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Bramble MS, Hand KP. Spectral evidence for irradiated halite on Mars. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5503. [PMID: 38448458 PMCID: PMC10917766 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55979-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The proposed chloride salt-bearing deposits on Mars have an enigmatic composition due to the absence of distinct spectral absorptions for the unique mineral at all wavelengths investigated. We report on analyses of remote visible-wavelength spectroscopic observations that exhibit properties indicative of the mineral halite (NaCl) when irradiated. Visible spectra of halite are generally featureless, but when irradiated by high-energy particles they develop readily-identifiable spectral alterations in the form of color centers. Consistent spectral characteristics observed in the reflectance data of the chloride salt-bearing deposits support the presence of radiation-formed color centers of halite on the surface of Mars. We observe a seasonal cycle of color center formation with higher irradiated halite values during winter months, with the colder temperatures interpreted as increasing the formation efficiency and stability. Irradiated halite identified on the surface of Mars suggests that the visible surface is being irradiated to the degree that defects are forming in alkali halide crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Bramble
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA.
| | - Kevin P Hand
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
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2
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Hart R, Cardace D. Mineral Indicators of Geologically Recent Past Habitability on Mars. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2349. [PMID: 38137950 PMCID: PMC10744562 DOI: 10.3390/life13122349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We provide new support for habitable microenvironments in the near-subsurface of Mars, hosted in Fe- and Mg-rich rock units, and present a list of minerals that can serve as indicators of specific water-rock reactions in recent geologic paleohabitats for follow-on study. We modeled, using a thermodynamic basis without selective phase suppression, the reactions of published Martian meteorites and Jezero Crater igneous rock compositions and reasonable planetary waters (saline, alkaline waters) using Geochemist's Workbench Ver. 12.0. Solid-phase inputs were meteorite compositions for ALH 77005, Nakhla, and Chassigny, and two rock units from the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover sites, Máaz and Séítah. Six plausible Martian groundwater types [NaClO4, Mg(ClO4)2, Ca(ClO4)2, Mg-Na2(ClO4)2, Ca-Na2(ClO4)2, Mg-Ca(ClO4)2] and a unique Mars soil-water analog solution (dilute saline solution) named "Rosy Red", related to the Phoenix Lander mission, were the aqueous-phase inputs. Geophysical conditions were tuned to near-subsurface Mars (100 °C or 373.15 K, associated with residual heat from a magmatic system, impact event, or a concentration of radionuclides, and 101.3 kPa, similar to <10 m depth). Mineral products were dominated by phyllosilicates such as serpentine-group minerals in most reaction paths, but differed in some important indicator minerals. Modeled products varied in physicochemical properties (pH, Eh, conductivity), major ion activities, and related gas fugacities, with different ecological implications. The microbial habitability of pore spaces in subsurface groundwater percolation systems was interrogated at equilibrium in a thermodynamic framework, based on Gibbs Free Energy Minimization. Models run with the Chassigny meteorite produced the overall highest H2 fugacity. Models reliant on the Rosy Red soil-water analog produced the highest sustained CH4 fugacity (maximum values observed for reactant ALH 77005). In general, Chassigny meteorite protoliths produced the best yield regarding Gibbs Free Energy, from an astrobiological perspective. Occurrences of serpentine and saponite across models are key: these minerals have been observed using CRISM spectral data, and their formation via serpentinization would be consistent with geologically recent-past H2 and CH4 production and sustained energy sources for microbial life. We list index minerals to be used as diagnostic for paleo water-rock models that could have supported geologically recent-past microbial activity, and suggest their application as criteria for future astrobiology study-site selections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Hart
- Department of Physics and Engineering, Community College of Rhode Island, Lincoln, RI 02865, USA
- Department of Geosciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA;
| | - Dawn Cardace
- Department of Geosciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA;
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Kereszturi A, Kapui Z, Ori GG, Taj-Eddine K, Ujvari G. Mars-Relevant Field Experiences in Morocco: The Importance of Spatial Scales and Subsurface Exploration. ASTROBIOLOGY 2018; 18:1329-1350. [PMID: 30251874 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2017.1676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
