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Paul MJ, LeDuc SD, Boaggio K, Herrick JD, Kaylor SD, Lassiter MG, Nolte CG, Rice RB. Effects of Air Pollutants from Wildfires on Downwind Ecosystems: Observations, Knowledge Gaps, and Questions for Assessing Risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14787-14796. [PMID: 37769297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires have increased in frequency and area burned, trends expected to continue with climate change. Among other effects, fires release pollutants into the atmosphere, representing a risk to human health and downwind terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. While human health risks are well studied, the ecological impacts to downwind ecosystems are not, and this gap may present a constraint on developing an adequate assessment of the ecological risks associated with downwind wildfire exposure. Here, we first screened the scientific literature to assess general knowledge about pathways and end points of a conceptual model linking wildfire generated pollutants and other materials to downwind ecosystems. We found a substantial body of literature on the composition of wildfire derived pollution and materials in the atmosphere and subsequent transport, yet little observational or experimental work on their effects on downwind ecological end points. This dearth of information raises many questions related to adequately assessing the ecological risk of downwind exposure, especially given increasing wildfire trends. To guide future research, we pose eight questions within the well-established US EPA ecological risk assessment paradigm that if answered would greatly improve ecological risk assessment and, ultimately, management strategies needed to reduce potential wildfire impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Paul
- Tetra Tech Inc., PO Box 14409, Durham, North Carolina 27709 United States
| | - Stephen D LeDuc
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 United States
| | - Katie Boaggio
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 United States
| | - Jeffrey D Herrick
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 United States
| | - S Douglas Kaylor
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 United States
| | - Meredith G Lassiter
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 United States
| | - Christopher G Nolte
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 United States
| | - R Byron Rice
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 United States
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2
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Tao M, Fiore AM, Jin X, Schiferl LD, Commane R, Judd LM, Janz S, Sullivan JT, Miller PJ, Karambelas A, Davis S, Tzortziou M, Valin L, Whitehill A, Civerolo K, Tian Y. Investigating Changes in Ozone Formation Chemistry during Summertime Pollution Events over the Northeastern United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15312-15327. [PMID: 36219092 PMCID: PMC9670856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the local-scale spatial and temporal variability of ozone formation is crucial for effective mitigation. We combine tropospheric vertical column densities (VCDTrop) of formaldehyde (HCHO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), referred to as HCHO-VCDTrop and NO2-VCDTrop, retrieved from airborne remote sensing and the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) with ground-based measurements to investigate changes in ozone precursors and the inferred chemical production regime on high-ozone days in May-August 2018 over two Northeast urban domains. Over New York City (NYC) and Baltimore/Washington D.C. (BAL/DC), HCHO-VCDTrop increases across the domain, but higher NO2-VCDTrop occurs mainly in urban centers on ozone exceedance days (when maximum daily 8 h average (MDA8) ozone exceeds 70 ppb at any monitor in the region). The ratio of HCHO-VCDTrop to NO2-VCDTrop, proposed as an indicator of the sensitivity of local surface ozone production rates to its precursors, generally increases on ozone exceedance days, implying a transition toward a more NOx-sensitive ozone production regime that should lead to higher efficacy of NOx controls on the highest ozone days in NYC and BAL/DC. Warmer temperatures and enhanced influence from emissions in the local boundary layer on the high-ozone days are accompanied by slower wind speeds in BAL/DC but stronger, southwesterly winds in NYC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madankui Tao
- Lamont-Doherty
Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York10964, United States
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia
University, New York, New York10027, United
States
| | - Arlene M. Fiore
- Lamont-Doherty
Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York10964, United States
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia
University, New York, New York10027, United
States
| | - Xiaomeng Jin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Luke D. Schiferl
- Lamont-Doherty
Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York10964, United States
| | - Róisín Commane
- Lamont-Doherty
Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York10964, United States
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia
University, New York, New York10027, United
States
| | - Laura M. Judd
- NASA
Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia23681, United States
| | - Scott Janz
- NASA
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland20771, United States
| | - John T. Sullivan
- NASA
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland20771, United States
| | - Paul J. Miller
- Northeast
States for Coordinated Air Use Management, Boston, Massachusetts02111, United States
| | - Alexandra Karambelas
- Northeast
States for Coordinated Air Use Management, Boston, Massachusetts02111, United States
| | - Sharon Davis
- New
Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton, New Jersey08625, United States
| | - Maria Tzortziou
- The
City College of New York, New York, New York10031, United States
| | - Lukas Valin
- US
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina27711, United States
| | - Andrew Whitehill
- US
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina27711, United States
| | - Kevin Civerolo
- New
York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, New York12233, United States
| | - Yuhong Tian
- New
York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, New York12233, United States
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3
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Lee JY, Peterson PK, Vear LR, Cook RD, Sullivan AP, Smith E, Hawkins LN, Olson NE, Hems R, Snyder PK, Pratt KA. Wildfire Smoke Influence on Cloud Water Chemical Composition at Whiteface Mountain, New York. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2022JD037177. [PMID: 36590830 PMCID: PMC9787799 DOI: 10.1029/2022jd037177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires significantly impact air quality and climate, including through the production of aerosols that can nucleate cloud droplets and participate in aqueous-phase reactions. Cloud water was collected during the summer months (June-September) of 2010-2017 at Whiteface Mountain, New York and examined for biomass burning influence. Cloud water samples were classified by their smoke influence based on backward air mass trajectories and satellite-detected smoke. A total of 1,338 cloud water samples collected over 485 days were classified by their probability of smoke influence, with 49% of these days categorized as having moderate to high probability of smoke influence. Carbon monoxide and ozone levels were enhanced during smoke influenced days at the summit of Whiteface Mountain. Smoke-influenced cloud water samples were characterized by enhanced concentrations of potassium, sulfate, ammonium, and total organic carbon, compared to samples lacking identified influence. Five cloud water samples were examined further for the presence of dissolved organic compounds, insoluble particles, and light-absorbing components. The five selected cloud water samples contained the biomass burning tracer levoglucosan at 0.02-0.09 μM. Samples influenced by air masses that remained aloft, above the boundary layer during transport, had lower insoluble particle concentrations, larger insoluble particle diameters, and larger oxalate:sulfate ratios, suggesting cloud processing had occurred. These findings highlight the influence that local and long-range transported smoke have on cloud water composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamy Y. Lee
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Peter K. Peterson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Now at Department of ChemistryWhittier CollegeWhittierCAUSA
| | - Logan R. Vear
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Ryan D. Cook
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Amy P. Sullivan
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Ellie Smith
- Department of ChemistryHarvey Mudd CollegeClaremontCAUSA
| | | | | | - Rachel Hems
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | | | - Kerri A. Pratt
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
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4
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Ning J, Yang G, Liu X, Geng D, Wang L, Li Z, Zhang Y, Di X, Sun L, Yu H. Effect of fire spread, flame characteristic, fire intensity on particulate matter 2.5 released from surface fuel combustion of Pinus koraiensis plantation- A laboratory simulation study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 166:107352. [PMID: 35749994 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 is one of major pollutants emitted from forest fires. High PM2.5 concentration not only affects short-term human respiration health, but also poses a long-term threat to human cardiopulmonary functionality. Therefore, it is of great importance to quantitatively assess the PM2.5 released by forest combustion in forest fire studies. In this study we examine relationships between the PM2.5 concentration and environment and fuel characteristics laboratory experiments. In the experiments, fuel beds with controlled moisture contents and loads were first built; then 144 ignition experiments were conducted for various combinations of wind speeds using a wind tunnel device. Fire behavior characteristics and PM2.5 concentrations released from fuel combustion were measured and analyzed. The experimental results show that the relationship between fire characteristics, fire intensity and the influencing factors of wind speed, fuel moisture content, and fuel load can be explained by the fundamental theory of forest combustion. Although PM2.5 concentration rises with the increase of wind speed, the decrease of fuel moisture content, and the increase of fuel load, there appears to be a fuel load threshold for a given combination of wind speed and fuel moisture content that the increase of PM2.5 concentration decelerates quickly after the load passes the threshold value. After screening fire behavior characteristics that affect PM2.5 concentration, we found that fire line intensity and flame width are the ones with the strongest association with the concentration. With flame width as independent variable, we have built two regression models to predict PM2.5 and fire line intensity which are treated as dependent variable; the models have high accuracy with R2 = 0.92 for predicting PM2.5 and R2 = 0.97 for predicting fire line intensity. Study results can be used as reference to protect the health of forest fire fighters, and can be helpful for forest fire smoke management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin Ning
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China.
| | - Xinyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Daotong Geng
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Lixuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Zhaoguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Yunlin Zhang
- School of Biological Science, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang 550018, China
| | - Xueying Di
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Long Sun
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Hongzhou Yu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
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5
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Impact of Wildfires on Meteorology and Air Quality (PM2.5 and O3) over Western United States during September 2017. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the impact of wildfires on meteorology and air quality (PM2.5 and O3) over the western United States during the September 2017 period. This is done by using Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) to simulate scenarios with wildfires (base case) and without wildfires (sensitivity case). Our analysis performed during the first half of September 2017 (when wildfire activity was more intense) reveals a reduction in modelled daytime average shortwave surface downward radiation especially in locations close to wildfires by up to 50 W m−2, thus resulting in the reduction of the diurnal average surface temperature by up to 0.5 °C and the planetary boundary layer height by up to 50 m. These changes are mainly attributed to aerosol-meteorology feedbacks that affect radiation and clouds. The model results also show mostly enhancements for diurnally averaged cloud optical depth (COD) by up to 10 units in the northern domain due to the wildfire-related air quality. These changes occur mostly in response to aerosol–cloud interactions. Analysis of the impact of wildfires on chemical species shows large changes in daily mean PM2.5 concentrations (exceeding by 200 μg m−3 in locations close to wildfires). The 24 h average surface ozone mixing ratios also increase in response to wildfires by up to 15 ppbv. The results show that the changes in PM2.5 and ozone occur not just due to wildfire emissions directly but also in response to changes in meteorology, indicating the importance of including aerosol-meteorology feedbacks, especially during poor air quality events.
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6
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Xu L, Crounse JD, Vasquez KT, Allen H, Wennberg PO, Bourgeois I, Brown SS, Campuzano-Jost P, Coggon MM, Crawford JH, DiGangi JP, Diskin GS, Fried A, Gargulinski EM, Gilman JB, Gkatzelis GI, Guo H, Hair JW, Hall SR, Halliday HA, Hanisco TF, Hannun RA, Holmes CD, Huey LG, Jimenez JL, Lamplugh A, Lee YR, Liao J, Lindaas J, Neuman JA, Nowak JB, Peischl J, Peterson DA, Piel F, Richter D, Rickly PS, Robinson MA, Rollins AW, Ryerson TB, Sekimoto K, Selimovic V, Shingler T, Soja AJ, St. Clair JM, Tanner DJ, Ullmann K, Veres PR, Walega J, Warneke C, Washenfelder RA, Weibring P, Wisthaler A, Wolfe GM, Womack CC, Yokelson RJ. Ozone chemistry in western U.S. wildfire plumes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabl3648. [PMID: 34878847 PMCID: PMC8654285 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl3648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires are a substantial but poorly quantified source of tropospheric ozone (O3). Here, to investigate the highly variable O3 chemistry in wildfire plumes, we exploit the in situ chemical characterization of western wildfires during the FIREX-AQ flight campaign and show that O3 production can be predicted as a function of experimentally constrained OH exposure, volatile organic compound (VOC) reactivity, and the fate of peroxy radicals. The O3 chemistry exhibits rapid transition in chemical regimes. Within a few daylight hours, the O3 formation substantially slows and is largely limited by the abundance of nitrogen oxides (NOx). This finding supports previous observations that O3 formation is enhanced when VOC-rich wildfire smoke mixes into NOx-rich urban plumes, thereby deteriorating urban air quality. Last, we relate O3 chemistry to the underlying fire characteristics, enabling a more accurate representation of wildfire chemistry in atmospheric models that are used to study air quality and predict climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Corresponding author. (L.X.); (P.O.W.)
| | - John D. Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Krystal T. Vasquez
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Hannah Allen
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Paul O. Wennberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Corresponding author. (L.X.); (P.O.W.)
| | - Ilann Bourgeois
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Steven S. Brown
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Matthew M. Coggon
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alan Fried
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Georgios I. Gkatzelis
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Hongyu Guo
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Samuel R. Hall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Thomas F. Hanisco
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Reem A. Hannun
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher D. Holmes
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - L. Gregory Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jose L. Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Aaron Lamplugh
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Young Ro Lee
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jin Liao
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA
| | - Jakob Lindaas
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - J. Andrew Neuman
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Jeff Peischl
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Felix Piel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dirk Richter
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Pamela S. Rickly
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael A. Robinson
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Kanako Sekimoto
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Vanessa Selimovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | | | - Amber J. Soja
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Jason M. St. Clair
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David J. Tanner
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - James Walega
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Petter Weibring
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Glenn M. Wolfe
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Caroline C. Womack
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Robert J. Yokelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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7
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Mardi AH, Dadashazar H, Painemal D, Shingler T, Seaman ST, Fenn MA, Hostetler CA, Sorooshian A. Biomass Burning Over the United States East Coast and Western North Atlantic Ocean: Implications for Clouds and Air Quality. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2021; 126:e2021JD034916. [PMID: 34777928 PMCID: PMC8587641 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd034916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) aerosol events were characterized over the U.S. East Coast and Bermuda over the western North Atlantic Ocean (WNAO) between 2005 and 2018 using a combination of ground-based observations, satellite data, and model outputs. Days with BB influence in an atmospheric column (BB days) were identified using criteria biased toward larger fire events based on anomalously high AERONET aerosol optical depth (AOD) and MERRA-2 black carbon (BC) column density. BB days are present year-round with more in June-August (JJA) over the northern part of the East Coast, in contrast to more frequent events in March-May (MAM) over the southeast U.S. and Bermuda. BB source regions in MAM are southern Mexico and by the Yucatan, Central America, and the southeast U.S. JJA source regions are western parts of North America. Less than half of the BB days coincide with anomalously high PM2.5 levels in the surface layer, according to data from 14 IMPROVE sites over the East Coast. Profiles of aerosol extinction suggest that BB particles can be found in the boundary layer and into the upper troposphere with the potential to interact with clouds. Higher cloud drop number concentration and lower drop effective radius are observed during BB days. In addition, lower liquid water path is found during these days, especially when BB particles are present in the boundary layer. While patterns are suggestive of cloud-BB aerosol interactions over the East Coast and the WNAO, additional studies are needed for confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hossein Mardi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - David Painemal
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Marta A Fenn
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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8
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Ning J, Di X, Yu H, Yuan S, Yang G. Spatial distribution of particulate matter 2.5 released from surface fuel combustion of Pinus koraiensis - A laboratory simulation study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117282. [PMID: 34022686 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High concentration particulate matter 2.5 released from forest fires, in addition to direct burns and asphyxia, PM2.5 is one of the main pollutants which threaten the safety of forest fire fighter. Therefore, to assess spatial distribution of PM2.5, a simulation study was conducted. Fuel beds with different moisture contents and loads were constructed. 144 times burning experiments were carried out under different wind speeds by using wind tunnel device. PM2.5 particles at different spatial points were collected and calculated. The results show that, in the two of three variables interaction between wind speed, fuel load, and, except fuel moisture content, wind speed and fuel load are positively correlated with the PM2.5 concentrations. From PM2.5 concentration which collected at each point in the horizontal and vertical directions, the overall trend is that PM2.5 concentration increases along the horizontal downwind direction (C and D higer than A and B) and the vertical upward direction (A and C higer than B and D) Based on BP neural network, the spatial distribution model of PM2.5 concentration with single hidden layer was established. The prediction accuracy of modeling samples and validation samples is balanced when hidden layer node is 5. This study will help to make reference for PM2.5 occupational exposure standards, forest fire smoke management and forest fire management in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin Ning
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Xueying Di
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Hongzhou Yu
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Sibo Yuan
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Guang Yang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China.
