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Zhao L, Chen J, Bai B, Song G, Zhang J, Yu H, Huang S, Wang Z, Lu G. Topical drug delivery strategies for enhancing drug effectiveness by skin barriers, drug delivery systems and individualized dosing. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1333986. [PMID: 38293666 PMCID: PMC10825035 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1333986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Topical drug delivery is widely used in various diseases because of the advantages of not passing through the gastrointestinal tract, avoiding gastrointestinal irritation and hepatic first-pass effect, and reaching the lesion directly to reduce unnecessary adverse reactions. The skin helps the organism to defend itself against a huge majority of external aggressions and is one of the most important lines of defense of the body. However, the skin's strong barrier ability is also a huge obstacle to the effectiveness of topical medications. Allowing the bioactive, composition in a drug to pass through the stratum corneum barrier as needed to reach the target site is the most essential need for the bioactive, composition to exert its therapeutic effect. The state of the skin barrier, the choice of delivery system for the bioactive, composition, and individualized disease detection and dosing planning influence the effectiveness of topical medications. Nowadays, enhancing transdermal absorption of topically applied drugs is the hottest research area. However, enhancing transdermal absorption of drugs is not the first choice to improve the effectiveness of all drugs. Excessive transdermal absorption enhances topical drug accumulation at non-target sites and the occurrence of adverse reactions. This paper introduces topical drug delivery strategies to improve drug effectiveness from three perspectives: skin barrier, drug delivery system and individualized drug delivery, describes the current status and shortcomings of topical drug research, and provides new directions and ideas for topical drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiamei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Bai Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Guili Song
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Han Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiwei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Zani MB, Sant'Ana AM, Tognato RC, Chagas JR, Puzer L. Human Tissue Kallikreins-Related Peptidases Are Targets for the Treatment of Skin Desquamation Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:777619. [PMID: 35356049 PMCID: PMC8959125 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.777619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tissue Kallikrein-related peptidases (hKLKs) are serine proteases distributed in several tissues that are involved in several biological processes. In skin, many are responsible for skin desquamation in the Stratum Corneum (SC) of the epidermis, specially hKLK5, hKLK7, hKLK6, hKLK8, and hKLK14. In SC, hKLKs cleave proteins of corneodesmosomes, an important structure responsible to maintain corneocytes attached. As part of skin desquamation, hKLKs are also involved in skin diseases with abnormal desquamation and inflammation, such as Atopic Dermatitis (AD), psoriasis, and the rare disease Netherton Syndrome (NS). Many studies point to hKLK overexpression or overactive in skin diseases, and they are also part of the natural skin inflammation process, through the PAR2 cleavage pathway. Therefore, the control of hKLK activity may offer successful treatments for skin diseases, improving the quality of life in patients. Diseases like AD, Psoriasis, and NS have an impact on social life, causing pain, itchy and mental disorders. In this review, we address the molecular mechanisms of skin desquamation, emphasizing the roles of human tissue Kallikrein-related peptidases, and the promising therapies targeting the inhibition of hKLKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo B. Zani
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Sao Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Aquiles M. Sant'Ana
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Sao Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Rafael C. Tognato
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Sao Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Jair R. Chagas
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano Puzer
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Sao Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Luciano Puzer
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Jarquín-Yáñez K, Herrera-Enriquez MÁ, Lemini C, Melendez-Moreno E, Villena-López P, Ávila ME, Hernández-Téllez B, Piñón-Zárate G, Sampedro-Carrillo EA, Castell-Rodríguez AE. Epicutaneous Administration of 17β-Estradiol Induces Langerhans Cells Depletion. Immunol Invest 2021; 51:1561-1581. [PMID: 34569394 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2021.1975738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Langerhans cells (LC) number and function in mouse vaginal mucosa are affected by 17β-estradiol (E2) application; nonetheless, its effect on epidermal LC has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of topical administration of E2 on the number, phenotype, and migratory ability of LC in mouse skin. METHODS Ears of adult CD1 male mice were topically treated once with several doses. Immunohistochemical staining for CD207 and TUNEL staining were performed. LC migration to lymph nodes and the effect on the expression of costimulatory molecules on cultured dendritic cells (DC) were also evaluated. RESULTS E2 decreased the number of CD207+ LC in a dose-dependent manner. One hour after treatment, 1 and 10 µg/mL E2 significantly reduced the LC number by 21% and 26%, respectively, after two hours, the reduction was 23% and 41%, respectively. After 48 hours, LC recovered, and after 96 hours of treatment, the CD207+/MHCII+ DC numbers were increased in regional lymph nodes. However, CD86 and CD40 molecules were expressed at lower levels than in positive control. The TUNEL assay did not show apoptotic cells. Furthermore, in cultured DC, E2 promoted a decrease in CD40 and CD86 expression and an increase in CD273, CD274, MHCII, and CCR7. CONCLUSIONS The topical administration of E2 induced a transitory local diminution of LC population and a tolerogenic phenotype. This decrease in epidermal LC suggests that E2 may affect skin immune responses, inducing an inhibitory response, which should be considered when prescribing topical E2 medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Jarquín-Yáñez
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Cristina Lemini
- Pharmacology, Medicine School, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Edith Melendez-Moreno
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Paulina Villena-López
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Maria Estela Ávila
- Pharmacology, Medicine School, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Beatriz Hernández-Téllez
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gabriela Piñón-Zárate