During field work at the Ibn Battuta Mars analogue sites, two research questions were analyzed: (1) How do we identify sampling sites using remote and local imaging and (2) what kind of information can be gained from shallow subsurface exploration? While remote images help in targeting field activities in general, the connection between observations at different spatial scales for different rocky desert terrain types is not well established; in this, focused comparison of remote in situ images of well-selected analogues would help a great deal. Dried up lake beds as discerned in remotely acquired data may not show signatures of past water activity, while shallow subsurface exploration could reveal the lacustrine period. Acquisition of several satellite images of the same terrain under different geometries would help to support the planning of such in situ work. The selection of appropriate sampling sites in fluvial settings could be improved by analyzing long, meter-high, open-air outcrops that formed during most recent fluvial episodes. Such settings are abundant on Earth and could be present on Mars but may be just below the resolution of available data. By using 20-30-cm-deep excavations, shallow subsurface exploration could reveal the last period of geological history that would have been unattainable by surface observation alone. Aggregates embedded in the original strata or from heavily pulverized samples could not be identified; only weakly fragmented samples viewed right after acquisition showed aggregates, and thus, the Close-Up Imager (CLUPI) on the ExoMover might provide information on cementation-related aggregation on the observing plate before crushing. The mechanical separation of different size grains (mainly clays and attached minerals) would also support the identification of individual components. To maximize context information during subsurface exploration, rover imaging should be accomplished before crushing; however, currently planned imaging may not be ideal for this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akos Kereszturi
- 1 Konkoly Thege Miklos Astronomical Institute , Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Kapui
- 2 Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research , Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gian Gabrielle Ori
- 3 Ibn Battuta Centre, Cadi Ayyad University , Marrakech, Morocco
- 4 International Research School on Planetary Sciences , Pescara, Italy
| | - Kamal Taj-Eddine
- 3 Ibn Battuta Centre, Cadi Ayyad University , Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Gabor Ujvari
- 2 Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research , Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Lasne J, Noblet A, Szopa C, Navarro-González R, Cabane M, Poch O, Stalport F, François P, Atreya SK, Coll P. Oxidants at the Surface of Mars: A Review in Light of Recent Exploration Results. ASTROBIOLOGY 2016; 16:977-996. [PMID: 27925795 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2016.1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In 1976, the Viking landers carried out the most comprehensive search for organics and microbial life in the martian regolith. Their results indicate that Mars' surface is lifeless and, surprisingly, depleted in organics at part-per-billion levels. Several biology experiments on the Viking landers gave controversial results that have since been explained by the presence of oxidizing agents on the surface of Mars. These oxidants may degrade abiotic or biological organics, resulting in their nondetection in the regolith. As several exploration missions currently focus on the detection of organics on Mars (or will do so in the near future), knowledge of the oxidative state of the surface is fundamental. It will allow for determination of the capability of organics to survive on a geological timescale, the most favorable places to seek them, and the best methods to process the samples collected at the surface. With this aim, we review the main oxidants assumed to be present on Mars, their possible formation pathways, and those laboratory studies in which their reactivity with organics under Mars-like conditions has been evaluated. Among the oxidants assumed to be present on Mars, only four have been detected so far: perchlorate ions (ClO4-) in salts, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the atmosphere, and clays and metal oxides composing surface minerals. Clays have been suggested as catalysts for the oxidation of organics but are treated as oxidants in the following to keep the structure of this article straightforward. This work provides an insight into the oxidizing potential of the surface of Mars and an estimate of the stability of organic matter in an oxidizing environment. Key Words: Mars surface-Astrobiology-Oxidant-Chemical reactions. Astrobiology 16, 977-996.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lasne