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9
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O’Dell K, Bilsback K, Ford B, Martenies SE, Magzamen S, Fischer EV, Pierce JR. Estimated Mortality and Morbidity Attributable to Smoke Plumes in the United States: Not Just a Western US Problem. GEOHEALTH 2021; 5:e2021GH000457. [PMID: 34504989 PMCID: PMC8420710 DOI: 10.1029/2021gh000457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
As anthropogenic emissions continue to decline and emissions from landscape (wild, prescribed, and agricultural) fires increase across the coming century, the relative importance of landscape-fire smoke on air quality and health in the United States (US) will increase. Landscape fires are a large source of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), which has known negative impacts on human health. The seasonal and spatial distribution, particle composition, and co-emitted species in landscape-fire emissions are different from anthropogenic sources of PM2.5. The implications of landscape-fire emissions on the sub-national temporal and spatial distribution of health events and the relative health importance of specific pollutants within smoke are not well understood. We use a health impact assessment with observation-based smoke PM2.5 to determine the sub-national distribution of mortality and the sub-national and sub-annual distribution of asthma morbidity attributable to US smoke PM2.5 from 2006 to 2018. We estimate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for PM2.5 and 18 gas-phase hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in smoke. Although the majority of large landscape fires occur in the western US, we find the majority of mortality (74%) and asthma morbidity (on average 75% across 2006-2018) attributable to smoke PM2.5 occurs outside the West, due to higher population density in the East. Across the US, smoke-attributable asthma morbidity predominantly occurs in spring and summer. The number of DALYs associated with smoke PM2.5 is approximately three orders of magnitude higher than DALYs associated with gas-phase smoke HAPs. Our results indicate awareness and mitigation of landscape-fire smoke exposure is important across the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn O’Dell
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Kelsey Bilsback
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Bonne Ford
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Sheena E. Martenies
- Department of Kinesiology and Community HealthUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
| | - Sheryl Magzamen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Emily V. Fischer
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Jeffrey R. Pierce
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
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10
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Sorensen C, House JA, O'Dell K, Brey SJ, Ford B, Pierce JR, Fischer EV, Lemery J, Crooks JL. Associations Between Wildfire-Related PM 2.5 and Intensive Care Unit Admissions in the United States, 2006-2015. GEOHEALTH 2021; 5:e2021GH000385. [PMID: 33977181 PMCID: PMC8095362 DOI: 10.1029/2021gh000385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Wildfire smoke is a growing public health concern in the United States. Numerous studies have documented associations between ambient smoke exposure and severe patient outcomes for single-fire seasons or limited geographic regions. However, there are few national-scale health studies of wildfire smoke in the United States, few studies investigating Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admissions as an outcome, and few specifically framed around hospital operations. This study retrospectively examined the associations between ambient wildfire-related PM2.5 at a hospital ZIP code with total hospital ICU admissions using a national-scale hospitalization data set. Wildfire smoke was characterized using a combination of kriged PM2.5 monitor observations and satellite-derived plume polygons from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System. ICU admissions data were acquired from Premier, Inc. and encompass 15%-20% of all U.S. ICU admissions during the study period. Associations were estimated using a distributed-lag conditional Poisson model under a time-stratified case-crossover design. We found that a 10 μg/m3 increase in daily wildfire PM2.5 was associated with a 2.7% (95% CI: 1.3, 4.1; p = 0.00018) increase in ICU admissions 5 days later. Under stratification, positive associations were found among patients aged 0-20 and 60+, patients living in the Midwest Census Region, patients admitted in the years 2013-2015, and non-Black patients, though other results were mixed. Following a simulated severe 7-day 120 μg/m3 smoke event, our results predict ICU bed utilization peaking at 131% (95% CI: 43, 239; p < 10-5) over baseline. Our work suggests that hospitals may need to preposition vital critical care resources when severe smoke events are forecast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Sorensen
- University of Colorado School of MedicineDepartment of Emergency MedicineAuroraCOUSA
- Center for Health, Work & EnvironmentColorado School of Public HealthAuroraCOUSA
| | | | - Katelyn O'Dell
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFt. CollinsCOUSA
| | - Steven J. Brey
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFt. CollinsCOUSA
| | - Bonne Ford
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFt. CollinsCOUSA
| | - Jeffrey R. Pierce
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFt. CollinsCOUSA
| | - Emily V. Fischer
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFt. CollinsCOUSA
| | - Jay Lemery
- University of Colorado School of MedicineDepartment of Emergency MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - James L. Crooks
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics and Department of Immunology and Genomic MedicineNational Jewish HealthDenverCOUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyColorado School of Public HealthAuroraCOUSA
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11
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Long RW, Whitehill A, Habel A, Urbanski S, Halliday H, Colón M, Kaushik S, Landis MS. Comparison of ozone measurement methods in biomass burning smoke: an evaluation under field and laboratory conditions. ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 2021; 14:1783-1800. [PMID: 34017362 PMCID: PMC8128704 DOI: 10.5194/amt-14-1783-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years wildland fires in the United States have had significant impacts on local and regional air quality and negative human health outcomes. Although the primary health concerns from wildland fires come from fine particulate matter (PM2.5), large increases in ozone (O3) have been observed downwind of wildland fire plumes (DeBell et al., 2004; Bytnerowicz et al., 2010; Preisler et al., 2010; Jaffe et al., 2012; Bytnerowicz et al., 2013; Jaffe et al., 2013; Lu et al., 2016; Lindaas et al., 2017; McClure and Jaffe, 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Baylon et al., 2018; Buysse et al., 2019). Conditions generated in and around wildland fire plumes, including the presence of interfering chemical species, can make the accurate measurement of O3 concentrations using the ultraviolet (UV) photometric method challenging if not impossible. UV photometric method instruments are prone to interferences by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are present at high concentrations in wildland fire smoke. Four different O3 measurement methodologies were deployed in a mobile sampling platform downwind of active prescribed grassland fire lines in Kansas and Oregon and during controlled chamber burns at the United States Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station Fire Sciences Laboratory in Missoula, Montana. We demonstrate that the Federal Reference Method (FRM) nitric oxide (NO) chemiluminescence monitors and Federal Equivalent Method (FEM) gas-phase (NO) chemical scrubber UV photometric O3 monitors are relatively interference-free, even in near-field combustion plumes. In contrast, FEM UV photometric O3 monitors using solid-phase catalytic scrubbers show positive artifacts that are positively correlated with carbon monoxide (CO) and total gas-phase hydrocarbon (THC), two indicator species of biomass burning. Of the two catalytic scrubber UV photometric methods evaluated, the instruments that included a Nafion® tube dryer in the sample introduction system had artifacts an order of magnitude smaller than the instrument with no humidity correction. We hypothesize that Nafion®-permeating VOCs (such as aromatic hydrocarbons) could be a significant source of interference for catalytic scrubber UV photometric O3 monitors and that the inclusion of a Nafion® tube dryer assists with the mitigation of these interferences. The chemiluminescence FRM method is highly recommended for accurate measurements of O3 in wildland fire plume studies and at regulatory ambient monitoring sites frequently impacted by wildland fire smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell W. Long
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrew Whitehill
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrew Habel
- Jacobs Technology Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shawn Urbanski
- U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Hannah Halliday
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Maribel Colón
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Surender Kaushik
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew S. Landis
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
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12
