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Pennington AF, Cornwell CR, Sircar KD, Mirabelli MC. Electric vehicles and health: A scoping review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118697. [PMID: 38499224 PMCID: PMC11273362 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health impacts of the rapid transition to the use of electric vehicles are largely unexplored. We completed a scoping review to assess the state of the evidence on use of battery electric and hybrid electric vehicles and health. METHODS We conducted a literature search of MEDLINE, Embase, Global Health, CINAHL, Scopus, and Environmental Science Collection databases for articles published January 1990 to January 2024. We included articles if they presented observed or modeled data on the association between battery electric or hybrid electric cars, trucks, or buses and health-related outcomes. We abstracted data and summarized results. RESULTS Out of 897 reviewed articles, 52 met our inclusion criteria. The majority of included articles examined transitions to the use of electric vehicles (n = 49, 94%), with fewer studies examining hybrid electric vehicles (n = 11, 21%) or plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (n = 8, 15%). The most common outcomes examined were premature death (n = 41, 79%) and monetized health outcomes such as medical expenditures (n = 33, 63%). We identified only one observational study on the impact of electric vehicles on health; all other studies reported modeled data. Almost every study (n = 51, 98%) reported some evidence of a positive health impact of transitioning to electric or hybrid electric vehicles, although magnitudes of association varied. There was a paucity of information on the environmental justice implications of vehicle transitions. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current literature on electric vehicles and health suggest an overall positive health impact of transitioning to electric vehicles. Additional observational studies would help expand our understanding of the real-world health effects of electric vehicles. Future research focused on the environmental justice implications of vehicle fleet transitions could provide additional information about the extent to which the health benefits occur equitably across populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey F Pennington
- Division of Environmental Health Science and Practice, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Cheryl R Cornwell
- Division of Environmental Health Science and Practice, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kanta Devi Sircar
- Division of Environmental Health Science and Practice, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Commissioned Corps, United States Public Health Service, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Maria C Mirabelli
- Division of Environmental Health Science and Practice, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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2
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Gori V, Hendrix W, Das A, Sun Z. Effect of Weight Distribution and Active Safety Systems on Electric Vehicle Performance. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3557. [PMID: 38894348 PMCID: PMC11175042 DOI: 10.3390/s24113557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
This paper describes control methods to improve electric vehicle performance in terms of handling, stability and cornering by adjusting the weight distribution and implementing control systems (e.g., wheel slip control, and yaw rate control). The vehicle is first simulated using the bicycle model to capture the dynamics. Then, a study on the effect of weight distribution on the driving behavior is conducted. The study is performed for three different weight configurations. Moreover, a yaw rate controller and a wheel slip controller are designed and implemented to improve the vehicle's performance for cornering and longitudinal motion under the different loading conditions. The simulation through the bicycle model is compared to the experiments conducted on a rear-wheel driven radio-controlled (RC) electric vehicle. The paper shows how the wheel slip controller contributes to the stabilization of the vehicle, how the yaw rate controller reduces understeering, and how the location of the center of gravity (CoG) affects steering behavior. Lastly, an analysis of the combination of control systems for each weight transfer is conducted to determine the configuration with the highest performance regarding acceleration time, braking distance, and steering behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Gori
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands;
| | - Will Hendrix
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (W.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Amritam Das
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (W.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Zhiyong Sun
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (W.H.); (A.D.)
