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Kozlova EV, Denys ME, Benedum J, Valdez MC, Enriquez D, Bishay AE, Chinthirla BD, Truong E, Krum JM, DiPatrizio NV, Deol P, Martins-Green M, Curras-Collazo MC. Developmental exposure to indoor flame retardants and hypothalamic molecular signatures: Sex-dependent reprogramming of lipid homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:997304. [PMID: 36277707 PMCID: PMC9580103 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.997304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame-retardant organohalogen pollutants that act as endocrine/neuroendocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). In humans, exposure to brominated flame retardants (BFR) or other environmentally persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and novel organophosphate flame retardants has been associated with increasing trends of diabetes and metabolic disease. However, the effects of PBDEs on metabolic processes and their associated sex-dependent features are poorly understood. The metabolic-disrupting effects of perinatal exposure to industrial penta-PBDE mixture, DE-71, on male and female progeny of C57BL/6N mouse dams were examined in adulthood. Dams were exposed to environmentally relevant doses of PBDEs daily for 10 weeks (p.o.): 0.1 (L-DE-71) and 0.4 mg/kg/d (H-DE-71) and offspring parameters were compared to corn oil vehicle controls (VEH/CON). The following lipid metabolism indices were measured: plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, adiponectin, leptin, and liver lipids. L-DE-71 female offspring were particularly affected, showing hypercholesterolemia, elevated liver lipids and fasting plasma leptin as compared to same-sex VEH/CON, while L- and H-DE-71 male F1 only showed reduced plasma adiponectin. Using the quantitative Folch method, we found that mean liver lipid content was significantly elevated in L-DE-71 female offspring compared to controls. Oil Red O staining revealed fatty liver in female offspring and dams. General measures of adiposity, body weight, white and brown adipose tissue (BAT), and lean and fat mass were weighed or measured using EchoMRI. DE-71 did not produce abnormal adiposity, but decreased BAT depots in L-DE-71 females and males relative to same-sex VEH/CON. To begin to address potential central mechanisms of deregulated lipid metabolism, we used RT-qPCR to quantitate expression of hypothalamic genes in energy-regulating circuits that control lipid homeostasis. Both doses of DE-71 sex-dependently downregulated hypothalamic expression of Lepr, Stat3, Mc4r, Agrp, Gshr in female offspring while H-DE-71 downregulated Npy in exposed females relative to VEH/CON. In contrast, exposed male offspring displayed upregulated Stat3 and Mc4r. Intestinal barrier integrity was measured using FITC-dextran since it can lead to systemic inflammation that leads to liver damage and metabolic disease, but was not affected by DE-71 exposure. These findings indicate that maternal transfer of PBDEs disproportionately endangers female offspring to lipid metabolic reprogramming that may exaggerate risk for adult metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Kozlova
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Maximillian E. Denys
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan Benedum
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Matthew C. Valdez
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Dave Enriquez
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Anthony E. Bishay
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Bhuvaneswari D. Chinthirla
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Edward Truong
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Julia M. Krum
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas V. DiPatrizio
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Poonamjot Deol
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Manuela Martins-Green
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Margarita C. Curras-Collazo
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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Koshko L, Scofield S, Mor G, Sadagurski M. Prenatal Pollutant Exposures and Hypothalamic Development: Early Life Disruption of Metabolic Programming. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:938094. [PMID: 35909533 PMCID: PMC9327615 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.938094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental contaminants in ambient air pollution pose a serious risk to long-term metabolic health. Strong evidence shows that prenatal exposure to pollutants can significantly increase the risk of Type II Diabetes (T2DM) in children and all ethnicities, even without the prevalence of obesity. The central nervous system (CNS) is critical in regulating whole-body metabolism. Within the CNS, the hypothalamus lies at the intersection of the neuroendocrine and autonomic systems and is primarily responsible for the regulation of energy homeostasis and satiety signals. The hypothalamus is particularly sensitive to insults during early neurodevelopmental periods and may be susceptible to alterations in the formation of neural metabolic circuitry. Although the precise molecular mechanism is not yet defined, alterations in hypothalamic developmental circuits may represent a leading cause of impaired metabolic programming. In this review, we present the current knowledge on the links between prenatal pollutant exposure and the hypothalamic programming of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Koshko
- Integrative Biosciences Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Sydney Scofield
- Integrative Biosciences Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Gil Mor
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Marianna Sadagurski
- Integrative Biosciences Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Marianna Sadagurski,
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3
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Sheng JA, Bales NJ, Myers SA, Bautista AI, Roueinfar M, Hale TM, Handa RJ. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis: Development, Programming Actions of Hormones, and Maternal-Fetal Interactions. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 14:601939. [PMID: 33519393 PMCID: PMC7838595 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.601939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is a complex system of neuroendocrine pathways and feedback loops that function to maintain physiological homeostasis. Abnormal development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis can further result in long-term alterations in neuropeptide and neurotransmitter synthesis in the central nervous system, as well as glucocorticoid hormone synthesis in the periphery. Together, these changes can potentially lead to a disruption in neuroendocrine, behavioral, autonomic, and metabolic functions in adulthood. In this review, we will discuss the regulation of the HPA axis and its development. We will also examine the maternal-fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and disruption of the normal fetal environment which becomes a major risk factor for many neurodevelopmental pathologies in adulthood, such as major depressive disorder, anxiety, schizophrenia, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julietta A. Sheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Natalie J. Bales
