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Maltz-Matyschsyk M, Melchiorre CK, Herbst KW, Hogan AH, Dibble K, O’Sullivan B, Graf J, Jadhav A, Lawrence DA, Lee WT, Carson KJ, Radolf JD, Salazar JC, Lynes MA. Development of a biomarker signature using grating-coupled fluorescence plasmonic microarray for diagnosis of MIS-C. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1066391. [PMID: 37064248 PMCID: PMC10102909 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1066391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare but serious condition that can develop 4–6 weeks after a school age child becomes infected by SARS-CoV-2. To date, in the United States more than 8,862 cases of MIS-C have been identified and 72 deaths have occurred. This syndrome typically affects children between the ages of 5–13; 57% are Hispanic/Latino/Black/non-Hispanic, 61% of patients are males and 100% have either tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 or had direct contact with someone with COVID-19. Unfortunately, diagnosis of MIS-C is difficult, and delayed diagnosis can lead to cardiogenic shock, intensive care admission, and prolonged hospitalization. There is no validated biomarker for the rapid diagnosis of MIS-C. In this study, we used Grating-coupled Fluorescence Plasmonic (GCFP) microarray technology to develop biomarker signatures in pediatric salvia and serum samples from patients with MIS-C in the United States and Colombia. GCFP measures antibody-antigen interactions at individual regions of interest (ROIs) on a gold-coated diffraction grating sensor chip in a sandwich immunoassay to generate a fluorescent signal based on analyte presence within a sample. Using a microarray printer, we designed a first-generation biosensor chip with the capability of capturing 33 different analytes from 80 μL of sample (saliva or serum). Here, we show potential biomarker signatures in both saliva and serum samples in six patient cohorts. In saliva samples, we noted occasional analyte outliers on the chip within individual samples and were able to compare those samples to 16S RNA microbiome data. These comparisons indicate differences in relative abundance of oral pathogens within those patients. Microsphere Immunoassay (MIA) of immunoglobulin isotypes was also performed on serum samples and revealed MIS-C patients had several COVID antigen-specific immunoglobulins that were significantly higher than other cohorts, thus identifying potential new targets for the second-generation biosensor chip. MIA also identified additional biomarkers for our second-generation chip, verified biomarker signatures generated on the first-generation chip, and aided in second-generation chip optimization. Interestingly, MIS-C samples from the United States had a more diverse and robust signature than the Colombian samples, which was also illustrated in the MIA cytokine data. These observations identify new MIS-C biomarkers and biomarker signatures for each of the cohorts. Ultimately, these tools may represent a potential diagnostic tool for use in the rapid identification of MIS-C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clare K. Melchiorre
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | | | - Alexander H. Hogan
- Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, CT, United States
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Kristina Dibble
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Brandon O’Sullivan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Joerg Graf
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Aishwarya Jadhav
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States
| | - David A. Lawrence
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States
- University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY, United States
| | - William T. Lee
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States
- University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY, United States
| | - Kyle J. Carson
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Justin D. Radolf
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Juan C. Salazar
- Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, CT, United States
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Michael A. Lynes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Michael A. Lynes,
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2
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Beshay M, Rhee CM, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Novel monitoring of renal function and medication levels in saliva and capillary blood of patients with kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2022; 31:100-108. [PMID: 34772839 PMCID: PMC8684380 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Serum creatinine, urea, and cystatin C are the main biomarkers used to estimate glomerular filtration rates in persons with and without chronic kidney disease (CKD). Frequent measurements of these assays are needed to identify patients with earlier stages of CKD, detect episodes of acute kidney injury (AKI), and monitor for CKD progression. However, the cumbersome, time-consuming nature of conventional laboratory-based kidney function assays limit more frequent monitoring and greater patient self-management. RECENT FINDINGS Noninvasive salivary assessments of creatinine, cystatin C, and urea make it feasible to conduct frequent monitoring of kidney function in point-of-care settings, as well as in nonclinical-care settings such as at home. Additionally, fingerstick sampling can offer an alternative route of blood testing that is suitable for home-based assessments. In this review, we provide an overview of emerging data on various salivary vs. fingerstick blood assessment methods for kidney function; their accuracy in comparison to 'gold-standard' laboratory-based methods; and their respective strengths and limitations in the clinical setting. SUMMARY A practical, cost-effective, minimally invasive, multimarker assessment platform has the potential to circumvent the limitation of conventional laboratory blood-based testing approaches, and thereby address a major unmet need in the management of CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Connie M Rhee
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange
- Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange
- Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California, USA
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3
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Nobre MADA, Sezinando AM, Fernandes IC, Araújo AC. Influence of Smoking Habits on the Prevalence of Dental Caries: A Register-Based Cohort Study. Eur J Dent 2021; 15:714-719. [PMID: 34303317 PMCID: PMC8630941 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1729458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of smoking habit on the prevalence of dental caries lesions in a follow-up study.