- 1 LISA, Universités Paris-Est Créteil and Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace , CNRS UMR 7583, Créteil, France
| | - A Noblet
- 1 LISA, Universités Paris-Est Créteil and Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace , CNRS UMR 7583, Créteil, France
| | - C Szopa
- 2 LATMOS, UPMC Université Paris 06, Université Versailles St Quentin , CNRS, Guyancourt, France
| | - R Navarro-González
- 3 Laboratorio de Química de Plasmas y Estudios Planetarios, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México, México
| | - M Cabane
- 2 LATMOS, UPMC Université Paris 06, Université Versailles St Quentin , CNRS, Guyancourt, France
| | - O Poch
- 1 LISA, Universités Paris-Est Créteil and Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace , CNRS UMR 7583, Créteil, France
- 4 NCCR PlanetS, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern , Bern, Switzerland
| | - F Stalport
- 1 LISA, Universités Paris-Est Créteil and Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace , CNRS UMR 7583, Créteil, France
| | - P François
- 1 LISA, Universités Paris-Est Créteil and Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace , CNRS UMR 7583, Créteil, France
- 5 IC2MP, Equipe Eau Géochimie Santé, Université de Poitiers , CNRS UMR 7285, Poitiers, France
| | - S K Atreya
- 6 Department of Climate and Space Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - P Coll
- 1 LISA, Universités Paris-Est Créteil and Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace , CNRS UMR 7583, Créteil, France
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Enright AML, Ferris FG. Fluctuation Analysis of Redox Potential to Distinguish Microbial Fe(II) Oxidation. ASTROBIOLOGY 2016; 16:846-852. [PMID: 27827533 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2016.1509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We developed a novel method for distinguishing abiotic and biological iron oxidation in liquid media using oxidation-reduction (redox) potential time series data. The instrument and processing algorithm were tested by immersing the tip of a Pt electrode with an Ag-AgCl reference electrode into an active iron-oxidizing biofilm in a groundwater discharge zone, as well as in two abiotic systems: a killed sample and a chemical control from the same site. We used detrended fluctuation analysis to characterize average root mean square fluctuation behavior, which was distinct in the live system. The calculated α value scaling exponents determined by detrended fluctuation analysis were significantly different at p < 0.001. This indicates that time series of electrode response data may be used to distinguish live and abiotic chemical reaction pathways. Due to the simplicity, portability, and small size, it may be suitable for characterization of extraterrestrial environments where water has been observed, such as Mars and Europa. Key Words: Oxidation-reduction potential-Detrended fluctuation analysis-Iron-oxidizing bacteria. Astrobiology 16, 846-852.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M L Enright
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada
| | - F G Ferris
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada
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Salvatore MR, Mustard JF, Wyatt MB, Murchie SL. Definitive evidence of Hesperian basalt in Acidalia and Chryse planitiae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009je003519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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7
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Stoker CR, Zent A, Catling DC, Douglas S, Marshall JR, Archer D, Clark B, Kounaves SP, Lemmon MT, Quinn R, Renno N, Smith PH, Young SM. Habitability of the Phoenix landing site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009je003421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Y. McSween
- Planetary Geosciences Institute and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996–1410, USA
| | - G. Jeffrey Taylor
- Hawai’i Institute for Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Michael B. Wyatt
- Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912–1846, USA
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McSween HY, Ruff SW, Morris RV, Gellert R, Klingelhöfer G, Christensen PR, McCoy TJ, Ghosh A, Moersch JM, Cohen BA, Rogers AD, Schröder C, Squyres SW, Crisp J, Yen A. Mineralogy of volcanic rocks in Gusev Crater, Mars: Reconciling Mössbauer, Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer, and Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer spectra. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je002970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hansen CJ, Paige DA, Bearman G, Furstenau S, Horn J, Mahoney C, Patrick S, Peters G, Scherbenski J, Shiraishi L, Zimmerman W. SPADE: A rock-crushing and sample-handling system developed for Mars missions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Yingst RA, Haldemann AFC, Biedermann KL, Monhead AM. Quantitative morphology of rocks at the Mars Pathfinder landing site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Minitti ME, Weitz CM, Lane MD, Bishop JL. Morphology, chemistry, and spectral properties of Hawaiian rock coatings and implications for Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Murchie S, Arvidson R, Bedini P, Beisser K, Bibring JP, Bishop J, Boldt J, Cavender P, Choo T, Clancy RT, Darlington EH, Des Marais D, Espiritu R, Fort D, Green R, Guinness E, Hayes J, Hash C, Heffernan K, Hemmler J, Heyler G, Humm D, Hutcheson J, Izenberg N, Lee R, Lees J, Lohr D, Malaret E, Martin T, McGovern JA, McGuire P, Morris R, Mustard J, Pelkey S, Rhodes E, Robinson M, Roush T, Schaefer E, Seagrave G, Seelos F, Silverglate P, Slavney S, Smith M, Shyong WJ, Strohbehn K, Taylor H, Thompson P, Tossman B, Wirzburger M, Wolff M. Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 666] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Hiesinger H, Head JW, Neukum G. Young lava flows on the eastern flank of Ascraeus Mons: Rheological properties derived from High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) images and Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Farrand WH, Bell JF, Johnson JR, Jolliff BL, Knoll AH, McLennan SM, Squyres SW, Calvin WM, Grotzinger JP, Morris RV, Soderblom J, Thompson SD, Watters WA, Yen AS. Visible and near-infrared multispectral analysis of rocks at Meridiani Planum, Mars, by the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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De Angelis G, Badavi F, Blattnig S, Clowdsley M, Nealy J, Qualls G, Singleterry R, Tripathi R, Wilson J. Modeling of the Martian Environment for Radiation Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2006.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Rogers AD, Bandfield JL, Christensen PR. Global spectral classification of Martian low-albedo regions with Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (MGS-TES) data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Johnson JR, Sohl-Dickstein J, Grundy WM, Arvidson RE, Bell J, Christensen P, Graff T, Guinness EA, Kinch K, Morris R, Shepard MK. Radiative transfer modeling of dust-coated Pancam calibration target materials: Laboratory visible/near-infrared spectrogoniometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Raymond E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - James Bell
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - Phil Christensen
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Trevor Graff
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Edward A. Guinness
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Kjartan Kinch
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | | | - Michael K. Shepard
- Department of Geography and Geosciences; Bloomsburg University; Bloomsburg Pennsylvania USA
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De Angelis G, Wilson J, Clowdsley M, Qualls G, Singleterry R. Modeling of the Martian environment for radiation analysis. RADIAT MEAS 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Johnson JR, Grundy WM, Lemmon MT, Bell JF, Johnson MJ, Deen RG, Arvidson RE, Farrand WH, Guinness EA, Hayes AG, Herkenhoff KE, Seelos F, Soderblom J, Squyres S. Spectrophotometric properties of materials observed by Pancam on the Mars Exploration Rovers: 1. Spirit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark T. Lemmon
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas USA
| | - James F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - Miles J. Johnson
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - Robert G. Deen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Raymond E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | | | - Edward A. Guinness
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | | | | | - Frank Seelos
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Jason Soderblom
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - Steve Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
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Hurowitz JA, McLennan SM, Tosca NJ, Arvidson RE, Michalski JR, Ming DW, Schröder C, Squyres SW. In situ and experimental evidence for acidic weathering of rocks and soils on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Hurowitz
- Department of Geosciences; State University of New York at Stony Brook; Stony Brook New York USA
| | - S. M. McLennan
- Department of Geosciences; State University of New York at Stony Brook; Stony Brook New York USA
| | - N. J. Tosca
- Department of Geosciences; State University of New York at Stony Brook; Stony Brook New York USA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - J. R. Michalski
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - D. W. Ming
- NASA Johnson Space Center; Houston Texas USA
| | - C. Schröder
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
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22
