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Juntunen V, Asikainen T. Electricity consumption in Finland influenced by climate effects of energetic particle precipitation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20546. [PMID: 37996560 PMCID: PMC10667511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47605-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that electricity consumption in many cold Northern countries depends greatly on prevailing outdoor temperatures especially during the winter season. On the other hand, recent research has demonstrated that solar wind driven energetic particle precipitation from space into the polar atmosphere can influence the stratospheric polar vortex and tropospheric weather patterns during winter. These changes are significant, e.g., in Northern Europe, especially in Finland. In this study we demonstrate that geomagnetic activity, as a proxy of energetic particle precipitation, significantly influences Finland's average temperature and total wintertime electricity consumption in Finland. This influence is only seen when the prevailing equatorial stratospheric winds, so called QBO winds, are easterly. The results demonstrate a previously unrecognized societal influence of space weather, and imply that long-term energy consumption forecasts could potentially be improved by considering long-term space weather predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera Juntunen
- Space Physics and Astronomy Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Timo Asikainen
- Space Physics and Astronomy Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Knowland KE, Keller CA, Wales PA, Wargan K, Coy L, Johnson MS, Liu J, Lucchesi RA, Eastham SD, Fleming E, Liang Q, Leblanc T, Livesey NJ, Walker KA, Ott LE, Pawson S. NASA GEOS Composition Forecast Modeling System GEOS-CF v1.0: Stratospheric Composition. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2022; 14:e2021MS002852. [PMID: 35864944 PMCID: PMC9287101 DOI: 10.1029/2021ms002852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) Composition Forecast (GEOS-CF) provides recent estimates and 5-day forecasts of atmospheric composition to the public in near-real time. To do this, the GEOS Earth system model is coupled with the GEOS-Chem tropospheric-stratospheric unified chemistry extension (UCX) to represent composition from the surface to the top of the GEOS atmosphere (0.01 hPa). The GEOS-CF system is described, including updates made to the GEOS-Chem UCX mechanism within GEOS-CF for improved representation of stratospheric chemistry. Comparisons are made against balloon, lidar, and satellite observations for stratospheric composition, including measurements of ozone (O3) and important nitrogen and chlorine species related to stratospheric O3 recovery. The GEOS-CF nudges the stratospheric O3 toward the GEOS Forward Processing (GEOS FP) assimilated O3 product; as a result the stratospheric O3 in the GEOS-CF historical estimate agrees well with observations. During abnormal dynamical and chemical environments such as the 2020 polar vortexes, the GEOS-CF O3 forecasts are more realistic than GEOS FP O3 forecasts because of the inclusion of the complex GEOS-Chem UCX stratospheric chemistry. Overall, the spatial patterns of the GEOS-CF simulated concentrations of stratospheric composition agree well with satellite observations. However, there are notable biases-such as low NO x and HNO3 in the polar regions and generally low HCl throughout the stratosphere-and future improvements to the chemistry mechanism and emissions are discussed. GEOS-CF is a new tool for the research community and instrument teams observing trace gases in the stratosphere and troposphere, providing near-real-time three-dimensional gridded information on atmospheric composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. E. Knowland
- Universities Space Research Association (USRA)/GESTARColumbiaMDUSA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
- Now Morgan State University (MSU)/GESTAR‐IIBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - C. A. Keller
- Universities Space Research Association (USRA)/GESTARColumbiaMDUSA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
- Now Morgan State University (MSU)/GESTAR‐IIBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - P. A. Wales
- Universities Space Research Association (USRA)/GESTARColumbiaMDUSA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
- Now Morgan State University (MSU)/GESTAR‐IIBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - K. Wargan
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
- Science Systems and Applications (SSAI), Inc.LanhamMDUSA
| | - L. Coy
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
- Science Systems and Applications (SSAI), Inc.LanhamMDUSA
| | - M. S. Johnson
- Earth Science DivisionNASA Ames Research CenterMoffett FieldCAUSA
| | - J. Liu
- Universities Space Research Association (USRA)/GESTARColumbiaMDUSA
- Now Morgan State University (MSU)/GESTAR‐IIBaltimoreMDUSA
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA GSFCGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - R. A. Lucchesi
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
- Science Systems and Applications (SSAI), Inc.LanhamMDUSA
| | - S. D. Eastham
- Laboratory for Aviation and the EnvironmentDepartment of Aeronautics and AstronauticsMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global ChangeMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - E. Fleming
- Science Systems and Applications (SSAI), Inc.LanhamMDUSA
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA GSFCGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Q. Liang