Materials and Methods
A total of 3,675 patients (2,186 females and 1,489 males) with an average age of 51.4 years were included. Outcome measures were the incidence of dental caries defined as incipient noncavitated, microcavitated, or cavitated lesions which had been diagnosed through clinical observation with mouth mirror and probe examination evaluating change of texture, translucency, and color; radiographic examination through bitewing radiographs; or secondary caries through placement of a new restoration during the follow-up of the study.
Statistical Analysis
Cumulative survival (time elapsed with absence of dental caries) was estimated through the Kaplan–Meier product limit estimator with comparison of survival curves (log-rank test). A multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to evaluate the effect of smoking on the incidence of dental caries lesions when controlled to age, gender, systemic status, frequency of dental hygiene appointments, and socioeconomic status. The significance level was set at 5%.
Results
Eight hundred sixty-three patients developed caries (23.5% incidence rate). The cumulative survival estimation was 81.8% and 48% survival rate for nonsmokers and smokers, respectively (
p
< 0.001), with an average of 13.5 months between the healthy and diseased state diagnosis. Smokers registered a hazard ratio for dental caries lesions of 1.32 (
p
= 0.001) when controlled for the other variables of interest.
Conclusion
Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that smoking habit might be a predictor for dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A de Araújo Nobre
- Department of Research, Development and Education, Maló Clinic, Avenida dos Combatentes, Lisboa, Portugal.,Clínica Universitária de Estomatologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Inês C Fernandes
- Department of Dentistry, Maló Clinic Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal.,Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz University Institute, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Andreia C Araújo
- Department of Research, Development and Education, Maló Clinic, Avenida dos Combatentes, Lisboa, Portugal
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4
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Abstract
Abstract
Hen eggs are widely used, not only for human consumption, but also as an important material in food production and in pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry. Cystatin is a biologically active component of egg white, mostly used as an inhibitor of papain-like cysteine proteases. It was isolated from chicken egg white and has later been used in the nomenclature of structurally and functionally related proteins. Cystatins from animals, including mouse, rat, dog, cow and chicken egg white have been isolated and recently used in foodstuffs and drug administration. Cystatin has found its place and use in medicine due to its antimicrobial, antiviral and insecticidal effects, for the prevention of cerebral hemorrhage and control of cancer cell metastasis.
