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Buonaguro L, Tagliamonte M. Peptide-based vaccine for cancer therapies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1210044. [PMID: 37654484 PMCID: PMC10467431 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1210044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Different strategies based on peptides are available for cancer treatment, in particular to counter-act the progression of tumor growth and disease relapse. In the last decade, in the context of therapeutic strategies against cancer, peptide-based vaccines have been evaluated in different tumor models. The peptides selected for cancer vaccine development can be classified in two main type: tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and tumor-specific antigens (TSAs), which are captured, internalized, processed and presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to cell-mediated immunity. Peptides loaded onto MHC class I are recognized by a specific TCR of CD8+ T cells, which are activated to exert their cytotoxic activity against tumor cells presenting the same peptide-MHC-I complex. This process is defined as active immunotherapy as the host's immune system is either de novo activated or restimulated to mount an effective, tumor-specific immune reaction that may ultimately lead to tu-mor regression. However, while the preclinical data have frequently shown encouraging results, therapeutic cancer vaccines clinical trials, including those based on peptides have not provided satisfactory data to date. The limited efficacy of peptide-based cancer vaccines is the consequence of several factors, including the identification of specific target tumor antigens, the limited immunogenicity of peptides and the highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). An effective cancer vaccine can be developed only by addressing all such different aspects. The present review describes the state of the art for each of such factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Tagliamonte
- Innovative Immunological Models Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - “Fond G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
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2
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Blazeska N, Kosaloglu-Yalcin Z, Vita R, Peters B, Sette A. IEDB and CEDAR: Two Sibling Databases to Serve the Global Scientific Community. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2673:133-149. [PMID: 37258911 PMCID: PMC11008223 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3239-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Various methodologies have been utilized to analyze epitope-specific responses in the context of non-self-antigens, such as those associated with infectious diseases and allergies, and in the context of self-antigens, such as those associated with transplantation, autoimmunity, and cancer. Further to this, epitope-specific data, and its associated immunological context, are crucial to training and developing predictive algorithms and pipelines for the development of specific vaccines and diagnostics. In this chapter, we describe the methodology utilized to derive two sibling resources, the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) and Cancer Epitope Database and Analysis Resource (CEDAR), to specifically host this data, and make them freely available to the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Blazeska
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zeynep Kosaloglu-Yalcin
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Randi Vita
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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3
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Takemura Y, Tanifuji T, Okazaki S, Shinko Y, Otsuka I, Horai T, Shirai T, Aso K, Yamamoto N, Hishimoto A. Epigenetic clock analysis in methamphetamine dependence. Psychiatry Res 2022; 317:114901. [PMID: 36244160 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) is used worldwide and causes serious public health and social problems. MA affects the central nervous, cardiac, and immune systems, which causes neuropsychiatric and cardiovascular diseases and infection. Epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation (DNAm), are associated with various clinical phenotypes of MA abuse. DNAm is related to biological aging and health risks; hence, we aimed to assess the changes in biological aging in MA dependence using the DNAm age and DNA methylation-based telomere length (DNAmTL). We used five measures of DNAm age (HorvathAge, HannumAge, SkinBloodAge, PhenoAge, and GrimAge), DNAmTL, and DNAm-based age-predictive factors (plasma proteins and blood cell composition). We compared patients with MA dependence and healthy controls (n = 24 each) using the DNAm profiles obtained from whole-blood samples. Patients with MA dependence showed significant acceleration in PhenoAge and GrimAge, as well as a trend for significant acceleration in DNAmTL. Following adjustment for confounding factors, MA dependence was significantly associated with accelerations in PhenoAge, GrimAge, and DNAmTL, as well as alterations in DNAm-based age-predictive factors (beta-2-microglobulin, granulocytes, and naive cluster of differentiation 4+ T cells). Our results suggested an acceleration of biological aging and specific changes in the DNAm of age- predictive factors in MA dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Takemura
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Fukko-kai Tarumi Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takaki Tanifuji
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okazaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Shinko
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Ikuo Otsuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tadasu Horai
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shirai
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Katsuro Aso
- Department of Psychiatry, Fukko-kai Tarumi Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Noriya Yamamoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Fukko-kai Tarumi Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akitoyo Hishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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4