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA GSFCGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - T. Leblanc
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyWrightwoodCAUSA
| | - N. J. Livesey
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - K. A. Walker
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - L. E. Ott
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
| | - S. Pawson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
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Abstract
Lack of instrument sensitivity to low electron density (Ne) concentration makes it difficult to measure sharp Ne vertical gradients (four orders of magnitude over 30 km) in the D/E-region. A robust algorithm is developed to retrieve global D/E-region Ne from the high-rate GNSS radio occultation (RO) data, to improve spatiotemporal coverage using recent SmallSat/CubeSat constellations. The new algorithm removes F-region contributions in the RO excess phase profile by fitting a linear function to the data below the D-region. The new GNSS-RO observations reveal many interesting features in the diurnal, seasonal, solar-cycle, and magnetic-field-dependent variations in the Ne morphology. While the D/E-region Ne is a function of solar zenith angle (χ), it exhibits strong latitudinal variations for the same χ with a distribution asymmetric about noon. In addition, large longitudinal variations are observed along the same magnetic field pitch angle. The summer midlatitude Ne and sporadic E (Es) show a distribution similar to each other. The distribution of auroral electron precipitation correlates better with the pitch angle from the magnetosphere than from one at 100 km. Finally, a new TEC retrieval technique is developed for the high-rate RO data with a top reaching at least 120 km. For better characterization of the E- to F-transition in Ne and more accurate TEC retrievals, it is recommended to have all GNSS-RO acquisition routinely up to 220 km.
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Pettit JM, Randall CE, Peck ED, Harvey VL. A New MEPED-Based Precipitating Electron Data Set. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2021; 126:e2021JA029667. [PMID: 35865355 PMCID: PMC9286694 DOI: 10.1029/2021ja029667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The work presented here introduces a new data set for inclusion of energetic electron precipitation (EEP) in climate model simulations. Measurements made by the medium energy proton and electron detector (MEPED) instruments onboard both the Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites and the European Space Agency Meteorological Operational satellites are used to create global maps of precipitating electron fluxes. Unlike most previous data sets, the electron fluxes are computed using both the 0° and 90° MEPED detectors. Conversion of observed, broadband electron count rates to differential spectral fluxes uses a linear combination of analytical functions instead of a single function. Two dimensional maps of electron spectral flux are created using Delaunay triangulation to account for the relatively sparse nature of the MEPED sampling. This improves on previous studies that use a 1D interpolation over magnetic local time or L-shell zonal averaging of the MEPED data. A Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) simulation of the southern hemisphere 2003 winter using the new precipitating electron data set is shown to agree more closely with observations of odd nitrogen than WACCM simulations using other MEPED-based electron data sets. Simulated EEP-induced odd nitrogen increases led to ozone losses of more than 15% in the polar stratosphere near 10 hPa in September of 2003.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Pettit
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | - Cora E. Randall
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | | | - V. Lynn Harvey
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
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Harvey VL, Datta‐Barua S, Pedatella NM, Wang N, Randall CE, Siskind DE, van Caspel WE. Transport of Nitric Oxide Via Lagrangian Coherent Structures Into the Top of the Polar Vortex. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2021; 126:e2020JD034523. [PMID: 34221782 PMCID: PMC8243962 DOI: 10.1029/2020jd034523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The energetic particle precipitation (EPP) indirect effect (IE) refers to the downward transport of reactive odd nitrogen (NOx = NO + NO2) produced by EPP (EPP-NOx) from the polar winter mesosphere and lower thermosphere to the stratosphere where it can destroy ozone. Previous studies of the EPP IE examined NOx descent averaged over the polar region, but the work presented here considers longitudinal variations. We report that the January 2009 split Arctic vortex in the stratosphere left an imprint on the distribution of NO near the mesopause, and that the magnitude of EPP-NOx descent in the upper mesosphere depends strongly on the planetary wave (PW) phase. We focus on an 11-day case study in late January immediately following the 2009 sudden stratospheric warming during which regional-scale Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs) formed atop the strengthening mesospheric vortex. The LCSs emerged over the north Atlantic in the vicinity of the trough of a 10-day westward traveling planetary wave. Over the next week, the LCSs acted to confine NO-rich air to polar latitudes, effectively prolonging its lifetime as it descended into the top of the polar vortex. Both a whole atmosphere data assimilation model and satellite observations show that the PW trough remained coincident in space and time with the NO-rich air as both migrated westward over the Canadian Arctic. Estimates of descent rates indicate five times stronger descent inside the PW trough compared to other longitudes. This case serves to set the stage for future climatological analysis of NO transport via LCSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Lynn Harvey
