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White Buenger E, Mayer PM. Unraveling the Unimolecular Ion Chemistry of Protonated Isoprene and Prenol. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:31-39. [PMID: 38014876 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The atmospheric chemistries of isoprene and prenol have been studied extensively; however, much of that research has focused on neutral or radical chemistry. Recent studies have demonstrated that under acidic conditions, isoprene and prenol can become protonated in the atmosphere, and we have explored the unimolecular chemistry of protonated isoprene and prenol with tandem mass spectrometry (using a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer) and density functional theory. The collision-induced dissociation of protonated isoprene revealed two product ion channels: the neutral losses of C2H4 and H2, the former dominating over the latter. Protonated prenol dissociates by four product ion channels: the neutral losses of water, formaldehyde, methanol, and propene, with the former two being minor channels and the latter two being major channels. Density functional theory supplemented with CBS-QB3 single-point calculations revealed the underlying mechanisms to explain the breakdown behavior. The two competing channels from protonated isoprene could easily be rationalized due to the relative energy difference between key transition states along the reaction coordinates. However, in the case of protonated prenol, it was revealed that the minor products observed in the breakdown of protonated prenol had significantly lower reaction barriers when compared to the major products, an apparent contradiction. This could be rationalized if the initial ion population entering the collision cell is comproed of several isomeric species on the minimum energy reaction pathway, species populated by collisional excitation in the ion source region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar White Buenger
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Paul M Mayer
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
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2
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Li H, Cui L, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Wang J, Chen M, Ge X. Concurrent dominant pathways of multifunctional products formed from nocturnal isoprene oxidation. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 322:138185. [PMID: 36812999 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Determination of dominant chemical pathways toward the formation of nocturnal secondary organic aerosols (SOA) remains ambiguous by which nitrogen oxides (NOx) always affect oxidation of volatile alkenes. Here, comprehensive chamber simulations on dark isoprene ozonolysis were conducted under different nitrogen dioxides (NO2) mixing ratios to exam multiple functionalized isoprene oxidation products. Aside from that the oxidation processes were concurrently driven by nitrogen radical (NO3) and small hydroxyl radicals (OH), ozone (O3) cycloaddition at isoprene was launched initially regardless of NO2 to rapidly form first-generation oxidation products, i.e., carbonyls and Criegee intermediates (CI) referred to carbonyl oxides. They could further undergo complicated self- and cross-reactions to produce alkylperoxy radicals (RO2). Corresponding to yields of the C5H10O3 tracer, weak OH pathway at night was credited to ozonolysis of isoprene but suppressed by unique NO3 chemistry. Following the ozonolysis of isoprene, NO3 played a crucial supplementary role in nighttime SOA formation. The ensuing production of gas-phase nitrooxy carbonyls (the first-generation nitrates) became dominant in the production of a sizeable pool of organic nitrates (RO2NO2). By contrast, isoprene dihydroxy dinitrates (C5H10N2O8) were outstanding with the elevated NO2, related to typical second-generation nitrates. As such, the yielding number concentrations of dark SOA were promoted to approximately 1.8 × 104 cm-3 but presented a nonlinear relation with excess high-NO2 condition. This study provides valuable insights into importance of multifunctional organic compounds from alkene oxidation to constitute nighttime SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Long Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG) and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG) and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yunjiang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Mindong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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3
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Condensed Phase Kinetic Studies of Hydroxynitrates Derived from the Photooxidation of Carene, Limonene, trans-Carveol, and Perillic Alcohol. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13040592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Organic hydroxynitrates (HNs) are key products of hydrocarbon oxidation in the atmosphere. Understanding the fate and processing of these molecules is critical due to their function in the sequestration of NOx species from the atmosphere and in the formation of secondary organic aerosol. However, the direct study of individual HNs’ reactivity has been largely hindered by the lack of authentic standards which has further limited the ability to deconvolute the role of structural features. Herein, we report the kinetic stabilities of six biogenic volatile organic compound-derived HN in acidified single-phase organic/water matrices. Lifetimes for tertiary HNs ranged from 15 min to 6.4 h, whereas secondary HN varied from 56 days to 2.1 years. Product analysis highlights the role that additional non-hydrolysis reactions have in the condensed phase conversion of HNs. This work provides the first evidence for the structural dependence of HN stability in bulk mixed media.
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4
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Reactivity of a Carene-Derived Hydroxynitrate in Mixed Organic/Aqueous Matrices: Applying Synthetic Chemistry to Product Identification and Mechanistic Implications. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12121617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
β-hydroxynitrates (HN) are a major class of products formed during OH and NO3 initiated oxidation of terpenes. Their production contributes significantly to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation and NOx sequestration. However, studying the condensed phase reactions of this important class of molecules has been hindered by the lack of commercially available authentic standards. The goal of this work was to examine the influence of water concentration and solvent identity on product yields of a tertiary HN derived from 3-carene prepared in house. To assess the role of water on conversion chemistry, bulk-phase reactions were conducted in DMSO-d6, a non-nucleophilic solvent, with a gradient of water concentrations, and analyzed with 1H NMR. Product identifications were made by comparison with authentic standards prepared in house. Four major products were identified, including an unexpected diol produced from carbocation rearrangement, diol diastereomers, and trans-3-carene oxide, with varying yields as a function of water concentration. Product yields were also measured in two protic, nucleophilic solvents, MeOD-d4 and EtOD-d6. Finally, reactions with added chloride formed alkyl chloride products in yields approaching 30%. These results are among the first to highlight the complexities of nucleophilic reactions of hydroxynitrates in bulk, mixed aqueous/organic media and to identify new, unexpected products.
