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Scott LN, Fiume M, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Heldreth B. Safety Assessment of Alkane Diols as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2024; 43:70S-131S. [PMID: 38174390 DOI: 10.1177/10915818231224234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) assessed the safety of 10 alkane diol ingredients as used in cosmetics. The alkane diols are structurally related to each other as small diols, and most are reported to function in cosmetics as solvents. The Panel reviewed the relevant data for these ingredients, and concluded that seven alkane diols are safe in cosmetics in the present practices of use and concentration described in this safety assessment, but that the available data are insufficient to make a determination of safety for three ingredients, namely 1,4-Butanediol, 2,3-Butanediol, and Octanediol.
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Key Words
- 1,10-Decanediol
- 1,4-Butanediol
- 1,5-Pentanediol
- 2,3-Butanediol
- Butyl Ethyl Propanediol (2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol)
- Cosmetics
- Hexanediol (1,6-hexanediol)
- Isopentyldiol (3-methyl-1,3-butanediol)
- Methylpropanediol (2-methyl-1,3-propanediol)
- Octanediol (1,8-octanediol)
- Propanediol (1,3-propanediol)
- Safety
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Scott
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Former Scientific Analyst/Writer
| | | | | | | | - Ronald A Hill
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
| | | | | | - James G Marks
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
| | - Ronald C Shank
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
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2
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Gallo R, Guarneri F, Ferrucci SM, Stingeni L, Hansel K, Corazza M, Borghi A, Foti C, Romita P, Patruno C, Napolitano M, Morini N, Trave I, Rigano L, Parodi A. Frequency of contact allergy to pentylene glycol. Retrospective cross-sectional study with data from the Società Italiana di Dermatologia Allergologica Professionale e Ambientale (SIDAPA). Contact Dermatitis 2024; 90:314-317. [PMID: 38044040 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosella Gallo
- Dermatologic Clinic, Department of Health Sciences (DiSSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Guarneri
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Silvia Mariel Ferrucci
- Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Stingeni
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Katharina Hansel
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Monica Corazza
- Section of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Borghi
- Section of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Caterina Foti
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Romita
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Cataldo Patruno
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maddalena Napolitano
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences Vincenzo Tiberio, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Nicole Morini
- Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Trave
- Dermatologic Clinic, Department of Health Sciences (DiSSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luigi Rigano
- R&D Department, Institute of Skin and Product Evaluation, Milano, Italy
| | - Aurora Parodi
- Dermatologic Clinic, Department of Health Sciences (DiSSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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3
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Yu HL, Goh CF. Glycols: The ubiquitous solvent for dermal formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 196:114182. [PMID: 38224756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Glycols stand out as one of the most commonly employed safe and effective excipients for pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products. Their widespread adoption can be attributed to their exceptional solvency characteristics and their ability to interact effectively with skin lipids and keratin for permeation enhancement. Notably, propylene glycol enjoys significant popularity in this regard. Ongoing research endeavours have been dedicated to scrutinising the impact of glycols on dermal drug delivery and shedding light on the intricate mechanisms by which glycols enhance skin permeation. This review aims to mitigate the discordance within the existing literature, assemble a holistic understanding of the impact of glycols on the percutaneous absorption of active compounds and furnish the reader with a profound comprehension of the foundational facets pertaining to their skin permeation enhancement mechanisms, while simultaneously delving deeper into the intricacies of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Long Yu
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Choon Fu Goh
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia.