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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Stan D, Tanase C, Avram M, Apetrei R, Mincu NB, Mateescu AL, Stan D. Wound healing applications of creams and "smart" hydrogels. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1218-1232. [PMID: 34009648 PMCID: PMC8453519 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although superficial wounds are often easy to treat for healthy individuals, there are some more severe types of wounds (burns, ulcers, diabetic wounds, etc.) that are a challenge for clinicians. A good therapeutic result is based on the delivery of a treatment at the right time, for the right patient. Our goal was to sum up useful knowledge regarding wound healing and wound treatments, based on creams and hydrogels with various active ingredients. We concluded that both preparations have application in preventing infections and promoting healing, but their efficacy is clearly conditioned by the type, depth, severity of the wound and patient profile. However, due to their superior versatility and capability of maintaining the integrity and functionality of the active ingredient, as well as it is controlled release at site, hydrogels are more suited for incorporating different active ingredients. New wound healing devices can combine smart hydrogel dressings with physical therapies to deliver a more efficient treatment to patients if the indications are appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Stan
- DDS Diagnostic, Bucharest, Romania.,Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristiana Tanase
- Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, Bucharest, Romania.,Biochemistry - Proteomics Department, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
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Johnson LA, Banerji S, Lawrance W, Gileadi U, Prota G, Holder KA, Roshorm YM, Hanke T, Cerundolo V, Gale NW, Jackson DG. Dendritic cells enter lymph vessels by hyaluronan-mediated docking to the endothelial receptor LYVE-1. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:762-770. [PMID: 28504698 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trafficking of tissue dendritic cells (DCs) via lymph is critical for the generation of cellular immune responses in draining lymph nodes (LNs). In the current study we found that DCs docked to the basolateral surface of lymphatic vessels and transited to the lumen through hyaluronan-mediated interactions with the lymph-specific endothelial receptor LYVE-1, in dynamic transmigratory-cup-like structures. Furthermore, we show that targeted deletion of the gene Lyve1, antibody blockade or depletion of the DC hyaluronan coat not only delayed lymphatic trafficking of dermal DCs but also blunted their capacity to prime CD8+ T cell responses in skin-draining LNs. Our findings uncovered a previously unknown function for LYVE-1 and show that transit through the lymphatic network is initiated by the recognition of leukocyte-derived hyaluronan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Johnson
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Suneale Banerji
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - William Lawrance
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Uzi Gileadi
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gennaro Prota
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kayla A Holder
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yaowaluck M Roshorm
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Monkut's University of Technology, Thonburi, Thailand
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- International Research Centre for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - David G Jackson
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Chakraborty PP, Biswas SN, Patra S. Faulty Injection Technique: A Preventable But Often Overlooked Factor in Insulin Allergy. Diabetes Ther 2016; 7:163-7. [PMID: 26843018 PMCID: PMC4801812 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-016-0151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin hypersensitivity-a rare occurrence with currently available insulin preparations-may have varied manifestations, ranging from a local injection site allergy to severe generalized anaphylactic reactions. While various additives included in commercial insulin preparations and insulin peptides themselves remain the primary allergens responsible, faulty injection technique may at times potentiate the development of insulin allergy. Management of insulin allergy is complex, potentially dangerous at times, and can be challenging for the treating physician. We report a case of insulin allergy due to intradermal insulin injections which was cured by adopting a proper injection technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Pratim Chakraborty
- Department of Medicine, Midnapore Medical College and Hospital, Midnapore, Paschim Medinipur, 721101, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sugata Narayan Biswas
- Department of Medicine, Midnapore Medical College and Hospital, Midnapore, Paschim Medinipur, 721101, West Bengal, India
| | - Shinjan Patra
- Department of Medicine, Midnapore Medical College and Hospital, Midnapore, Paschim Medinipur, 721101, West Bengal, India
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A randomized pilot trial testing the safety and immunologic effects of a MAGE-A3 protein plus AS15 immunostimulant administered into muscle or into dermal/subcutaneous sites. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 65:25-36. [PMID: 26581199 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1770-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methods to induce T cell responses to protein vaccines have not been optimized. The immunostimulant AS15 has been administered with the recombinant MAGE-A3 protein (recMAGE-A3) i.m. but not i.d. or s.c. This study tests hypotheses that the i.d./s.c. route is safe and will increase CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses to MAGE-A3. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-five patients with resected stage IIB-IV MAGE-A3(+) melanoma were randomized to immunization with recMAGE-A3 combined with AS15 immunostimulant (MAGE-A3 immunotherapeutic) either i.m. (group A, n = 13) or i.d./s.c. (group B, n = 12). Adverse events were recorded. Ab responses to MAGE-A3 were measured by ELISA. T cell responses to overlapping MAGE-A3 peptides were assessed in PBMC and a sentinel immunized node (SIN) after 1 in vitro stimulation with recMAGE-A3, by IFN-γ ELISPOT assay and by flow cytometry for multifunctional (TNF-α/IFN-γ) responses. RESULTS Both routes of immunization were well tolerated without treatment-related grade 3 adverse events. All patients had durable Ab responses. For all 25 patients, the T cell response rate by ELISPOT assay was 30 % in SIN (7/23) but only 4 % (1/25) in PBMC. By flow cytometry, multifunctional CD8(+) T cell responses were identified in one patient in each group; multifunctional CD4(+) T cell response rates for groups A and B, respectively, were 31 and 64 % in SIN and 31 and 50 % in PBMC. CONCLUSION The MAGE-A3 immunotherapeutic was well tolerated after i.d./s.c. administration, with trends to higher CD4(+) T cell response rates than with i.m. administration. This study supports further study of AS15 by i.d./s.c. administration.