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Sage A. Myers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Anna I. Bautista
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Mina Roueinfar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Taben M. Hale
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Robert J. Handa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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Tian B, Fu H, Liu B, Zhu J, Zheng X, Ge C. Effects of Amifostine Pre-treatment on MIRNA, LNCRNA, and MRNA Profiles in the Hypothalamus of Mice Exposed to 60Co Gamma Radiation. HEALTH PHYSICS 2020; 119:297-305. [PMID: 32384371 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the expression of non-coding RNA and mRNA (messenger RNA) is significantly altered following high-dose ionizing radiation (IR), and their expression may play a critical role in cellular responses to IR. However, the role of non-coding RNA and mRNA in radiation protection, especially in the nervous system, remains unknown. In this study, microarray profiles were used to determine microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and mRNA expression in the hypothalamus of mice that were pretreated with amifostine and subsequently exposed to high-dose IR. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed. We found that fewer miRNAs, lncRNAs, and mRNAs were induced by amifostine pre-treatment in exposed mice, which exhibited antagonistic effects compared to IR, indicating that amifostine attenuated the IR-induced effects on RNA profiles. GO and KEGG pathway analyses showed changes in a variety of signaling pathways involved in inflammatory responses during radioprotection following amifostine pre-treatment in exposed mice. Taken together, our study revealed that amifostine treatment altered or attenuated miRNA, lncRNA, and mRNA expression in the hypothalamus of exposed mice. These data provide a resource to further elucidate the mechanisms underlying amifostine-mediated radioprotection in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolei Tian
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
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5
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Zhou X, Zhong S, Peng H, Liu J, Ding W, Sun L, Ma Q, Liu Z, Chen R, Wu Q, Wang X. Cellular and molecular properties of neural progenitors in the developing mammalian hypothalamus. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4063. [PMID: 32792525 PMCID: PMC7426815 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17890-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroendocrine hypothalamus is the central regulator of vital physiological homeostasis and behavior. However, the cellular and molecular properties of hypothalamic neural progenitors remain unexplored. Here, hypothalamic radial glial (hRG) and hypothalamic mantle zone radial glial (hmRG) cells are found to be neural progenitors in the developing mammalian hypothalamus. The hmRG cells originate from hRG cells and produce neurons. During the early development of hypothalamus, neurogenesis occurs in radial columns and is initiated from hRG cells. The radial glial fibers are oriented toward the locations of hypothalamic subregions which act as a scaffold for neuronal migration. Furthermore, we use single-cell RNA sequencing to reveal progenitor subtypes in human developing hypothalamus and characterize specific progenitor genes, such as TTYH1, HMGA2, and FAM107A. We also demonstrate that HMGA2 is involved in E2F1 pathway, regulating the proliferation of progenitor cells by targeting on the downstream MYBL2. Different neuronal subtypes start to differentiate and express specific genes of hypothalamic nucleus at gestational week 10. Finally, we reveal the developmental conservation of nuclear structures and marker genes in mouse and human hypothalamus. Our identification of cellular and molecular properties of neural progenitors provides a basic understanding of neurogenesis and regional formation of the non-laminated hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Suijuan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Honghai Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, 250013, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Le Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zeyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ruiguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiaoqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Qi Z, Mi C, Wu F, Yang X, Sang Y, Liu Y, Li J, Yang H, Xu B, Liu W, Xu Z, Deng Y. The effect of manganese exposure on GnRH secretion via Nrf2/mGluR5/COX-2/PGE2/signaling pathway. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 35:211-227. [PMID: 30862296 DOI: 10.1177/0748233719825720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There are limited studies focused on the precise mechanism of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion dysfunction after overexposure to manganese (Mn). The objective of the present study was to explore the mechanism of Mn disruption of GnRH synthesis via nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf2)/metabotropic glutamate receptor-5 (mGluR5)/cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Primary astrocytes were cultured and treated with different doses of Mn, tert-butylhydroquinonet (tBHQ; Nrf2 agonists), 3-[(2-methyl-4-thaizolyl) ethynyl] pyridine (MTEP; mGluR5 inhibitor), and celecoxib (COX-2 inhibitor) to measure the levels of COX-2, mGluR5, Nrf2, and Nrf2 target genes. Mice were randomly divided into 11 groups, of which included the control group, 12.5-, 25-, and 50-mg/kg MnCl2 group, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) group, tBHQ control group, tBHQ pretreatment group, MTEP control group, MTEP pretreatment group, celecoxib control group, and celecoxib pretreatment group. The injection was administered every day for 2 weeks. Then, levels of GnRH, PGE2, COX-2, mGluR5, Nrf2, Nrf2 target genes, and morphological changes in the hypothalamus of mice were measured. Mn reduced protein levels of Nrf2 and mRNA expression of Nrf2 target genes and increased mGluR5, COX-2, PGE2, and GnRH levels. Meanwhile, injury-related histomorphology changes in the hypothalamus of mice were significantly present. In conclusion, excessive exposure to Mn disrupts GnRH secretion through Nrf2/mGluR5/COX-2/PGE2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Qi
- 1 Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Mi
- 2 Department of School Health Supervision, Institute of Shenyang Health Inspection, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengdi Wu
- 1 Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Yang
- 1 Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqi Sang
- 1 Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Liu
- 1 Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiashuo Li
- 1 Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Yang
- 1 Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.,3 Department of Occupational Diseases, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Xu