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Murray LT, Fiore AM, Shindell DT, Naik V, Horowitz LW. Large uncertainties in global hydroxyl projections tied to fate of reactive nitrogen and carbon. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2115204118. [PMID: 34686608 PMCID: PMC8639338 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115204118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydroxyl radical (OH) sets the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere and, thus, profoundly affects the removal rate of pollutants and reactive greenhouse gases. While observationally derived constraints exist for global annual mean present-day OH abundances and interannual variability, OH estimates for past and future periods rely primarily on global atmospheric chemistry models. These models disagree ± 30% in mean OH and in its changes from the preindustrial to late 21st century, even when forced with identical anthropogenic emissions. A simple steady-state relationship that accounts for ozone photolysis frequencies, water vapor, and the ratio of reactive nitrogen to carbon emissions explains temporal variability within most models, but not intermodel differences. Here, we show that departure from the expected relationship reflects the treatment of reactive oxidized nitrogen species (NO y ) and the fraction of emitted carbon that reacts within each chemical mechanism, which remain poorly known due to a lack of observational data. Our findings imply a need for additional observational constraints on NO y partitioning and lifetime, especially in the remote free troposphere, as well as the fate of carbon-containing reaction intermediates to test models, thereby reducing uncertainties in projections of OH and, hence, lifetimes of pollutants and greenhouse gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee T Murray
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627;
| | - Arlene M Fiore
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964
| | - Drew T Shindell
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Vaishali Naik
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, NJ 08540
| | - Larry W Horowitz
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, NJ 08540
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6
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Abundance of NO3 Derived Organo-Nitrates and Their Importance in the Atmosphere. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12111381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of the nitrate radical and its contribution to organo-nitrate formation in the troposphere has been investigated using a mesoscale 3-D chemistry and transport model, WRF-Chem-CRI. The model-measurement comparisons of NO2, ozone and night-time N2O5 mixing ratios show good agreement supporting the model’s ability to represent nitrate (NO3) chemistry reasonably. Thirty-nine organo-nitrates in the model are formed exclusively either from the reaction of RO2 with NO or by the reaction of NO3 with alkenes. Temporal analysis highlighted a significant contribution of NO3-derived organo-nitrates, even during daylight hours. Night-time NO3-derived organo-nitrates were found to be 3-fold higher than that in the daytime. The reactivity of daytime NO3 could be more competitive than previously thought, with losses due to reaction with VOCs (and subsequent organo-nitrate formation) likely to be just as important as photolysis. This has highlighted the significance of NO3 in daytime organo-nitrate formation, with potential implications for air quality, climate and human health. Estimated atmospheric lifetimes of organo-nitrates showed that the organo-nitrates act as NOx reservoirs, with particularly short-lived species impacting on air quality as contributors to downwind ozone formation.
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7
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Rapid hydrolysis of tertiary isoprene nitrate efficiently removes NO x from the atmosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:33011-33016. [PMID: 33303653 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017442117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of a suite of isoprene-derived hydroxy nitrate (IHN) isomers during the OH-initiated oxidation of isoprene affects both the concentration and distribution of nitrogen oxide free radicals (NOx). Experiments performed in an atmospheric simulation chamber suggest that the lifetime of the most abundant isomer, 1,2-IHN, is shortened significantly by a water-mediated process (leading to nitric acid formation), while the lifetime of a similar isomer, 4,3-IHN, is not. Consistent with these chamber studies, NMR kinetic experiments constrain the 1,2-IHN hydrolysis lifetime to less than 10 s in deuterium oxide (D2O) at 298 K, whereas the 4,3-IHN isomer has been observed to hydrolyze much less efficiently. These laboratory findings are used to interpret observations of the IHN isomer distribution in ambient air. The IHN isomer ratio (1,2-IHN to 4,3-IHN) in a high NOx environment decreases rapidly in the afternoon, which is not explained using known gas-phase chemistry. When simulated with an observationally constrained model, we find that an additional loss process for the 1,2-IHN isomer with a time constant of about 6 h best explains our atmospheric measurements. Using estimates for 1,2-IHN Henry's law constant and atmospheric liquid water volume, we show that condensed-phase hydrolysis of 1,2-IHN can account for this loss process. Simulations from a global chemistry transport model show that the hydrolysis of 1,2-IHN accounts for a substantial fraction of NOx lost (and HNO3 produced), resulting in large impacts on oxidant formation, especially over forested regions.
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Zhang Q, Shen Z, Zhang L, Zeng Y, Ning Z, Zhang T, Lei Y, Wang Q, Li G, Sun J, Westerdahl D, Xu H, Cao J. Investigation of Primary and Secondary Particulate Brown Carbon in Two Chinese Cities of Xi'an and Hong Kong in Wintertime. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3803-3813. [PMID: 32150391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC), an aerosol carbonaceous matter component, impacts atmospheric radiation and global climate because of its absorption in the near-ultraviolet-visible region. Simultaneous air sampling was conducted in two megacities of Xi'an (northern) and Hong Kong (southern) in China in winter of 2016-2017. The aim of this study is to determine and characterize the BrC compounds in collected filter samples. Characteristic absorption peaks corresponding to aromatic C-C stretching bands, organo-nitrates, and C═O functional groups were seen in spectra of Xi'an samples, suggesting that the BrC was derived from freshly smoldering biomass and coal combustion as well as aqueous formation of anthropogenic secondary organic carbon. In Hong Kong, the light absorption of secondary BrC accounted for 76% of the total absorbances of BrC. The high abundance of strong C═O groups, biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and atmospheric oxidants suggest secondary BrC was likely formed from photochemical oxidation of BVOCs in Hong Kong. Several representative BrC molecular markers were detected using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and their absorption properties were simulated by quantum chemistry. The results demonstrate that light absorption capacities of secondary anthropogenic BrC with nitro-functional groups were stronger than those of biogenic secondary BrC and anthropogenic primary BrC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yaling Zeng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhi Ning
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yali Lei
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Guohui Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Dane Westerdahl
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
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9
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Wennberg PO, Bates KH, Crounse JD, Dodson LG, McVay RC, Mertens LA, Nguyen TB, Praske E, Schwantes RH, Smarte MD, St Clair JM, Teng AP, Zhang X, Seinfeld JH. Gas-Phase Reactions of Isoprene and Its Major Oxidation Products. Chem Rev 2018. [PMID: 29522327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Isoprene carries approximately half of the flux of non-methane volatile organic carbon emitted to the atmosphere by the biosphere. Accurate representation of its oxidation rate and products is essential for quantifying its influence on the abundance of the hydroxyl radical (OH), nitrogen oxide free radicals (NO x), ozone (O3), and, via the formation of highly oxygenated compounds, aerosol. We present a review of recent laboratory and theoretical studies of the oxidation pathways of isoprene initiated by addition of OH, O3, the nitrate radical (NO3), and the chlorine atom. From this review, a recommendation for a nearly complete gas-phase oxidation mechanism of isoprene and its major products is developed. The mechanism is compiled with the aims of providing an accurate representation of the flow of carbon while allowing quantification of the impact of isoprene emissions on HO x and NO x free radical concentrations and of the yields of products known to be involved in condensed-phase processes. Finally, a simplified (reduced) mechanism is developed for use in chemical transport models that retains the essential chemistry required to accurately simulate isoprene oxidation under conditions where it occurs in the atmosphere-above forested regions remote from large NO x emissions.