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Belhekar MN, Pai S, Tayade P, Dalwadi P, Munshi R, Varthakavi P. A case of hypersensitivity to soluble and isophane insulins but not to insulin glargine. Indian J Pharmacol 2015; 47:227-9. [PMID: 25878390 PMCID: PMC4386139 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.153438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin is an important agent for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). Allergic reactions to insulin therapy, although rare, have been evident since animal insulin became available for the treatment of DM in 1922. Hypersensitivity to insulin has considerably been reduced with the introduction of human insulin produced by recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid technology. Here, we present a case of Type 2 DM who demonstrated immediate (Type 1) hypersensitivity reaction on the sites of subcutaneous injection of soluble and isophane insulin but insulin glargine was tolerated well and provided good glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh N Belhekar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, T. N. Medical College and B. Y. L. Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sarayu Pai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, T. N. Medical College and B. Y. L. Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Parimal Tayade
- Department of Endocrinology, T. N. Medical College and B. Y. L. Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pradip Dalwadi
- Department of Endocrinology, T. N. Medical College and B. Y. L. Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Renuka Munshi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, T. N. Medical College and B. Y. L. Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prema Varthakavi
- Department of Endocrinology, T. N. Medical College and B. Y. L. Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Khozeimeh F, Savabi O, Esnaashari M. Evaluation of interleukin-1α, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor-α and transforming growth factor-β in the serum of patients with pemphigus vulgaris. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014; 15:746-749. [PMID: 25825101 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pemphigus is an autoimmune blistering disease characterized by a loss of cell adhesion result in acantholysis. Genetic factors and immunologic factors such as cytokines particularly IL-1α, IL-10, TNF-α, and TGF-β may counterpart to developing of Pemphigus. The aim of this study was to evaluate. The concentration of IL-1α, IL-10, TNF-α, TGF-β in serum of pemphigus vulgaris (PV) patients and normal individuals. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this analytic and descriptive study 25 patients with pemphigus vulgaris (in active phase) and 25 healthy per sons were examined. Serum samples of two groups were obtained and the level of IL-1α, IL-10, TNF-α and TGF-β were measured by ELISA technique. The data were analyzed statistically by independent T test (α = 0/05). RESULTS All cytokines tested, showed higher concentration in patient's sera comparing to healthy control individuals. The level of IL-1α (p = 0.004), TNF-α (p = 0.008) and TGF-β (p = 0.009) were statistically different in two experimental groups, There was no significant difference in IL-10 level (p = 0.605). CONCLUSION Cytokines such as IL-1α, IL-10, TNF-α and TGF-β probably have a role in pathogenesis of PV. Further comprehensive studies are suggested to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Khozeimeh
- Associate Professor, Torabinejad Dental Research Center, Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran, Phone: +98 913-3172090 e-mail:
| | - Omid Savabi
- Professor, Torabinejad Dental Research Center, Department of Prosthodontics Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masih Esnaashari
- Postgraduate Student, Dental Students-Research Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Lorencini M, Brohem CA, Dieamant GC, Zanchin NI, Maibach HI. Active ingredients against human epidermal aging. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 15:100-15. [PMID: 24675046 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The decisive role of the epidermis in maintaining body homeostasis prompted studies to evaluate the changes in epidermal structure and functionality over the lifetime. This development, along with the identification of molecular mechanisms of epidermal signaling, maintenance, and differentiation, points to a need for new therapeutic alternatives to treat and prevent skin aging. In addition to recovering age- and sun-compromised functions, proper treatment of the epidermis has important esthetic implications. This study reviews active ingredients capable of counteracting symptoms of epidermal aging, organized according to the regulation of specific age-affected epidermal functions: (1) several compounds, other than retinoids and derivatives, act on the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes, supporting the protective barrier against mechanical and chemical insults; (2) natural lipidic compounds, as well as glycerol and urea, are described as agents for maintaining water-ion balance; (3) regulation of immunological pathogen defense can be reinforced by natural extracts and compounds, such as resveratrol; and (4) antioxidant exogenous sources enriched with flavonoids and vitamin C, for example, improve solar radiation protection and epidermal antioxidant activity. The main objective is to provide a functional classification of active ingredients as regulatory elements of epidermal homeostasis, with potential cosmetic and/or dermatological applications.
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Vocanson M, Nicolas JF, Basketter D. In vitroapproaches to the identification and characterization of skin sensitizers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17469872.2013.814882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Basketter D, Maxwell G. Identification and characterization of allergens:in vitroapproaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17469872.2.4.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Vocanson M, Hennino A, Chavagnac C, Saint-Mezard P, Dubois B, Kaiserlian D, Nicolas JF. Contribution of CD4+and CD8+T-cells in contact hypersensitivity and allergic contact dermatitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 1:75-86. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.1.1.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sanyal T, Ghosh S, Chowdhury S, Mukherjee S. Can a faulty injection technique lead to a localized insulin allergy? Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2013; 17:S358-S359. [PMID: 24251214 PMCID: PMC3830360 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.119621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin allergy is a rare occurrence which can present diagnostic and management dilemmas for the clinician. Three types of reaction have been reported: Localized, generalized (systemic), and insulin resistance. All need to be considered in cases of suspected insulin allergy. Adverse reactions to insulin have significantly decreased since the introduction of recombinant human insulin preparations. However, cases with insulin allergy continues to present in the clinic. Symptoms range from local injection site reactions to severe generalized anaphylactic reactions. The case study presented here describes an event of suspected insulin allergy arising out of faulty insulin injection technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinanjan Sanyal
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhankar Chowdhury
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Satinath Mukherjee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Tulah AS, Birch-Machin MA. Stressed out mitochondria: the role of mitochondria in ageing and cancer focussing on strategies and opportunities in human skin. Mitochondrion 2012. [PMID: 23195682 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA damage has been used as a successful and unique biomarker of tissue stress. A valuable example of this is sun damage in human skin which leads to ageing and skin cancer. The skin is constantly exposed to the harmful effects of sunlight, such as ultraviolet radiation, which causes it to age with observable characteristic features as well as clinical precancerous lesions and skin cancer. Formation of free radicals by the sun's harmful rays which contribute to oxidative stress has been linked to the induction of deletions and mutations in the mitochondrial DNA. These markers of mitochondrial DNA damage have been proposed to contribute to the mechanisms of ageing in many tissues including skin and are associated with many diseases including cancer. In this article we highlight the role of this important organelle in ageing and cancer with particular emphasis on experimental strategies in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif S Tulah