- 1 Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- 1 Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaofa Xu
- 1 Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Deng
- 1 Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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7
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Yamada-Goto N, Ochi Y, Katsuura G, Yamashita Y, Ebihara K, Noguchi M, Fujikura J, Taura D, Sone M, Hosoda K, Gottschall PE, Nakao K. Neuronal cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells as a functional tool of melanocortin system. Neuropeptides 2017; 65:10-20. [PMID: 28434791 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The preparation of human neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can serve as a potential tool for evaluating the physiological and pathophysiological properties of human neurons and for drug development. METHODS In the present study, the functional activity in neuronal cells differentiated from human iPS cells was observed. RESULTS The differentiated cells expressed mRNAs for classical neuronal markers (microtubule-associated protein 2, β-tubulin III, calbindin 1, synaptophysin and postsynaptic density protein 95) and for subunits of various excitatory and inhibitory transmitters (NR1, NR2A, NR2B, GABAA α1). Moreover, the differentiated cells expressed neuropeptides and receptors which are predominantly present in the hypothalamus. The expression of mRNA for preopiomelanocortin, agouti-related protein (AgRP), melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R) and melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) increased in culture with a peak on Day 30 which subsequently decreased at Day 45. Immunoreactivities for MC3R and MC4R were also observed in cells differentiated from human iPS cells. Application of a potent agonist for MC3R and MC4R, [Nle4, D-Phe7]-α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, significantly increased intracellular cAMP levels, but this was suppressed by AgRP (83-132) and SHU9119. CONCLUSIONS These findings offer the possibility for drug developments using neurons differentiated from normal or disease-associated human iPS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Yamada-Goto
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Yukari Ochi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Goro Katsuura
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yui Yamashita
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Ebihara
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michio Noguchi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junji Fujikura
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Taura
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Sone
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiminori Hosoda
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Human Health Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Paul E Gottschall
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slot 611, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, AR, USA
| | - Kazuwa Nakao
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto, Japan
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8
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Huilgol D, Tole S. Cell migration in the developing rodent olfactory system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2467-90. [PMID: 26994098 PMCID: PMC4894936 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2172-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The components of the nervous system are assembled in development by the process of cell migration. Although the principles of cell migration are conserved throughout the brain, different subsystems may predominantly utilize specific migratory mechanisms, or may display unusual features during migration. Examining these subsystems offers not only the potential for insights into the development of the system, but may also help in understanding disorders arising from aberrant cell migration. The olfactory system is an ancient sensory circuit that is essential for the survival and reproduction of a species. The organization of this circuit displays many evolutionarily conserved features in vertebrates, including molecular mechanisms and complex migratory pathways. In this review, we describe the elaborate migrations that populate each component of the olfactory system in rodents and compare them with those described in the well-studied neocortex. Understanding how the components of the olfactory system are assembled will not only shed light on the etiology of olfactory and sexual disorders, but will also offer insights into how conserved migratory mechanisms may have shaped the evolution of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Huilgol
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, USA
| | - Shubha Tole
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India.
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9
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Abstract
The neuroendocrine hypothalamus is composed of the tuberal and anterodorsal hypothalamus, together with the median eminence/neurohypophysis. It centrally governs wide-ranging physiological processes, including homeostasis of energy balance, circadian rhythms and stress responses, as well as growth and reproductive behaviours. Homeostasis is maintained by integrating sensory inputs and effecting responses via autonomic, endocrine and behavioural outputs, over diverse time-scales and throughout the lifecourse of an individual. Here, we summarize studies that begin to reveal how different territories and cell types within the neuroendocrine hypothalamus are assembled in an integrated manner to enable function, thus supporting the organism's ability to survive and thrive. We discuss how signaling pathways and transcription factors dictate the appearance and regionalization of the hypothalamic primordium, the maintenance of progenitor cells, and their specification and differentiation into neurons. We comment on recent studies that harness such programmes for the directed differentiation of human ES/iPS cells. We summarize how developmental plasticity is maintained even into adulthood and how integration between the hypothalamus and peripheral body is established in the median eminence and neurohypophysis. Analysis of model organisms, including mouse, chick and zebrafish, provides a picture of how complex, yet elegantly coordinated, developmental programmes build glial and neuronal cells around the third ventricle of the brain. Such conserved processes enable the hypothalamus to mediate its function as a central integrating and response-control mediator for the homeostatic processes that are critical to life. Early indications suggest that deregulation of these events may underlie multifaceted pathological conditions and dysfunctional physiology in humans, such as obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Burbridge
- Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Stewart
- Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Marysia Placzek
- Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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10