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10
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Mao J, Carlton A, Cohen RC, Brune WH, Brown SS, Wolfe GM, Jimenez JL, Pye HOT, Ng NL, Xu L, McNeill VF, Tsigaridis K, McDonald BC, Warneke C, Guenther A, Alvarado MJ, de Gouw J, Mickley LJ, Leibensperger EM, Mathur R, Nolte CG, Portmann RW, Unger N, Tosca M, Horowitz LW. Southeast Atmosphere Studies: learning from model-observation syntheses. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:2615-2651. [PMID: 29963079 PMCID: PMC6020695 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-2615-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of atmospheric trace species in the United States have changed dramatically over the past several decades in response to pollution control strategies, shifts in domestic energy policy and economics, and economic development (and resulting emission changes) elsewhere in the world. Reliable projections of the future atmosphere require models to not only accurately describe current atmospheric concentrations, but to do so by representing chemical, physical and biological processes with conceptual and quantitative fidelity. Only through incorporation of the processes controlling emissions and chemical mechanisms that represent the key transformations among reactive molecules can models reliably project the impacts of future policy, energy and climate scenarios. Efforts to properly identify and implement the fundamental and controlling mechanisms in atmospheric models benefit from intensive observation periods, during which collocated measurements of diverse, speciated chemicals in both the gas and condensed phases are obtained. The Southeast Atmosphere Studies (SAS, including SENEX, SOAS, NOMADSS and SEAC4RS) conducted during the summer of 2013 provided an unprecedented opportunity for the atmospheric modeling community to come together to evaluate, diagnose and improve the representation of fundamental climate and air quality processes in models of varying temporal and spatial scales. This paper is aimed at discussing progress in evaluating, diagnosing and improving air quality and climate modeling using comparisons to SAS observations as a guide to thinking about improvements to mechanisms and parameterizations in models. The effort focused primarily on model representation of fundamental atmospheric processes that are essential to the formation of ozone, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and other trace species in the troposphere, with the ultimate goal of understanding the radiative impacts of these species in the southeast and elsewhere. Here we address questions surrounding four key themes: gas-phase chemistry, aerosol chemistry, regional climate and chemistry interactions, and natural and anthropogenic emissions. We expect this review to serve as a guidance for future modeling efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqiu Mao
- Geophysical Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Annmarie Carlton
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ronald C. Cohen
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - William H. Brune
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Steven S. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Glenn M. Wolfe
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jose L. Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Nga Lee Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lu Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Kostas Tsigaridis
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian C. McDonald
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Alex Guenther
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Joost de Gouw
- Department of Chemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Loretta J. Mickley
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Rohit Mathur
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christopher G. Nolte
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Robert W. Portmann
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Nadine Unger
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Mika Tosca
- School of the Art Institute of Chicago (SAIC), Chicago, IL 60603, USA
| | - Larry W. Horowitz
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory–National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, NJ, USA
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11
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Piletic IR, Edney EO, Bartolotti LJ. Barrierless Reactions with Loose Transition States Govern the Yields and Lifetimes of Organic Nitrates Derived from Isoprene. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:8306-8321. [PMID: 28976756 PMCID: PMC6061928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b08229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The chemical reaction mechanism of NO addition to two β and δ isoprene hydroxy-peroxy radical isomers is examined in detail using density functional theory, coupled cluster methods, and the energy resolved master equation formalism to provide estimates of rate constants and organic nitrate yields. At the M06-2x/aug-cc-pVTZ level, the potential energy surfaces of NO reacting with β-(1,2)-HO-IsopOO• and δ-Z-(1,4)-HO-IsopOO• possess barrierless reactions that produce alkoxy radicals/NO2 and organic nitrates. The nudged elastic band method was used to discover a loosely bound van der Waals (vdW) complex between NO2 and the alkoxy radical that is present in both exit reaction channels. Semiempirical master equation calculations show that the β organic nitrate yield is 8.5 ± 3.7%. Additionally, a relatively low barrier to C-C bond scission was discovered in the β-vdW complex that leads to direct HONO formation in the gas phase with a yield of 3.1 ± 1.3%. The δ isomer produces a looser vdW complex with a smaller dissociation barrier and a larger isomerization barrier, giving a 2.4 ± 0.8% organic nitrate yield that is relatively pressure and temperature insensitive. By considering all of these pathways, the first-generation NOx recycling efficiency from isoprene organic nitrates is estimated to be 21% and is expected to increase with decreasing NOx concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan R. Piletic
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Edward O. Edney
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
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12
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Ng M, Mok DKW, Lee EPF, Dyke JM. The Atmospherically Important Reaction of Hydroxyl Radicals with Methyl Nitrate: A Theoretical Study Involving the Calculation of Reaction Mechanisms, Enthalpies, Activation Energies, and Rate Coefficients. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:6554-6567. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b05035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Ng
- Department
of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Daniel K. W. Mok
- Department
of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Edmond P. F. Lee
- Department
of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - John M. Dyke
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
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13
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Kurtén T, Møller KH, Nguyen TB, Schwantes RH, Misztal PK, Su L, Wennberg PO, Fry JL, Kjaergaard HG. Alkoxy Radical Bond Scissions Explain the Anomalously Low Secondary Organic Aerosol and Organonitrate Yields From α-Pinene + NO 3. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:2826-2834. [PMID: 28586218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of monoterpenes (C10H16) by nitrate radicals (NO3) constitutes an important source of atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and organonitrates. However, knowledge of the mechanisms of their formation is incomplete and differences in yields between similar monoterpenes are poorly understood. In particular, yields of SOA and organonitrates from α-pinene + NO3 are low, while those from Δ3-carene + NO3 are high. Using computational methods, we suggest that bond scission of the nitrooxy alkoxy radicals from Δ3-carene lead to the formation of reactive keto-nitrooxy-alkyl radicals, which retain the nitrooxy moiety and can undergo further reactions to form SOA. By contrast, bond scissions of the nitrooxy alkoxy radicals from α-pinene lead almost exclusively to the formation of the relatively unreactive and volatile product pinonaldehyde (C10H16O2), thereby limiting organonitrate and SOA formation. This hypothesis is supported by laboratory experiments that quantify products of the reaction of α-pinene + NO3 under atmospherically relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Kurtén