- Dermatological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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Baroni A, Buommino E, De Gregorio V, Ruocco E, Ruocco V, Wolf R. Structure and function of the epidermis related to barrier properties. Clin Dermatol 2012; 30:257-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Cao YP, Ma PC, Liu WD, Zhou WQ, Tao Y, Zhang ML, Li LJ, Chen ZY. Evaluation of the skin sensitization potential of chemicals in THP-1/keratinocyte co-cultures. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2011; 34:196-204. [PMID: 21721923 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2011.591800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Many attempts have been made to develop in vitro sensitization tests that employ dendritic cells (DCs), DC-like cell lines or keratinocytes. The aim of the present investigation was to establish a co-culture of THP-1 cells and keratinocytes for evaluation of skin sensitization potential of chemicals. Co-cultures were constructed by THP-1 cells cultured in lower compartments and keratinocytes cultured in upper compartments of cell culture inserts. After 24 h exposure to sensitizers (2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene, p-phenylenediamine, formaldehyde, nickel sulfate, isoeugenol and eugenol) and non-sensitizers (sodium lauryl sulfate, benzalkonium chloride and lactic acid), the expression of CD86 and CD54 on THP-1 cells were evaluated by flow cytometry, and cell viabilities were determined. The sensitizers induced the augmentation of CD86 and CD54 expression, but the non-sensitizers had no significant effect. Compared with mono-cultures of THP-1 cells, the augmentation of CD86 and CD54 could be detected even at a non-toxic concentration of sensitizers in THP-1 cell/keratinocyte co-cultures. Moreover, isoeugenol was distinguished as a sensitizer in co-cultures, but failed to be identified in mono-cultures. These results revealed that the co-cultures of THP-1 cells and keratinocytes were successfully established and suitable for identifying sensitizers using CD86 and CD54 expression as identification markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Cao
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
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Chemical reactivity measurements: Potential for characterization of respiratory chemical allergens. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:433-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Kimber I, Basketter DA, Gerberick GF, Ryan CA, Dearman RJ. Chemical allergy: translating biology into hazard characterization. Toxicol Sci 2010; 120 Suppl 1:S238-68. [PMID: 21097995 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The induction by chemicals of allergic sensitization and allergic disease is an important and challenging branch of toxicology. Skin sensitization resulting in allergic contact dermatitis represents the most common manifestation of immunotoxicity in humans, and many hundreds of chemicals have been implicated as skin sensitizers. There are far fewer chemicals that have been shown to cause sensitization of the respiratory tract and asthma, but the issue is no less important because hazard identification remains a significant challenge, and occupational asthma can be fatal. In all areas of chemical allergy, there have been, and remain still, intriguing challenges where progress has required a close and productive alignment between immunology, toxicology, and clinical medicine. What the authors have sought to do here is to exemplify, within the framework of chemical allergy, how an investment in fundamental research and an improved understanding of relevant biological and biochemical mechanisms can pay important dividends in driving new innovations in hazard identification, hazard characterization, and risk assessment. Here we will consider in turn three specific areas of research in chemical allergy: (1) the role of epidermal Langerhans cells in the development of skin sensitization, (2) T lymphocytes and skin sensitization, and (3) sensitization of the respiratory tract. In each area, the aim is to identify what has been achieved and how that progress has impacted on the development of new approaches to toxicological evaluation. Success has been patchy, and there is still much to be achieved, but the journey has been fascinating and there have been some very important developments. The conclusion drawn is that continued investment in research, if coupled with an appetite for translating the fruits of that research into imaginative new tools for toxicology, should continue to better equip us for tackling the important challenges that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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Johnson LA, Jackson DG. Inflammation-induced secretion of CCL21 in lymphatic endothelium is a key regulator of integrin-mediated dendritic cell transmigration. Int Immunol 2010; 22:839-49. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxq435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Vocanson M, Hennino A, Rozières A, Poyet G, Nicolas JF. Effector and regulatory mechanisms in allergic contact dermatitis. Allergy 2009; 64:1699-714. [PMID: 19839974 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), one of the commonest occupational diseases, is a T-cell-mediated skin inflammation caused by repeated skin exposure to contact allergens, i.e. nonprotein chemicals called haptens. Allergic contact dermatitis, also referred to as contact hypersensitivity, is mediated by CD8+ T cells, which are primed in lymphoid organs during the sensitization phase and are recruited in the skin upon re-exposure to the hapten. Subsets of CD4+ T cells endowed with suppressive activity are responsible for both the down-regulation of eczema in allergic patients and the prevention of priming to haptens in nonallergic individuals. Therefore, ACD should be considered as a breakdown of the skin immune tolerance to haptens. Recent advances in the pathophysiology of ACD have demonstrated the important role of skin innate immunity in the sensitization process and have revisited the dogma that Langerhans cells are mandatory for CD8+ T-cell priming. They have also introduced mast cells as a pivotal actor in the magnitude of the inflammatory reaction. Finally, the most recent studies address the nature, the mode and the site of action of the regulatory T cells that control the skin inflammation with the aim of developing new strategies of tolerance induction in allergic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vocanson
- Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, Université Lyon1, Lyon, France
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Collared mice: a model to assess the effects of scratching. J Dermatol Sci 2009; 57:44-50. [PMID: 19896338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no current method to precisely assess pruritus despite its importance as a major symptom in many skin diseases. Pruritus induces scratching that worsens various inflammatory skin diseases. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of scratching on allergic skin reactions using murine contact hypersensitivity (CH) as a model and to assess classical "anti-pruritic" agents using this model. METHODS We utilized plastic collars which were placed around the necks of mice to prevent them from scratching their ears during the development of CH. This allowed us to assess ear swelling as an index of CH, obviating the effects of scratching that occurs during the development of CH. RESULTS Following elicitation, the ear swelling of these "collared" mice was decreased by approximately 50%, compared to control mice in which collars were not used, suggesting that scratching contributes to the ear swelling that is measured as an index of CH. Using this model, we assessed the anti-pruritic effects of antihistamines, corticosteroids, non-steroidal antiinflammatory and sedative agents. All agents decreased CH when collars were not used. When collars were used, all agents, other than the sedatives, appeared to suppress CH, indicating their antiinflammatory effects. Sedative agents did not decrease CH in collared mice, indicating that their inhibitory effects in CH may be entirely due to their sedative effects. CONCLUSIONS This model enables the dissection of the various elements assessed when measuring CH in mice and may provide a simple tool to assess or screen potential anti-pruritic agents.