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5
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Zemouri C, Jakubovics NS, Crielaard W, Zaura E, Dodds M, Schelkle B, Loos BG. Resistance and resilience to experimental gingivitis: a systematic scoping review. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:212. [PMID: 31511002 PMCID: PMC6737651 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This systematic scoping review aimed to identify changes in biomarkers of microbiological, immunological and biochemical origin during experimental gingivitis (EG) studies that might indicate resistance and resilience. Methods The term ‘experimental gingivitis’ was run in PubMed from inception to April 11th, 2018. From the 411 studies retrieved, 22 studies were included for this review. Results Studies reporting data on biomarker changes during and after full mouth EG trial were included. Two studies reported findings on changes in biomarkers of microbiological, 12 on immunological and eight on biochemical origin. Changes were reported in the induction phase, and occasionally in the resolution phase. The microbiological composition of both supragingival and subgingival dental plaque changed over the course of EG to a more pathogenic direction, but showed a shift back to a more normal composition. This indicates resilience of the oral microbiome. For immunological biomarkers, it was challenging to retrieve a robust pattern of changes across multiple studies. IL-1β and IL-6 in saliva and in gingival crevicular fluid increased during induction phase and returned in the resolution phase below baseline values. The biochemical parameters cystatin-SN, cystatin-S and lactoferrin in saliva were increased at the end of induction phase, however also here no clear pattern emerged based on all available studies. Conclusions More research is needed to investigate which microbiological, immunological, and biochemical biomarkers can be useful for future investigations into the resistance and resilience of the oral cavity to experimental gingivitis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12903-019-0889-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charifa Zemouri
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas S Jakubovics
- Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Wim Crielaard
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Egija Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bettina Schelkle
- ILSI Europe a.i.s.b.l, Avenue E. Mounier 83 (box 6), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Bruno G Loos
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Viniegra A, Goldberg H, Çil Ç, Fine N, Sheikh Z, Galli M, Freire M, Wang Y, Van Dyke T, Glogauer M, Sima C. Resolving Macrophages Counter Osteolysis by Anabolic Actions on Bone Cells. J Dent Res 2018; 97:1160-1169. [PMID: 29993312 PMCID: PMC6169030 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518777973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression of inflammatory osteolytic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis, is characterized by increased production of proinflammatory mediators and matrix-degrading enzymes by macrophages and increased osteoclastic activity. Phenotypic changes in macrophages are central to the healing process in virtually all tissues. Using a murine model of periodontitis, we assessed the timing of macrophage phenotypic changes and the impact of proresolving activation during inflammatory osteolysis and healing. Proinflammatory macrophage activation and TNF-α overproduction within 3 wk after induction of periodontitis was associated with progressing bone loss. Proresolving activation within 1 wk of stimulus removal and markers of resolving macrophages (IL-10, TGF-β, and CD206) correlated strongly with bone levels. In vivo macrophage depletion with clodronate liposomes prevented bone resorption but impaired regeneration. Induction of resolving macrophages with rosiglitazone, a PPAR-γ agonist, led to reduced bone resorption during inflammatory stimulation and increased bone formation during healing. In vitro assessment of primary bone marrow-derived macrophages activated with either IFN-γ and LPS (proinflammatory activation) or IL-4 (proresolving activation) showed that IL-4-activated cells have enhanced resolving functions (production of anti-inflammatory cytokines; migration and phagocytosis of aged neutrophils) and exert direct anabolic actions on bone cells. Cystatin C secreted by resolving but not inflammatory macrophages explained, in part, the macrophage actions on osteoblasts and osteoclasts. This study supports the concept that therapeutic induction of proresolving functions in macrophages can recouple bone resorption and formation in inflammatory osteolytic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Viniegra
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - H. Goldberg
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ç. Çil
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - N. Fine
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Z. Sheikh
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M. Galli
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M. Freire
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Y. Wang
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - T.E. Van Dyke
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M. Glogauer
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - C. Sima
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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7
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Vellappally S, Fiala Z, Šmejkalová J, Jacob V, Somanathan R. Smoking Related Systemic and Oral Diseases. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2017. [DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2017.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This article reviewed smoking related systemic diseases and oral diseases. Smoking is related to lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases and many other systemic diseases. Cigarette smoke affects the oral cavity first, so it is evident that smoking has many negative influences on oral cavity, for example, staining of teeth and dental restorations, wound healing, reduction of the ability to smell and taste, and development of oral diseases such as oral cancer, periodontitis, smoker’s palate, smoker’s melanosis, hairy tongue, leukoplakia, oral candidiasis and implant survival rate. The article also discusses the relationship between smoking and dental caries in detail.