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4
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Jesus A, Sebastião AI, Brites G, Correia-da-Silva M, Cidade H, Cruz MT, Sousa E, Almeida IF. A Hydrophilic Sulfated Resveratrol Derivative for Topical Application: Sensitization and Anti-Allergic Potential. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073158. [PMID: 37049922 PMCID: PMC10096149 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV), a naturally occurring metabolite, is widely used in skincare products, but its hydrophobicity impairs its own incorporation into cosmetic formulations. RSV-GS is a synthetic hydrophilic sulfated glycosylated derivative inspired by marine natural products that present a lower cytotoxicity than RSV while exhibiting similar levels of bioactivity. Herein, we predict the skin sensitization potential of this new compound using an in vitro approach based on the OECD 442E guideline. Furthermore, the anti-allergic potential of RSV-GS was also disclosed. The monocyte THP-1 cell line was stimulated with RSV and RSV-GS in the presence or absence of the extreme skin allergen 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB). The results demonstrated that RSV-GS alone (500 µM) evoked a relative fluorescence index (RFI) lower than the thresholds established by the OECD guideline for CD54 (200%) and CD86 (150%), indicating the absence of a skin sensitization potential. Interestingly, in the presence of the skin allergen DNFB, RSV-GS exhibited the ability to rescue the DNFB-induced maturation of THP-1 cells, with RFI values lower than those for RSV, suggesting the potential of RSV-GS to mitigate skin sensitization evoked by allergens and, consequently, allergic contact dermatitis. These results open new avenues for the use of RSV-GS as a safe and anti-allergic active cosmetic ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jesus
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana I. Sebastião
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Brites
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marta Correia-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinar Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Honorina Cidade
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinar Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Maria T. Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinar Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Isabel F. Almeida
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Badaoui A. Allergic contact dermatitis to resveratrol and
scutellaria baicalensis
root extract in a cosmetic product. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 87:282-283. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.14134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Badaoui
- Private dermatologist, Paris, France, and Dermatology Department Military Teaching Hospital St Mandé France
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6
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Corazza M, Schenetti C, Schettini N, Zedde P, Borghi A. Pentylene glycol: An emerging cosmetic allergen? Contact Dermatitis 2021; 86:44-46. [PMID: 34455582 PMCID: PMC9292776 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Corazza
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cecilia Schenetti
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Natale Schettini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pierantonia Zedde
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Borghi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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7
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Degraeuwe A, Jacobs M, Herman A. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by resveratrol in a cosmetic cream. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 82:412-413. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Degraeuwe
- Department of DermatologyClinique Saint‐Jean Brussels Belgium
- Department of DermatologyCliniques Universitaires Saint‐Luc Brussels Belgium
| | | | - Anne Herman
- Department of DermatologyCliniques Universitaires Saint‐Luc Brussels Belgium
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8
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Vieira V, Calhelha RC, Barros L, Coutinho JAP, C. F. R. Ferreira I, Ferreira O. Insights on the Extraction Performance of Alkanediols and Glycerol: Using Juglans regia L. Leaves as a Source of Bioactive Compounds. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112497. [PMID: 32471297 PMCID: PMC7321402 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerol and alkanediols are being studied as alternative solvents to extract phytochemicals from plant material, often as hydrogen bond donors in deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Many of those alcohols are liquid at room temperature, yet studies of their use as extraction solvents are scarce. In this work, glycerol and a series of alkanediols (1,2-ethanediol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,2-pentanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, and 1,2-hexanediol) were studied for the extraction of phenolic compounds from Juglans regia L. leaves, a rich source of this class of bioactive compounds. The extraction yield was quantified, and the bioactivity of both extracts and pure solvents was evaluated by measuring the anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities. The solvents showing the best combined results were 1,2 and 1,3-propanediol, as their extracts presented a high amount of phenolic compounds, close to the results of ethanol, and similar cytotoxicity against cervical carcinoma cells, with no impact on non-tumor porcine liver cells in the studied concentration range. On the other hand, none of the extracts (and solvents) presented anti-inflammatory activity. Overall, the results obtained in this work contribute to the study of alternative solvents that could potentially be used also as formulation media, highlighting the importance of walnut leaves as a source of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Vieira
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Complexo de Laboratórios Tecnológicos, Aveiro University, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (V.V.); (J.A.P.C.)