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Pickard C, Louafi F, McGuire C, Lowings K, Kumar P, Cooper H, Dearman RJ, Cumberbatch M, Kimber I, Healy E, Friedmann PS. The cutaneous biochemical redox barrier: a component of the innate immune defenses against sensitization by highly reactive environmental xenobiotics. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:7576-84. [PMID: 19890059 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Contact allergy to environmental xenobiotics is a common and important problem, but it is unclear why some chemicals are potent sensitizers and others weak/nonsensitizers. We explored this by investigating why similar chemicals, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and 2,4-dinitrothiocyanobenzene (DNTB), differ in their ability to induce contact hypersensitivity (CHS). DNCB induced CHS in humans, whereas at similar doses DNTB did not. However, following DNCB sensitization, DNTB elicited CHS in vivo and stimulated DNCB-responsive T cells in vitro, suggesting that differences in response to these compounds lie in the sensitization phase. In contrast to DNCB, DNTB failed to induce emigration of epidermal Langerhans cells in naive individuals. Examination for protein dinitrophenylation in skin revealed that DNCB penetrated into the epidermis, whereas DNTB remained bound to a thiol-rich band within the stratum corneum. DNTB reacted rapidly with reduced glutathione in vitro and was associated with a decrease in the free thiol layer in the stratum corneum, but not in the nucleated epidermis. By contrast, DNCB required GST facilitation to react with gluthathione and, following penetration through the stratum corneum, depleted thiols in the viable epidermis. Chemical depletion of the thiol-rich band or removing it by tape stripping allowed increased penetration of DNTB into the epidermis. Our results suggest that the dissimilar sensitizing potencies of DNCB and DNTB in humans are determined by a previously undescribed outer epidermal biochemical redox barrier, a chemical component of the innate immune defense mechanisms that defend against sensitization by highly reactive environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Pickard
- Dermatopharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Level F South Block (825), Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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Kwon S, Holland D, Kern P. Skin safety evaluation of laundry detergent products. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2009; 72:1369-1379. [PMID: 20077208 DOI: 10.1080/15287390903212675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The conduct of a scientifically sound safety assessment of new ingredients and finished products is essential prior to their introduction into the marketplace. Such assessments are based on a risk assessment paradigm established by the National Academy of Science (NAS, 1983) that consists of a four-step process: hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. This risk assessment paradigm has been (1) used as a framework for estimating an adverse health risk posed by environmental chemicals, and (2) applied to systemic toxicological endpoints. The general principles of risk assessment may be applied to skin safety evaluation of consumer products, considering that dermal toxicity is also a threshold phenomenon. This study describes a risk assessment-based approach for skin safety evaluation of laundry detergent products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Kwon
- Kobe Technical Center, Procter & Gamble Innovation Godo Kaisha, Kobe, Japan.
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Basketter D, Maxwell G. In VitroApproaches to the Identification and Characterization of Skin Sensitizers. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2008; 26:359-73. [DOI: 10.1080/15569520701622993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Germolec D, Burns-Naas L, Gerberick G, Ladics G, Ryan C, Pruett S, Yucesoy B, Luebke R. Immunotoxicogenomics. Genomics 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/9781420067064-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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29
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Dose metrics in the acquisition of skin sensitization: Thresholds and importance of dose per unit area. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 52:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Kim SH, Kim DH, Lee KG. Prominent Langerhans’ cell migration in the arthropod bite reactions simulating Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis. J Cutan Pathol 2007; 34:899-902. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2007.00751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Ohbayashi M, Manzouri B, Flynn T, Toda M, Ikeda Y, Nakamura T, Ono SJ. Dynamic changes in conjunctival dendritic cell numbers, anatomical position and phenotype during experimental allergic conjunctivitis. Exp Mol Pathol 2007; 83:216-23. [PMID: 17560570 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a subset of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that are involved in the initiation and control of the immune response to antigens present at the interface with the environment. A limited number of groups have studied DCs in human and animal conjunctiva but no data is available concerning the different DC subsets present in the conjunctival tissue. The aims of this study are to characterize the phenotypes and numbers of DCs present in the murine model of allergic conjunctivitis using the technique of immunohistochemistry so as to aid the understanding of the mechanisms involved in allergic eye disease. A double immunofluorescence method was used to analyze the phenotypic distribution and density of DC subsets in the mouse conjunctival tissues of the allergic model using a panel of antibodies: CD11c, as a general marker of DCs, coupled with another DC subset marker such as Langerin for Langerhans cells (LCs), CD11b for myeloid DCs (mDCs) and mPDCA-1 for plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). In the naïve conjunctiva, mDCs were consistently detected in the subepithelial layer and substantia propria. In the epithelium and the subepithelial layer, very few LCs and virtually no pDCs were observed. Following allergen challenge, there was a marked influx of mDCs and pDCs, but no LCs, into the subepithelial layer and throughout the substantia propria. These results indicate that conjunctival DC subsets may play an important role in the immune-regulatory processes involved in the inflammatory component of allergic conjunctivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Ohbayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine & Emory Eye Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Ryan CA, Kimber I, Basketter DA, Pallardy M, Gildea LA, Gerberick GF. Dendritic cells and skin sensitization: Biological roles and uses in hazard identification. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 221:384-94. [PMID: 17493650 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances have been made in our understanding of the roles played by cutaneous dendritic cells (DCs) in the induction of contact allergy. A number of associated changes in epidermal Langerhans cell phenotype and function required for effective skin sensitization are providing the foundations for the development of cellular assays (using DC and DC-like cells) for skin sensitization hazard identification. These alternative approaches to the identification and characterization of skin sensitizing chemicals were the focus of a Workshop entitled "Dendritic Cells and Skin Sensitization: Biological Roles and Uses in Hazard Identification" that was given at the annual Society of Toxicology meeting held March 6-9, 2006 in San Diego, California. This paper reports information that was presented during the Workshop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy A Ryan
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Miami Valley Innovation Center, Cincinnati, OH 45253-8707, USA
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34