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Gan RW, Liu J, Ford B, O'Dell K, Vaidyanathan A, Wilson A, Volckens J, Pfister G, Fischer EV, Pierce JR, Magzamen S. The association between wildfire smoke exposure and asthma-specific medical care utilization in Oregon during the 2013 wildfire season. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2020; 30:618-628. [PMID: 32051501 PMCID: PMC8745685 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-020-0210-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wildfire smoke (WFS) increases the risk of respiratory hospitalizations. We evaluated the association between WFS and asthma healthcare utilization (AHCU) during the 2013 wildfire season in Oregon. WFS particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) was estimated using a blended model of in situ monitoring, chemical transport models, and satellite-based data. Asthma claims and place of service were identified from Oregon All Payer All Claims data from 1 May 2013 to 30 September 2013. The association with WFS PM2.5 was evaluated using time-stratified case-crossover designs. The maximum WFS PM2.5 concentration during the study period was 172 µg/m3. A 10 µg/m3 increase in WFS increased risk in asthma diagnosis at emergency departments (odds ratio [OR]: 1.089, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.043-1.136), office visit (OR: 1.050, 95% CI: 1.038-1.063), and outpatient visits (OR: 1.065, 95% CI: 1.029-1.103); an association was observed with asthma rescue inhaler medication fills (OR: 1.077, 95% CI: 1.065-1.088). WFS increased the risk for asthma morbidity during the 2013 wildfire season in Oregon. Communities impacted by WFS could see increases in AHCU for tertiary, secondary, and primary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Gan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1681 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jingyang Liu
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1681 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Bonne Ford
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Katelyn O'Dell
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Ander Wilson
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - John Volckens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1681 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Emily V Fischer
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Pierce
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sheryl Magzamen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1681 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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13
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Jaffe DA, O’Neill SM, Larkin NK, Holder AL, Peterson DL, Halofsky JE, Rappold AG. Wildfire and prescribed burning impacts on air quality in the United States. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2020; 70:583-615. [PMID: 32240055 PMCID: PMC7932990 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1749731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Air quality impacts from wildfires have been dramatic in recent years, with millions of people exposed to elevated and sometimes hazardous fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) concentrations for extended periods. Fires emit particulate matter (PM) and gaseous compounds that can negatively impact human health and reduce visibility. While the overall trend in U.S. air quality has been improving for decades, largely due to implementation of the Clean Air Act, seasonal wildfires threaten to undo this in some regions of the United States. Our understanding of the health effects of smoke is growing with regard to respiratory and cardiovascular consequences and mortality. The costs of these health outcomes can exceed the billions already spent on wildfire suppression. In this critical review, we examine each of the processes that influence wildland fires and the effects of fires, including the natural role of wildland fire, forest management, ignitions, emissions, transport, chemistry, and human health impacts. We highlight key data gaps and examine the complexity and scope and scale of fire occurrence, estimated emissions, and resulting effects on regional air quality across the United States. The goal is to clarify which areas are well understood and which need more study. We conclude with a set of recommendations for future research. IMPLICATIONS In the recent decade the area of wildfires in the United States has increased dramatically and the resulting smoke has exposed millions of people to unhealthy air quality. In this critical review we examine the key factors and impacts from fires including natural role of wildland fire, forest management, ignitions, emissions, transport, chemistry and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Jaffe
- School of STEM and Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Amara L. Holder
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David L. Peterson
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Jessica E. Halofsky
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Ana G. Rappold
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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14
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Impact of Fire Emissions on U.S. Air Quality from 1997 to 2016–A Modeling Study in the Satellite Era. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12060913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A regional modeling system that integrates the state-of-the-art emissions processing (SMOKE), climate (CWRF), and air quality (CMAQ) models has been combined with satellite measurements of fire activities to assess the impact of fire emissions on the contiguous United States (CONUS) air quality during 1997–2016. The system realistically reproduced the spatiotemporal distributions of the observed meteorology and surface air quality, with a slight overestimate of surface ozone (O3) by ~4% and underestimate of surface PM2.5 by ~10%. The system simulation showed that the fire impacts on primary pollutants such as CO were generally confined to the fire source areas but its effects on secondary pollutants like O3 spread more broadly. The fire contribution to air quality varied greatly during 1997-2016 and occasionally accounted for more than 100 ppbv of monthly mean surface CO and over 20 µg m−3 of monthly mean PM2.5 in the Northwest U.S. and Northern California, two regions susceptible to frequent fires. Fire emissions also had implications on air quality compliance. From 1997 to 2016, fire emissions increased surface 8-hour O3 standard exceedances by 10% and 24-hour PM2.5 exceedances by 33% over CONUS.
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15
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Oliveira M, Delerue-Matos C, Pereira MC, Morais S. Environmental Particulate Matter Levels during 2017 Large Forest Fires and Megafires in the Center Region of Portugal: A Public Health Concern? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1032. [PMID: 32041266 PMCID: PMC7036973 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17031032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This work characterizes the dimension and the exceptionality of 2017 large- and mega-fires that occurred in the center region of Portugal through the assessment of their impact on the ambient levels of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), retrieved from local monitoring stations, and the associated public health risks. PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were increased during the occurrence of large fires and megafires, with daily concentrations exceeding the European/national guidelines in 7-14 and 1-12 days of 2017 (up to 704 µg/m3 for PM10 and 46 µg/m3 for PM2.5), respectively. PM10 concentrations were correlated with total burned area (0.500 < r < 0.949; p > 0.05) and with monthly total burned area/distance2 (0.500 < r < 0.667; p > 0.05). The forest fires of 2017 took the life of 112 citizens. A total of 474 cases of hospital admissions due to cardiovascular diseases and 3524 cases of asthma incidence symptoms per 100,000 individuals at risk were assessed due to exposure to 2017 forest fires. Real-time and in situ PM methodologies should be combined with protection action plans to reduce public health risks. Portuguese rural stations should monitor other health-relevant pollutants (e.g., carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds) released from wildfires to allow performing more robust and comprehensive measurements that will allow a better assessment of the potential health risks for the exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Oliveira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Maria Carmo Pereira
- LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Simone Morais
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal;
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16
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Multi-Year (2013–2016) PM2.5 Wildfire Pollution Exposure over North America as Determined from Operational Air Quality Forecasts. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8090179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Zhou Y, Mao H, Demerjian K, Hogrefe C, Liu J. Regional and Hemispheric Influences on Temporal Variability in Baseline Carbon Monoxide and Ozone over the Northeast US. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2017; 164:309-324. [PMID: 30147427 PMCID: PMC6104834 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Interannual variability in baseline carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3), defined as mixing ratios under minimal influence of recent and local emissions, was studied for seven rural sites in the Northeast US over 2001 - 2010. Annual baseline CO exhibited statistically significant decreasing trends (-4.3 - -2.3 ppbv yr-1), while baseline O3 did not display trends at any site. In examining the data by season, wintertime and springtime baseline CO at the two highest sites (1.5 km and 2 km asl) did not experience significant trends. Decadal increasing trends (~2.55 ppbv yr-1) were found in springtime and wintertime baseline O3 in southern New Hampshire, which was associated with anthropogenic NOx emission reductions from the urban corridor. Biomass burning emissions impacted summertime baseline CO with ~38% variability from wildfire emissions in Russia and ~22% from Canada at five sites and impacted baseline O3 at the two high elevation sites only with ~27% variability from wildfires in both Russia and Canada. The Arctic Oscillation was negatively correlated with summertime baseline O3, while the North Atlantic Oscillation was positively correlated with springtime baseline O3. This study suggested that anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions, and meteorological conditions were important factors working together to determine baseline O3 and CO in the Northeast U.S. during the 2000s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - H. Mao