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8
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Rathnayake N, Buhlin K, Kjellström B, Klinge B, Löwbeer C, Norhammar A, Rydén L, Sorsa T, Tervahartiala T, Gustafsson A. Saliva and plasma levels of cardiac-related biomarkers in post-myocardial infarction patients. J Clin Periodontol 2017; 44:692-699. [PMID: 28453865 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To relate cardiac biomarkers, such as cystatin C and growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) in saliva to myocardial infarction (MI) and to periodontal status, and to investigate the relation between salivary and plasma cardiac biomarkers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred patients with MI admitted to coronary care units and 200 matched controls without MI were included. Dental examination and collection of blood and saliva samples was performed 6-10 weeks after the MI for patients and in close proximity thereafter for controls. Analysing methods: ARCHITECT i4000SR, Immulite 2000 XPi or ELISA. RESULTS The mean age was 62 ± 8 years and 84% were male. Total probing pocket depth, fibrinogen, white blood cell counts and HbA1c were higher in patients than controls. GDF-15 levels correlated with most of the included clinical variables in both study groups. No correlation was found between plasma and saliva levels of cystatin C or GDF-15. CONCLUSION Salivary cystatin C and GDF-15 could not differentiate between MI patients and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilminie Rathnayake
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Solna, Sweden
| | - Kåre Buhlin
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Solna, Sweden
| | - Barbro Kjellström
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Solna, Sweden
| | - Bjorn Klinge
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christian Löwbeer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Aleris Medilab, Täby, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anna Norhammar
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Solna, Sweden.,Cardiology Unit, Capio S:t Görans Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Rydén
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Solna, Sweden
| | - Timo Sorsa
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Solna, Sweden.,Helsinki University Central Hospital, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taina Tervahartiala
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anders Gustafsson
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Solna, Sweden
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9
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Abbood HM, Hinz J, Cherukara G, Macfarlane TV. Validity of Self-Reported Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Periodontol 2016; 87:1474-1483. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.160196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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10
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Salivary Markers for Periodontal and General Diseases. DISEASE MARKERS 2016; 2016:9179632. [PMID: 27143814 PMCID: PMC4837271 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9179632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The determination of biomarkers in saliva is becoming an important part of laboratory diagnostics and the prediction of not only periodontal, but also other tissue and organ diseases. Biomarkers in saliva (e.g., enzymes, protein markers, or oxidative stress markers) can be used for activity determination and for periodontal disease prognosis. Saliva also contains many markers which can predict the risk of certain diseases (e.g., diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular, oncology, endocrinology, and psychiatric diseases). The study of salivary components proteomics clearly shows the relationship of periodontal diseases and diseases of distant systems, organs, or tissues.
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11
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Byrd WC, Schwartz-Baxter S, Carlson J, Barros S, Offenbacher S, Bencharit S. Role of salivary and candidal proteins in denture stomatitis: an exploratory proteomic analysis. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 10:2299-304. [PMID: 24947908 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00185k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Denture stomatitis, inflammation and redness beneath a denture, affects nearly half of all denture wearers. Candidal organisms, the presence of a denture, saliva, and host immunity are the key etiological factors for the condition. The role of salivary proteins in denture stomatitis is not clear. In this study 30 edentulous subjects wearing a maxillary complete denture were recruited. Unstimulated whole saliva from each subject was collected and pooled into two groups (n = 15 each), healthy and stomatitis (Newton classification II and III). Label-free multidimensional liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (2D-LC-MS/MS) proteomics on two mass spectrometry platforms were used to determine peptide mass differences between control and stomatitis groups. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used to determine the differential expression among the groups. The two proteomic platforms identified 97 and 176 proteins (ANOVA; p < 0.01) differentially expressed among the healthy, type 2 and 3 stomatitis groups. Three proteins including carbonic anhydrase 6, cystatin C, and cystatin SN were found to be the same as previous study. Salivary proteomic profiles of patients with denture stomatitis were found to be uniquely different from controls. Analysis of protein components suggests that certain salivary proteins may predispose some patients to denture stomatitis while others are believed to be involved in the reaction to fungal infection. Analysis of candidal proteins suggests that multiple species of candidal organisms play a role in denture stomatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren C Byrd
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, CB#7450, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA.