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Biran J, Tahor M, Wircer E, Levkowitz G. Role of developmental factors in hypothalamic function. Front Neuroanat 2015. [PMID: 25954163 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00047.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a brain region which regulates homeostasis by mediating endocrine, autonomic and behavioral functions. It is comprised of several nuclei containing distinct neuronal populations producing neuropeptides and neurotransmitters that regulate fundamental body functions including temperature and metabolic rate, thirst and hunger, sexual behavior and reproduction, circadian rhythm, and emotional responses. The identity, number and connectivity of these neuronal populations are established during the organism's development and are of crucial importance for normal hypothalamic function. Studies have suggested that developmental abnormalities in specific hypothalamic circuits can lead to obesity, sleep disorders, anxiety, depression and autism. At the molecular level, the development of the hypothalamus is regulated by transcription factors (TF), secreted growth factors, neuropeptides and their receptors. Recent studies in zebrafish and mouse have demonstrated that some of these molecules maintain their expression in the adult brain and subsequently play a role in the physiological functions that are regulated by hypothalamic neurons. Here, we summarize the involvement of some of the key developmental factors in hypothalamic development and function by focusing on the mouse and zebrafish genetic model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Biran
- Departments of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maayan Tahor
- Departments of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
| | - Einav Wircer
- Departments of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gil Levkowitz
- Departments of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
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11
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Biran J, Tahor M, Wircer E, Levkowitz G. Role of developmental factors in hypothalamic function. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:47. [PMID: 25954163 PMCID: PMC4404869 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a brain region which regulates homeostasis by mediating endocrine, autonomic and behavioral functions. It is comprised of several nuclei containing distinct neuronal populations producing neuropeptides and neurotransmitters that regulate fundamental body functions including temperature and metabolic rate, thirst and hunger, sexual behavior and reproduction, circadian rhythm, and emotional responses. The identity, number and connectivity of these neuronal populations are established during the organism’s development and are of crucial importance for normal hypothalamic function. Studies have suggested that developmental abnormalities in specific hypothalamic circuits can lead to obesity, sleep disorders, anxiety, depression and autism. At the molecular level, the development of the hypothalamus is regulated by transcription factors (TF), secreted growth factors, neuropeptides and their receptors. Recent studies in zebrafish and mouse have demonstrated that some of these molecules maintain their expression in the adult brain and subsequently play a role in the physiological functions that are regulated by hypothalamic neurons. Here, we summarize the involvement of some of the key developmental factors in hypothalamic development and function by focusing on the mouse and zebrafish genetic model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Biran
- Departments of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maayan Tahor
- Departments of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
| | - Einav Wircer
- Departments of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gil Levkowitz
- Departments of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
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Díaz C, Morales-Delgado N, Puelles L. Ontogenesis of peptidergic neurons within the genoarchitectonic map of the mouse hypothalamus. Front Neuroanat 2015; 8:162. [PMID: 25628541 PMCID: PMC4290630 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During early development, the hypothalamic primordium undergoes anteroposterior and dorsoventral regionalization into diverse progenitor domains, each characterized by a differential gene expression code. The types of neurons produced selectively in each of these distinct progenitor domains are still poorly understood. Recent analysis of the ontogeny of peptidergic neuronal populations expressing Sst, Ghrh, Crh and Trh mRNAs in the mouse hypothalamus showed that these cell types originate from particular dorsoventral domains, characterized by specific combinations of gene markers. Such analysis implies that the differentiation of diverse peptidergic cell populations depends on the molecular environment where they are born. Moreover, a number of these peptidergic neurons were observed to migrate radially and/or tangentially, invading different adult locations, often intermingled with other cell types. This suggests that a developmental approach is absolutely necessary for the understanding of their adult distribution. In this essay, we examine comparatively the ontogenetic hypothalamic topography of twelve additional peptidergic populations documented in the Allen Developmental Mouse Brain Atlas, and discuss shared vs. variant aspects in their apparent origins, migrations and final distribution, in the context of the respective genoarchitectonic backgrounds. This analysis should aid ulterior attempts to explain causally the development of neuronal diversity in the hypothalamus, and contribute to our understanding of its topographic complexity in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Díaz
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Institute for Research in Neurological Disabilities, University of Castilla-La Mancha Albacete, Spain
| | - Nicanor Morales-Delgado
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, University of Murcia, School of Medicine and IMIB (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria) Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, University of Murcia, School of Medicine and IMIB (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria) Murcia, Spain
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Maggi R, Zasso J, Conti L. Neurodevelopmental origin and adult neurogenesis of the neuroendocrine hypothalamus. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 8:440. [PMID: 25610370 PMCID: PMC4285089 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult hypothalamus regulates many physiological functions and homeostatic loops, including growth, feeding and reproduction. In mammals, the hypothalamus derives from the ventral diencephalon where two distinct ventricular proliferative zones have been described. Although a set of transcription factors regulating the hypothalamic development has been identified, the exact molecular mechanisms that drive the differentiation of hypothalamic neural precursor cells (NPCs) toward specific neuroendocrine neuronal subtypes is yet not fully disclosed. Neurogenesis has been also reported in the adult hypothalamus at the level of specific niches located in the ventrolateral region of ventricle wall, where NPCs have been identified as radial glia-like tanycytes. Here we review the molecular and cellular systems proposed to support the neurogenic potential of developing and adult hypothalamic NPCs. We also report new insights on the mechanisms by which adult hypothalamic neurogenesis modulates key functions of this brain region. Finally, we discuss how environmental factors may modulate the adult hypothalamic neurogenic cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Maggi