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - K. Demerjian
- Atmospheric Science Research Center, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - C. Hogrefe
- Emissions and Model Evaluation Branch, Atmospheric Modeling and Analysis Division, NERL, ORD, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - J. Liu
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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18
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Navarro KM, Cisneros R, O'Neill SM, Schweizer D, Larkin NK, Balmes JR. Air-Quality Impacts and Intake Fraction of PM 2.5 during the 2013 Rim Megafire. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11965-11973. [PMID: 27652495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The 2013 Rim Fire was the third largest wildfire in California history and burned 257 314 acres in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. We evaluated air-quality impacts of PM2.5 from smoke from the Rim Fire on receptor areas in California and Nevada. We employed two approaches to examine the air-quality impacts: (1) an evaluation of PM2.5 concentration data collected by temporary and permanent air-monitoring sites and (2) an estimation of intake fraction (iF) of PM2.5 from smoke. The Rim Fire impacted locations in the central Sierra nearest to the fire and extended to the northern Sierra Nevada Mountains of California and Nevada monitoring sites. Daily 24-h average PM2.5 concentrations measured at 22 air monitors had an average concentration of 20 μg/m3 and ranged from 0 to 450 μg/m3. The iF for PM2.5 from smoke during the active fire period was 7.4 per million, which is slightly higher than representative iF values for PM2.5 in rural areas and much lower than for urban areas. This study is a unique application of intake fraction to examine emissions-to-exposure for wildfires and emphasizes that air-quality impacts are not only localized to communities near large fires but can extend long distances and affect larger urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Navarro
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California-Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ricardo Cisneros
- School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts, University of California-Merced , Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Susan M O'Neill
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service , Seattle, Washington 98103, United States
| | - Don Schweizer
- School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts, University of California-Merced , Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Narasimhan K Larkin
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service , Seattle, Washington 98103, United States
| | - John R Balmes
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California-Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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19
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Dreessen J, Sullivan J, Delgado R. Observations and impacts of transported Canadian wildfire smoke on ozone and aerosol air quality in the Maryland region on June 9-12, 2015. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2016; 66:842-62. [PMID: 26963934 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2016.1161674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Canadian wildfire smoke impacted air quality across the northern Mid-Atlantic (MA) of the United States during June 9-12, 2015. A multiday exceedance of the new 2015 70-ppb National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ozone (O3) followed, resulting in Maryland being incompliant with the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) revised 2015 O3 NAAQS. Surface in situ, balloon-borne, and remote sensing observations monitored the impact of the wildfire smoke at Maryland air quality monitoring sites. At peak smoke concentrations in Maryland, wildfire-attributable volatile organic compounds (VOCs) more than doubled, while non-NOx oxides of nitrogen (NOz) tripled, suggesting long range transport of NOx within the smoke plume. Peak daily average PM2.5 was 32.5 µg m(-3) with large fractions coming from black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC), with a synonymous increase in carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations. Measurements indicate that smoke tracers at the surface were spatially and temporally correlated with maximum 8-hr O3 concentrations in the MA, all which peaked on June 11. Despite initial smoke arrival late on June 9, 2015, O3 production was inhibited due to ultraviolet (UV) light attenuation, lower temperatures, and nonoptimal surface layer composition. Comparison of Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model surface O3 forecasts to observations suggests 14 ppb additional O3 due to smoke influences in northern Maryland. Despite polluted conditions, observations of a nocturnal low-level jet (NLLJ) and Chesapeake Bay Breeze (BB) were associated with decreases in O3 in this case. While infrequent in the MA, wildfire smoke may be an increasing fractional contribution to high-O3 days, particularly in light of increased wildfire frequency in a changing climate, lower regional emissions, and tighter air quality standards. IMPLICATIONS The presented event demonstrates how a single wildfire event associated with an ozone exceedance of the NAAQS can prevent the Baltimore region from complying with lower ozone standards. This relatively new problem in Maryland is due to regional reductions in NOx emissions that led to record low numbers of ozone NAAQS violations in the last 3 years. This case demonstrates the need for adequate means to quantify and justify ozone impacts from wildfires, which can only be done through the use of observationally based models. The data presented may also improve future air quality forecast models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Dreessen
- a Maryland Department of the Environment , Air Monitoring Program , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - John Sullivan
- b Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt , MD , USA
| | - Ruben Delgado
- c Joint Center of Earth Systems Technology at the University of Maryland Baltimore County , Baltimore , MD , USA
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20
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Brey SJ, Fischer EV. Smoke in the City: How Often and Where Does Smoke Impact Summertime Ozone in the United States? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:1288-94. [PMID: 26720416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the influence of smoke on ozone (O3) abundances over the contiguous United States. Using colocated observations of particulate matter and the National Weather Service Hazard Mapping System smoke data, we identify summertime days between 2005 and 2014 that Environmental Protection Agency Air Quality System O3 monitors are influenced by smoke. We compare O3 mixing ratio distributions for smoke-free and smoke-impacted days for each monitor, while controlling for temperature. This analysis shows that (i) the mean O3 abundance measured on smoke-impacted days is higher than on smoke-free days, and (ii) the magnitude of the effect varies by location with a range of 3 to 36 ppbv. For each site, we present the percentage of days when the 8-h average O3 mixing ratio (MDA8) exceeds 75 ppbv and smoke is present. Smoke-impacted O3 mixing ratios are most elevated in locations with the highest emissions of nitrogen oxides. The Northeast corridor, Dallas, Houston, Atlanta, Birmingham, and Kansas City stand out as having smoke present 10-20% of the days when 8-h average O3 mixing ratios exceed 75 ppbv. Most U.S. cities maintain a similar proportion of smoke-impacted exceedance days when they are held against the new MDA8 limit of 70 ppbv.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Brey
- Steven Brey Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University , 200 West Lake Street, 1371 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Emily V Fischer
- Steven Brey Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University , 200 West Lake Street, 1371 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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Kimbrough S, Hays M, Preston B, Vallero DA, Hagler GSW. Episodic Impacts from California Wildfires Identified in Las Vegas Near-Road Air Quality Monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:18-24. [PMID: 26618236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Air pollutant concentrations near major highways are usually attributed to a combination of nearby traffic emissions and regional background, and generally presumed to be additive in nature. During a near-road measurement study conducted in Las Vegas, NV, the effects of distant wildfires on regional air quality were indicated over a several day period in the summer of 2009. Area-wide elevated particulate levoglucosan (maximum of 0.83 μg/m(3)) and roadside measurements of ultraviolet light-absorbing particulate matter (UVPM) in comparison to black carbon (Delta-C) were apparent over the three-day period. Back-trajectory modeling and satellite images supported the measurement results and indicated the transport of air pollutants from wildfires burning in southern California. Separating roadside measurements under apparent biomass burning event (Delta-C > 1000 ng m(-3)) and nonevent (Delta-C < 1000 ng m(-3)) periods, and constraining to specific days of week, wind speed range, wind direction from the road and traffic volume range, roadside carbon monoxide, black carbon, total particle number count (20-200 nm), and accumulation mode particle number count (100-200 nm) increased by 65%, 146%, 58%, and 366%, respectively, when biomass smoke was indicated. Meanwhile, ultrafine particles (20-100 nm) decreased by 35%. This episode indicates that the presence of aged wildfire smoke may interact with freshly emitted ultrafine particles, resulting in a decrease of particles in the ultrafine mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Kimbrough