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12
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Golpasand Hagh L, Zakavi F, Ansarifar S, Ghasemzadeh O, Solgi G. Association of dental caries and salivary sIgA with tobacco smoking. Aust Dent J 2013; 58:219-23. [PMID: 23713643 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary secretory IgA (sIgA) is said to play an important role in the immune response against dental caries. This study aimed to determine the salivary sIgA levels in healthy smokers and non-smokers, and its correlation with dental caries. METHODS A total of 70 healthy subjects were selected and classified into four groups according to dental caries and tobacco smoking habits: smoking with caries (Group 1, n = 15); smoking without caries (Group 2, n = 15); non-smoking with caries (Group 3, n = 15); and non-smoking without caries (Group 4, n = 25). Salivary sIgA was measured using ELISA. The fissure and proximal caries were examined clinically and radiographically. Caries status was determined according to the decay surface index. RESULTS Smokers showed a higher number of caries and the lowest concentration of sIgA. The highest levels of sIgA were observed in non-smoking and caries-free subjects compared to caries-active smokers (123.2 ± 19.9 vs. 13.3 ± 4.1 μg/ml respectively, p < 0.001). Also, the mean level of sIgA in Group 4 was significantly higher than Group 3 (p = 0.009). More importantly, higher and significant levels of sIgA were found in Group 3 versus Group 1 (p < 0.0001) and Group 2 (p = 0.0004). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that low concentrations of salivary sIgA are correlated with a higher prevalence of dental caries in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Golpasand Hagh
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ahvaz Jondishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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13
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Bencharit S, Altarawneh SK, Baxter SS, Carlson J, Ross GF, Border MB, Mack CR, Byrd WC, Dibble CF, Barros S, Loewy Z, Offenbacher S. Elucidating role of salivary proteins in denture stomatitis using a proteomic approach. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:3216-23. [PMID: 23041753 PMCID: PMC3519238 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25283j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Denture stomatitis (DS) is the most common oral pathology among denture wearers, affecting over one-third of this group. DS is usually associated with C. albicans. However, unlike other oral candidiasis, most DS patients have intact host immunity. The presence of a denture alone is usually sufficient for DS. Saliva and its protein contents can theoretically predispose some denture wearers to DS and others resistant toward DS. Here we proposed for the first time to define salivary proteomic profiles of denture wearers with and without DS. SELDI-TOF/MS analysis suggests that there is a proteomic differentiation among control, localized and generalized DS. Based on initial SELDI-TOF/MS profiling, we further used reversed phase liquid chromatography, MALDI-TOF/MS, and LC-MS/MS to characterize the salivary proteins associated with DS. Nineteen proteins based on SELDI-TOF/MS profiling were found including cystatin-SN, statherin, kininogen-1, desmocollin-2, carbonic anhydrase-6, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A like peptides, cystatin C, and several immunoglobulin fragments. The proteomic content gives evidence of the interaction between host tissue, saliva, and candida. Further examination in larger populations of these proteins may help to gain a better understanding of DS pathological processes and improve DS treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sompop Bencharit
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, CB#7450, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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14
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Hara K, Ohara M, Hayashi I, Hino T, Nishimura R, Iwasaki Y, Ogawa T, Ohyama Y, Sugiyama M, Amano H. The green tea polyphenol (−)-epigallocatechin gallate precipitates salivary proteins including alpha-amylase: biochemical implications for oral health. Eur J Oral Sci 2012; 120:132-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2012.00947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Rooban T, Vidya K, Joshua E, Rao A, Ranganathan S, Rao UK, Ranganathan K. Tooth decay in alcohol and tobacco abusers. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2011; 15:14-21. [PMID: 21731272 PMCID: PMC3125650 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.80032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alcohol and tobacco abuse are detrimental to general and oral health. Though the effects of these harmful habits on oral mucosa had been demonstrated, their independent and combined effect on the dental caries experience is unknown and worthy of investigation. Materials and Methods: We compared 268 alcohol-only abusers with 2426 alcohol and tobacco abusers in chewing and smoking forms to test the hypothesis that various components of their dental caries experience are significantly different due to plausible sociobiological explanations. Clinical examination, Decay, Missing, Filled Teeth (DMFT) Index and Oral Hygiene Index - Simplified were measured in a predetermined format. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test and one-way ANOVA analysis were done using SPSS Version 16.0. Result: The mean DMFT were 3.31, 3.24, 4.09, 2.89 for alcohol-only abusers, alcohol and chewing tobacco abusers, smoking tobacco and alcohol abusers, and those who abused tobacco in smoke and smokeless forms respectively. There was no significant difference between the oral hygiene care measures between the study groups. Presence of attrition among chewers and those with extrinsic stains experienced less caries than others. Discussion and conclusion: The entire study population exhibited a higher incidence of caries experience. Use of tobacco in any form appears to substantially increase the risk for dental caries. Attrition with use of chewing tobacco and presence of extrinsic stains with tobacco use appear to provide a protective effect from caries. The changes in oral micro-flora owing to tobacco use and alcohol may play a critical role in the initiation and progression of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thavarajah Rooban
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
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16
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking is an independent risk factor for periodontal disease and tooth loss. STATE OF THE ART Smoking impairs inflammatory and immune responses to periodontal pathogens, and exerts both systemic and local effects. Periodontal disease is increased both in prevalence and severity in smokers. Smoking is a predisposing factor to acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and is associated with an increased rate of periodontal disease in terms of pocket formation and attachment loss, as well as alveolar bone loss. Cigar, pipe, water-pipe and cannabis smoking have similar adverse effects on periodontal health as cigarette smoking. Passive smoking is also an independent periodontal disease risk factor. Smokeless tobacco is associated with localized periodontal disease. Smokers respond less favourably to both non-surgical and surgical treatments and have higher failure rates and complications following dental implantation. Smoking cessation may halt the disease progression and improve the outcome of periodontal treatment. CONCLUSION Smoking cessation counselling should be an integral part of periodontal therapy and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Underner
- Unité de Tabacologie, Service de Pneumologie, Pavillon René Beauchant, CHU la Milétrie, BP 577, 86021 Poitiers cedex.
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17
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Abstract
Low molecular-mass plasma proteins play a key role in health and disease. Cystatin C is an endogenous cysteine proteinase inhibitor belonging to the type 2 cystatin superfamily. The mature, active form of human cystatin C is a single non-glycosylated polypeptide chain consisting of 120 amino acid residues, with a molecular mass of 13,343-13,359 Da, and containing four characteristic disulfide-paired cysteine residues. Human cystatin C is encoded by the CST3 gene, ubiquitously expressed at moderate levels. Cystatin C monomer is present in all human body fluids; it is preferentially abundant in cerebrospinal fluid, seminal plasma, and milk. Cystatin C L68Q variant is an amyloid fibril-forming protein with a high tendency to dimerize. It forms self-aggregates with massive amyloid deposits in the brain arteries of young adults, leading to lethal cerebral hemorrhage. The main catabolic site of cystatin C is the kidney: more than 99% of the protein is cleared from the circulation by glomerular ultrafiltration and tubular reabsorption. The diagnostic value of cystatin C as a marker of kidney dysfunction has been extensively investigated in multiple clinical studies on adults, children, and in the elderly. In almost all the clinical studies, cystatin C demonstrated a better diagnostic accuracy than serum creatinine in discriminating normal from impaired kidney function, but controversial results have been obtained by comparing this protein with other indices of kidney disease, especially serum creatinine-based equations. In this review, we present and discuss most of the available data from the literature, critically reviewing conclusions and suggestions for the use of cystatin C in clinical practice. Despite the multitude of clinical data in the literature, cystatin C has not been widely used, perhaps because of a combination of factors, such as a general diffidence among clinicians, the absence of definitive cut-off values, conflicting results in clinical studies, no clear evidence on when and how to request the test, the poor commutability of results, and no accurate examination of costs and of its routine use in a stat laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Mussap
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
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18