- Laboratory of Developmental Neuroendocrinology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano Milano, Italy ; Interuniversity Centre for the Research on the Molecular Bases of Reproductive Diseases (CIRMAR) Milano, Italy
| | - Jacopo Zasso
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), Università degli Studi di Trento Povo, Italy
| | - Luciano Conti
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), Università degli Studi di Trento Povo, Italy
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Aujla PK, Naratadam GT, Xu L, Raetzman LT. Notch/Rbpjκ signaling regulates progenitor maintenance and differentiation of hypothalamic arcuate neurons. Development 2013; 140:3511-21. [PMID: 23884446 DOI: 10.1242/dev.098681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (Arc), containing pro-opoiomelanocortin (POMC), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) neurons, regulates feeding, energy balance and body size. Dysregulation of this homeostatic mediator underlies diseases ranging from growth failure to obesity. Despite considerable investigation regarding the function of Arc neurons, mechanisms governing their development remain unclear. Notch signaling factors such as Hes1 and Mash1 are present in hypothalamic progenitors that give rise to Arc neurons. However, how Notch signaling controls these progenitor populations is unknown. To elucidate the role of Notch signaling in Arc development, we analyzed conditional loss-of-function mice lacking a necessary Notch co-factor, Rbpjκ, in Nkx2.1-cre-expressing cells (Rbpjκ cKO), as well as mice with expression of the constitutively active Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD) in Nkx2.1-cre-expressing cells (NICD Tg). We found that loss of Rbpjκ results in absence of Hes1 but not of Hes5 within the primordial Arc at E13.5. Additionally, Mash1 expression is increased, coincident with increased proliferation and accumulation of Arc neurons at E13.5. At E18.5, Rbpjκ cKO mice have few progenitors and show increased numbers of differentiated Pomc, NPY and Ghrh neurons. By contrast, NICD Tg mice have increased hypothalamic progenitors, show an absence of differentiated Arc neurons and aberrant glial differentiation at E18.5. Subsequently, both Rbpjκ cKO and NICD Tg mice have changes in growth and body size during postnatal development. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Notch/Rbpjκ signaling regulates the generation and differentiation of Arc neurons, which contribute to homeostatic regulation of body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paven K Aujla
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 407 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Morales-Delgado N, Castro-Robles B, Ferrán JL, Martinez-de-la-Torre M, Puelles L, Díaz C. Regionalized differentiation of CRH, TRH, and GHRH peptidergic neurons in the mouse hypothalamus. Brain Struct Funct 2013; 219:1083-111. [PMID: 24337236 PMCID: PMC4013449 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0554-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
According to the updated prosomeric model, the hypothalamus is subdivided rostrocaudally into terminal and peduncular parts, and dorsoventrally into alar, basal, and floor longitudinal zones. In this context, we examined the ontogeny of peptidergic cell populations expressing Crh, Trh, and Ghrh mRNAs in the mouse hypothalamus, comparing their distribution relative to the major progenitor domains characterized by molecular markers such as Otp, Sim1, Dlx5, Arx, Gsh1, and Nkx2.1. All three neuronal types originate mainly in the peduncular paraventricular domain and less importantly at the terminal paraventricular domain; both are characteristic alar Otp/Sim1-positive areas. Trh and Ghrh cells appeared specifically at the ventral subdomain of the cited areas after E10.5. Additional Ghrh cells emerged separately at the tuberal arcuate area, characterized by Nkx2.1 expression. Crh-positive cells emerged instead in the central part of the peduncular paraventricular domain at E13.5 and remained there. In contrast, as development progresses (E13.5-E18.5) many alar Ghrh and Trh cells translocate into the alar subparaventricular area, and often also into underlying basal neighborhoods expressing Nkx2.1 and/or Dlx5, such as the tuberal and retrotuberal areas, becoming partly or totally depleted at the original birth sites. Our data correlate a topologic map of molecularly defined hypothalamic progenitor areas with three types of specific neurons, each with restricted spatial origins and differential migratory behavior during prenatal hypothalamic development. The study may be useful for detailed causal analysis of the respective differential specification mechanisms. The postulated migrations also contribute to our understanding of adult hypothalamic complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicanor Morales-Delgado
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research and Institute for Research in Neurological Disabilities, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Calle Almansa, 14, 02006, Albacete, Spain
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The use of the zebrafish model in stress research. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:1432-51. [PMID: 20971150 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The study of the causes and mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders requires the use of non-human models for the test of scientific hypotheses as well as for use in pre-clinical drug screening and discovery. This review argues in favor of the use of zebrafish as a novel animal model to study the impact of early (stressful) experiences on the development of differential stress phenotypes in later life. This phenomenon is evolutionary conserved among several vertebrate species and has relevance to the etiology of psychiatric disorders. Why do we need novel animal models? Although significant progress has been achieved with the use of traditional mammalian models, there are major pitfalls associated with their use that impedes progress on two major fronts: 1) uncovering of the molecular mechanisms underlying aspects of compromised (stress-exposed) brain development relevant to the etiology of psychiatric disorders, and 2) ability to develop high-throughput technology for drug discovery in the field of psychiatry. The zebrafish model helps resolve these issues. Here we present a conceptual framework for the use of zebrafish in stress research and psychiatry by addressing three specific domains of application: 1) stress research, 2) human disease mechanisms, and 3) drug discovery. We also present novel methodologies associated with the development of the zebrafish stress model and discuss how such methodologies can contribute to remove the main bottleneck in the field of drug discovery.