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory , Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Michael Hays
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory , Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Bill Preston
- ARCADIS-US, Inc. , 4915 Prospectus Drive, Suite F, Durham, North Carolina 27713, United States
| | - Daniel A Vallero
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory , Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Gayle S W Hagler
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory , Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
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Kang CM, Gold D, Koutrakis P. Downwind O 3 and PM 2.5 speciation during the wildfires in 2002 and 2010. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2014; 95:511-519. [PMID: 38957569 PMCID: PMC11219020 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
A series of wildfires in northern Quebec, early July 2002, and in southern Quebec, late May 2010, resulted in severe air pollution downwind. Downwind exposures were investigated to estimate the impact on outdoor and indoor environments. The plumes derived from the wildfires resulted in an increase of over 10 ppbv ozone (O3) concentrations in both major cities and rural areas, while O3 enhancement was not observed at locations adjacent to wildfire burning areas. Temporal trend in PM2.5 concentration showed a peak of 105.5 μg/m3 on July 7, 2002, while on May 31, 2010 the peak was 151.1 μg/m3 in Boston downwind. PM2.5 speciation showed similar trends between the episodes, along with spikes in the PM2.5/PM10 ratio, and in the concentrations of Black Carbon, ΔC (i.e., UV absorbing compounds minus Black Carbon), Organic Carbon (OC), potassium, and chlorine. OC was the most dominant constituent of the PM2.5 mass in the wildfires. The dominant specific carbon fractions include OC fraction 3, pyrolysis carbon, and EC fraction 1, likely due to pyrolysis of structural components of wood. Indoor PM2.5 peaks at two houses corresponded well with the ambient PM2.5 peak, along with the elemental composition, which could indicate an impact of wildfires on indoor air pollution exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong-Min Kang
- Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Diane Gold
- Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Canadian Forest Fires and the Effects of Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Hospitalizations among the Elderly. ISPRS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEO-INFORMATION 2014; 3:713-731. [DOI: 10.3390/ijgi3020713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Fan J, Yue X, Jing Y, Chen Q, Wang S. Online monitoring of water-soluble ionic composition of PM10 during early summer over Lanzhou City. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:353-361. [PMID: 25076526 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Lanzhou is one of the most aerosol-polluted cities in China. In this study, an online analyzer for Monitoring for AeRosols and GAses was deployed to measure major water-soluble inorganic ions in PM10 at 1-hour time resolution, and 923 samples were obtained from Apr 1 to May 24, 2011. During the field campaign, air pollution days were encountered with Air Quality Index more than 100 and daily average concentration of PM10 exceeding 150 microg/m3. Based on the variation of water-soluble ions and results of Positive Matrix Factorization 3.0 model execution, the air pollution days were classified as crustal species- or secondary aerosol-induced, and the different formation mechanisms of these two air pollution types were studied. During the crustal species pollution days, the content of Ca2+ increased and was about 2.3 times higher than the average on clear days, and the air parcel back trajectory was used to analyze the sources of crustal species. Data on sulfate, trace gases and meteorological factors were used to reveal the formation mechanism of secondary aerosol pollution. The sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) was derived from the 923 samples, and the SOR had high positive correlation with relative humidity in early summer in Lanzhou.
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Sillapapiromsuk S, Chantara S, Tengjaroenkul U, Prasitwattanaseree S, Prapamontol T. Determination of PM10 and its ion composition emitted from biomass burning in the chamber for estimation of open burning emissions. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:1912-9. [PMID: 23891258 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Biomass samples including agricultural waste (rice straw and maize residue) and forest leaf litter were collected from Chiang Mai Province, Thailand for the burning experiment in the self-designed stainless steel chamber to simulate the emissions of PM10. The burning of leaf litter emitted the highest PM10 (1.52±0.65 g kg(-1)). The PM10-bound ions emitted from the burning of rice straw and maize residue showed the same trend, which was K(+)>Cl(-)>SO4(2-)>NH4(+)>NO3(-). However, the emissions from maize residue burning were ~1.5-2.0 times higher than those from the rice straw burning. The ion content emitted from leaf litter burning was almost the same for all ion species. Noticeably, K(+) and Cl(-) concentrations were ~2-4 times lower than those emitted from agricultural waste burning. It can be deduced that K(+) and Cl(-) were highly emitted from agricultural waste burning due to the use of fertilizer and herbicides in the field, respectively. Based on emission values obtained from the chamber, the pollutant emission rate from open burning was calculated. Burned areas in Chiang Mai Province were 3510 and 866 km(2) in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Forest burning was 71-88%, while agricultural land burning accounted for 12-29% (rice field: crop field=1:3) of total burned area. Therefore, emissions of PM10 from open burning in Chiang Mai were 3051 ton (2010) and 705 ton (2011). Major ions emitted from agricultural waste burning were found to be K(+) and Cl(-), while those from forest burning were SO4(2-) and K(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sopittaporn Sillapapiromsuk
- Environmental Science Program and Center for Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Miller DJ, Sun K, Zondlo MA, Kanter D, Dubovik O, Welton EJ, Winker DM, Ginoux P. Assessing boreal forest fire smoke aerosol impacts on U.S. air quality: A case study using multiple data sets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Miller
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Princeton University; Princeton New Jersey USA
| | - Kang Sun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Princeton University; Princeton New Jersey USA
| | - Mark A. Zondlo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Princeton University; Princeton New Jersey USA
| | - David Kanter
- Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs; Princeton University; Princeton New Jersey USA
| | - Oleg Dubovik
- Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique; Université de Lille 1/CNRS; Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | | | | | - Paul Ginoux
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory; Princeton; New Jersey USA
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Saarnio K, Aurela M, Timonen H, Saarikoski S, Teinilä K, Mäkelä T, Sofiev M, Koskinen J, Aalto PP, Kulmala M, Kukkonen J, Hillamo R. Chemical composition of fine particles in fresh smoke plumes from boreal wild-land fires in Europe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:2527-42. [PMID: 20359735 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of smoke plumes was detected in Helsinki, Finland, during a one-month-lasting period in August 2006. The smoke plumes originated from wildfires close to Finland, and they were short-term and had a high particulate matter (PM) concentration. Physical and chemical properties of fine particles in those smokes were characterised by a wide range of real-time measurements that enabled the examination of individual plume events. Concurrently PM(1) filter samples were collected and analysed off-line. Satellite observations employing MODIS sensor on board of NASA EOS Terra satellite with the dispersion model SILAM and the Fire Assimilation System were used for evaluation of the emission fluxes from wildfires. The model predicted well the timing of the plumes but the predicted PM concentrations differed from the observed. The measurements showed that the major growth in PM concentration was caused by submicrometer particles consisting mainly of particulate organic matter (POM). POM had not totally oxidised during the transport based on the low WSOC-to-OC ratio. The fresh plumes were compared to another major smoke episode that was observed in Helsinki during April-May 2006. The duration and the source areas of the two episode periods differed. The episode in April-May was a period of nearly constantly upraised level of long-range transported PM and it was composed of aged particles when arriving in Helsinki. The two episodes had differences also in the chemical composition of PM. The mass concentrations of biomass burning tracers (levoglucosan, potassium, and oxalate) increased during both the episodes but different concentration levels of elemental carbon and potassium indicated that the episodes differed in the form of burning as well as in the burning material. In spring dry crop residue and hay from the previous season were burnt whereas in August smokes from smouldering and incomplete burning of fresh vegetation were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karri Saarnio
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland.
