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Hansen CJ, Bolton S, Sulaiman AH, Duling S, Bagenal F, Brennan M, Connerney J, Clark G, Lunine J, Levin S, Kurth W, Mura A, Paranicas C, Tosi F, Withers P. Juno's Close Encounter With Ganymede-An Overview. Geophys Res Lett 2022; 49:e2022GL099285. [PMID: 37034391 PMCID: PMC10078441 DOI: 10.1029/2022gl099285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The Juno spacecraft has been in orbit around Jupiter since 2016. Two flybys of Ganymede were executed in 2021, opportunities realized by evolution of Juno's polar orbit over the intervening 5 years. The geometry of the close flyby just prior to the 34th perijove pass by Jupiter brought the spacecraft inside Ganymede's unique magnetosphere. Juno's payload, designed to study Jupiter's magnetosphere, had ample dynamic range to study Ganymede's magnetosphere. The Juno radio system was used both for gravity measurements and for study of Ganymede's ionosphere. Remote sensing of Ganymede returned new results on geology, surface composition, and thermal properties of the surface and subsurface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Bolton
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - A. H. Sulaiman
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | | | - F. Bagenal
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | | | | | - G. Clark
- Johns Hopkins Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | | | - S. Levin
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryPasadenaCAUSA
| | - W. Kurth
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - A. Mura
- Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (INAF‐IAPS)RomeItaly
| | - C. Paranicas
- Johns Hopkins Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | - F. Tosi
- Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (INAF‐IAPS)RomeItaly
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Jakosky BM, Grebowsky JM, Luhmann JG, Connerney J, Eparvier F, Ergun R, Halekas J, Larson D, Mahaffy P, McFadden J, Mitchell DF, Schneider N, Zurek R, Bougher S, Brain D, Ma YJ, Mazelle C, Andersson L, Andrews D, Baird D, Baker D, Bell JM, Benna M, Chaffin M, Chamberlin P, Chaufray YY, Clarke J, Collinson G, Combi M, Crary F, Cravens T, Crismani M, Curry S, Curtis D, Deighan J, Delory G, Dewey R, DiBraccio G, Dong C, Dong Y, Dunn P, Elrod M, England S, Eriksson A, Espley J, Evans S, Fang X, Fillingim M, Fortier K, Fowler CM, Fox J, Gröller H, Guzewich S, Hara T, Harada Y, Holsclaw G, Jain SK, Jolitz R, Leblanc F, Lee CO, Lee Y, Lefevre F, Lillis R, Livi R, Lo D, Mayyasi M, McClintock W, McEnulty T, Modolo R, Montmessin F, Morooka M, Nagy A, Olsen K, Peterson W, Rahmati A, Ruhunusiri S, Russell CT, Sakai S, Sauvaud JA, Seki K, Steckiewicz M, Stevens M, Stewart AIF, Stiepen A, Stone S, Tenishev V, Thiemann E, Tolson R, Toublanc D, Vogt M, Weber T, Withers P, Woods T, Yelle R. MAVEN observations of the response of Mars to an interplanetary coronal mass ejection. Science 2015; 350:aad0210. [PMID: 26542576 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Coupling between the lower and upper atmosphere, combined with loss of gas from the upper atmosphere to space, likely contributed to the thin, cold, dry atmosphere of modern Mars. To help understand ongoing ion loss to space, the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) spacecraft made comprehensive measurements of the Mars upper atmosphere, ionosphere, and interactions with the Sun and solar wind during an interplanetary coronal mass ejection impact in March 2015. Responses include changes in the bow shock and magnetosheath, formation of widespread diffuse aurora, and enhancement of pick-up ions. Observations and models both show an enhancement in escape rate of ions to space during the event. Ion loss during solar events early in Mars history may have been a major contributor to the long-term evolution of the Mars atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J M Grebowsky
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - J G Luhmann
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - J Connerney
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - F Eparvier
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R Ergun
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J Halekas
- University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - D Larson
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - P Mahaffy
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - J McFadden
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - D F Mitchell
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - R Zurek
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - S Bougher
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - D Brain
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Y J Ma
- University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C Mazelle
- CNRS-Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Toulouse, France. University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | - D Andrews
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - D Baird
- NASA/Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - D Baker
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J M Bell
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - M Benna
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - M Chaffin
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P Chamberlin
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Y-Y Chaufray
- Laboratoire atmosphères, milieux et observations spatiales (LATMOS)-CNRS, Paris, France
| | - J Clarke
- Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G Collinson
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - M Combi