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristian H Møller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Tran B Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California - Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Rebecca H Schwantes
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Blvd, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Pawel K Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, University of California - Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Luping Su
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York United States
| | - Paul O Wennberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Blvd, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Blvd, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Juliane L Fry
- Chemistry Department, Reed College , Portland, Oregon 97202, United States
| | - Henrik G Kjaergaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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14
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Ng NL, Brown SS, Archibald AT, Atlas E, Cohen RC, Crowley JN, Day DA, Donahue NM, Fry JL, Fuchs H, Griffin RJ, Guzman MI, Herrmann H, Hodzic A, Iinuma Y, Jimenez JL, Kiendler-Scharr A, Lee BH, Luecken DJ, Mao J, McLaren R, Mutzel A, Osthoff HD, Ouyang B, Picquet-Varrault B, Platt U, Pye HOT, Rudich Y, Schwantes RH, Shiraiwa M, Stutz J, Thornton JA, Tilgner A, Williams BJ, Zaveri RA. Nitrate radicals and biogenic volatile organic compounds: oxidation, mechanisms, and organic aerosol. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2017; 17:2103-2162. [PMID: 30147712 PMCID: PMC6104845 DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-2103-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) by the nitrate radical (NO3) represents one of the important interactions between anthropogenic emissions related to combustion and natural emissions from the biosphere. This interaction has been recognized for more than 3 decades, during which time a large body of research has emerged from laboratory, field, and modeling studies. NO3-BVOC reactions influence air quality, climate and visibility through regional and global budgets for reactive nitrogen (particularly organic nitrates), ozone, and organic aerosol. Despite its long history of research and the significance of this topic in atmospheric chemistry, a number of important uncertainties remain. These include an incomplete understanding of the rates, mechanisms, and organic aerosol yields for NO3-BVOC reactions, lack of constraints on the role of heterogeneous oxidative processes associated with the NO3 radical, the difficulty of characterizing the spatial distributions of BVOC and NO3 within the poorly mixed nocturnal atmosphere, and the challenge of constructing appropriate boundary layer schemes and non-photochemical mechanisms for use in state-of-the-art chemical transport and chemistry-climate models. This review is the result of a workshop of the same title held at the Georgia Institute of Technology in June 2015. The first half of the review summarizes the current literature on NO3-BVOC chemistry, with a particular focus on recent advances in instrumentation and models, and in organic nitrate and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation chemistry. Building on this current understanding, the second half of the review outlines impacts of NO3-BVOC chemistry on air quality and climate, and suggests critical research needs to better constrain this interaction to improve the predictive capabilities of atmospheric models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nga Lee Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Steven S. Brown
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Elliot Atlas
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, RSMAS, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ronald C. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - John N. Crowley
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Division of Atmospheric Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Douglas A. Day
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Neil M. Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Juliane L. Fry
- Department of Chemistry, Reed College, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Hendrik Fuchs
- Institut für Energie und Klimaforschung: Troposphäre (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Robert J. Griffin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alma Hodzic
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Yoshiteru Iinuma
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - José L. Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Astrid Kiendler-Scharr
- Institut für Energie und Klimaforschung: Troposphäre (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ben H. Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deborah J. Luecken
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jingqiu Mao
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Robert McLaren
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anke Mutzel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans D. Osthoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bin Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benedicte Picquet-Varrault
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systemes Atmospheriques (LISA), CNRS, Universities of Paris-Est Créteil and ì Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Ulrich Platt
- Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rebecca H. Schwantes
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jochen Stutz
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joel A. Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Brent J. Williams
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rahul A. Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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15
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Millet DB, Baasandorj M, Hu L, Mitroo D, Turner J, Williams BJ. Nighttime Chemistry and Morning Isoprene Can Drive Urban Ozone Downwind of a Major Deciduous Forest. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4335-4342. [PMID: 27010702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is the predominant non-methane volatile organic compound emitted to the atmosphere and shapes tropospheric composition and biogeochemistry through its effects on ozone, other oxidants, aerosols, and the nitrogen cycle. Isoprene is emitted naturally by vegetation during daytime, when its photo-oxidation is rapid, and in the presence of nitrogen oxides (NOx) produces ozone and degrades air quality in polluted regions. Here, we show for a city downwind of an isoprene-emitting forest (St. Louis, MO) that isoprene actually peaks at night; ambient levels then endure, owing to low nighttime OH radical concentrations. Nocturnal chemistry controls the fate of that isoprene and the likelihood of a high-ozone episode the following day. When nitrate (NO3) radicals are suppressed, high isoprene persists through the night, providing photochemical fuel upon daybreak and leading to a dramatic late-morning ozone peak. On nights with significant NO3, isoprene is removed before dawn; days with low morning isoprene then have lower ozone with a more typical afternoon peak. This biogenic-anthropogenic coupling expands the daily high-ozone window and likely has an opposite O3-NOx response to what would otherwise be expected, with implications for exposure and air-quality management in cities that, like St. Louis, are downwind of major isoprene-emitting forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan B Millet
- University of Minnesota , St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | | | - Lu Hu
- University of Minnesota , St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Dhruv Mitroo
- Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jay Turner
- Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Brent J Williams
- Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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16