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Bell JF, Squyres SW, Arvidson RE, Arneson HM, Bass D, Blaney D, Cabrol N, Calvin W, Farmer J, Farrand WH, Goetz W, Golombek M, Grant JA, Greeley R, Guinness E, Hayes AG, Hubbard MYH, Herkenhoff KE, Johnson MJ, Johnson JR, Joseph J, Kinch KM, Lemmon MT, Li R, Madsen MB, Maki JN, Malin M, McCartney E, McLennan S, McSween HY, Ming DW, Moersch JE, Morris RV, Dobrea EZN, Parker TJ, Proton J, Rice JW, Seelos F, Soderblom J, Soderblom LA, Sohl-Dickstein JN, Sullivan RJ, Wolff MJ, Wang A. Pancam multispectral imaging results from the Spirit Rover at Gusev Crater. Science 2004; 305:800-6. [PMID: 15297658 DOI: 10.1126/science.1100175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Panoramic Camera images at Gusev crater reveal a rock-strewn surface interspersed with high- to moderate-albedo fine-grained deposits occurring in part as drifts or in small circular swales or hollows. Optically thick coatings of fine-grained ferric iron-rich dust dominate most bright soil and rock surfaces. Spectra of some darker rock surfaces and rock regions exposed by brushing or grinding show near-infrared spectral signatures consistent with the presence of mafic silicates such as pyroxene or olivine. Atmospheric observations show a steady decline in dust opacity during the mission, and astronomical observations captured solar transits by the martian moons, Phobos and Deimos, as well as a view of Earth from the martian surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Bell
- Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6801, USA.
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De Angelis G, Clowdsley MS, Singleterry RC, Wilson JW. A new Mars radiation environment model with visualization. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 2004; 34:1328-32. [PMID: 15880920 DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2003.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A new model for the radiation environment to be found on the planet Mars due to Galactic Cosmic Rays (OCR) has been developed at the NASA Langley Research Center. Solar modulated primary particles rescaled for Mars conditions are transported through the Martian atmosphere, with temporal properties modeled with variable timescales, down to the surface, with altitude and backscattering patterns taken into account. The Martian atmosphere has been modeled by using the Mars Global Reference Atmospheric Model--version 2001 (Mars-GRAM 2001). The altitude to compute the atmospheric thickness profile has been determined by using a model for the topography based on the data provided by the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) instrument on board the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft. The Mars surface composition has been modeled based on averages over the measurements obtained from orbiting spacecraft and at various landing sites, taking into account the possible volatile inventory (e.g., CO2 ice, H2O ice) along with its time variation throughout the Martian year. Particle transport has been performed with the HZETRN heavy ion code. The Mars Radiation Environment Model has been made available worldwide through the Space Ionizing Radiation Effects and Shielding Tools (SIREST) website, a project of NASA Langley Research Center.
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Affiliation(s)
- G De Angelis
- Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA.
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25
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Tosca NJ. Acid-sulfate weathering of synthetic Martian basalt: The acid fog model revisited. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Brown A, Walter M, Cudahy T. Short-wave infrared reflectance investigation of sites of paleobiological interest: applications for Mars exploration. ASTROBIOLOGY 2004; 4:359-376. [PMID: 15383240 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2004.4.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Rover missions to the rocky bodies of the Solar System and especially to Mars require lightweight, portable instruments that use minimal power, require no sample preparation, and provide suitably diagnostic mineralogical information to an Earth-based exploration team. Short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectroscopic instruments such as the Portable Infrared Mineral Analyser (PIMA, Integrated Spectronics Pty Ltd., Baulkham Hills, NSW, Australia) fulfill all these requirements. We describe an investigation of a possible Mars analogue site using a PIMA instrument. A survey was carried out on the Strelley Pool Chert, an outcrop of stromatolitic, silicified Archean carbonate and clastic succession in the Pilbara Craton, interpreted as being modified by hydrothermal processes. The results of this study demonstrate the capability of SWIR techniques to add significantly to the geological interpretation of such hydrothermally altered outcrops. Minerals identified include dolomite, white micas such as illite-muscovite, and chlorite. In addition, the detection of pyrophyllite in a bleached and altered unit directly beneath the succession suggests acidic, sulfur-rich hydrothermal activity may have interacted with the silicified sediments of the Strelley Pool Chert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Brown
- Australian Centre for Astrobiology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia.