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - F Crary
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - T Cravens
- University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - M Crismani
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S Curry
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - D Curtis
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - J Deighan
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - G Delory
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - R Dewey
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - G DiBraccio
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - C Dong
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Y Dong
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P Dunn
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - M Elrod
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - S England
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - A Eriksson
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Espley
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - S Evans
- Computational Physics, Inc., Boulder, CO, USA
| | - X Fang
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M Fillingim
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - K Fortier
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - C M Fowler
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J Fox
- Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - H Gröller
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - S Guzewich
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - T Hara
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Y Harada
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - G Holsclaw
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S K Jain
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R Jolitz
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - F Leblanc
- Laboratoire atmosphères, milieux et observations spatiales (LATMOS)-CNRS, Paris, France
| | - C O Lee
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Y Lee
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - F Lefevre
- Laboratoire atmosphères, milieux et observations spatiales (LATMOS)-CNRS, Paris, France
| | - R Lillis
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - R Livi
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - D Lo
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - T McEnulty
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R Modolo
- Laboratoire atmosphères, milieux et observations spatiales (LATMOS)-CNRS, Paris, France
| | - F Montmessin
- Laboratoire atmosphères, milieux et observations spatiales (LATMOS)-CNRS, Paris, France
| | - M Morooka
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A Nagy
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K Olsen
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - W Peterson
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A Rahmati
- University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | | | - C T Russell
- University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Sakai
- University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - J-A Sauvaud
- CNRS-Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Toulouse, France. University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - K Seki
- Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - M Steckiewicz
- CNRS-Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Toulouse, France. University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - M Stevens
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - A Stiepen
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S Stone
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - V Tenishev
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - E Thiemann
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R Tolson
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - D Toublanc
- CNRS-Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Toulouse, France. University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - M Vogt
- Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T Weber
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - T Woods
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R Yelle
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Bougher S, Jakosky B, Halekas J, Grebowsky J, Luhmann J, Mahaffy P, Connerney J, Eparvier F, Ergun R, Larson D, McFadden J, Mitchell D, Schneider N, Zurek R, Mazelle C, Andersson L, Andrews D, Baird D, Baker DN, Bell JM, Benna M, Brain D, Chaffin M, Chamberlin P, Chaufray JY, Clarke J, Collinson G, Combi M, Crary F, Cravens T, Crismani M, Curry S, Curtis D, Deighan J, Delory G, Dewey R, DiBraccio G, Dong C, Dong Y, Dunn P, Elrod M, England S, Eriksson A, Espley J, Evans S, Fang X, Fillingim M, Fortier K, Fowler CM, Fox J, Gröller H, Guzewich S, Hara T, Harada Y, Holsclaw G, Jain SK, Jolitz R, Leblanc F, Lee CO, Lee Y, Lefevre F, Lillis R, Livi R, Lo D, Ma Y, Mayyasi M, McClintock W, McEnulty T, Modolo R, Montmessin F, Morooka M, Nagy A, Olsen K, Peterson W, Rahmati A, Ruhunusiri S, Russell CT, Sakai S, Sauvaud JA, Seki K, Steckiewicz M, Stevens M, Stewart AIF, Stiepen A, Stone S, Tenishev V, Thiemann E, Tolson R, Toublanc D, Vogt M, Weber T, Withers P, Woods T, Yelle R. Early MAVEN Deep Dip campaign reveals thermosphere and ionosphere variability. Science 2015; 350:aad0459. [PMID: 26542579 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) mission, during the second of its Deep Dip campaigns, made comprehensive measurements of martian thermosphere and ionosphere composition, structure, and variability at altitudes down to ~130 kilometers in the subsolar region. This altitude range contains the diffusively separated upper atmosphere just above the well-mixed atmosphere, the layer of peak extreme ultraviolet heating and primary reservoir for atmospheric escape. In situ measurements of the upper atmosphere reveal previously unmeasured populations of neutral and charged particles, the homopause altitude at approximately 130 kilometers, and an unexpected level of variability both on an orbit-to-orbit basis and within individual orbits. These observations help constrain volatile escape processes controlled by thermosphere and ionosphere structure and variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bougher