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Goldberg DL, Vinciguerra TP, Anderson DC, Hembeck L, Canty TP, Ehrman SH, Martins DK, Stauffer RM, Thompson AM, Salawitch RJ, Dickerson RR. CAMx Ozone Source Attribution in the Eastern United States using Guidance from Observations during DISCOVER-AQ Maryland. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2016; 43:2249-2258. [PMID: 29618849 PMCID: PMC5880053 DOI: 10.1002/2015gl067332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A Comprehensive Air-Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx) version 6.10 simulation was assessed through comparison with data acquired during NASA's 2011 DISCOVER-AQ Maryland field campaign. Comparisons for the baseline simulation (CB05 chemistry, EPA 2011 National Emissions Inventory) show a model overestimate of NOy by +86.2% and an underestimate of HCHO by -28.3%. We present a new model framework (CB6r2 chemistry, MEGAN v2.1 biogenic emissions, 50% reduction in mobile NOx, enhanced representation of isoprene nitrates) that better matches observations. The new model framework attributes 31.4% more surface ozone in Maryland to electric generating units (EGUs) and 34.6% less ozone to on-road mobile sources. Surface ozone becomes more NOx-limited throughout the eastern United States compared to the baseline simulation. The baseline model therefore likely underestimates the effectiveness of anthropogenic NOx reductions as well as the current contribution of EGUs to surface ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Goldberg
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 860 424 6851. (D. L. Goldberg)
| | - Timothy P. Vinciguerra
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Daniel C. Anderson
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Linda Hembeck
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Timothy P. Canty
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Sheryl H. Ehrman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Douglas K. Martins
- Department of Meteorology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ryan M. Stauffer
- Department of Meteorology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Anne M. Thompson
- Department of Meteorology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 614, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Ross J. Salawitch
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Russell R. Dickerson
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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17
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Zhang H, Yang B, Wang Y, Shu J, Zhang P, Ma P, Li Z. Gas-Phase Reactions of Methoxyphenols with NO3 Radicals: Kinetics, Products, and Mechanisms. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:1213-21. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b10406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haixu Zhang
- State Key
Joint Laboratory
of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for
Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key
Joint Laboratory
of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for
Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Youfeng Wang
- State Key
Joint Laboratory
of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for
Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jinian Shu
- State Key
Joint Laboratory
of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for
Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key
Joint Laboratory
of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for
Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Pengkun Ma
- State Key
Joint Laboratory
of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for
Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key
Joint Laboratory
of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for
Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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18
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Fisher JA, Jacob DJ, Travis KR, Kim PS, Marais EA, Miller CC, Yu K, Zhu L, Yantosca RM, Sulprizio MP, Mao J, Wennberg PO, Crounse JD, Teng AP, Nguyen TB, St Clair JM, Cohen RC, Romer P, Nault BA, Wooldridge PJ, Jimenez JL, Campuzano-Jost P, Day DA, Hu W, Shepson PB, Xiong F, Blake DR, Goldstein AH, Misztal PK, Hanisco TF, Wolfe GM, Ryerson TB, Wisthaler A, Mikoviny T. Organic nitrate chemistry and its implications for nitrogen budgets in an isoprene- and monoterpene-rich atmosphere: constraints from aircraft (SEAC 4RS) and ground-based (SOAS) observations in the Southeast US. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2016; 16:5969-5991. [PMID: 29681921 PMCID: PMC5906813 DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-5969-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Formation of organic nitrates (RONO2) during oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs: isoprene, monoterpenes) is a significant loss pathway for atmospheric nitrogen oxide radicals (NOx), but the chemistry of RONO2 formation and degradation remains uncertain. Here we implement a new BVOC oxidation mechanism (including updated isoprene chemistry, new monoterpene chemistry, and particle uptake of RONO2) in the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model with ∼25 × 25 km2 resolution over North America. We evaluate the model using aircraft (SEAC4RS) and ground-based (SOAS) observations of NOx, BVOCs, and RONO2 from the Southeast US in summer 2013. The updated simulation successfully reproduces the concentrations of individual gas- and particle-phase RONO2 species measured during the campaigns. Gas-phase isoprene nitrates account for 25-50% of observed RONO2 in surface air, and we find that another 10% is contributed by gas-phase monoterpene nitrates. Observations in the free troposphere show an important contribution from long-lived nitrates derived from anthropogenic VOCs. During both campaigns, at least 10% of observed boundary layer RONO2 were in the particle phase. We find that aerosol uptake followed by hydrolysis to HNO3 accounts for 60% of simulated gas-phase RONO2 loss in the boundary layer. Other losses are 20% by photolysis to recycle NOx and 15% by dry deposition. RONO2 production accounts for 20% of the net regional NOx sink in the Southeast US in summer, limited by the spatial segregation between BVOC and NOx emissions. This segregation implies that RONO2 production will remain a minor sink for NOx in the Southeast US in the future even as NOx emissions continue to decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Fisher
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - D J Jacob
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - K R Travis
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - P S Kim
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - E A Marais
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - C Chan Miller
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - K Yu
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - L Zhu
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R M Yantosca
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M P Sulprizio
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J Mao
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - P O Wennberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - J D Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - A P Teng
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - T B Nguyen
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Now at Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J M St Clair
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Now at Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA and Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R C Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - P Romer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - B A Nault
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Now at Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P J Wooldridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - J L Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P Campuzano-Jost
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D A Day
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - W Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P B Shepson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - F Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - D R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - A H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - P K Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - T F Hanisco
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - G M Wolfe
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T B Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Lab, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A Wisthaler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T Mikoviny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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19