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering—Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (R.C.C.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
| | - Ricardo C. Calhelha
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (R.C.C.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (R.C.C.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (O.F.); Tel.: +351-273-330901 (L.B.); Tel.: +351-273-303087 (O.F.)
| | - João A. P. Coutinho
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Complexo de Laboratórios Tecnológicos, Aveiro University, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (V.V.); (J.A.P.C.)
| | - Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (R.C.C.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
| | - Olga Ferreira
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering—Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (R.C.C.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (O.F.); Tel.: +351-273-330901 (L.B.); Tel.: +351-273-303087 (O.F.)
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9
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Gallo R, Russo R, Trave I, Murgioni F, Parodi A. Allergic contact dermatitis to pentylene glycol in an eye contour cream. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 82:254-255. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosella Gallo
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL)University of Genoa Genoa Italy
- Clinica Dermatologica, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa Italy
| | - Roberto Russo
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL)University of Genoa Genoa Italy
- Clinica Dermatologica, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa Italy
| | - Ilaria Trave
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL)University of Genoa Genoa Italy
- Clinica Dermatologica, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa Italy
| | - Franca Murgioni
- Clinica Dermatologica, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa Italy
| | - Aurora Parodi
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL)University of Genoa Genoa Italy
- Clinica Dermatologica, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa Italy
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10
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Na JI, Shin JW, Choi HR, Kwon SH, Park KC. Resveratrol as a Multifunctional Topical Hypopigmenting Agent. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040956. [PMID: 30813264 PMCID: PMC6412432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin is produced in melanocytes and stored in melanosomes, after which it is transferred to keratinocytes and, thus, determines skin color. Despite its beneficial sun-protective effects, abnormal accumulation of melanin results in esthetic problems. A range of topical hypopigmenting agents have been evaluated for their use in the treatment of pigmentary disorders with varying degrees of success. Hydroquinone (HQ), which competes with tyrosine, is the main ingredient in topical pharmacological agents. However, frequent occurrence of adverse reactions is an important factor that limits its use. Thus, efforts to discover effective topical hypopigmenting agents with less adverse effects continue. Here, we describe the potential of resveratrol to function as an effective hypopigmenting agent based on its mechanism of action. Resveratrol is not only a direct tyrosinase inhibitor but an indirect inhibitor as well. Additionally, it can affect keratinocytes, which regulate the function of melanocytes. Resveratrol regulates the inflammatory process of keratinocytes and protects them from oxidative damage. In this way, it prevents keratinocyte-induced melanocyte stimulation. Furthermore, it has a rescuing effect on the stemness of interfollicular epidermal cells that can repair signs of photoaging in the melasma, a typical pigmentary skin disorder. Overall, resveratrol is a promising potent hypopigmenting agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Im Na
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
| | - Jung-Won Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
| | - Hye-Ryung Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
| | - Soon-Hyo Kwon
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Chan Park
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
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11
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Gallo R, Pastorino C, Gasparini G, Ciccarese G, Parodi A. Scutellaria baicalensis extract: a novel botanical allergen in cosmetic products? Contact Dermatitis 2016; 75:387-388. [PMID: 27870097 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosella Gallo
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS, AOU San Martino-IST, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Carlotta Pastorino
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS, AOU San Martino-IST, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giulia Gasparini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS, AOU San Martino-IST, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giulia Ciccarese
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS, AOU San Martino-IST, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Aurora Parodi
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS, AOU San Martino-IST, 16132, Genoa, Italy
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12