- CLaSP Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - B Jakosky
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J Halekas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - J Grebowsky
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - J Luhmann
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - P Mahaffy
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - J Connerney
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - F Eparvier
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R Ergun
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D Larson
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - J McFadden
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - D Mitchell
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - N Schneider
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R Zurek
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - C Mazelle
- CNRS/Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Toulouse, France. University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - L Andersson
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D Andrews
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - D Baird
- NASA/Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - D N Baker
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J M Bell
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - M Benna
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - D Brain
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M Chaffin
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P Chamberlin
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - J-Y Chaufray
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales /CNRS, Verrieres-le-Buisson, France
| | - J Clarke
- Department of Astronomy, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G Collinson
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - M Combi
- CLaSP Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - F Crary
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - T Cravens
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - M Crismani
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S Curry
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - D Curtis
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - J Deighan
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - G Delory
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - R Dewey
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - G DiBraccio
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - C Dong
- CLaSP Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Y Dong
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P Dunn
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - M Elrod
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - S England
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - A Eriksson
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - J Espley
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - S Evans
- Computational Physics, Springfield, VA, USA
| | - X Fang
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M Fillingim
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - K Fortier
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - C M Fowler
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J Fox
- Department of Physics, Wright State University, Fairborn, OH, USA
| | - H Gröller
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - S Guzewich
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - T Hara
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Y Harada
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - G Holsclaw
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S K Jain
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R Jolitz
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - F Leblanc
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales /CNRS, Verrieres-le-Buisson, France
| | - C O Lee
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Y Lee
- CLaSP Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - F Lefevre
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales /CNRS, Verrieres-le-Buisson, France
| | - R Lillis
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - R Livi
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - D Lo
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Y Ma
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M Mayyasi
- Department of Astronomy, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - W McClintock
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - T McEnulty
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R Modolo
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales /CNRS, Verrieres-le-Buisson, France
| | - F Montmessin
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales /CNRS, Verrieres-le-Buisson, France
| | - M Morooka
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A Nagy
- CLaSP Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K Olsen
- CLaSP Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - W Peterson
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A Rahmati