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Guerra-Crespo M, Pérez-Monter C, Janga SC, Castillo-Ramírez S, Gutiérrez-Rios RM, Joseph-Bravo P, Pérez-Martínez L, Charli JL. Transcriptional profiling of fetal hypothalamic TRH neurons. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:222. [PMID: 21569245 PMCID: PMC3126781 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During murine hypothalamic development, different neuroendocrine cell phenotypes are generated in overlapping periods; this suggests that cell-type specific developmental programs operate to achieve complete maturation. A balance between programs that include cell proliferation, cell cycle withdrawal as well as epigenetic regulation of gene expression characterizes neurogenesis. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) is a peptide that regulates energy homeostasis and autonomic responses. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying TRH neuron development, we performed a genome wide study of its transcriptome during fetal hypothalamic development. Results In primary cultures, TRH cells constitute 2% of the total fetal hypothalamic cell population. To purify these cells, we took advantage of the fact that the segment spanning -774 to +84 bp of the Trh gene regulatory region confers specific expression of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the TRH cells. Transfected TRH cells were purified by fluorescence activated cell sorting, various cell preparations pooled, and their transcriptome compared to that of GFP- hypothalamic cells. TRH cells undergoing the terminal phase of differentiation, expressed genes implicated in protein biosynthesis, intracellular signaling and transcriptional control. Among the transcription-associated transcripts, we identified the transcription factors Klf4, Klf10 and Atf3, which were previously uncharacterized within the hypothalamus. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is one of the first reports identifying transcripts with a potentially important role during the development of a specific hypothalamic neuronal phenotype. This genome-scale study forms a rational foundation for identifying genes that might participate in the development and function of hypothalamic TRH neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Guerra-Crespo
- Departamento de Genética y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos
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20
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Moreno N, González A. The non-evaginated secondary prosencephalon of vertebrates. Front Neuroanat 2011; 5:12. [PMID: 21427782 PMCID: PMC3049325 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2011.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The secondary prosencephalon (telencephalon plus hypothalamus) is probably the most complex area of the brain, with complicated patterning specifications. As yet, no prosomeric subdivisions have been reported and only distinct histogenetic territories have been recognized. In the present comparative study we analyzed cross-correlated expression maps in the non-evaginated territories of the secondary prosencephalon in different vertebrates throughout development, to assess the existence of comparable divisions and subdivisions in the different groups. Each division is characterized by expression of a unique combination of developmental regulatory genes, and each appears to represent a self-regulated and topologically constant histogenetic brain compartment that gives rise to a specific cell group. The non-evaginated area of the telencephalon corresponds to the preoptic region, whereas the hypothalamus, topologically rostral to the diencephalic prethalamus, includes basal (mammillary and tuberal) and alar (paraventricular and suprachiasmatic) parts. This complex area is specified by a cascade of transcription factors, among which the Dlx family members and Nkx2.1 are essential for the correct development. The only exception is found in the subdivision named termed the supraoptoparaventricular area, in which the transcription factor Orthopedia is essential in restricting the fate of multiple categories of neuroendocrine neurons, in the absence of the Dlx/Nkx2.1 combination. Our analysis, based on own data and published results by other researchers, suggests that common features are shared at least by all tetrapods and, therefore, they most likely were present in the stem tetrapods. The available data for agnathans (lampreys) and other fish groups indicate that not all subdivisions of the secondary prosencephalon were present at the origin of vertebrates, raising important questions about their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Moreno
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense of Madrid Madrid, Spain
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Domínguez L, González A, Moreno N. Ontogenetic distribution of the transcription factor nkx2.2 in the developing forebrain of Xenopus laevis. Front Neuroanat 2011; 5:11. [PMID: 21415915 PMCID: PMC3049246 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2011.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of the Nkx2.2 gene is involved in the organization of the alar-basal boundary in the forebrain of vertebrates. Its expression in different diencephalic and telencephalic regions, helped to define distinct progenitor domains in mouse and chick. Here we investigated the pattern of Nkx2.2 protein distribution throughout the development of the forebrain of the anuran amphibian, Xenopus laevis. We used immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization techniques for its detection in combination with other essential territorial markers in the forebrain. No expression was observed in the telencephalon. In the alar hypothalamus, Nkx2.2 positive cells were scattered in the suprachiasmatic territory, but also in the supraopto-paraventricular area, as defined by the expression of the transcription factor Orthopedia (Otp) and the lack of xDll4. In the basal hypothalamus Nkx2.2 expressing cells were localized in the tuberal region, with the exception of the arcuate nucleus, rich in Otp expressing cells. In the diencephalon it was expressed in all three prosomeres (P1–P3) and not in the zona limitans intrathalamica. The presence of Nkx2.2 expressing cells in P3 was restricted to the alar portion, as well as in prosomere P2, whereas in P1 the Nkx2.2 expressing cells were located in the basal plate and identified the alar/basal boundary. These results showed that Nkx2.2 and Sonic hedgehog are expressed in parallel adjacent stripes along the anterior–posterior axis. The results of this study showed a conserved distribution pattern of Nkx2.2 among vertebrates, crucial to recognize subdivisions that are otherwise indistinct, and supported the relevance of this transcription factor in the organization of the forebrain, particularly in the delineation of the alar/basal boundary of the forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Domínguez
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University Complutense of Madrid Madrid, Spain