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Jin Y, Schladetsch MA, Huang X, Balunas MJ, Wiemer AJ. Stepping forward in antibody-drug conjugate development. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 229:107917. [PMID: 34171334 PMCID: PMC8702582 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are cancer therapeutic agents comprised of an antibody, a linker and a small-molecule payload. ADCs use the specificity of the antibody to target the toxic payload to tumor cells. After intravenous administration, ADCs enter circulation, distribute to tumor tissues and bind to the tumor surface antigen. The antigen then undergoes endocytosis to internalize the ADC into tumor cells, where it is transported to lysosomes to release the payload. The released toxic payloads can induce apoptosis through DNA damage or microtubule inhibition and can kill surrounding cancer cells through the bystander effect. The first ADC drug was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2000, but the following decade saw no new approved ADC drugs. From 2011 to 2018, four ADC drugs were approved, while in 2019 and 2020 five more ADCs entered the market. This demonstrates an increasing trend for the clinical development of ADCs. This review summarizes the recent clinical research, with a specific focus on how the in vivo processing of ADCs influences their design. We aim to provide comprehensive information about current ADCs to facilitate future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Jin
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Megan A Schladetsch
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Xueting Huang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Marcy J Balunas
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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5
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Guo M, Wu F, Hu G, Chen L, Xu J, Xu P, Wang X, Li Y, Liu S, Zhang S, Huang Q, Fan J, Lv Z, Zhou M, Duan L, Liao T, Yang G, Tang K, Liu B, Liao X, Tao X, Jin Y. Autologous tumor cell-derived microparticle-based targeted chemotherapy in lung cancer patients with malignant pleural effusion. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/474/eaat5690. [PMID: 30626714 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aat5690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cell membrane-derived microparticles (MPs), the critical mediators of intercellular communication, have gained much interest for use as natural drug delivery systems. Here, we examined the therapeutic potential of tumor cell-derived MPs (TMPs) in the context of malignant pleural effusion (MPE). TMPs packaging the chemotherapeutic drug methotrexate (TMPs-MTX) markedly restricted MPE growth and provided a survival benefit in MPE models induced by murine Lewis lung carcinoma and colon adenocarcinoma cells. On the basis of the potential benefit and minimal toxicity of TMPs-MTX, we conducted a human study of intrapleural delivery of a single dose of autologous TMPs packaging methotrexate (ATMPs-MTX) to assess their safety, immunogenicity, and clinical activity. We report our findings on 11 advanced lung cancer patients with MPE. We found that manufacturing and infusing ATMPs-MTX were feasible and safe, without evidence of toxic effects of grade 3 or higher. Evaluation of the tumor microenvironment in MPE demonstrated notable reductions in tumor cells and CD163+ macrophages in MPE after ATMP-MTX infusion, which then translated into objective clinical responses. Moreover, ATMP-MTX treatment stimulated CD4+ T cells to release IL-2 and CD8+ cells to release IFN-γ. Our initial experience with ATMPs-MTX in advanced lung cancer with MPE suggests that ATMPs targeting malignant cells and the immunosuppressive microenvironment may be a promising therapeutic platform for treating malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Guorong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Juanjuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Pingwei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yumei Li
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shuqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jinshuo Fan
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhilei Lv
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Limin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Tingting Liao
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Guanghai Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ke Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Bifeng Liu
- Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaofei Liao
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaonan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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6
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Krasniqi E, Barchiesi G, Pizzuti L, Mazzotta M, Venuti A, Maugeri-Saccà M, Sanguineti G, Massimiani G, Sergi D, Carpano S, Marchetti P, Tomao S, Gamucci T, De Maria R, Tomao F, Natoli C, Tinari N, Ciliberto G, Barba M, Vici P. Immunotherapy in HER2-positive breast cancer: state of the art and future perspectives. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:111. [PMID: 31665051 PMCID: PMC6820969 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0798-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a complex disease with primary or acquired incurability characteristics in a significant part of patients. Immunotherapeutical agents represent an emerging option for breast cancer treatment, including the human epidermal growth factor 2 positive (HER2+) subtype. The immune system holds the ability to spontaneously implement a defensive response against HER2+ BC cells through complex mechanisms which can be exploited to modulate this response for obtaining a clinical benefit. Initial immune system modulating strategies consisted mostly in vaccine therapies, which are still being investigated and improved. However, the entrance of trastuzumab into the scenery of HER2+ BC treatment was the real game changing event, which embodied a dominant immune-mediated mechanism. More recently, the advent of the immune checkpoint inhibitors has caused a new paradigm shift for immuno-oncology, with promising initial results also for HER2+ BC. Breast cancer has been traditionally considered poorly immunogenic, being characterized by relatively low tumor mutation burden (TMB). Nevertheless, recent evidence has revealed high tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in a considerable proportion of HER2+ BC patients. This may translate into a higher potential to elicit anti-cancer response and, therefore, wider possibilities for the use and implementation of immunotherapy in this subset of BC patients. We are herein presenting and critically discussing the most representative evidence concerning immunotherapy in HER2+ BC cancer, both singularly and in combination with therapeutic agents acting throughout HER2-block, immune checkpoint inhibition and anti-cancer vaccines. The reader will be also provided with hints concerning potential future projection of the most promising immutherapeutic agents and approaches for the disease of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Krasniqi