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - S Ruhunusiri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - C T Russell
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Sakai
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - J-A Sauvaud
- CNRS/Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Toulouse, France. University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - K Seki
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - M Steckiewicz
- CNRS/Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Toulouse, France. University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - M Stevens
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - A I F Stewart
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A Stiepen
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S Stone
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - V Tenishev
- CLaSP Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - E Thiemann
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R Tolson
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - D Toublanc
- CNRS/Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Toulouse, France. University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - M Vogt
- Department of Astronomy, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T Weber
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P Withers
- Department of Astronomy, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T Woods
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R Yelle
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Clemente C, Withers P, Thompson G, Thompson G. Why go bipedal? Locomotion and morphology in Australian agamid lizards. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.04.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Clemente C, Withers P, Thompson G, Lloyd D. Adaptation of biomechanics in Australian arboreal varanids. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Fulchignoni M, Ferri F, Angrilli F, Ball AJ, Bar-Nun A, Barucci MA, Bettanini C, Bianchini G, Borucki W, Colombatti G, Coradini M, Coustenis A, Debei S, Falkner P, Fanti G, Flamini E, Gaborit V, Grard R, Hamelin M, Harri AM, Hathi B, Jernej I, Leese MR, Lehto A, Lion Stoppato PF, López-Moreno JJ, Mäkinen T, McDonnell JAM, McKay CP, Molina-Cuberos G, Neubauer FM, Pirronello V, Rodrigo R, Saggin B, Schwingenschuh K, Seiff A, Simões F, Svedhem H, Tokano T, Towner MC, Trautner R, Withers P, Zarnecki JC. In situ measurements of the physical characteristics of Titan's environment. Nature 2005; 438:785-91. [PMID: 16319827 DOI: 10.1038/nature04314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 545] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of previous ground-based and fly-by information, we knew that Titan's atmosphere was mainly nitrogen, with some methane, but its temperature and pressure profiles were poorly constrained because of uncertainties in the detailed composition. The extent of atmospheric electricity ('lightning') was also hitherto unknown. Here we report the temperature and density profiles, as determined by the Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument (HASI), from an altitude of 1,400 km down to the surface. In the upper part of the atmosphere, the temperature and density were both higher than expected. There is a lower ionospheric layer between 140 km and 40 km, with electrical conductivity peaking near 60 km. We may also have seen the signature of lightning. At the surface, the temperature was 93.65 +/- 0.25 K, and the pressure was 1,467 +/- 1 hPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fulchignoni
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, 5 Place Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France. [2
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- P Withers
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
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Guppy M, Reeves DC, Bishop T, Withers P, Buckingham JA, Brand MD. Intrinsic metabolic depression in cells isolated from the hepatopancreas of estivating snails. FASEB J 2000; 14:999-1004. [PMID: 10783155 DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.14.7.999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Many animals across the phylogenetic scale are routinely capable of depressing their metabolic rate to 5-15% of that at rest, remaining in this state sometimes for years. However, despite its widespread occurrence, the biochemical processes associated with metabolic depression remain obscure. We demonstrate here the development of an isolated cell model for the study of metabolic depression. The isolated cells from the hepatopancreas (digestive gland) of the land snail (Helix aspersa) are oxygen conformers; i.e., their rate of respiration depends on pO(2). Cells isolated from estivating snails show a stable metabolic depression to 30% of control (despite the long and invasive process of cell isolation) when metabolic rate at the physiological pH and pO(2) of the hemolymph of estivating snails is compared with metabolic rate at the physiological pH and pO(2) of the hemolymph of control snails. When the extrinsic effects of pH and pO(2) are excluded, the intrinsic metabolic depression of the cells from estivating snails is still to below 50% of control snails. The in vitro effect of pO(2) on metabolic rate is independent of pH and state (awake or estivating), but the effects of pH and state significantly interact. This suggests that pH and state change affect metabolic depression by similar mechanisms but that the metabolic depression by hypoxia involves a separate mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guppy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK.