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Chassefière E, Bertaux JL, Berthelier JJ, Cabane M, Ciarletti V, Durry G, Forget F, Hamelin M, Leblanc F, Menvielle M, Gerasimov M, Korablev O, Linkin S, Managadze G, Jambon A, Manhès G, Lognonné P, Agrinier P, Cartigny P, Giardini D, Pike T, Kofman W, Herique A, Coll P, Person A, Costard F, Sarda P, Paillou P, Chaussidon M, Marty B, Robert F, Maurice S, Blanc M, d'Uston C, Sabroux JC, Pineau JF, Rochette P. MEP (Mars Environment Package): toward a package for studying environmental conditions at the surface of Mars from future lander/rover missions. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 2004; 34:1702-9. [PMID: 15934176 DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2003.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In view to prepare Mars human exploration, it is necessary to promote and lead, at the international level, a highly interdisciplinary program, involving specialists of geochemistry, geophysics, atmospheric science, space weather, and biology. The goal of this program will be to elaborate concepts of individual instruments, then of integrated instrumental packages, able to collect exhaustive data sets of environmental parameters from future landers and rovers of Mars, and to favour the conditions of their implementation. Such a program is one of the most urgent need for preparing human exploration, in order to develop mitigation strategies aimed at ensuring the safety of human explorers, and minimizing risk for surface operations. A few main areas of investigation may be listed: particle and radiation environment, chemical composition of atmosphere, meteorology, chemical composition of dust, surface and subsurface material, water in the subsurface, physical properties of the soil, search for an hypothesized microbial activity, characterization of radio-electric properties of the Martian ionosphere. Scientists at the origin of the present paper, already involved at a high degree of responsibility in several Mars missions, and actively preparing in situ instrumentation for future landed platforms (Netlander--now cancelled, MSL-09), express their readiness to participate in both ESA/AURORA and NASA programs of Mars human exploration. They think that the formation of a Mars Environment working group at ESA, in the course of the AURORA definition phase, could act positively in favour of the program, by increasing its scientific cross-section and making it still more focused on human exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Chassefière
- Pôle de Planétologie de l'IPSL, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
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Leverington DW. Volcanic rilles, streamlined islands, and the origin of outflow channels on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004je002311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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McSween HY, Grove TL, Wyatt MB. Constraints on the composition and petrogenesis of the Martian crust. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harry Y. McSween
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - Timothy L. Grove
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Michael B. Wyatt
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
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31
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Bell JF, Squyres SW, Herkenhoff KE, Maki JN, Arneson HM, Brown D, Collins SA, Dingizian A, Elliot ST, Hagerott EC, Hayes AG, Johnson MJ, Johnson JR, Joseph J, Kinch K, Lemmon MT, Morris RV, Scherr L, Schwochert M, Shepard MK, Smith GH, Sohl-Dickstein JN, Sullivan RJ, Sullivan WT, Wadsworth M. Mars Exploration Rover Athena Panoramic Camera (Pancam) investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | | | - J. N. Maki
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - H. M. Arneson
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - D. Brown
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - S. A. Collins
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - A. Dingizian
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - S. T. Elliot
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - E. C. Hagerott
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - A. G. Hayes
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - M. J. Johnson
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | | | - J. Joseph
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - K. Kinch
- Neils Bohr Institute; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - M. T. Lemmon
- Department of Atmospheric Science; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas USA
| | | | - L. Scherr
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - M. Schwochert
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - M. K. Shepard
- Department of Geography and Geosciences; Bloomsburg University; Bloomsburg Pennsylvania USA
| | | | | | - R. J. Sullivan
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - W. T. Sullivan
- Department of Astronomy; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - M. Wadsworth
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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32
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Foley CN, Economou TE, Clayton RN, Dietrich W. Calibration of the Mars Pathfinder alpha proton X-ray spectrometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002je002018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Nicole Foley
- Laboratory for Astrophysics and Space Research; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
- Enrico Fermi Institute; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Thanasis E. Economou