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Torbatian S, Saleh M, Xu J, Minet L, Gamage SM, Yazgi D, Yamanouchi S, Roorda MJ, Hatzopoulou M. Societal Co-benefits of Zero-Emission Vehicles in the Freight Industry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7814-7825. [PMID: 38668733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
This study was set in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA), where commercial vehicle movements were assigned across the road network. Implications for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, air quality, and health were examined through an environmental justice lens. Electrification of light-, medium-, and heavy-duty trucks was assessed to identify scenarios associated with the highest benefits for the most disadvantaged communities. Using spatially and temporally resolved commercial vehicle movements and a chemical transport model, changes in air pollutant concentrations under electric truck scenarios were estimated at 1-km2 resolution. Heavy-duty truck electrification reduces ambient black carbon and nitrogen dioxide on average by 10 and 14%, respectively, and GHG emissions by 10.5%. It achieves the highest reduction in premature mortality attributable to fine particulate matter chronic exposure (around 200 cases per year) compared with light- and medium-duty electrification (less than 150 cases each). The burden of all traffic in the GTHA was estimated to be around 600 cases per year. The benefits of electrification accrue primarily in neighborhoods with a high social disadvantage, measured by the Ontario Marginalization Indices, narrowing the disparity of exposure to traffic-related air pollution. Benefits related to heavy-duty truck electrification reflect the adverse impacts of diesel-fueled freight and highlight the co-benefits achieved by electrifying this sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Torbatian
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,Canada M5S 1A4
| | - Marc Saleh
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,Canada M5S 1A4
| | - Junshi Xu
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,Canada M5S 1A4
| | - Laura Minet
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 2Y2
| | | | - Daniel Yazgi
- Department of Research and Development, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping 60176, Sweden
| | - Shoma Yamanouchi
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,Canada M5S 1A4
| | - Matthew J Roorda
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,Canada M5S 1A4
| | - Marianne Hatzopoulou
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,Canada M5S 1A4
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4
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Juang J, Williams WG, Ramshankar AT, Schmidt J, Xuan K, Bozeman JF. A multi-scale lifecycle and technoeconomic framework for higher education fleet electrification. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4938. [PMID: 38418451 PMCID: PMC10901860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Transportation accounts for one-quarter of all energy related greenhouse gas emissions. As it pertains to transport electrification, higher education institutions-such as universities-can model solutions that affect broader society. Despite this, higher education's role in fleet electrification adoption has been understudied. We, therefore, modeled an archetypical higher education institution to analyze the carbon and economic payback periods of three electrification scenarios (Business-as-Usual, Targeted Electrification, and Full Electrification) using a cradle-to-grave lifecycle and technoeconomic approach. Given the archetypical higher education institution fleet of 368 vehicles, results show an economic ratio plateau point of about 8 years at 20 fuel-based cars replaced by electric vehicles and a carbon payback period peak of roughly 10 months at 50 fuel-based cars replaced. We then performed a multi-scalar analysis by leveraging implementation theory. We find that higher education institutions that adhere to the tenets of implementation theory are poised to be pro-environmental change agents in many regions and countries. The methods and findings herein can be adapted to other institutions, regardless of fleet size, and can bolster relevant decision-making outcomes now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Juang
- College of Business, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Wyatt Green Williams
- College of Business, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Arjun T Ramshankar
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - John Schmidt
- Computer Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kendrick Xuan
- Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Joe F Bozeman
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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5
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De Vito S, Del Giudice A, Di Francia G. Electric Transmission and Distribution Network Air Pollution. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:587. [PMID: 38257682 PMCID: PMC10818988 DOI: 10.3390/s24020587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
There is a consensus within the scientific community regarding the effects on the environment, health, and climate of the use of renewable energy sources, which is characterized by a rate of harmful polluting emissions that is significantly lower than that typical of fossil fuels. On the other hand, this transition towards the use of more sustainable energy sources will also be characterized by an increasingly widespread electrification rate. In this work, we want to discuss whether electricity distribution and transmission networks and their main components are characterized by emissions that are potentially harmful to the environment and human health during their operational life. We will see that the scientific literature on this issue is rather limited, at least until now. However, conditions are reported in which the network directly causes or at least promotes the emissions of polluting substances into the environment. For the most part, the emissions recorded, rather than their environmental or human health impacts, are studied as part of the implementation of techniques for the early determination of faults in the network. It is probable that with the increasing electrification of energy consumption, the problem reported here will become increasingly relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Girolamo Di Francia
- ENEA—Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, P.le E. Fermi, 1, 80055 Napoli, Italy; (S.D.V.); (A.D.G.)