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Travis KR, Jacob DJ, Fisher JA, Kim PS, Marais EA, Zhu L, Yu K, Miller CC, Yantosca RM, Sulprizio MP, Thompson AM, Wennberg PO, Crounse JD, St Clair JM, Cohen RC, Laughner JL, Dibb JE, Hall SR, Ullmann K, Wolfe GM, Pollack IB, Peischl J, Neuman JA, Zhou X. Why do Models Overestimate Surface Ozone in the Southeastern United States? ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2016; 16:13561-13577. [PMID: 29619045 PMCID: PMC5880041 DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-13561-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ozone pollution in the Southeast US involves complex chemistry driven by emissions of anthropogenic nitrogen oxide radicals (NOx ≡ NO + NO2) and biogenic isoprene. Model estimates of surface ozone concentrations tend to be biased high in the region and this is of concern for designing effective emission control strategies to meet air quality standards. We use detailed chemical observations from the SEAC4RS aircraft campaign in August and September 2013, interpreted with the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model at 0.25°×0.3125° horizontal resolution, to better understand the factors controlling surface ozone in the Southeast US. We find that the National Emission Inventory (NEI) for NOx from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is too high. This finding is based on SEAC4RS observations of NOx and its oxidation products, surface network observations of nitrate wet deposition fluxes, and OMI satellite observations of tropospheric NO2 columns. Our results indicate that NEI NOx emissions from mobile and industrial sources must be reduced by 30-60%, dependent on the assumption of the contribution by soil NOx emissions. Upper tropospheric NO2 from lightning makes a large contribution to satellite observations of tropospheric NO2 that must be accounted for when using these data to estimate surface NOx emissions. We find that only half of isoprene oxidation proceeds by the high-NOx pathway to produce ozone; this fraction is only moderately sensitive to changes in NOx emissions because isoprene and NOx emissions are spatially segregated. GEOS-Chem with reduced NOx emissions provides an unbiased simulation of ozone observations from the aircraft, and reproduces the observed ozone production efficiency in the boundary layer as derived from a regression of ozone and NOx oxidation products. However, the model is still biased high by 8±13 ppb relative to observed surface ozone in the Southeast US. Ozonesondes launched during midday hours show a 7 ppb ozone decrease from 1.5 km to the surface that GEOS-Chem does not capture. This bias may reflect a combination of excessive vertical mixing and net ozone production in the model boundary layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Travis
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel J. Jacob
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jenny A. Fisher
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Patrick S. Kim
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eloise A. Marais
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen Yu
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher C. Miller
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert M. Yantosca
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melissa P. Sulprizio
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Paul O. Wennberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - John D. Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jason M. St Clair
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ronald C. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Jack E. Dibb
- Earth System Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Samuel R. Hall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Glenn M. Wolfe
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Illana B. Pollack
- Atmospheric Science Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jeff Peischl
- University of Colorado, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
- NOAA, Division of Chemical Science, Earth Systems Research Lab, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Jonathan A. Neuman
- University of Colorado, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
- NOAA, Division of Chemical Science, Earth Systems Research Lab, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Xianliang Zhou
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
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20
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Schwantes RH, Teng AP, Nguyen TB, Coggon MM, Crounse JD, St Clair JM, Zhang X, Schilling KA, Seinfeld JH, Wennberg PO. Isoprene NO3 Oxidation Products from the RO2 + HO2 Pathway. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:10158-71. [PMID: 26335780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b06355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe the products of the reaction of the hydroperoxy radical (HO(2)) with the alkylperoxy radical formed following addition of the nitrate radical (NO(3)) and O(2) to isoprene. NO(3) adds preferentially to the C(1) position of isoprene (>6 times more favorably than addition to C(4)), followed by the addition of O(2) to produce a suite of nitrooxy alkylperoxy radicals (RO(2)). At an RO(2) lifetime of ∼30 s, δ-nitrooxy and β-nitrooxy alkylperoxy radicals are present in similar amounts. Gas-phase product yields from the RO(2) + HO(2) pathway are identified as 0.75-0.78 isoprene nitrooxy hydroperoxide (INP), 0.22 methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) + formaldehyde (CH(2)O) + hydroxyl radical (OH) + nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), and 0-0.03 methacrolein (MACR) + CH(2)O + OH + NO(2). We further examined the photochemistry of INP and identified propanone nitrate (PROPNN) and isoprene nitrooxy hydroxyepoxide (INHE) as the main products. INHE undergoes similar heterogeneous chemistry as isoprene dihydroxy epoxide (IEPOX), likely contributing to atmospheric secondary organic aerosol formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca H Schwantes
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Alexander P Teng
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Tran B Nguyen
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Matthew M Coggon
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - John D Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jason M St Clair
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States.,Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Katherine A Schilling
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - John H Seinfeld
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States.,Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Paul O Wennberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States.,Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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21
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von Schneidemesser E, Monks PS, Allan JD, Bruhwiler L, Forster P, Fowler D, Lauer A, Morgan WT, Paasonen P, Righi M, Sindelarova K, Sutton MA. Chemistry and the Linkages between Air Quality and Climate Change. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3856-97. [PMID: 25926133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul S Monks
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - David Fowler
- ∇Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Natural Environment Research Council, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Lauer
- †Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Pauli Paasonen
- ○Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mattia Righi
- ◆Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, 82234 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Katerina Sindelarova
- ¶UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Université Versailles St-Quentin; CNRS/INSU; LATMOS-IPSL, UMR 8190 Paris, France.,□Department of Atmospheric Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, 116 36 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mark A Sutton
- ∇Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Natural Environment Research Council, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, United Kingdom
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22