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Kimura T. Contact hypersensitivity to stainless steel cages (chromium metal) in hairless descendants of mexican hairless dogs. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2007; 22:176-84. [PMID: 17366565 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Canine allergic contact hypersensitivity is an uncommon skin disease as compared with human beings because hair coat is a good natural barrier to environmental contactants. In our colony of hairless dogs housed in stainless steel cages, we have encountered spontaneously occurring contact hypersensitivity. The author has attempted to study the toxicological effects of environmental sensitizing substances on the canine skin. The purpose of this study is to elucidate dermatological characteristics in canine species with contact hypersensitivity. This skin lesion was investigated by patch tests, macroscopic observations, and histopathological examinations. Patch tests exhibited positive reactions to potassium dichromate. Macroscopically, early lesions were macules and/or papules and they gradually progressed to severe inflammatory dermatitis over the dorsum. In the chronic phase, lichenification, kyperkeratosis, hyperpigmentation, dryness, scaliness, and fissuring were observed in the skin. Avoidance of contact with the stainless steel cages resulted in clinical improvement. Histopathologically, the epidermis apparently showed hyperkeratosis, thickening, hyperplasia, and rete ridge formation. Lichenified lesions had clumps of melanin granules in the stratum basale and spinosum. In the dermis, there was marked edema and dense mononuclear cell infiltration. Vasodilation, hemorrhage, and hyperplasia of sebaceous glands were also found. Both dermal mast cells and epidermal Langerhans cells significantly increased in the skin lesions, as compared with nonlesional sites. The present results revealed that constant contact with stainless steel cages (chromium metal) caused contact hypersensitivity in hairless dogs with very sparse hairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Kimura
- Center for Experimental Animals, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 38, Nishigo-naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
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Johnson LA, Clasper S, Holt AP, Lalor PF, Baban D, Jackson DG. An inflammation-induced mechanism for leukocyte transmigration across lymphatic vessel endothelium. J Exp Med 2006; 203:2763-77. [PMID: 17116732 PMCID: PMC2118156 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20051759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The exit of antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes from inflamed skin to afferent lymph is vital for the initiation and maintenance of dermal immune responses. How such an exit is achieved and how cells transmigrate the distinct endothelium of lymphatic vessels are unknown. We show that inflammatory cytokines trigger activation of dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), leading to expression of the key leukocyte adhesion receptors intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin, as well as a discrete panel of chemokines and other potential regulators of leukocyte transmigration. Furthermore, we show that both ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 are induced in the dermal lymphatic vessels of mice exposed to skin contact hypersensitivity where they mediate lymph node trafficking of dendritic cells (DCs) via afferent lymphatics. Lastly, we show that tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulates both DC adhesion and transmigration of dermal LEC monolayers in vitro and that the process is efficiently inhibited by ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 adhesion-blocking monoclonal antibodies. These results reveal a CAM-mediated mechanism for recruiting leukocytes to the lymph nodes in inflammation and highlight the process of lymphatic transmigration as a potential new target for antiinflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Johnson
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, and Institute of Biomedical Research, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham Medical School, UK
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37
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Fischer R, Debbabi H, Dubarry M, Boyaka P, Tomé D. Regulation of physiological and pathological Th1 and Th2 responses by lactoferrin. Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 84:303-11. [PMID: 16936801 DOI: 10.1139/o06-058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, Lf has gained increasing interest as a result of its protective effects against a variety of diseases. While iron binding and interactions with mammalian receptors and microbial components are the best described mechanisms of action, recent studies have provided evidence that Lf properties may be related to immunoregulatory effects on Th1/Th2 cell activities. In vitro and in vivo experiments show that Lf is able to stimulate the differentiation of T cells from their immature precursors through the induction of the CD4 antigen. Studies performed under nonpathogenic conditions have shown distinct results with regard to the ability of Lf to support the proliferation and differentiation of Th cells into the Th1 or the Th2 phenotype. In addition, Lf plays different roles in diseases by affecting the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in a manner dependent on the host's immune status. Thus, Lf could cause a Th1 polarization in diseases in which the ability to control infection or tumor relies on a strong Th1 response. Lf may also reduce the Th1 component to limit excessive inflammatory responses. Finally, Lf may provide protection against Th1- or Th2-induced diseases, such as autoimmune or allergic diseases, through correction of the Th1/Th2 imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Fischer
- Unité INRA 914 Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon, F75231 Paris CEDEX 05, France.
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O'Leary JG, Goodarzi M, Drayton DL, von Andrian UH. T cell- and B cell-independent adaptive immunity mediated by natural killer cells. Nat Immunol 2006; 7:507-16. [PMID: 16617337 DOI: 10.1038/ni1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 657] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It is commonly believed that only T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes expressing recombination-dependent antigen-specific receptors mediate contact hypersensitivity responses to haptens. Here we found that mice devoid of T cells and B cells demonstrated substantial contact hypersensitivity responses to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene and oxazolone. Those responses were adaptive in nature, as they persisted for at least 4 weeks and were elicited only by haptens to which mice were previously sensitized. No contact hypersensitivity was induced in mice lacking all lymphocytes, including natural killer cells. Contact hypersensitivity responses were acquired by such mice after adoptive transfer of natural killer cells from sensitized donors. Transferable hapten-specific memory resided in a Ly49C-I(+) natural killer subpopulation localized specifically in donor livers. These observations indicate that natural killer cells can mediate long-lived, antigen-specific adaptive recall responses independent of B cells and T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline G O'Leary
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Khan FD, Roychowdhury S, Gaspari AA, Svensson CK. Immune response to xenobiotics in the skin: from contact sensitivity to drug allergy. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2006; 2:261-72. [PMID: 16866612 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2.2.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Skin is the most frequent target of adverse drug reactions. These cutaneous drug reactions (CDRs) show varied clinical manifestations ranging from mildly discomforting rashes to life-threatening Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. Most CDRs appear to be immune mediated, although the mechanism by which they are initiated remains unclear. In this review, current knowledge of the mechanisms by which xenobiotics provoke immune responses in the skin after epicutaneous administration and how similar reactions may occur after systemic routes are summarised. This review also discusses a variety of genetic or environmental factors that may determine the susceptibility of individuals towards immune responses in skin following drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah D Khan