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Chi KH, Lin CY, Yang CFO, Wang JL, Lin NH, Sheu GR, Lee CT. PCDD/F measurement at a high-altitude station in Central Taiwan: evaluation of long-range transport of PCDD/Fs during the Southeast Asia biomass burning event. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:2954-2960. [PMID: 20345091 DOI: 10.1021/es1000984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent biomass burning in Southeast Asia has raised global concerns over its adverse effects on visibility, human health, and global climate. The concentrations of total suspended particles (TSPs) and other vapor-phase pollutants (CO and ozone) were monitored at Lulin, an atmospheric background station in central Taiwan in 2008. To evaluate the long-range transport of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) during the Southeast Asia biomass burning event, the atmospheric polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were also measured at Lulin station. The atmospheric PCDD/F and TSP concentrations measured at Lulin station ranged from 0.71-3.41 fg I-TEQ/m(3) and 5.32-55.6 microg/m(3), respectively, during the regular sampling periods. However, significantly higher concentrations of PCDD/Fs, TSPs, CO, and ozone were measured during the spring season. These high concentrations could be the result of long-range transport of the products of Southeast Asia biomass burning. During the Southeast Asia biomass burning event (March 18-24, 2008), an intensive observation program was also carried out at the same station. The results of this observation program indicated that the atmospheric PCDD/F concentration increased dramatically from 2.33 to 390 fg I-TEQ/m(3) (March 19, 2008). The trace gas (CO) of biomass burning also significantly increased to 232 ppb during the same period, while the particle-bound PCDD/Fs in the TSP increased from 28.7 to 109 pg I-TEQ/g-TSP at Lulin station during the burning event. We conclude that there was a significant increase in the PCDD/F concentration in ambient air at a high-altitude background station in central Taiwan during the Southeast Asia biomass burning event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hsien Chi
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Chungli 320, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chungli 320, Taiwan.
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English PB, Sinclair AH, Ross Z, Anderson H, Boothe V, Davis C, Ebi K, Kagey B, Malecki K, Shultz R, Simms E. Environmental health indicators of climate change for the United States: findings from the State Environmental Health Indicator Collaborative. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:1673-81. [PMID: 20049116 PMCID: PMC2801164 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0900708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop public health adaptation strategies and to project the impacts of climate change on human health, indicators of vulnerability and preparedness along with accurate surveillance data on climate-sensitive health outcomes are needed. We researched and developed environmental health indicators for inputs into human health vulnerability assessments for climate change and to propose public health preventative actions. DATA SOURCES We conducted a review of the scientific literature to identify outcomes and actions that were related to climate change. Data sources included governmental and nongovernmental agencies and the published literature. DATA EXTRACTION Sources were identified and assessed for completeness, usability, and accuracy. Priority was then given to identifying longitudinal data sets that were applicable at the state and community level. DATA SYNTHESIS We present a list of surveillance indicators for practitioners and policy makers that include climate-sensitive health outcomes and environmental and vulnerability indicators, as well as mitigation, adaptation, and policy indicators of climate change. CONCLUSIONS A review of environmental health indicators for climate change shows that data exist for many of these measures, but more evaluation of their sensitivity and usefulness is needed. Further attention is necessary to increase data quality and availability and to develop new surveillance databases, especially for climate-sensitive morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B English
- Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California 94804, USA.
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Spracklen DV, Mickley LJ, Logan JA, Hudman RC, Yevich R, Flannigan MD, Westerling AL. Impacts of climate change from 2000 to 2050 on wildfire activity and carbonaceous aerosol concentrations in the western United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hidy GM. Surface-level fine particle mass concentrations: from hemispheric distributions to megacity sources. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2009; 59:770-789. [PMID: 19645262 DOI: 10.3155/1047-3289.59.7.770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Since 1990, basic knowledge of the "chemical climate" of fine particles, has greatly improved from Junge's compilation from the 1960s. A worldwide baseline distribution of fine particle concentrations on a synoptic scale of approximately 1000 km can be estimated at least qualitatively from measurements. A geographical distribution of fine particle characteristics is deduced from a synthesis of a variety of disparate data collected at ground level on all continents, especially in the northern hemisphere. On the average, the regional mass concentrations range from 1 to 80 microg/m3, with the highest concentrations in regions of high population density and industrialization. Fine particles by mass on a continental and hemispheric spatial scale are generally dominated by non-sea salt sulfate (0.2 to approximately 20 microg/m3, or approximately 25%) and organic carbon (0.2-> 10 microg/m3, or approximately 25%), with lesser contributions of ammonium, nitrate, elemental carbon, and elements found in sea salt or soil dust. The crustal and trace metal elements contribute a varied amount to fine particle mass depending on location, with a larger contribution in marine conditions or during certain events such as dust storms or volcanic disturbances. The average distribution of mass concentration and major components depends on the proximity to areal aggregations of sources, most of which are continental in origin, with contributions from sea salt emissions in the marine environment. The highest concentrations generally are within or near very large population and industrial centers, especially in Asia, including parts of China and India, as well as North America and Europe. Natural sources of blowing dust, sea salt, and wildfires contribute to large, intermittent spatial-scale particle loadings beyond these ranges. A sampling of 10 megacities illustrates a range of characteristic particle composition, dependent on local and regional sources. Long-range transport of pollution from spatially aggregated sources over hundreds of kilometers creates persistent regional- and continental-scale gradients of mass concentration, sulfate, and carbon species especially in the northern hemisphere. Data are sparse in the southern hemisphere, especially beyond 45 degrees S, but are generally very low in mass concentrations.
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Mathur R. Estimating the impact of the 2004 Alaskan forest fires on episodic particulate matter pollution over the eastern United States through assimilation of satellite-derived aerosol optical depths in a regional air quality model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jaffe D, Chand D, Hafner W, Westerling A, Spracklen D. Influence of fires on O3 concentrations in the western U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:5885-91. [PMID: 18767640 DOI: 10.1021/es800084k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Because forest fires emit substantial NOx and hydrocarbons--known contributors to O3 production--we hypothesize that interannual variation in western U.S. O3 is related to the burned area. To evaluate this hypothesis we used a gridded database of western U.S. summer burned area (BA) and biomass consumed (BC) by fires between 101-125 degrees W. The fire data were compared with daytime summer O3 mixing ratios from nine rural Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET) and National Park Service (NPS) sites. Large fire years exhibited widespread enhanced O3. The summer BA was significantly correlated with O3 at all sites. For each 1 million acres burned in the western U.S. during summer, we estimate that the daytime mean O3 was enhanced across the region by 2.0 ppbv. For mean and maximum fire years, O3 was enhanced by an average of 3.5 and 8.8 ppbv, respectively. At most sites O3 was significantly correlated with fires in the surrounding 5 x 5 degrees and 10 x 10 degrees regions, but not with fires in the nearest 1 x 1 degree region, reflecting the balance between O3 production and destruction in a high NOx environment. BC was a slightly better predictor of O3, compared with BA. The relationship between O3 and temperature was examined at two sites (Yellowstone and Rocky Mountain National Parks). At these two sites, high fire years were significantly warmer than lowfire years; however, daytime seasonal meantemperature and O3 were not significantly correlated. This indicates that the presence of fire is a more important predictor for O3 than is temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Jaffe
- University of Washington Bothell, 18115 Campus Way NE, Bothell, Washington 98011, USA.