- Laboratory for Astrophysics and Space Research; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
- Enrico Fermi Institute; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Robert N. Clayton
- Enrico Fermi Institute; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
- Department of Chemistry; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
| | - William Dietrich
- Laboratory for Astrophysics and Space Research; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
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33
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Foley CN, Economou T, Clayton RN. Final chemical results from the Mars Pathfinder alpha proton X-ray spectrometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002je002019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Nicole Foley
- Laboratory for Astrophysics and Space Research; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
- Enrico Fermi Institute; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Thanasis Economou
- Laboratory for Astrophysics and Space Research; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
- Enrico Fermi Institute; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Robert N. Clayton
- Enrico Fermi Institute; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
- Department of Chemistry; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
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34
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Brückner J, Dreibus G, Rieder R, Wänke H. Refined data of Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer analyses of soils and rocks at the Mars Pathfinder site: Implications for surface chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Brückner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie; Mainz Germany
| | - G. Dreibus
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie; Mainz Germany
| | - R. Rieder
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie; Mainz Germany
| | - H. Wänke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie; Mainz Germany
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35
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Christensen PR, Bandfield JL, Bell JF, Gorelick N, Hamilton VE, Ivanov A, Jakosky BM, Kieffer HH, Lane MD, Malin MC, McConnochie T, McEwen AS, McSween HY, Mehall GL, Moersch JE, Nealson KH, Rice JW, Richardson MI, Ruff SW, Smith MD, Titus TN, Wyatt MB. Morphology and composition of the surface of Mars: Mars Odyssey THEMIS results. Science 2003; 300:2056-61. [PMID: 12791998 DOI: 10.1126/science.1080885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) on Mars Odyssey has produced infrared to visible wavelength images of the martian surface that show lithologically distinct layers with variable thickness, implying temporal changes in the processes or environments during or after their formation. Kilometer-scale exposures of bedrock are observed; elsewhere airfall dust completely mantles the surface over thousands of square kilometers. Mars has compositional variations at 100-meter scales, for example, an exposure of olivine-rich basalt in the walls of Ganges Chasma. Thermally distinct ejecta facies occur around some craters with variations associated with crater age. Polar observations have identified temporal patches of water frost in the north polar cap. No thermal signatures associated with endogenic heat sources have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Christensen
- Department of Geological Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-6305, USA.
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36
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Montési LGJ. Clues to the lithospheric structure of Mars from wrinkle ridge sets and localization instability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002je001974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Wyatt MB. Analysis of surface compositions in the Oxia Palus region on Mars from Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer Observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002je001986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mancinelli RL. Planetary protection and the search for life beneath the surface of Mars. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 2003; 31:103-107. [PMID: 12577965 DOI: 10.1016/s0273-1177(02)00663-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The search for traces of extinct and extant life on Mars will be extended to beneath the surface of the planet. Current data from Mars missions suggesting the presence of liquid water early in Mars' history and mathematical modeling of the fate of water on Mars imply that liquid water may exist deep beneath the surface of Mars. This leads to the hypothesis that life may exist deep beneath the Martian surface. One possible scenario to look for life on Mars involves a series of unmanned missions culminating with a manned mission drilling deep into the Martian subsurface (approximately 3Km), collecting samples, and conducting preliminary analyses to select samples for return to earth. This mission must address both forward and back contamination issues, and falls under planetary protection category V. Planetary protection issues to be addressed include provisions stating that the inevitable deposition of earth microbes by humans should be minimized and localized, and that earth microbes and organic material must not contaminate the Martian subsurface. This requires that the drilling equipment be sterilized prior to use. Further, the collection, containment and retrieval of the sample must be conducted such that the crew is protected and that any materials returning to earth are contained (i.e., physically and biologically isolated) and the chain of connection with Mars is broken.