- University of Iowa, Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, 115 S. Grand Avenue, 201 PHAR, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Roychowdhury S, Svensson CK. Mechanisms of drug-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in the skin. AAPS JOURNAL 2005; 7:E834-46. [PMID: 16594635 PMCID: PMC2750952 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj070480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous drug reactions (CDRs) are the most commonly reported adverse drug reactions. These reactions can range from mildly discomforting to life threatening. CDRs can arise either from immunological or nonimmunological mechanisms, though the preponderance of evidence suggests an important role for immunological responses. Some cutaneous eruptions appear shortly after drug intake, while others are not manifested until 7 to 10 days after initiation of therapy and are consistent with delayed-type hypersensitivity. This review discusses critical steps in the initiation of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in the skin, which include protein haptenation, dendritic cell activation/migration and T-cell propagation. Recently, an alternative mechanism of drug presentation has been postulated that does not require bioactivation of the parent drug or antigen processing to elicit a drug-specific T-cell response. This review also discusses the role of various immune-mediators, such as cytokines, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species, in the development of delayed-type drug hypersensitivity reactions in skin. As keratinocytes have been shown to play a crucial role in the initiation and propagation of cutaneous immune responses, we also discuss the means by which these cells may initiate or modulate CDRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy Roychowdhury
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, 115 S Grand Avenue, S213 PHAR Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Craig K. Svensson
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, 115 S Grand Avenue, S213 PHAR Iowa City, IA 52242
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Hennino A, Vocanson M, Chavagnac C, Saint-Mezard P, Dubois B, Kaiserlian D, Nicolas JF. Fisiopatologia da dermatite de contato alérgica: papel das células T CD8 efetoras e das células T CD4 regulatórias. An Bras Dermatol 2005. [DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962005000400003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A dermatite de contato alérgica (DCA), também conhecida como hipersensibilidade de contato (HSC) é uma das dermatoses inflamatórias mais freqüentes, sendo caracterizada por eritema, pápulas e vesículas, seguidas de ressecamento e descamação. A DCA é induzida pelo contato da pele com substâncias químicas não protéicas denominadas haptenos, e corresponde a uma reação de hipersensibilidade cutânea do tipo tardio, mediada por células T hapteno-específicas. Durante a fase de sensibilização, tanto os precursores de células T CD4+ quanto os de CD8+ são ativados nos linfonodos de drenagem através da apresentação de peptídeos conjugados a haptenos pelas células dendríticas (CD) da pele. A subseqüente exposição de pele ao hapteno em um local a distância induz o recrutamento e ativação de células T específicas no local de provocação, levando à apoptose dos queratinócitos, recrutamento de células inflamatórias e desenvolvimento de sintomas clínicos. Estudos experimentais dos últimos 10 anos demonstraram que, em respostas normais de HSC a haptenos fortes, as células T CD8+ do tipo 1 são efetoras da HSC através de citotoxicidade e produção de IFNgama, enquanto que as células T CD4+ são dotadas de funções de regulação negativa. Estas últimas podem corresponder à população de células T regulatórias CD4+ CD25+ recentemente descritas. Entretanto, em algumas situações, especialmente naquelas em que há um pool deficiente de células T CD8, as células T CD4+ podem ser efetoras da HSC. Estudos em andamento deverão confirmar que a fisiopatologia da DCA em humanos é semelhante à HSC em camundongos, e que a resposta de HSC a haptenos fracos comuns, mais freqüentemente envolvidos na DCA em humanos, é semelhante à descrita para haptenos fortes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Hennino
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, França
| | - Marc Vocanson
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, França
| | - Cyril Chavagnac
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, França
| | | | - Bertrand Dubois
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, França
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Ryan CA, Gerberick GF, Gildea LA, Hulette BC, Betts CJ, Cumberbatch M, Dearman RJ, Kimber I. Interactions of Contact Allergens with Dendritic Cells: Opportunities and Challenges for the Development of Novel Approaches to Hazard Assessment. Toxicol Sci 2005; 88:4-11. [PMID: 16014741 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfi245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of potential skin sensitizing chemicals is a key step in the overall skin safety risk assessment process. Traditionally, predictive testing has been conducted in guinea pigs. More recently, the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) has become the preferred test method for assessing skin sensitization potential. However, even with the significant animal welfare benefits provided by the LLNA, there is a need to develop non-animal test methods for skin sensitization. Mechanistic understanding of allergic contact dermatitis has increased substantially in recent years. For example, a number of changes are known to occur in epidermal Langerhans cells, the principal antigen-presenting dendritic cell in the skin, as a result of exposure to chemical allergens, including the internalization of surface major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules via endocytosis, the induction of tyrosine phosphorylation, the modulation of cell surface markers, and cytokine expression. The application of this knowledge to the design of predictive in vitro alternative tests provides both unique opportunities and challenges. In this review, we have focused specifically on the impact of chemical exposure on dendritic cells and the potential use of that information in the development of cell-based assays for assessing skin sensitization potential of chemicals in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy A Ryan
- Miami Valley Innovation Center, Central Product Safety Department, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio 45253-8707, USA.
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Dearman RJ, Humphreys N, Skinner RA, Kimber I. Allergen-induced cytokine phenotypes in mice: role of CD4 and CD8 T cell populations. Clin Exp Allergy 2005; 35:498-505. [PMID: 15836760 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD4+ T cells expressing type 2 cytokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma to high-molecular-weight allergens. Topical exposure of BALB/c strain mice to low-molecular-weight chemical contact and respiratory allergens stimulates type 1 and type 2 cytokine secretion phenotypes, respectively. OBJECTIVE To examine the relative frequencies of cytokine-positive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and their contributions to these cytokine secretion profiles. Methods Draining auricular lymph nodes were isolated 13 days after initiation of topical exposure of female BALB/c strain mice to chemical allergen, or to vehicle alone. The frequency of intracellular cytokine (IL-4 and IFN-gamma)-positive CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes was enumerated by flow cytometry. The relative contribution of CD4+ and CD8+ cells to cytokine secretion profiles was assessed by negative selection. RESULTS Exposure to allergen resulted in an increased frequency of both IFN-gamma+ CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, although there were no marked differences between trimellitic anhydride (TMA)- and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-activated lymph node cells. Treatment with TMA induced approximately five times as many IL-4+ CD4+ cells as did exposure to DNCB. This pattern of cytokine staining was also observed for a further pair of contact and respiratory allergens; respectively, formalin and fluorescein isothiocyanate. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that the divergent immune responses induced in mice by different classes of chemical allergen are independent of changes in the frequency of IFN-gamma+ cells, but are associated with differential frequencies of IL-4-expressing CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Dearman
- Syngenta Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK.