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Abstract
Depression of metabolic rate has been recorded for virtually all major animal phyla in response to environmental stress. The extent of depression is usually measured as the ratio of the depressed metabolic rate to the normal resting metabolic rate. Metabolic rate is sometimes only depressed to approx. 80% of the resting value (i.e. a depression of approx. 20% of resting); it is more commonly 5-40% of resting (i.e. a depression of approx. 60-95% of resting); extreme depression is to 1% or less of resting, or even to an unmeasurably low metabolic rate (i.e. a depression of approx. 99-100% of resting). We have examined the resting and depressed metabolic rate of animals as a function of their body mass, corrected to a common temperature. This allometric approach allows ready comparison of the absolute level of both resting and depressed metabolic rate for various animals, and suggests three general patterns of metabolic depression. Firstly, metabolic depression to approx. 0.05-0.4 of rest is a common and remarkably consistent pattern for various non-cryptobiotic animals (e.g. molluscs, earthworms, crustaceans, fishes, amphibians, reptiles). This extent of metabolic depression is typical for dormant animals with 'intrinsic' depression, i.e. reduction of metabolic rate in anticipation of adverse environmental conditions but without substantial changes to their ionic or osmotic status, or state of body water. Some of these types of animal are able to survive anoxia for limited periods, and their anaerobic metabolic depression is also to approx. 0.05-0.4 of resting. Metabolic depression to much less than 0.2 of resting is apparent for some 'resting', 'over-wintering' or diapaused eggs of these animals, but this can be due to early developmental arrest so that the egg has a low 'metabolic mass' of developed tissue (compared to the overall mass of the egg) with no metabolic depression, rather than having metabolic depression of the entire cell mass. A profound decrease in metabolic rate occurs in hibernating (or aestivating) mammals and birds during torpor, e.g. to less than 0.01 of pre-torpor metabolic rate, but there is often no intrinsic metabolic depression in addition to that reduction in metabolic rate due to readjustment of thermoregulatory control and a decrease in body temperature with a concommitant Q10 effect. There may be a modest intrinsic metabolic depression for some species in shallow torpor (to approx. 0.86) and a more substantial metabolic depression for deep torpor (approx. 0.6), but any energy saving accruing from this intrinsic depression is small compared to the substantial savings accrued from the readjustment of thermoregulation and the Q10 effect. Secondly, a more extreme pattern of metabolic depression (to < 0.05 of rest) is evident for cryptobiotic animals. For these animals there is a profound change in their internal environment--for anoxybiotic animals there is an absence of oxygen and for osmobiotic, anhydrobiotic or cryobiotic animals there is an alteration of the ionic/osmotic balance or state of body water. Some normally aerobic animals can tolerate anoxia for considerable periods, and their duration of tolerance is inversely related to their magnitude of metabolic depression; anaerobic metabolic rate can be less than 0.005 of resting. The metabolic rate of anhydrobiotic animals is often so low as to be unmeasurable, if not zero. Thus, anhydrobiosis is the ultimate strategy for eggs or other stages of the life cycle to survive extended periods of environmental stress. Thirdly, a pattern of absence of metabolism when normally hydrated (as opposed to anhydrobiotic or cryobiotic) is apparently unique to diapaused eggs of the brine-shrimp (Artemia spp., an anostracan crustacean) during anoxia. The apparent complete metabolic depression of anoxic yet hydrated cysts (and extreme metabolic depression of normoxic, hypoxic, or osmobiotic, yet hydrated cysts), is an obvious exception to the above patterns. (ABST
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guppy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
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Matthie J, Zarowitz B, De Lorenzo A, Andreoli A, Katzarski K, Pan G, Withers P. Analytic assessment of the various bioimpedance methods used to estimate body water. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1998; 84:1801-16. [PMID: 9572833 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1998.84.5.1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of patient fluid distribution would be useful clinically. Both single-frequency (SF) and impedance modeling approaches are proposed. The high intercorrelation between body water compartments makes determining the best approach difficult. This study was conducted to evaluate the merits of an SF approach. Mathematical simulation was performed to determine the effect of tissue change on resistance and reactance. Dilution results were reanalyzed, and resistance and parallel reactance were used to predict the intracellular water for two groups. Results indicated that the amount of intracellular and extracellular water conduction at any SF can vary with tissue change, and reactance at any SF is affected by all tissue parameters. Modeling provided a good prediction of dilution intracellular and extracellular water, but an SF method did not. Intracellular, extracellular, and total body water were equally predicted at all frequencies by SF resistance and parallel reactance. Extracellular and intracellular water are best measured through modeling, because only at the zero and infinite frequencies are the results sensitive only to extracellular and intracellular water. At all other frequencies there are other effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Matthie