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40
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Bishop JL, Murchie SL, Pieters CM, Zent AP. A model for formation of dust, soil, and rock coatings on Mars: Physical and chemical processes on the Martian surface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001je001581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janice L. Bishop
- SETI Institute/NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - Scott L. Murchie
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - Carlé M. Pieters
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - Aaron P. Zent
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
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41
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Wiens RC, Arvidson RE, Cremers DA, Ferris MJ, Blacic JD, Seelos FP, Deal KS. Combined remote mineralogical and elemental identification from rovers: Field and laboratory tests using reflectance and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roger C. Wiens
- Space and Atmospheric Sciences; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - Raymond E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - David A. Cremers
- Chemistry Division; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - Monty J. Ferris
- Chemistry Division; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - James D. Blacic
- Earth and Environmental Sciences; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - Frank P. Seelos
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Kim S. Deal
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
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42
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Wyatt MB, McSween HY. Spectral evidence for weathered basalt as an alternative to andesite in the northern lowlands of Mars. Nature 2002; 417:263-6. [PMID: 12015596 DOI: 10.1038/417263a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mineral abundances derived from the analysis of remotely sensed thermal emission data from Mars have been interpreted to indicate that the surface is composed of basalt (Surface Type 1) and andesite (Surface Type 2). The global distribution of these rock types is divided roughly along the planetary dichotomy which separates ancient, heavily cratered crust in the southern hemisphere (basalt) from younger lowland plains in the north (andesite). But the existence of such a large volume of andesite is difficult to reconcile with our present understanding of the geological evolution of Mars. Here we reinterpret martian surface rock lithologies using mineral abundances from previous work and new mineralogies derived from a spectral end-member set representing minerals common in unaltered and low-temperature aqueously altered basalts. Our results continue to indicate the dominance of unaltered basalt in the southern highlands, but reveal that the northern lowlands can be interpreted as weathered basalt as an alternative to andesite. The coincidence between locations of such altered basalt and a suggested northern ocean basin implies that lowland plains material may be composed of basalts weathered under submarine conditions or weathered basaltic sediments transported into this depocentre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Wyatt
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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Cloutis EA. Spectral reflectance properties of zeolites and remote sensing implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Johnson JR. Dust coatings on basaltic rocks and implications for thermal infrared spectroscopy of Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Scott ED. Emplacement of giant radial dikes in the northern Tharsis region of Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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47
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Greeley R. Terrestrial analogs to wind-related features at the Viking and Pathfinder landing sites on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Christensen PR, Bandfield JL, Hamilton VE, Ruff SW, Kieffer HH, Titus TN, Malin MC, Morris RV, Lane MD, Clark RL, Jakosky BM, Mellon MT, Pearl JC, Conrath BJ, Smith MD, Clancy RT, Kuzmin RO, Roush T, Mehall GL, Gorelick N, Bender K, Murray K, Dason S, Greene E, Silverman S, Greenfield M. Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer experiment: Investigation description and surface science results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 782] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Smith PH, Reynolds R, Weinberg J, Friedman T, Lemmon MT, Tanner R, Reid RJ, Marcialis RL, Bos BJ, Oquest C, Keller HU, Markiewicz WJ, Kramm R, Gliem F, Rueffer P. The MVACS Surface Stereo Imager on Mars Polar Lander. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Malin MC, Bell JF, Calvin W, Clancy RT, Haberle RM, James PB, Lee SW, Thomas PC, Caplinger MA. Mars Color Imager (MARCI) on the Mars Climate Orbiter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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