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Bennett CL, van Rijn E, Jung S, Inaba K, Steinman RM, Kapsenberg ML, Clausen BE. Inducible ablation of mouse Langerhans cells diminishes but fails to abrogate contact hypersensitivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 169:569-76. [PMID: 15897263 PMCID: PMC2171694 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200501071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) form a unique subset of dendritic cells (DC) in the epidermis but so far their in vivo functions in skin immunity and tolerance could not be determined, in particular in relation to dermal DC (dDC). Here, we exploit a novel diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor (DTR)/DT-based system to achieve inducible ablation of LC without affecting the skin environment. Within 24 h after intra-peritoneal injection of DT into Langerin-DTR mice LC are completely depleted from the epidermis and only begin to return 4 wk later. LC deletion occurs by apoptosis in the absence of inflammation and, in particular, the dDC compartment is not affected. In LC-depleted mice contact hypersensitivity (CHS) responses are significantly decreased, although ear swelling still occurs indicating that dDC can mediate CHS when necessary. Our results establish Langerin-DTR mice as a unique tool to study LC function in the steady state and to explore their relative importance compared with dDC in orchestrating skin immunity and tolerance.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Cell Death/physiology
- Dermatitis, Contact/immunology
- Dermatitis, Contact/physiopathology
- Diphtheria Toxin/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Heparin-binding EGF-like Growth Factor
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Langerhans Cells/cytology
- Langerhans Cells/drug effects
- Langerhans Cells/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/genetics
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Cell Surface/drug effects
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Skin/cytology
- Skin/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Bennett
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Casati S, Aeby P, Basketter DA, Cavani A, Gennari A, Gerberick GF, Griem P, Hartung T, Kimber I, Lepoittevin JP, Meade BJ, Pallardy M, Rougier N, Rousset F, Rubinstenn G, Sallusto F, Verheyen GR, Zuang V. Dendritic Cells as a Tool for the Predictive Identification of Skin Sensitisation Hazard. Altern Lab Anim 2005; 33:47-62. [PMID: 15807636 DOI: 10.1177/026119290503300108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Casati
- ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy.
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47
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Eberhard Y, Burgos E, Gagliardi J, Vullo CM, Borosky A, Pesoa S, Serra HM. Cytokine polymorphisms in patients with pemphigus. Arch Dermatol Res 2004; 296:309-13. [PMID: 15650893 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-004-0528-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Revised: 10/15/2004] [Accepted: 11/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess whether tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) polymorphisms are among the factors influencing the development of pemphigus. Whole blood from 20 patients with pemphigus and 24 control subjects was taken. Genomic DNA was obtained and cytokine genotyping for IL-10 (-1082 G/A; -819 C/T), TGFB1 (codon 10 C/T, codon 25 G/C) and TNFA (-308 G/A) was performed using the ARMS-PCR method. The distribution of IL-10 (-819) alleles was significantly different between the pemphigus and control groups (P=0.009). In particular, allele T was associated with the disease (OR 3.291, 95% CI 1.350-8.020). Similar results were observed when only pemphigus vulgaris (PV) patients were analyzed (P=0.012, OR 3.410, 95% CI 1.346-8.639). An increased frequency of the low producer IL-10 haplotype (-1082/-819 A/T) in patients with pemphigus compared with controls was observed (OR 2.714, 95% CI 1.102-6.685) and this association was also significant when only PV patients were considered (OR 2.667, 95% CI 1.043-6.816). There were no differences between patients and controls in the frequency of any other gene polymorphism analyzed. The increased frequency of the low producer IL-10 haplotype (-1082 /-819 A/T) suggest that the carriage of this haplotype might predispose to pemphigus or the high and intermediate producer haplotypes may be protective factors. The prevalence of the allele IL-10 (-819 T) in pemphigus patients cannot be explained by the current hypothesis, according to which a particular allele of the gene is associated with a different level of cytokine production and therefore affects the predisposition to a particular disease. However, this cytokine polymorphism might be linked to an unknown susceptibility factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanina Eberhard
- Immunology, Clinical Biochemistry, School of Chemical Science, National University of Cordoba, Haya de la Torre esquina, Medina Allende Ciudad Universitaria, Cordoba, 5000, Argentina
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Bäumer W, Seegers U, Braun M, Tschernig T, Kietzmann M. TARC and RANTES, but not CTACK, are induced in two models of allergic contact dermatitis. Effects of cilomilast and diflorasone diacetate on T-cell-attracting chemokines. Br J Dermatol 2004; 151:823-30. [PMID: 15491423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin-infiltrating T cells play a predominant role in allergic and inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis. These T cells are attracted by chemotactic factors, e.g. RANTES (regulation on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted; CCL5), TARC (thymus and activation regulated chemokine; CCL17) and CTACK (cutaneous T-cell attracting chemokine; CCL27). OBJECTIVES To investigate which T-cell-attracting chemokines are involved in allergic contact dermatitis in mice. METHODS Allergic contact dermatitis was induced by application of dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) or toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI), and chemokine concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effects on chemokine concentrations of the highly selective phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor cilomilast and the glucocorticoid diflorasone diacetate were studied in mouse ears. RESULTS RANTES and TARC were elevated in both models of allergic contact dermatitis 24 h after challenge, whereas CTACK remained unchanged. The increase in RANTES was diminished in mouse ears pretreated with cilomilast or diflorasone diacetate. TARC was reduced by diflorasone diacetate in the DNCB model but was highly induced in the TDI model; in contrast, TARC was not influenced by cilomilast. CONCLUSIONS TARC and RANTES, but not CTACK, are involved in these two models of allergic contact dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bäumer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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