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Ichoku C, Martins JV, Kaufman YJ, Wooster MJ, Freeborn PH, Hao WM, Baker S, Ryan CA, Nordgren BL. Laboratory investigation of fire radiative energy and smoke aerosol emissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lapina K, Honrath RE, Owen RC, Val Martín M, Hyer EJ, Fialho P. Late summer changes in burning conditions in the boreal regions and their implications for NOxand CO emissions from boreal fires. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Bein KJ, Zhao Y, Johnston MV, Wexler AS. Interactions between boreal wildfire and urban emissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Leung FYT, Logan JA, Park R, Hyer E, Kasischke E, Streets D, Yurganov L. Impacts of enhanced biomass burning in the boreal forests in 1998 on tropospheric chemistry and the sensitivity of model results to the injection height of emissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fok-Yan T. Leung
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Jennifer A. Logan
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Rokjin Park
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Edward Hyer
- Naval Research Laboratory; Monterey California USA
| | - Eric Kasischke
- Department of Geography; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | | | - Leonid Yurganov
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology; University of Maryland Baltimore County; Baltimore Maryland USA
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39
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Fuelberg HE, Porter MJ, Kiley CM, Halland JJ, Morse D. Meteorological conditions and anomalies during the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment–North America. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Turquety S, Logan JA, Jacob DJ, Hudman RC, Leung FY, Heald CL, Yantosca RM, Wu S, Emmons LK, Edwards DP, Sachse GW. Inventory of boreal fire emissions for North America in 2004: Importance of peat burning and pyroconvective injection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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McKeen S, Chung SH, Wilczak J, Grell G, Djalalova I, Peckham S, Gong W, Bouchet V, Moffet R, Tang Y, Carmichael GR, Mathur R, Yu S. Evaluation of several PM2.5
forecast models using data collected during the ICARTT/NEAQS 2004 field study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. McKeen
- Chemical Sciences Division, Environmental Science Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - S. H. Chung
- Chemical Sciences Division, Environmental Science Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. Wilczak
- Physical Sciences Division, Environmental Science Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - G. Grell
- Global Systems Division, Environmental Science Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - I. Djalalova
- Physical Sciences Division, Environmental Science Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - S. Peckham
- Global Systems Division, Environmental Science Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - W. Gong
- Meteorological Service of Canada; Downsview, Ontario Canada
| | - V. Bouchet
- Meteorological Service of Canada; Dorval, Quebec Canada
| | - R. Moffet
- Meteorological Service of Canada; Dorval, Quebec Canada
| | - Y. Tang
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - G. R. Carmichael
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - R. Mathur
- Air Resources Laboratory; NOAA; Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - S. Yu
- Science and Technology Corporation; Hampton Virginia USA
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42
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Fischer EV, Ziemba LD, Talbot RW, Dibb JE, Griffin RJ, Husain L, Grant AN. Aerosol major ion record at Mount Washington. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ziemba LD, Griffin RJ, Talbot RW. Observations of elevated particle number concentration events at a rural site in New England. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. D. Ziemba
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, Climate Change Research Center; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - R. J. Griffin
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, Climate Change Research Center; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - R. W. Talbot
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, Climate Change Research Center; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
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Val Martín M, Honrath RE, Owen RC, Pfister G, Fialho P, Barata F. Significant enhancements of nitrogen oxides, black carbon, and ozone in the North Atlantic lower free troposphere resulting from North American boreal wildfires. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Val Martín
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Michigan Technological University; Houghton Michigan USA
| | - R. E. Honrath
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Michigan Technological University; Houghton Michigan USA
| | - R. C. Owen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Michigan Technological University; Houghton Michigan USA
| | - G. Pfister
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. Fialho
- Group of Chemistry and Physics of the Atmosphere; University of the Azores; Terra Chã Portugal
| | - F. Barata
- Group of Chemistry and Physics of the Atmosphere; University of the Azores; Terra Chã Portugal
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Lee BH, Munger JW, Wofsy SC, Goldstein AH. Anthropogenic emissions of nonmethane hydrocarbons in the northeastern United States: Measured seasonal variations from 1992–1996 and 1999–2001. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Vedal S, Dutton SJ. Wildfire air pollution and daily mortality in a large urban area. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2006; 102:29-35. [PMID: 16716288 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Revised: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Unusual air pollution episodes, such as when smoke from wildfires covers a large urban area, can be used to attempt to detect associations between short-term increases in particulate matter (PM) concentrations and subsequent mortality without relying on the sophisticated statistical models that are typically required in the absence of such episodes. The objective of this study was to explore whether acute increases in PM concentrations from wildfire smoke cause acute increases in daily mortality. The temporal patterns of daily nonaccidental deaths and daily cardiorespiratory deaths for June of 2002 in the Denver metropolitan area were examined and compared to those in two nearby counties in Colorado that were not affected by the wildfire smoke and to daily deaths in Denver in June of 2001. Abrupt increases in PM concentrations in Denver occurred on 2 days in June of 2002 as a result of wildfire smoke drifting over the Denver area. Small peaks in mortality corresponded to both of the PM peaks, but the first mortality peak also corresponded to a peak of mortality in the control counties, and cardiorespiratory deaths began to increase on the day before the second peak. Further, there was no detectable increase in cardiorespiratory deaths in the hours immediately following the PM peaks. Although the findings from this study do not rule out the possibility of small increases in mortality due to abrupt and dramatic increases in PM concentrations from wildfire smoke, in a population of over 2 million people no perceptible increases in daily mortality could be attributed to such events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sverre Vedal
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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Warneke C, de Gouw JA, Stohl A, Cooper OR, Goldan PD, Kuster WC, Holloway JS, Williams EJ, Lerner BM, McKeen SA, Trainer M, Fehsenfeld FC, Atlas EL, Donnelly SG, Stroud V, Lueb A, Kato S. Biomass burning and anthropogenic sources of CO over New England in the summer 2004. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Warneke
- Chemical Sciences Division; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. A. de Gouw
- Chemical Sciences Division; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - A. Stohl
- Chemical Sciences Division; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - O. R. Cooper
- Chemical Sciences Division; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. D. Goldan
- Chemical Sciences Division; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - W. C. Kuster
- Chemical Sciences Division; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. S. Holloway
- Chemical Sciences Division; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - E. J. Williams
- Chemical Sciences Division; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - B. M. Lerner
- Chemical Sciences Division; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - S. A. McKeen
- Chemical Sciences Division; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - M. Trainer
- Chemical Sciences Division; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - F. C. Fehsenfeld
- Chemical Sciences Division; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - E. L. Atlas
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science; University of Miami; Miami Florida USA
| | - S. G. Donnelly
- Department of Chemistry; Fort Hays State University; Fort Hays Kansas USA
| | - Verity Stroud
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Amy Lueb
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - S. Kato
- Department of Chemistry; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
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de Gouw JA, Warneke C, Stohl A, Wollny AG, Brock CA, Cooper OR, Holloway JS, Trainer M, Fehsenfeld FC, Atlas EL, Donnelly SG, Stroud V, Lueb A. Volatile organic compounds composition of merged and aged forest fire plumes from Alaska and western Canada. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - C. Warneke
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - A. Stohl
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - C. A. Brock
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | | | - M. Trainer
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - E. L. Atlas
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science; University of Miami; Miami Florida USA
| | - S. G. Donnelly
- Department of Chemistry; Fort Hays State University; Hays Kansas USA
| | - V. Stroud
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - A. Lueb
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
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de Gouw JA. Budget of organic carbon in a polluted atmosphere: Results from the New England Air Quality Study in 2002. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 568] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fischer EV. Summertime ozone at Mount Washington: Meteorological controls at the highest peak in the northeast. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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