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Morales-Delgado N, Merchan P, Bardet SM, Ferrán JL, Puelles L, Díaz C. Topography of Somatostatin Gene Expression Relative to Molecular Progenitor Domains during Ontogeny of the Mouse Hypothalamus. Front Neuroanat 2011; 5:10. [PMID: 21441981 PMCID: PMC3057523 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2011.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus comprises alar, basal, and floor plate developmental compartments. Recent molecular data support a rostrocaudal subdivision into rostral (terminal) and caudal (peduncular) halves. In this context, the distribution of neuronal populations expressing somatostatin (Sst) mRNA was analyzed in the developing mouse hypothalamus, comparing with the expression pattern of the genes Orthopedia (Otp), Distal-less 5 (Dlx5), Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), and Nk2 homeobox 1 (Nkx2.1). At embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5), Sst mRNA was first detectable in the anterobasal nucleus, a Nkx2.1-, Shh-, and Otp-positive basal domain. By E13.5, nascent Sst expression was also related to two additional Otp-positive domains within the alar plate and one in the basal plate. In the alar plate, Sst-positive cells were observed in rostral and caudal ventral subdomains of the Otp-positive paraventricular complex. An additional basal Sst-expressing cell group was found within a longitudinal Otp-positive periretromamillary band that separates the retromamillary area from tuberal areas. Apart of subsequent growth of these initial populations, at E13.5 and E15.5 some Sst-positive derivatives migrate tangentially into neighboring regions. A subset of cells produced at the anterobasal nucleus disperses ventralward into the shell of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and the arcuate nucleus. Cells from the rostroventral paraventricular subdomain reach the suboptic nucleus, whereas a caudal contingent migrates radially into lateral paraventricular, perifornical, and entopeduncular nuclei. Our data provide a topologic map of molecularly defined progenitor areas originating a specific neuron type during early hypothalamic development. Identification of four main separate sources helps to understand causally its complex adult organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicanor Morales-Delgado
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research and Institute for Research in Neurological Disabilities, University of Castilla-La Mancha Albacete, Spain
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Pelling M, Anthwal N, McNay D, Gradwohl G, Leiter AB, Guillemot F, Ang SL. Differential requirements for neurogenin 3 in the development of POMC and NPY neurons in the hypothalamus. Dev Biol 2010; 349:406-16. [PMID: 21074524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine hypothalamus regulates a spectrum of essential biological processes and underlies a range of diseases from growth failure to obesity. While the exploration of hypothalamic function has progressed well, knowledge of hypothalamic development is poor. In particular, very little is known about the processes underlying the genesis and specification of the neurons in the arcuate and ventromedial nuclei. Recent studies demonstrate that the proneural basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Mash1 is required for neurogenesis and neuronal subtype specification in the ventral hypothalamus. We demonstrate here that Ngn3, another basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, is expressed in mitotic progenitors in the arcuate and ventromedial hypothalamic regions of mouse embryos from embryonic days 9.5-17.5. Genetic fate mapping and loss of function studies in mice demonstrate that Ngn3+ progenitors contribute to subsets of POMC, NPY, TH and SF1 neurons and is required for the specification of these neuronal subtypes in the ventral hypothalamus. Interestingly, while Ngn3 promotes the development of arcuate POMC and ventromedial SF1 neurons, it inhibits the development of NPY and TH neurons in the arcuate nuclei. Given the opposing roles of POMC and NPY neurons in regulating food intake, these results indicate that Ngn3 plays a central role in the generation of neuronal populations controlling energy homeostasis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Pelling
- Division of Developmental Neurobiology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London, NW7 1AA, UK
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Abstract
The hypothalamus is a region of the diencephalon with particularly complex patterning. Sonic hedgehog (Shh), encoding a protein with key developmental roles, shows a peculiar and dynamic diencephalic expression pattern. Here, we use transgenic strategies and in vitro experiments to test the hypothesis that Shh expressed in the diencephalic neuroepithelium (neural Shh) coordinates tissue growth and patterning in the hypothalamus. Our results show that neural Shh coordinates anteroposterior and dorsoventral patterning in the hypothalamus and in the diencephalon-telencephalon junction. Neural Shh also coordinates mediolateral hypothalamic patterning, since it is necessary for the lateral hypothalamus to attain proper size and is required for the specification of hypocretin/orexin cells. Finally, neural Shh is necessary to maintain expression of differentiation markers including survival factor Foxb1.
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Löhr H, Ryu S, Driever W. Zebrafish diencephalic A11-related dopaminergic neurons share a conserved transcriptional network with neuroendocrine cell lineages. Development 2009; 136:1007-17. [PMID: 19234064 DOI: 10.1242/dev.033878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate dopaminergic neurons develop in distinct neural territories to constitute one of the major neuromodulatory systems. We have identified a zebrafish mutation in the bHLH-PAS family member arnt2, based on a strong reduction in cell number of specific dopaminergic neuron groups in the hypothalamus and posterior tuberculum. Knockdown of sim1 causes a dopaminergic phenotype similar to arnt2 mutants, suggesting that Sim1 acts as a binding partner of Arnt2, similar to their role in hypothalamic neuroendocrine cell specification. sim1, arnt2 and otp are co-expressed in dopaminergic neurons, and combined overexpression of Sim1 and Otp leads to formation of supernumerary dopaminergic neurons in the ventral diencephalon. Arnt2, Sim1 and Otp thus are core components of a conserved transcriptional network, which specifies neuroendocrine as well as A11-related dopaminergic neurons in the fish hypothalamus and posterior tuberculum. Our data suggest a common evolutionary origin of specific hypothalamic neuroendocrine and dopaminergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Löhr
- Developmental Biology, Institute Biology I, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Zhao T, Szabó N, Ma J, Luo L, Zhou X, Alvarez-Bolado G. Genetic mapping of Foxb1-cell lineage shows migration from caudal diencephalon to telencephalon and lateral hypothalamus. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 28:1941-55. [PMID: 19046377 PMCID: PMC2777254 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06503.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a brain region with vital functions, and alterations in its development can cause human disease. However, we still do not have a complete description of how this complex structure is put together during embryonic and early postnatal stages. Radially oriented, outside-in migration of cells is prevalent in the developing hypothalamus. In spite of this, cell contingents from outside the hypothalamus as well as tangential hypothalamic migrations also have an important role. Here we study migrations in the hypothalamic primordium by genetically labeling the Foxb1 diencephalic lineage. Foxb1 is a transcription factor gene expressed in the neuroepithelium of the developing neural tube with a rostral expression boundary between caudal and rostral diencephalon, and therefore appropriate for marking migrations from caudal levels into the hypothalamus. We have found a large, longitudinally oriented migration stream apparently originating in the thalamic region and following an axonal bundle to end in the anterior portion of the lateral hypothalamic area. Additionally, we have mapped a specific expansion of the neuroepithelium into the rostral diencephalon. The expanded neuroepithelium generates abundant neurons for the medial hypothalamus at the tuberal level. Finally, we have uncovered novel diencephalon-to-telencephalon migrations into septum, piriform cortex and amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhao