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | - Seebany Datta‐Barua
- Department of Mechanical, Materials, and Aerospace EngineeringIllinois Institute of TechnologyChicagoILUSA
| | | | - Ningchao Wang
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesHampton UniversityHamptonVAUSA
| | - Cora E. Randall
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | | | - Willem E. van Caspel
- Department of PhysicsNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyNorway
- Birkeland Centre for Space Science, University of BergenBergenNorway
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Yang SS, Hayakawa M. Gravity Wave Activity in the Stratosphere before the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake as the Mechanism of Lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere Coupling. ENTROPY 2020; 22:e22010110. [PMID: 33285884 PMCID: PMC7516416 DOI: 10.3390/e22010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The precursory atmospheric gravity wave (AGW) activity in the stratosphere has been investigated in our previous paper by studying an inland Kumamoto earthquake (EQ). We are interested in whether the same phenomenon occurs or not before another major EQ, especially an oceanic EQ. In this study, we have examined the stratospheric AGW activity before the oceanic 2011 Tohoku EQ (Mw 9.0), while using the temperature profiles that were retrieved from ERA5. The potential energy (EP) of AGW has enhanced from 3 to 7 March, 4–8 days before the EQ. The active region of the precursory AGW first appeared around the EQ epicenter, and then expanded omnidirectionally, but mainly toward the east, covering a wide area of 2500 km (in longitude) by 1500 km (in latitude). We also found the influence of the present AGW activity on some stratospheric parameters. The stratopause was heated and descended; the ozone concentration was also reduced and the zonal wind was reversed at the stratopause altitude before the EQ. These abnormalities of the stratospheric AGW and physical/chemical parameters are most significant on 5–6 March, which are found to be consistent in time and spatial distribution with the lower ionospheric perturbation, as detected by our VLF network observations. We have excluded the other probabilities by the processes of elimination and finally concluded that the abnormal phenomena observed in the present study are EQ precursors, although several potential sources can generate AGW activities and chemical variations in the stratosphere. The present paper shows that the abnormal stratospheric AGW activity has also been detected even before an oceanic EQ, and the AGW activity has obliquely propagated upward and further disturbed the lower ionosphere. This case study has provided further support to the AGW hypothesis of the lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Sian Yang
- Independent researcher, Jhongli P.O. Box 9-11, Taoyuan 32099, Taiwan
- Hayakawa Institute of Seismo Electromagnetics, Co. Ltd. (Hi-SEM), University of Electro-Communications (UEC) Alliance Center, 1-1-1 Kojima-cho, Chofu, Tokyo 182-0026, Japan;
- Correspondence:
| | - Masashi Hayakawa
- Hayakawa Institute of Seismo Electromagnetics, Co. Ltd. (Hi-SEM), University of Electro-Communications (UEC) Alliance Center, 1-1-1 Kojima-cho, Chofu, Tokyo 182-0026, Japan;
- Advanced Wireless & Communications Research Center, UEC, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
- Geoscent Technologies Inc., 2-8-11 Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0052, Japan
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Sarris TE. Understanding the ionosphere thermosphere response to solar and magnetospheric drivers: status, challenges and open issues. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20180101. [PMID: 31079583 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ionosphere and thermosphere (IT) constitutes a coupled, complex and dynamical electromagnetic and photochemical system, which is sensitive to a combination of external factors: particle precipitation and electrical currents from the Earth's magnetosphere and incoming solar radiation produce dramatic effects in the IT and significantly alter its energetics, dynamics and chemistry in a way that is not well understood. This sensitivity of the IT to external factors results in large, yet often unpredictable changes in many of the variables in the IT, such as in its density, temperature, neutral and ion winds, total electron content, neutral and ion composition, electric fields, currents and conductivities. External forcing of the IT system varies over different time-scales, such as solar cycle (11-year), inter-annual (e.g. quasi-biennial), seasonal and diurnal; on top of these, geomagnetic disturbances caused by solar storms and substorms can lead to abrupt reconfigurations of the magnetospheric field-aligned and horizontal currents, setting a number of electrodynamics processes in motion. The overlapping physical and chemical phenomena occur at a range of temporal and spatial scales that are highly difficult to understand as a whole. The importance of the behaviour of this region to multiple issues related to aerospace technology, such as orbital calculations, vehicle re-entry, space debris lifetime, etc., and its potential threats to modern, technology-dependent society via geomagnetically induced currents and ionospheric scintillation of Global Navigation Satellite System signals, dictate that a more detailed understanding and accurate modelling are urgently needed. In this paper, we review the status of characterization and some of the key open issues and challenges of the IT, focusing on measurement gaps in this region as well as areas of largest discrepancies between models and data. This article is part of the theme issue 'Solar eruptions and their space weather impact'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore E Sarris
