5
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Bougher S, Jakosky B, Halekas J, Grebowsky J, Luhmann J, Mahaffy P, Connerney J, Eparvier F, Ergun R, Larson D, McFadden J, Mitchell D, Schneider N, Zurek R, Mazelle C, Andersson L, Andrews D, Baird D, Baker DN, Bell JM, Benna M, Brain D, Chaffin M, Chamberlin P, Chaufray JY, Clarke J, Collinson G, Combi M, Crary F, Cravens T, Crismani M, Curry S, Curtis D, Deighan J, Delory G, Dewey R, DiBraccio G, Dong C, Dong Y, Dunn P, Elrod M, England S, Eriksson A, Espley J, Evans S, Fang X, Fillingim M, Fortier K, Fowler CM, Fox J, Gröller H, Guzewich S, Hara T, Harada Y, Holsclaw G, Jain SK, Jolitz R, Leblanc F, Lee CO, Lee Y, Lefevre F, Lillis R, Livi R, Lo D, Ma Y, Mayyasi M, McClintock W, McEnulty T, Modolo R, Montmessin F, Morooka M, Nagy A, Olsen K, Peterson W, Rahmati A, Ruhunusiri S, Russell CT, Sakai S, Sauvaud JA, Seki K, Steckiewicz M, Stevens M, Stewart AIF, Stiepen A, Stone S, Tenishev V, Thiemann E, Tolson R, Toublanc D, Vogt M, Weber T, Withers P, Woods T, Yelle R. Early MAVEN Deep Dip campaign reveals thermosphere and ionosphere variability. Science 2015; 350:aad0459. [PMID: 26542579 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) mission, during the second of its Deep Dip campaigns, made comprehensive measurements of martian thermosphere and ionosphere composition, structure, and variability at altitudes down to ~130 kilometers in the subsolar region. This altitude range contains the diffusively separated upper atmosphere just above the well-mixed atmosphere, the layer of peak extreme ultraviolet heating and primary reservoir for atmospheric escape. In situ measurements of the upper atmosphere reveal previously unmeasured populations of neutral and charged particles, the homopause altitude at approximately 130 kilometers, and an unexpected level of variability both on an orbit-to-orbit basis and within individual orbits. These observations help constrain volatile escape processes controlled by thermosphere and ionosphere structure and variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bougher
- CLaSP Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - B Jakosky
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J Halekas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - J Grebowsky
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - J Luhmann
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - P Mahaffy
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - J Connerney
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - F Eparvier
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R Ergun
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D Larson
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - J McFadden
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - D Mitchell
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - N Schneider
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R Zurek
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - C Mazelle
- CNRS/Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Toulouse, France. University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - L Andersson
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D Andrews
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - D Baird
- NASA/Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - D N Baker
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J M Bell
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - M Benna
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - D Brain
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M Chaffin
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P Chamberlin
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - J-Y Chaufray
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales /CNRS, Verrieres-le-Buisson, France
| | - J Clarke
- Department of Astronomy, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G Collinson
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - M Combi
- CLaSP Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - F Crary
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - T Cravens
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - M Crismani
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S Curry
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - D Curtis
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - J Deighan
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - G Delory
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - R Dewey
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - G DiBraccio
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - C Dong
- CLaSP Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Y Dong
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P Dunn
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - M Elrod
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - S England
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - A Eriksson
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - J Espley
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - S Evans
- Computational Physics, Springfield, VA, USA
| | - X Fang
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M Fillingim
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - K Fortier
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - C M Fowler
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J Fox
- Department of Physics, Wright State University, Fairborn, OH, USA
| | - H Gröller
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - S Guzewich
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - T Hara
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Y Harada
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - G Holsclaw
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S K Jain
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R Jolitz
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - F Leblanc
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales /CNRS, Verrieres-le-Buisson, France
| | - C O Lee
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Y Lee
- CLaSP Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - F Lefevre
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales /CNRS, Verrieres-le-Buisson, France
| | - R Lillis
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - R Livi
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - D Lo
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Y Ma
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M Mayyasi
- Department of Astronomy, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - W McClintock
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - T McEnulty
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R Modolo
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales /CNRS, Verrieres-le-Buisson, France
| | - F Montmessin
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales /CNRS, Verrieres-le-Buisson, France
| | - M Morooka
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A Nagy
- CLaSP Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K Olsen
- CLaSP Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - W Peterson
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A Rahmati
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - S Ruhunusiri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - C T Russell
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Sakai
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - J-A Sauvaud
- CNRS/Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Toulouse, France. University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - K Seki
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - M Steckiewicz
- CNRS/Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Toulouse, France. University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - M Stevens
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - A I F Stewart
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A Stiepen
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S Stone
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - V Tenishev
- CLaSP Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - E Thiemann
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R Tolson
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - D Toublanc
- CNRS/Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Toulouse, France. University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - M Vogt
- Department of Astronomy, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T Weber
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P Withers
- Department of Astronomy, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T Woods
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R Yelle
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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35
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Lundin R, Barabash S, Andersson H, Holmström M, Grigoriev A, Yamauchi M, Sauvaud JA, Fedorov A, Budnik E, Thocaven JJ, Winningham D, Frahm R, Scherrer J, Sharber J, Asamura K, Hayakawa H, Coates A, Linder DR, Curtis C, Hsieh KC, Sandel BR, Grande M, Carter M, Reading DH, Koskinen H, Kallio E, Riihela P, Schmidt W, Säles T, Kozyra J, Krupp N, Woch J, Luhmann J, McKenna-Lawler S, Cerulli-Irelli R, Orsini S, Maggi M, Mura A, Milillo A, Roelof E, Williams D, Livi S, Brandt P, Wurz P, Bochsler P. Solar Wind-Induced Atmospheric Erosion at Mars: First Results from ASPERA-3 on Mars Express. Science 2004; 305:1933-6. [PMID: 15448263 DOI: 10.1126/science.1101860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Analyzer of Space Plasma and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA) on board the Mars Express spacecraft found that solar wind plasma and accelerated ionospheric ions may be observed all the way down to the Mars Express pericenter of 270 kilometers above the dayside planetary surface. This is very deep in the ionosphere, implying direct exposure of the martian topside atmosphere to solar wind plasma forcing. The low-altitude penetration of solar wind plasma and the energization of ionospheric plasma may be due to solar wind irregularities or perturbations, to magnetic anomalies at Mars, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Lundin
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - S. Barabash
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - H. Andersson
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - M. Holmström
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - A. Grigoriev
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - M. Yamauchi
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - J.-A. Sauvaud
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - A. Fedorov
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - E. Budnik
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - J.-J. Thocaven
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - D. Winningham
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - R. Frahm
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - J. Scherrer
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - J. Sharber
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - K. Asamura
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - H. Hayakawa
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - A. Coates
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - D. R. Linder
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - C. Curtis
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - K. C. Hsieh
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - B. R. Sandel
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - M. Grande
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - M. Carter
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - D. H. Reading
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - H. Koskinen
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - E. Kallio
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - P. Riihela
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - W. Schmidt
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - T. Säles
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - J. Kozyra
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - N. Krupp
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - J. Woch
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - J. Luhmann
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - S. McKenna-Lawler
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - R. Cerulli-Irelli
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - S. Orsini
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - M. Maggi
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - A. Mura
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - A. Milillo
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - E. Roelof
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - D. Williams
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - S. Livi
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - P. Brandt
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - P. Wurz
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - P. Bochsler
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
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