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6
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Yu Q, He BY, Ma J, Zhu Y. California's zero-emission vehicle adoption brings air quality benefits yet equity gaps persist. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7798. [PMID: 38086805 PMCID: PMC10716132 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43309-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) adoption is a key climate mitigation tool, but its environmental justice implications remain unclear. Here, we quantify ZEV adoption at the census tract level in California from 2015 to 2020 and project it to 2035 when all new passenger vehicles sold are expected to be ZEVs. We then apply an integrated traffic model together with a dispersion model to simulate air quality changes near roads in the Greater Los Angeles. We found that per capita ZEV ownership in non-disadvantaged communities (non-DACs) as defined by the state of California is 3.8 times of that in DACs. Racial and ethnic minorities owned fewer ZEVs regardless of DAC designation. While DAC residents receive 40% more pollutant reduction than non-DACs due to intercommunity ZEV trips in 2020, they remain disproportionately exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution. With more ZEVs in 2035, the exposure disparity narrows. However, to further reduce disparities, the focus must include trucks, emphasizing the need for targeted ZEV policies that address persistent pollution burdens among DAC and racial and ethnic minority residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Yu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brian Yueshuai He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jiaqi Ma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yifang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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7
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Dearman C, Milner J, Stewart G, Leonardi GS, Thornes J, Wilkinson P. Sports Utility Vehicles: A Public Health Model of Their Climate and Air Pollution Impacts in the United Kingdom. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6043. [PMID: 37297647 PMCID: PMC10253156 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20116043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The emission benefits of shifting towards battery electric vehicles have so far been hampered by a trend towards sports utility vehicles (SUVs). This study assesses the current and future emissions from SUVs and their potential impact on public health and climate targets. We modelled five scenarios of varying SUV sales and electrification rates, and projected associated carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. Multiple linear regression was used to determine the relationship between vehicle characteristics and emissions. Cumulative CO2 emissions were valued using the social cost of carbon approach. Life table analyses were used to project and value life years saved from NOx emission reductions. Larger SUVs were disproportionately high emitters of CO2 and NOx. Replacing these with small SUVs achieved significant benefits, saving 702 MtCO2e by 2050 and 1.8 million life years from NO2 reductions. The largest benefits were achieved when combined with electrification, saving 1181 MtCO2e and gaining 3.7 million life years, with a societal value in the range of GBP 10-100s billion(s). Downsizing SUVs could be associated with major public health benefits from reduced CO2 and NOx emissions, in addition to the benefits of electrification. This could be achieved by demand-side mass-based vehicle taxation and supply-side changes to regulations, by tying emission limits to a vehicle's footprint rather than its mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Dearman
- Centre for Climate and Health Security, UK Health Security Agency, London SW1P 3HX, UK
| | - James Milner
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Glenn Stewart
- Department of Public Health, London Borough of Enfield Council, London EN1 3XA, UK
| | - Giovanni S. Leonardi
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
- Environmental Epidemiology Team, UK Health Security Agency, Chilton OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - John Thornes
- Centre for Climate and Health Security, UK Health Security Agency, London SW1P 3HX, UK
| | - Paul Wilkinson
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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8