- Medical Department, Xitron Technologies, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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Hillman S, Withers P, Kimmel P. Plasma catecholamines with hemorrhage in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. J Exp Zool 1998; 280:174-181. [PMID: 9433802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of plasma epinephrine (E) and norepinephrin (N) measured at rest in bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) were 12.0 and 8.2 nmol liter-1 respectively: the ratio of [E]/[N] was 1.33 (+/- SE 0.35). Adrenal glands contained high concentrations of epinephrine (2,923 nmole g wet weight-1) and norepinephrine (6,194), at a ratio of 0.46 (+/- SE 0.04) [E]/[N]. This differs from the measured plasma ratio and endogenous release ratios of about 2 for [E]/[N] reported for other Rana species, although the 95% confidence interval of our plasma ratio (0.97) spans the range of values from 0.36 to 2.3, including the observed plasma ratio of 0.46. Therefore, resting plasma catecholamine levels generally reflect the proportional adrenal content of catecholamines. Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations significantly increased after activity to 50.4 and 18.1 nmol liter-1, respectively. The ratio of epinephrine to norepinephrine ([E]/[N]) also increased (but not significantly) to 8.53 (+/- SE 4.23), suggesting a shift away from some adrenal tone at rest to sympathetic nerve dominance with activity. Graded hemorrhage led to further increases in plasma epinephrine concentration and [E]/[N] but not norepinephrine, indicating sympathetic but not adrenal involvement. The in vitro epinephrine sensitivity of vascular beds indicates recruitment of the dorsal aorta vascular beds before the pulmocutaneous vascular bed. The minimum sensitivity of vascular beds to perfused epinephrine (10(4) nmol liter-1) was at higher concentrations than maximal plasma concentrations measured during hemorrhage. The bullfrog is less tolerant of hemorrhage than the cane toad Bufo marinus. The major difference in the catecholamine response of these two species was the massive contribution of adrenal catecholamines with severe hemorrhage in toads, which is absent in bullfrogs. This suggests that the enhanced hemorrhage and dehydration tolerance of toads may in part be the result of their greater adrenal gland development and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hillman
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, Oregon 97207, USA.
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De Lorenzo A, Andreoli A, Matthie J, Withers P. Predicting body cell mass with bioimpedance by using theoretical methods: a technological review. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1997; 82:1542-58. [PMID: 9134904 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1997.82.5.1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The body cell mass (BCM), defined as intracellular water (ICW), was estimated in 73 healthy men and women by total body potassium (TBK) and by bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS). In 14 other subjects, extracellular water (ECW) and total body water (TBW) were measured by bromide dilution and deuterium oxide dilution, respectively. For all subjects, impedance spectral data were fit to the Cole model, and ECW and ICW volumes were predicted by using model electrical resistance terms RE and Rt in an equation derived from Hanai mixture theory, respectively. The BIS ECW prediction bromide dilution was r = 0.91, standard error of the estimate (SEE) 0.90 liter. The BIS TBW prediction of deuterium space was r = 0.95, SEE 1.33 liters. The BIS ICW prediction of the dilution-determined ICW was r = 0.87, SEE 1.69 liters. The BIS ICW prediction of the TBK-determined ICW for the 73 subjects was r = 0.85, SEE = 2.22 liters. These results add further support to the validity of the Hanai theory, the equation used, and the conclusion that ECW and ICW volume can be predicted by an approach based solely on fundamental principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De Lorenzo
- Department of Physiology, University of Rome Tor Vergata
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Matthie
- Xitnon Technologies, Inc, 6295 Ferris Square, Suite D, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - P Withers
- Xitnon Technologies, Inc, 6295 Ferris Square, Suite D, San Diego, CA 92121
