NO 2, SO 2 and HCHO by MAX-DOAS in Yangtze River Delta area, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 71:207-221. [PMID: 30195680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Yangtze River Delta (YRD) area is one of the important economic zones in China. However, this area faces increasing environmental problems. In this study, we use ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) network in Eastern China to retrieve variations of NO2, SO2, and formaldehyde (HCHO) in the YRD area. Three cities of YRD (Hefei, Nanjing, and Shanghai) were selected for long-term observations. This paper presents technical performance and characteristics of instruments, their distribution in YRD, and results of vertical column densities (VCDs) and profiles of NO2, SO2, and HCHO. Average diurnal variations of tropospheric NO2 and SO2 in different seasons over the three stations yielded minimum values at noon or in the early afternoon, whereas tropospheric HCHO reached the maximum during midday hours. Slight reduction of the pollutants in weekends occurred in all the three sites. In general trace gas concentrations gradually reduced from Shanghai to Hefei. Tropospheric VCDs of NO2, SO2, and HCHO were compared with those from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) satellite observations, resulting in R2 of 0.606, 0.5432, and 0.5566, respectively. According to analysis of regional transports of pollutants, pollution process happened in YRD under the north wind with the pollution dissipating in the southeast wind. The feature is significant in exploring transport of tropospheric trace gas pollution in YRD, and provides basis for satellite and model validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tian
- School of Environmental Science and Optoeclectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Key laboratory of Environmental Optical and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanies, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Pinhua Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Optoeclectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Key laboratory of Environmental Optical and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanies, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei 230031, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Jin Xu
- Key laboratory of Environmental Optical and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanies, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Ang Li
- Key laboratory of Environmental Optical and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanies, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Min Qin
- Key laboratory of Environmental Optical and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanies, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zhaokun Hu
- Key laboratory of Environmental Optical and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanies, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei 230031, China
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50
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Noreen A, Khokhar MF, Zeb N, Yasmin N, Hakeem KR. Spatio-temporal assessment and seasonal variation of tropospheric ozone in Pakistan during the last decade. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:8441-8454. [PMID: 29307068 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study uses the tropospheric ozone data derived from combined observations of Ozone Monitoring Instrument/Microwave Limb Sounder instruments by using the tropospheric ozone residual method. The main objective was to study the spatial distribution and temporal evolution in the troposphere ozone columns over Pakistan during the time period of 2004 to 2014. Results showed an overall increase of 3.2 ± 1.1 DU in tropospheric ozone columns over Pakistan. Spatial distribution showed enhanced ozone columns in the Punjab and southern Sindh consistent to high population, urbanization, and extensive anthropogenic activities, and exhibited statistically significant temporal increase. Seasonal variations in tropospheric ozone columns are driven by various factors such as seasonality in UV-B fluxes, seasonality in ozone precursor gases such as NOx and volatile organic compounds (caused by temperature dependent biogenic emission) and agricultural fire activities in Pakistan. A strong correlation of 96% (r = 0.96) was found between fire events and tropospheric ozone columns in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Noreen
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Fahim Khokhar
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Naila Zeb
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Naila Yasmin
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Rehman Hakeem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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