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Ulker AE, Tulunoglu O, Ozmeric N, Can M, Demirtas S. The evaluation of cystatin C, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha levels in total saliva and gingival crevicular fluid from 11- to 16-year-old children. J Periodontol 2008; 79:854-60. [PMID: 18454664 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.070422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of cystatin C, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in the total saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of periodontally healthy children (PHC) and children with gingivitis (CG) who were between 11 and 16 years old. METHODS The study was carried out with 10 PHC and 25 CG. Unstimulated total saliva and GCF samples were obtained. Clinical parameters, including probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and gingival bleeding index (GBI), were assessed. GCF samples were collected from four maxillary upper incisors. After sampling, biochemical analyses were performed using latex particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay for cystatin C and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. The multivariate analysis of variance test was used for statistical evaluation. RESULTS In total saliva, cystatin C and TNF-alpha levels were higher in PHC, and IL-1beta levels were higher in CG, but the differences were not statistically significant. In GCF, cystatin C levels were higher in PHC (P >0.05), whereas TNF-alpha and IL-1beta levels were higher in CG (P >0.05). In the CG group, there were positive correlations between the GCF cystatin C level and the PI of the sampled site (r = 0.488; P <0.05); also, GCF IL-1beta (r = 0.603; P <0.05) and TNF-alpha (r = 0.456; P <0.05) levels were positively correlated with PD and CAL. For the whole mouth and the sampled sites, PI, GI, GBI, PD, and CAL values were higher in CG (P <0.05), but no significant differences were detected between GCF volumes of the two groups. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first evaluation of cystatin C in the gingival disease mechanism in children. Our results showed that total saliva and GCF cystatin C levels were higher in PHC (P >0.05), but there was no correlation between cystatin C levels and IL-1beta or TNF-alpha levels in total saliva or GCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Evren Ulker
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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19
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Heasman L, Stacey F, Preshaw PM, McCracken GI, Hepburn S, Heasman PA. The effect of smoking on periodontal treatment response: a review of clinical evidence. J Clin Periodontol 2006; 33:241-53. [PMID: 16553633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2006.00902.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking has been identified as a significant risk factor for periodontal diseases and is regarded as being responsible for incomplete or delayed healing in patients following treatment. AIM AND METHOD The aim of this conventional review was to review, collate and tabulate the relative effectiveness of treatments of chronic periodontitis in smokers, non-smokers and ex-smokers. OBSERVATIONS The majority of clinical trials show significantly greater reductions in probing depths and bleeding on probing, and significantly greater gain of clinical attachment following non-surgical and surgical treatments in non-smokers compared with smokers. This benefit is also seen at class I and II furcation sites and in patients prescribed systemic or local antimicrobial treatments. CONCLUSIONS Data from epidemiological, cross-sectional and case-control studies strongly suggest that quitting smoking is beneficial to patients following periodontal treatments. The periodontal status of ex-smokers following treatment suggests that quitting the habit is beneficial although there are only limited data from long-term longitudinal clinical trials to demonstrate unequivocally the periodontal benefit of quitting smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Heasman
- School of Dental Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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20
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Ozmeric N. Advances in periodontal disease markers. Clin Chim Acta 2004; 343:1-16. [PMID: 15115674 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2004.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2003] [Revised: 01/12/2004] [Accepted: 01/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A computer-assisted medline search was conducted to find the relevant articles concerning the periodontal disease markers in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva published during the 10-year period from 1993 to July 2003. This review suggests that certain diagnostic uses of saliva and GCF show promise. Although both fluids have been used to evaluate the risk for an individual to develop periodontal disease and to monitor of the host response to periodontal therapy, GCF has the chance of being closely approximated to the periodontal tissues where periodontal disease begins. The enzymes contributed to extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules and non-ECM molecules degradation and markers for polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) activity and influx into the gingival tissue seem to provide valuable information regarding the periodontal disease diagnosis and prognosis. There is also an increasing evidence implicating reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide pathway in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. Although promising results have been achieved with the assays evaluating the markers in assessment of periodontal disease status, up to now, none of these tests are used routinely. Further, one commercially available genetic test has been reported to have the potential to be used to predict the periodontal disease, but there are controversial reports on this genetic susceptibility test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurdan Ozmeric
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Biskek caddesi 84.sokak 06510 Emek, Ankara, Turkey.