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace , University campus of Xanthi-Kimmeria, Building B, Xanthi 67132 , Greece
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Nitric Oxide Production by Centimeter-Sized Meteoroids and the Role of Linear and Nonlinear Processes in the Shock Bound Flow Fields. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9050202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Simulation of Particle Precipitation Effects on the Atmosphere with the MESSy Model System. CLIMATE AND WEATHER OF THE SUN-EARTH SYSTEM (CAWSES) 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4348-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Smith AK, Garcia RR, Marsh DR, Richter JH. WACCM simulations of the mean circulation and trace species transport in the winter mesosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jones A, Qin G, Strong K, Walker KA, McLinden CA, Toohey M, Kerzenmacher T, Bernath PF, Boone CD. A global inventory of stratospheric NOyfrom ACE-FTS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Li Y, Lu H, Jarvis MJ, Clilverd MA, Bates B. Nonlinear and nonstationary influences of geomagnetic activity on the winter North Atlantic Oscillation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sinnhuber M, Kazeminejad S, Wissing JM. Interannual variation of NOxfrom the lower thermosphere to the upper stratosphere in the years 1991-2005. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja015825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Sinnhuber
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - S. Kazeminejad
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Space Agency; Bonn Germany
| | - J. M. Wissing
- Department of Physics; University of Osnabrück; Osnabrück Germany
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Siskind DE, Eckermann SD, McCormack JP, Coy L, Hoppel KW, Baker NL. Case studies of the mesospheric response to recent minor, major, and extended stratospheric warmings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Reddmann T, Ruhnke R, Versick S, Kouker W. Modeling disturbed stratospheric chemistry during solar-induced NOxenhancements observed with MIPAS/ENVISAT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wissing JM, Kallenrode MB, Wieters N, Winkler H, Sinnhuber M. Atmospheric Ionization Module Osnabrück (AIMOS): 2. Total particle inventory in the October-November 2003 event and ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Wissing
- FB Physik; University of Osnabrück; Osnabrück Germany
| | | | - N. Wieters
- Institute for Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - H. Winkler
- Institute for Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - M. Sinnhuber
- Institute for Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
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Seppälä A, Randall CE, Clilverd MA, Rozanov E, Rodger CJ. Geomagnetic activity and polar surface air temperature variability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja014029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Seppälä
- Physical Sciences Division; British Antarctic Survey (NERC); Cambridge UK
| | - C. E. Randall
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - M. A. Clilverd
- Physical Sciences Division; British Antarctic Survey (NERC); Cambridge UK
| | - E. Rozanov
- Physical-Meteorological Observatory/World Radiation Center; Davos Switzerland
| | - C. J. Rodger
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science; Eidgenoössische Technische Hochschule; Zurich Switzerland
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Wissing JM, Kallenrode MB. Atmospheric Ionization Module Osnabrück (AIMOS): A 3-D model to determine atmospheric ionization by energetic charged particles from different populations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Wissing
- FB Physik; University of Osnabrück; Osnabrück Germany
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Jackman CH, Marsh DR, Vitt FM, Garcia RR, Randall CE, Fleming EL, Frith SM. Long-term middle atmospheric influence of very large solar proton events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fang X, Randall CE, Lummerzheim D, Solomon SC, Mills MJ, Marsh DR, Jackman CH, Wang W, Lu G. Electron impact ionization: A new parameterization for 100 eV to 1 MeV electrons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Fang
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Cora E. Randall
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Dirk Lummerzheim
- Geophysical Institute; University of Alaska; Fairbanks Alaska USA
| | - Stanley C. Solomon
- High Altitude Observatory; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Michael J. Mills
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Daniel R. Marsh
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - Wenbin Wang
- High Altitude Observatory; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Gang Lu
- High Altitude Observatory; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
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Lu H, Clilverd MA, Seppälä A, Hood LL. Geomagnetic perturbations on stratospheric circulation in late winter and spring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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