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Garcia E, Johnston J, McConnell R, Palinkas L, Eckel SP. California's early transition to electric vehicles: Observed health and air quality co-benefits. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161761. [PMID: 36739036 PMCID: PMC10465173 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The transition to electric vehicles is projected to have considerable public health co-benefits, but most evidence regarding air quality and health impacts comes from projections rather than real-world data. We evaluated whether population-level respiratory health and air quality co-benefits were already detectable at the relatively low levels of zero-emissions vehicles (ZEVs: battery electric, plug-in hybrid, hydrogen fuel cell vehicle) adoption in California, and evaluated the ZEV adoption gap in underserved communities. We conducted a zip code-level ecologic study relating changes in annual number of ZEVs (nZEV) per 1000 population from 2013 to 2019 to: (i) annual average monitored nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations and (ii) annual age-adjusted asthma-related emergency department (ED) visit rates, while considering educational attainment. The average nZEV increased from 1.4 per 1000 population in 2013 (standard deviation [SD]: 2.1) to 14.7 per 1000 in 2019 (SD: 14.7). ZEV adoption was considerably slower in zip codes with lower educational attainment (p < 0.0001). A within-zip code increase of 20 ZEVs per 1000 was associated with a - 0.41 ppb change in annual average NO2 (95 % confidence interval [CI]:-1.12, 0.29) in an adjusted model. A within-zip code increase of 20 ZEVs per 1000 population was associated with a 3.2 % decrease in annual age-adjusted rate of asthma-related ED visits (95 % CI:-5.4, -0.9). Findings were supported by a variety of sensitivity analyses. Observational data on the early phase ZEV transition in California provided a natural experiment, enabling us to document the first real-world associations between increasing nZEV and changes in air quality and health. Results suggest co-benefits of the early-phase transition to ZEVs but with an adoption gap among populations with lower socioeconomic status which threatens the equitable distribution of possible co-benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Garcia
- University of Southern California, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Los Angeles, California, United States.
| | - Jill Johnston
- University of Southern California, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Rob McConnell
- University of Southern California, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Lawrence Palinkas
- University of Southern California, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Los Angeles, California, United States; University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak Peck School of Social Work, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Sandrah P Eckel
- University of Southern California, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Los Angeles, California, United States
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10
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Maizlish N, Rudolph L, Jiang C. Health Benefits of Strategies for Carbon Mitigation in US Transportation, 2017‒2050. Am J Public Health 2022; 112:426-433. [PMID: 35196040 PMCID: PMC8887169 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2021.306600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. To quantify health benefits and carbon emissions of 2 transportation scenarios that contrast optimum levels of physical activity from active travel and minimal air pollution from electric cars. Methods. We used data on burden of disease, travel, and vehicle emissions in the US population and a health impact model to assess health benefits and harms of physical activity from transportation-related walking and cycling, fine particulate pollution from car emissions, and road traffic injuries. We compared baseline travel with walking and cycling a median of 150 weekly minutes for physical activity, and with electric cars that minimized carbon pollution and fine particulates. Results. In 2050, the target year for carbon neutrality, the active travel scenario avoided 167 000 deaths and gained 2.5 million disability-adjusted life years, monetized at $1.6 trillion using the value of a statistical life. Carbon emissions were reduced by 24% from baseline. Electric cars avoided 1400 deaths and gained 16 400 disability-adjusted life years, monetized at $13 billion. Conclusions. To achieve carbon neutrality in transportation and maximize health benefits, active travel should have a prominent role along with electric vehicles in national blueprints. (Am J Public Health. 2022; 112(3):426-433. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306600).