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Matthie JR, Withers P. Impedance measurements of body-water compartments. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 61:1167-9. [PMID: 7733045 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/61.4.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Withers P. Multi-frequency impedance measurements of extra-cellular fluid volume. Physiol Meas 1995; 16:71-6. [PMID: 7749359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Abstract
The possible role of urea and trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) in providing positive buoyancy has been examined for elasmobranch fishes. TMAO has a considerably lower density than an equimolar solution of urea, and solutions of both TMAO and urea are considerably less dense than equimolar solutions of most other body fluid solutes. The body fluid composition of three elasmobranchs, the whiskery shark Furgaleus ventralis, the black whaler shark Carcharhinus obscurus and the shovelnosed ray Aptychotremata vincentiana, is typical for marine elasmobranchs, with plasma concentrations of about 260 mmol l-1 Na+, 250 mmol l-1 Cl-, 340 mmol l-1 urea and 70 mmol l-1 trimethylamine oxide. A plasma density of 1.015 was calculated for the whaler shark (from the concentrations, relative molecular masses and absolute molal volumes of plasma solutes), which would contribute a positive lift of 8.45 g l-1. There is a large positive contribution to buoyancy by urea (3.7 g l-1), trimethylamine oxide (1.8 g l-1) and Cl- (4.0 g l-1), whereas slight negative buoyancy is conferred by Na+ (-0.8 g l-1). Divalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+) contribute minimal negative buoyancy (about -0.1 g l-1 each) despite their rather negative partial molal volumes, because of their low concentrations. Muscle fluids contain about 40 mmol l-1 Cl-, 365 mmol l-1 urea, 160 mmol l-1 trimethylamine oxide, 16 mmol l-1 betaine and 69 mmol l-1 sarcosine. The organic solutes contribute about 12.1 g l-1 lift. Although urea and TMAO act as balancing osmolytes, and TMAO as a counteracting solute, a positive buoyancy role must be considered as a further adaptive function of urea and TMAO accumulation in chondrichthyean fishes.
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Van Loan MD, Withers P, Matthie J, Mayclin PL. Use of bioimpedance spectroscopy to determine extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid, total body water, and fat-free mass. Basic Life Sci 1993; 60:67-70. [PMID: 8110166 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1268-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M D Van Loan
- USDA Western Human Nutrition Research Center, San Francisco, CA 94129
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Abstract
We have studied the metabolism of platelets in vitro using washed platelets. Oxygen uptake and fuel utilization were measured. It was found that glucose is never oxidized to any significant extent and is always converted to lactate, regardless of oxygen availability. Oxidative metabolism fuels 70-100% of the ATP turnover, and oxygen uptake is the same whether the platelet is consuming glucose, acetate or only an unidentified endogenous fuel. When acetate is the added fuel, no endogenous fuel is oxidized, whereas the addition of glucose results in sparing of only 8% of endogenous fuel. Preliminary storage experiments using plasma-free media show that an acetate-containing buffered salt solution provided excellent storage conditions and that a medium without any exogenous fuel is better than one containing glucose. Thus we conclude that a successful storage medium should contain minimal amounts of glucose, and an oxidizable fuel such as acetate, in order to supplement the endogenous one.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guppy
- Biochemistry, UWA, Nedlands, W.A., Australia
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Flanigan J, Withers P, Storey K, Guppy M. Changes in enzyme binding and activity during aestivation in the frog Neobatrachus pelobatoides. Comp Biochem Physiol B 1990; 96:67-71. [PMID: 2364675 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(90)90343-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
1. The proportion of aldolase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) associated with the particulate fraction of a cell was measured in aestivating and non-aestivating Neobatrachus pelobatoides. 2. Reduced binding of these enzymes was found in the brain, indicating lower glycolytic flux. This was not correlated to metabolic rate suggesting that glycolytic rate was reduced in this tissue in the early stages of aestivation, possibly due to a change in fuel use. 3. Measurement of total enzyme levels showed that the liver of aestivating frogs had less GAPDH and less aldolase than non-aestivating frogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Flanigan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Nedlands
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Withers P. FOOD POISONING AND THE CONVALESCENCE OF INFLUENZA. West J Med 1905. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.2315.1071-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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