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Myers LP, Law BF, Fedorowicz A, Siegel PD, Butterworth LF, Anderson SE, Sussman G, Shapiro M, Meade BJ, Beezhold D. Identification of phenolic dermal sensitizers in a wound closure tape. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 4:303-10. [PMID: 18958741 DOI: 10.1080/15476910701680236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A latex-allergic patient presented with a severe local reaction to a non-latex wound closure bandage following surgery. Extracts of the bandage were analyzed by gas chromatograph-electron impact-mass spectrometry (GC EI-MS) in the total ion monitoring mode. Components were identified by their ion mass fingerprint and elution time as a corresponding standard from the GC column. The chemicals identified were 4,4'-thiobis-(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol) (TBBC), 6-tert-Butyl-m-cresol (BC), 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (BP) and erucamide (EA). Sensitization potential of these chemicals was evaluated using two quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) programs. The phenol 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)phenol (BHP) was also included in the test series. It was initially thought to be present in the bandage but detectable levels could not be confirmed. The potential for TBBC to induce a sensitization response was predicted by both Derek for Windows and TOPKAT 6.2. The potential for BC and BP to induce a sensitization response was predicted by Derek for Windows, but not TOPKAT. BHP and EA were not predicted to be sensitizers by either QSAR program. Local lymph node assay (LLNA) analysis of the chemicals identified TBBC, BP, and BC as potential sensitizers with EC3 values between 0.2 and 4.5%. None of the animals exhibited body weight loss or skin irritation at the concentrations tested. In agreement with the toxicological modeling, BHP did not induce a sensitization response in the LLNA. Following a positive LLNA response, TBBC, BP, and BC were further characterized by phenotypic analysis of the draining lymph nodes. A positive LLNA result coupled with a lack of increase in B220(+)IgE(+) cell and serum IgE characterize these chemicals as Type IV sensitizers. These studies used a multidisciplinary approach combining clinical observation, GC-EI-MS for chemical identification, QSAR modeling of chemicals prior to animal testing, and the LLNA for determination of the sensitization potential of chemicals in a manufactured product.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Myers
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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13
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Contact-allergic reactions to cosmetics. J Allergy (Cairo) 2011; 2011:467071. [PMID: 21461388 PMCID: PMC3065000 DOI: 10.1155/2011/467071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact-allergic reactions to cosmetics may be delayed-type reactions such as allergic and photo-allergic contact dermatitis, and more exceptionally also immediate-type reactions, that is, contact urticaria. Fragrances and preservative agents are the most important contact allergens, but reactions also occur to category-specific products such as hair dyes and other hair-care products, nail cosmetics, sunscreens, as well as to antioxidants, vehicles, emulsifiers, and, in fact, any possible cosmetic ingredient. Patch and prick testing to detect the respective culprits remains the golden standard for diagnosis, although additional tests might be useful as well. Once the specific allergens are identified, the patients should be informed of which products can be safely used in the future.
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15
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Foti C, Bonamonte D, Cassano N, Conserva A, Vena GA. Allergic contact dermatitis to propyl gallate and pentylene glycol in an emollient cream. Australas J Dermatol 2010; 51:147-148. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-0960.2009.00618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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16
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Mortz CG, Otkjaer A, Andersen KE. Allergic contact dermatitis to ethylhexylglycerin and pentylene glycol. Contact Dermatitis 2009; 61:180. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Sundberg JJ, Faergemann J. A comparison of pentane-1,5-diol to other diols for use in dermatology. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 17:601-10. [PMID: 18363524 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.17.4.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of pentane-1,5-diol in topical pharmaceutical products is relatively new compared with, e.g., propane-1,2-diol (propylene glycol), also an aliphatic diol, which has been used for many years. Yet, what are the differences between diols in clinical efficacy, safety and other characteristics? OBJECTIVE The objective of this overview was to compare the efficacy, safety, chemical and pharmaceutical characteristics of pentane-1,5-diol with other aliphatic diols used in pharmaceutical formulations in dermatology. METHODS A survey of the literature was carried out based on searches limited to aliphatic diols. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Pentane-1,5-diol was found to be safe and more effective than several other diols with respect to drug delivery-enhancing potency, pharmaceutical and cosmetic properties, antimicrobial spectrum and toxicity. Results from formal clinical trials with pentane-1,5-diol verify its efficacy and safety. These characteristics together with its low cost make pentane-1,5-diol an attractive substance for use in pharmaceutical formulations for topical administration.
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