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Nguyen TB, Crounse JD, Teng AP, St Clair JM, Paulot F, Wolfe GM, Wennberg PO. Rapid deposition of oxidized biogenic compounds to a temperate forest. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E392-401. [PMID: 25605913 PMCID: PMC4321284 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1418702112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report fluxes and dry deposition velocities for 16 atmospheric compounds above a southeastern United States forest, including: hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric acid (HNO3), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), hydroxymethyl hydroperoxide, peroxyacetic acid, organic hydroxy nitrates, and other multifunctional species derived from the oxidation of isoprene and monoterpenes. The data suggest that dry deposition is the dominant daytime sink for small, saturated oxygenates. Greater than 6 wt %C emitted as isoprene by the forest was returned by dry deposition of its oxidized products. Peroxides account for a large fraction of the oxidant flux, possibly eclipsing ozone in more pristine regions. The measured organic nitrates comprise a sizable portion (15%) of the oxidized nitrogen input into the canopy, with HNO3 making up the balance. We observe that water-soluble compounds (e.g., strong acids and hydroperoxides) deposit with low surface resistance whereas compounds with moderate solubility (e.g., organic nitrates and hydroxycarbonyls) or poor solubility (e.g., HCN) exhibited reduced uptake at the surface of plants. To first order, the relative deposition velocities of water-soluble compounds are constrained by their molecular diffusivity. From resistance modeling, we infer a substantial emission flux of formic acid at the canopy level (∼1 nmol m(-2)⋅s(-1)). GEOS-Chem, a widely used atmospheric chemical transport model, currently underestimates dry deposition for most molecules studied in this work. Reconciling GEOS-Chem deposition velocities with observations resulted in up to a 45% decrease in the simulated surface concentration of trace gases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alex P Teng
- Divisions of Geological and Planetary Sciences and
| | | | - Fabien Paulot
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, NJ 08540; Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Glenn M Wolfe
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Lab, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771; and Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250
| | - Paul O Wennberg
- Divisions of Geological and Planetary Sciences and Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125;
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23
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Lee L, Teng AP, Wennberg PO, Crounse JD, Cohen RC. On rates and mechanisms of OH and O3 reactions with isoprene-derived hydroxy nitrates. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:1622-37. [PMID: 24555928 DOI: 10.1021/jp4107603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Eight distinct hydroxy nitrates are stable products of the first step in the atmospheric oxidation of isoprene by OH. The subsequent chemical fate of these molecules affects global and regional production of ozone and aerosol as well as the location of nitrogen deposition. We synthesized and purified 3 of the 8 isoprene hydroxy nitrate isomers: (E/Z)-2-methyl-4-nitrooxybut-2-ene-1-ol and 3-methyl-2-nitrooxybut-3-ene-1-ol. Oxidation of these molecules by OH and ozone was studied using both chemical ionization mass spectrometry and thermo-dissociation laser induced fluorescence. The OH reaction rate constants at 300 K measured relative to propene at 745 Torr are (1.1 ± 0.2) × 10(-10) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) for both the E and Z isomers and (4.2 ± 0.7) × 10(-11) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) for the third isomer. The ozone reaction rate constants for (E/Z)-2-methyl-4-nitrooxybut-2-ene-1-ol are (2.7 ± 0.5) × 10(-17) and (2.9 ± 0.5) × 10(-17) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), respectively. 3-Methyl-2-nitrooxybut-3-ene-1-ol reacts with ozone very slowly, within the range of (2.5-5) × 10(-19) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). Reaction pathways, product yields, and implications for atmospheric chemistry are discussed. A condensed mechanism suitable for use in atmospheric chemistry models is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94709, United States
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24
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Perring AE, Pusede SE, Cohen RC. An Observational Perspective on the Atmospheric Impacts of Alkyl and Multifunctional Nitrates on Ozone and Secondary Organic Aerosol. Chem Rev 2013; 113:5848-70. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300520x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. E. Perring
- Department
of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - S. E. Pusede
- Department
of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - R. C. Cohen
- Department
of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
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25
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Fiore AM, Naik V, Spracklen DV, Steiner A, Unger N, Prather M, Bergmann D, Cameron-Smith PJ, Cionni I, Collins WJ, Dalsøren S, Eyring V, Folberth GA, Ginoux P, Horowitz LW, Josse B, Lamarque JF, MacKenzie IA, Nagashima T, O'Connor FM, Righi M, Rumbold ST, Shindell DT, Skeie RB, Sudo K, Szopa S, Takemura T, Zeng G. Global air quality and climate. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:6663-83. [PMID: 22868337 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35095e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Emissions of air pollutants and their precursors determine regional air quality and can alter climate. Climate change can perturb the long-range transport, chemical processing, and local meteorology that influence air pollution. We review the implications of projected changes in methane (CH(4)), ozone precursors (O(3)), and aerosols for climate (expressed in terms of the radiative forcing metric or changes in global surface temperature) and hemispheric-to-continental scale air quality. Reducing the O(3) precursor CH(4) would slow near-term warming by decreasing both CH(4) and tropospheric O(3). Uncertainty remains as to the net climate forcing from anthropogenic nitrogen oxide (NO(x)) emissions, which increase tropospheric O(3) (warming) but also increase aerosols and decrease CH(4) (both cooling). Anthropogenic emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and non-CH(4) volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) warm by increasing both O(3) and CH(4). Radiative impacts from secondary organic aerosols (SOA) are poorly understood. Black carbon emission controls, by reducing the absorption of sunlight in the atmosphere and on snow and ice, have the potential to slow near-term warming, but uncertainties in coincident emissions of reflective (cooling) aerosols and poorly constrained cloud indirect effects confound robust estimates of net climate impacts. Reducing sulfate and nitrate aerosols would improve air quality and lessen interference with the hydrologic cycle, but lead to warming. A holistic and balanced view is thus needed to assess how air pollution controls influence climate; a first step towards this goal involves estimating net climate impacts from individual emission sectors. Modeling and observational analyses suggest a warming climate degrades air quality (increasing surface O(3) and particulate matter) in many populated regions, including during pollution episodes. Prior Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios (SRES) allowed unconstrained growth, whereas the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios assume uniformly an aggressive reduction, of air pollutant emissions. New estimates from the current generation of chemistry-climate models with RCP emissions thus project improved air quality over the next century relative to those using the IPCC SRES scenarios. These two sets of projections likely bracket possible futures. We find that uncertainty in emission-driven changes in air quality is generally greater than uncertainty in climate-driven changes. Confidence in air quality projections is limited by the reliability of anthropogenic emission trajectories and the uncertainties in regional climate responses, feedbacks with the terrestrial biosphere, and oxidation pathways affecting O(3) and SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene M Fiore
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA.