- Department of Genes and Behavior, Brain Development Group, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
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Del Giacco L, Pistocchi A, Cotelli F, Fortunato AE, Sordino P. A peek inside the neurosecretory brain throughOrthopedialenses. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:2295-303. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Imprinted Genes, Postnatal Adaptations and Enduring Effects on Energy Homeostasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 626:41-61. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-77576-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Roth CL, Mastronardi C, Lomniczi A, Wright H, Cabrera R, Mungenast AE, Heger S, Jung H, Dubay C, Ojeda SR. Expression of a tumor-related gene network increases in the mammalian hypothalamus at the time of female puberty. Endocrinology 2007; 148:5147-61. [PMID: 17615149 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Much has been learned in recent years about the central mechanisms controlling the initiation of mammalian puberty. It is now clear that this process requires the interactive participation of several genes. Using a combination of high throughput, molecular, and bioinformatics strategies, in combination with a system biology approach, we singled out from the hypothalamus of nonhuman primates and rats a group of related genes whose expression increases at the time of female puberty. Although these genes [henceforth termed tumor-related genes (TRGs)] have diverse cellular functions, they share the common feature of having been earlier identified as involved in tumor suppression/tumor formation. A prominent member of this group is KiSS1, a gene recently shown to be essential for the occurrence of puberty. Cis-regulatory analysis revealed the presence of a hierarchically arranged gene set containing five major hubs (CDP/CUTL1, MAF, p53, YY1, and USF2) controlling the network at the transcriptional level. In turn, these hubs are heavily connected to non-TRGs involved in the transcriptional regulation of the pubertal process. TRGs may be expressed in the mammalian hypothalamus as components of a regulatory gene network that facilitates and integrates cellular and cell-cell communication programs required for the acquisition of female reproductive competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian L Roth
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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Abstract
As the genomic regions containing loci predisposing to obesity-related traits are mapped in human population screens and mouse genetic studies, identification of susceptibility genes will increasingly be facilitated by bioinformatic methods. We hypothesized that candidate genes can be prioritized by their expression levels in tissues of central importance in obesity. Our objective was to develop a combined bioinformatics and molecular paradigm to identify novel genes as candidates for murine or human obesity genetic modifiers based on their differential expression patterns in the hypothalamus compared with other murine tissues. We used bioinformatics tools to search publicly available gene expression databases using criteria designed to identify novel genes differentially expressed in the hypothalamus. We used RNA methods to determine their expression sites and levels of expression in the hypothalamus of the murine brain. We identified the chromosomal location of the novel genes in mice and in humans and compared these locations with those of genetic loci predisposing to obesity-related traits. We developed a search strategy that correctly identified a set of genes known to be important in hypothalamic function as well as a candidate gene for Prader-Willi syndrome that was not previously identified as differentially expressed in the hypothalamus. Using this same strategy, we identified and characterized a set of 11 genes not previously known to be differentially expressed in the murine hypothalamus. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of combined bioinformatics and molecular approaches to the identification of genes that are candidates for obesity-related disorders in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn M Bischof
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Mutlu H, Paker B, Gunes N, Emektar A, Keceli M, Kantarci M. Pituitary duplication associated with oral dermoid and corpus callosum hypogenesis. Neuroradiology 2004; 46:1036-8. [PMID: 15565346 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-004-1296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Accepted: 09/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of pituitary duplication in a neonate girl whose magnetic resonance (MR) images showed unusual findings of hypogenesis of the corpus callosum and oral dermoid. Pituitary duplication is an extremely rare malformation, with only a few previously reported cases. It occurs most commonly in association with complicated midline and skull base anomalies. We present a case of this malformation with special emphasis on the hypogenesis of splenium of the corpus callosum and oral dermoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Mutlu
- Radyoloji Servisi, GATA Haydarpasa Egt. Hst., 81327, Uskudar, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Tran PV, Lee MB, Marín O, Xu B, Jones KR, Reichardt LF, Rubenstein JR, Ingraham HA. Requirement of the orphan nuclear receptor SF-1 in terminal differentiation of ventromedial hypothalamic neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2003; 22:441-53. [PMID: 12727442 PMCID: PMC2710097 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-7431(03)00027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN) is known to mediate autonomic responses in feeding and reproductive behaviors. To date, the most definitive molecular marker for the VMN is the orphan nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1). However, it is unclear whether SF-1 functions in the VMN as it does in peripheral endocrine organ development where loss of SF-1 results in organ agenesis due to apoptosis. Here, we provide evidence that SF-1 has a distinct role in later stages of VMN development by demonstrating the persistence of VMN precursors, the misexpression of an early marker (NKX2-1) concomitant with the absence of a late marker (BDNF neurotrophin), and the complete loss of projections to the bed nucleus of stria terminalis and the amygdala in sf-1 null mice. Our findings demonstrate that SF-1 is required for terminal differentiation of the VMN and suggest that transcriptional targets of SF-1 mediate normal circuitry between the hypothalamus and limbic structures in the telencephalon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phu V. Tran
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Martin B. Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Oscar Marín
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Baoji Xu
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin R. Jones
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Louis F. Reichardt
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John R. Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Holly A. Ingraham
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Corresponding author. University of California, San Francisco, Box 0444, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444. Fax: +1-415-476-4929. E-mail address: (H.A. Ingraham)
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