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Maizlish
- Neil Maizlish is an independent epidemiologist based in Berkeley, CA. Linda Rudolph is with the Public Health Institute, Oakland, CA. Chengsheng Jiang is with the School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park
| | - Linda Rudolph
- Neil Maizlish is an independent epidemiologist based in Berkeley, CA. Linda Rudolph is with the Public Health Institute, Oakland, CA. Chengsheng Jiang is with the School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park
| | - Chengsheng Jiang
- Neil Maizlish is an independent epidemiologist based in Berkeley, CA. Linda Rudolph is with the Public Health Institute, Oakland, CA. Chengsheng Jiang is with the School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park
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11
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Tong F, Jenn A, Wolfson D, Scown CD, Auffhammer M. Health and Climate Impacts from Long-Haul Truck Electrification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:8514-8523. [PMID: 34124900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Long-haul truck electrification has attracted nascent policy support, but the potential health and climate impacts remain uncertain. Here, we developed an integrated assessment approach with high spatial-temporal (km and hourly) resolution to characterize the causal chain from truck operation to charging loads, electricity grid response, changes in emissions and atmospheric concentrations, and the resulting health and climate impacts across the United States. Compared to future diesel trucks, electrified trucking's net health benefits are concentrated only along the West Coast with a business-as-usual electricity grid. However, with an 80%-renewable electricity grid, most regions would experience net health benefits, and the economic value of avoided climate and health damages exceeds $5 billion annually, an 80% reduction relative to future diesel trucks. Electric trucks with larger batteries may increase health and climate impacts due to additional trips needed to compensate for the payload penalty, but a 2× improvement in the battery specific energy (to ∼320 Wh/kg) could eliminate the additional trips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Tong
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alan Jenn
- Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Derek Wolfson
- Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Corinne D Scown
- Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy and Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Maximilian Auffhammer
- Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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12
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Liou JL, Wu PI. Monetary Health Co-Benefits and GHG Emissions Reduction Benefits: Contribution from Private On-the-Road Transport. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115537. [PMID: 34064227 PMCID: PMC8196843 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study to provide a systematic monetary benefit matrix, including greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction benefits and air pollution reduction health co-benefits, for a change in on-the-road transport to low-carbon types. The benefit transfer method is employed to estimate the social cost of carbon and the health co-benefits via impact pathway analysis in Taiwan. Specifically, the total emissions reduction benefits from changing all internal combustion vehicles to either hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, or electric vehicles would generate an average of USD 760 million from GHG emissions reduction and USD 2091 million from health co-benefits based on air pollution reduction, for a total benefit of USD 2851 million annually. For a change from combustion scooters to light- or heavy-duty electric scooters, the average GHG emissions reduction benefits would be USD 96.02 million, and the health co-benefits from air pollution reduction would be USD 1008.83 million, for total benefits of USD 1104.85 million annually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Liang Liou
- The Center for Green Economy, Chung-Hua Institution for Economic Research, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Pei-Ing Wu
- Department of Agricultural Economics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-3366-2663
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Schnell JL, Peters DR, Wong DC, Lu X, Guo H, Zhang H, Kinney PL, Horton DE. Potential for Electric Vehicle Adoption to Mitigate Extreme Air Quality Events in China. EARTH'S FUTURE 2021; 9:10.1029/2020ef001788. [PMID: 33748315 PMCID: PMC7970456 DOI: 10.1029/2020ef001788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electric vehicle (EV) adoption promises potential air pollutant and greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction co-benefits. As such, China has aggressively incentivized EV adoption, however much remains unknown with regard to EVs' mitigation potential, including optimal vehicle type prioritization, power generation contingencies, effects of Clean Air regulations, and the ability of EVs to reduce acute impacts of extreme air quality events. Here, we present a suite of scenarios with a chemistry transport model that assess the potential co-benefits of EVs during an extreme winter air quality event. We find that regardless of power generation source, heavy-duty vehicle (HDV) electrification consistently improves air quality in terms of NO2 and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), potentially avoiding 562 deaths due to acute pollutant exposure during the infamous January 2013 pollution episode (~1% of total premature mortality). However, HDV electrification does not reduce GHG emissions without enhanced emission-free electricity generation. In contrast, due to differing emission profiles, light-duty vehicle (LDV) electrification in China consistently reduces GHG emissions (~2 Mt CO2), but results in fewer air quality and human health improvements (145 avoided deaths). The calculated economic impacts for human health endpoints and CO2 reductions for LDV electrification are nearly double those of HDV electrification in present-day (155M vs. 87M US$), but are within ~25% when enhanced emission-free generation is used to power them. Overall, we find only a modest benefit for EVs to ameliorate severe wintertime pollution events, and that continued emission reductions in the power generation sector will have the greatest human health and economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Schnell
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- now at: Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado Boulder NOAA/Global Systems Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D. R. Peters
- Program in Environmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Environmental Defense Fund, Austin, TX, USA
| | - D. C. Wong
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - X. Lu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - H. Guo
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - H. Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - P. L. Kinney
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D. E. Horton
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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