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26
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Kim SW, Barth MC, Trainer M. Influence of fair-weather cumulus clouds on isoprene chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Lin M, Fiore AM, Horowitz LW, Cooper OR, Naik V, Holloway J, Johnson BJ, Middlebrook AM, Oltmans SJ, Pollack IB, Ryerson TB, Warner JX, Wiedinmyer C, Wilson J, Wyman B. Transport of Asian ozone pollution into surface air over the western United States in spring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Orlando JJ, Tyndall GS. Laboratory studies of organic peroxy radical chemistry: an overview with emphasis on recent issues of atmospheric significance. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:6294-317. [PMID: 22847633 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35166h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John J Orlando
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Earth System Laboratory, Atmospheric Chemistry Division, Boulder, USA.
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29
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Patten KO, Khamaganov VG, Orkin VL, Baughcum SL, Wuebbles DJ. OH reaction rate constant, IR absorption spectrum, ozone depletion potentials and global warming potentials of 2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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30
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Castellanos P, Marufu LT, Doddridge BG, Taubman BF, Schwab JJ, Hains JC, Ehrman SH, Dickerson RR. Ozone, oxides of nitrogen, and carbon monoxide during pollution events over the eastern United States: An evaluation of emissions and vertical mixing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Hogrefe C, Isukapalli SS, Tang X, Georgopoulos PG, He S, Zalewsky EE, Hao W, Ku JY, Key T, Sistla G. Impact of biogenic emission uncertainties on the simulated response of ozone and fine particulate matter to anthropogenic emission reductions. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2011; 61:92-108. [PMID: 21305893 PMCID: PMC3079461 DOI: 10.3155/1047-3289.61.1.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The role of emissions of volatile organic compounds and nitric oxide from biogenic sources is becoming increasingly important in regulatory air quality modeling as levels of anthropogenic emissions continue to decrease and stricter health-based air quality standards are being adopted. However, considerable uncertainties still exist in the current estimation methodologies for biogenic emissions. The impact of these uncertainties on ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels for the eastern United States was studied, focusing on biogenic emissions estimates from two commonly used biogenic emission models, the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) and the Biogenic Emissions Inventory System (BEIS). Photochemical grid modeling simulations were performed for two scenarios: one reflecting present day conditions and the other reflecting a hypothetical future year with reductions in emissions of anthropogenic oxides of nitrogen (NOx). For ozone, the use of MEGAN emissions resulted in a higher ozone response to hypothetical anthropogenic NOx emission reductions compared with BEIS. Applying the current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency guidance on regulatory air quality modeling in conjunction with typical maximum ozone concentrations, the differences in estimated future year ozone design values (DVF) stemming from differences in biogenic emissions estimates were on the order of 4 parts per billion (ppb), corresponding to approximately 5% of the daily maximum 8-hr ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 75 ppb. For PM2.5, the differences were 0.1-0.25 microg/m3 in the summer total organic mass component of DVFs, corresponding to approximately 1-2% of the value of the annual PM2.5 NAAQS of 15 microg/m3. Spatial variations in the ozone and PM2.5 differences also reveal that the impacts of different biogenic emission estimates on ozone and PM2.5 levels are dependent on ambient levels of anthropogenic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hogrefe
- New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, NY; and Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12233-3259, USA.
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32
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Fang Y, Fiore AM, Horowitz LW, Levy H, Hu Y, Russell AG. Sensitivity of the NOybudget over the United States to anthropogenic and lightning NOxin summer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Andersson C, Engardt M. European ozone in a future climate: Importance of changes in dry deposition and isoprene emissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Carbajo PG, Orr-Ewing AJ. NO2 quantum yields from ultraviolet photodissociation of methyl and isopropyl nitrate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:6084-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c001425g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Fang Y, Fiore AM, Horowitz LW, Gnanadesikan A, Levy H, Hu Y, Russell AG. Estimating the contribution of strong daily export events to total pollutant export from the United States in summer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Ito A, Sillman S, Penner JE. Global chemical transport model study of ozone response to changes in chemical kinetics and biogenic volatile organic compounds emissions due to increasing temperatures: Sensitivities to isoprene nitrate chemistry and grid resolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Jiang X, Wiedinmyer C, Chen F, Yang ZL, Lo JCF. Predicted impacts of climate and land use change on surface ozone in the Houston, Texas, area. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd009820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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38
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Wu S, Mickley LJ, Leibensperger EM, Jacob DJ, Rind D, Streets DG. Effects of 2000–2050 global change on ozone air quality in the United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Pfister GG, Emmons LK, Hess PG, Lamarque JF, Orlando JJ, Walters S, Guenther A, Palmer PI, Lawrence PJ. Contribution of isoprene to chemical budgets: A model tracer study with the NCAR CTM MOZART-4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. G. Pfister
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - L. K. Emmons
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. G. Hess
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J.-F. Lamarque
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. J. Orlando
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - S. Walters
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - A. Guenther
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. I. Palmer
- School of GeoSciences; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - P. J. Lawrence
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES); University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
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40
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Tang Y, Carmichael GR, Thongboonchoo N, Chai T, Horowitz LW, Pierce RB, Al-Saadi JA, Pfister G, Vukovich JM, Avery MA, Sachse GW, Ryerson TB, Holloway JS, Atlas EL, Flocke FM, Weber RJ, Huey LG, Dibb JE, Streets DG, Brune WH. Influence of lateral and top boundary conditions on regional air quality prediction: A multiscale study coupling regional and global chemical transport models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youhua Tang
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - Gregory R. Carmichael
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - Narisara Thongboonchoo
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - Tianfeng Chai
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - Larry W. Horowitz
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory; NOAA; Princeton New Jersey USA
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey M. Vukovich
- Carolina Environmental Program; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | | | | | - Thomas B. Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - John S. Holloway
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Elliot L. Atlas
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science; University of Miami; Miami Florida USA
| | - Frank M. Flocke
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Rodney J. Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - L. Gregory Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Jack E. Dibb
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
| | | | - William H. Brune
- Department of Meteorology; Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania USA
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