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem E Sahingur
- Department of Oral Biology, and Periodontics & Endodontics, Schoolof Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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22
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Mareš J, Stejskal D, Vavroušková J, Urbánek K, Herzig R, Hluštík P. USE OF CYSTATIN C DETERMINATION IN CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2003. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2003.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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23
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van Gils PC, Brand HS, Timmerman MF, Veerman ECI, van der Velden U, van der Weijden GA. Salivary cystatin activity and cystatin C in experimental gingivitis in non-smokers. J Clin Periodontol 2003; 30:882-6. [PMID: 14710768 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-051x.2003.00394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjects with natural gingivitis and periodontitis have elevated levels of salivary cystatins compared to periodontally healthy individuals. Experimental gingivitis studies, however, have yielded conflicting results. AIM The present study investigated whether experimentally induced gingivitis is associated with changes in salivary cystatin levels. MATERIAL & METHODS Plaque scores, bleeding indexes and whole saliva samples of 35 non-smoking young adults were collected at the start and at the end of an experimental gingivitis trial, and 3 weeks after resuming oral hygiene. The saliva samples were assayed for protein concentrations, cystatin activity and cystatin C concentration. RESULTS During experimental gingivitis, plaque and bleeding scores increased significantly in all subjects and subsequently decreased significantly after reinstalment of oral hygiene procedures. No significant changes were observed for the protein concentration, cystatin activity and cystatin C concentration. No significant relation could be established between these salivary parameters and bleeding on marginal probing. CONCLUSION The present study confirms earlier results from Lie et al. (2001) that no significant changes occur in salivary cystatin activity and cystatin C concentration during and after experimental gingivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C van Gils
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Nair P, Sutherland G, Palmer RM, Wilson RF, Scott DA. Gingival bleeding on probing increases after quitting smoking. J Clin Periodontol 2003; 30:435-7. [PMID: 12716336 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-051x.2003.20039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gingival inflammation associated with plaque accumulation is delayed or impaired in smokers. Anecdotal evidence suggests that smokers who quit experience an increase in gingival bleeding. METHOD A group of 27 subjects on a Quit-smoking programme were examined for changes in gingival health over a 4-6-week period. RESULTS The bleeding on probing with a constant force probe increased from 16% of sites to 32% of sites, despite improvements in the subjects oral hygiene. CONCLUSION This provides further evidence that tobacco smoking affects the inflammatory response and that these changes are reversible on quitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nair
- Department of Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Dentistry, Kings College, Guy's Campus, London SE1 9RT, UK
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25
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Dickinson DP. Salivary (SD-type) cystatins: over one billion years in the making--but to what purpose? CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2003; 13:485-508. [PMID: 12499242 DOI: 10.1177/154411130201300606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human saliva contains relatively abundant proteins that are related ancestrally in sequence to the cystatin superfamily. Most, although not all, members of this superfamily are potent inhibitors of cysteine peptidases. Four related genes have been identified, CST1, 2, 4 and 5, encoding cystatins SN, SA, S, and D, respectively. CST1, 4, and probably CST5 are now known to be expressed in a limited number of other tissues in the body, primarily in exocrine epithelia, and the term SD-type cystatin is more appropriate than 'salivary cystatin'. These genes are co-ordinately regulated in the submandibular gland during post-natal development. The organization of these tissue-specifically-expressed genes in the genome, and their phylogeny, indicate that they evolved from an ancestral housekeeping gene encoding the ubiquitously expressed cystatin C, and are members of a larger protein family. Their relationship to rat cystatin S, a developmentally regulated rodent submandibular gland protein, remains to be established. In this review, the evolution of the SD-type cystatins in the cystatin superfamily, their genomics, expression, and structure-function relationships are examined and compared with known cystatin functions, with the goal of providing clues to their biological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Dickinson
- Medical College of Georgia, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology and Maxillofacial Pathology, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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26
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Abstract
It is well known that smoking contributes to the development of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease, and there is weighty evidence that it has a considerable influence on oral health. Smoking has many negative effects on the mouth, including staining of teeth and dental restorations, reduction of the ability to smell and taste, and the development of oral diseases such as smoker's palate, smoker's melanosis, coated tongue, and, possibly, oral candidosis and dental caries, periodontal disease, implant failure, oral precancer and cancer. From a qualitative point of view the latter is obviously the most serious tobacco-related effect in the mouth. Quantitatively, however, importance has been attached to periodontitis, which affects a large proportion of the population, and during recent years more attention has been given to implant survival rates. Dentists have an important role to play in preventing the harmful effects of smoking in the mouth, and consequently smoking counselling should be as much a part of the dentist's job as plaque control and dietary advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Reibel
- Department of Oral Medicine, Clinical Oral Physiology, Oral Pathology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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