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53-00144, Rome, Italy
| | - G Barchiesi
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53-00144, Rome, Italy
| | - L Pizzuti
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53-00144, Rome, Italy
| | - M Mazzotta
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Azienda Ospedaliera Sant'Andrea, Rome, Italy
| | - A Venuti
- HPV-UNIT, UOSD Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic and Technological Innovation (RIDAIT), Translational Research Functional Departmental Area, IRCSS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - M Maugeri-Saccà
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53-00144, Rome, Italy
| | - G Sanguineti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - G Massimiani
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53-00144, Rome, Italy
| | - D Sergi
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53-00144, Rome, Italy
| | - S Carpano
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53-00144, Rome, Italy
| | - P Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Azienda Ospedaliera Sant'Andrea, Rome, Italy.,Medical Oncology Unit B, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - S Tomao
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - T Gamucci
- Medical Oncology, Sandro Pertini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - R De Maria
- Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medical Oncology, Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", Rome, Italy
| | - F Tomao
- Department of Gynecology-Obstetrics and Urology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - C Natoli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences and Center of Aging Science & Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - N Tinari
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences and Center of Aging Science & Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - G Ciliberto
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - M Barba
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53-00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - P Vici
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53-00144, Rome, Italy
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7
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Ghosh M, Di Marco M, Stevanović S. Identification of MHC Ligands and Establishing MHC Class I Peptide Motifs. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1988:137-147. [PMID: 31147938 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9450-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
MHC class I peptide motifs are used on a regular basis to identify and predict MHC class I ligands and CD8+ T cell epitopes. This approach is above all an invaluable tool for the identification of disease-associated epitopes ranging from pathogen associated epitopes, tumor associated natural and neoepitopes to autoimmune disease associated epitopes. As a matter of fact, the vast majority of T cell epitopes discovered during the past two decades was identified by means of epitope prediction and MHC ligand identification. Here we describe the steps which are necessary to identify MHC epitopes from monoallelic and multiallelic cells and establish MHC class I peptide motifs to compose a reliable scoring matrix for epitope prediction. As an example, the ligands of monoallelic C1R cells and multiallelic peripheral blood mononuclear cell tissue will be identified and a scoring matrix for the prediction of HLA-C*01:02-presented T cell epitopes will be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ghosh
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moreno Di Marco
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Stevanović
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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8
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Gouttefangeas C, Rammensee HG. Personalized cancer vaccines: adjuvants are important, too. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:1911-1918. [PMID: 29644387 PMCID: PMC11028305 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines have shown limited clinical efficacy so far. Nevertheless, in the meantime, our understanding of immune cell function and the interactions of immune cells with growing tumors has advanced considerably. We are now in a position to invest this knowledge into the design of more powerful vaccines and therapy combinations aimed at increasing immunogenicity and decreasing tumor-induced immunosuppression. This review focuses essentially on peptide-based human vaccines. We will discuss two aspects that are critical for increasing their intrinsic immunogenicity: the selection of the antigen(s) to be targeted, and the as yet unmet need for strong adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Gouttefangeas
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Hans-Georg Rammensee
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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9
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Farkona S, Diamandis EP, Blasutig IM. Cancer immunotherapy: the beginning of the end of cancer? BMC Med 2016; 14:73. [PMID: 27151159 PMCID: PMC4858828 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0623-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 759] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
These are exciting times for cancer immunotherapy. After many years of disappointing results, the tide has finally changed and immunotherapy has become a clinically validated treatment for many cancers. Immunotherapeutic strategies include cancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses, adoptive transfer of ex vivo activated T and natural killer cells, and administration of antibodies or recombinant proteins that either costimulate cells or block the so-called immune checkpoint pathways. The recent success of several immunotherapeutic regimes, such as monoclonal antibody blocking of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), has boosted the development of this treatment modality, with the consequence that new therapeutic targets and schemes which combine various immunological agents are now being described at a breathtaking pace. In this review, we outline some of the main strategies in cancer immunotherapy (cancer vaccines, adoptive cellular immunotherapy, immune checkpoint blockade, and oncolytic viruses) and discuss the progress in the synergistic design of immune-targeting combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Farkona
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ivan M Blasutig
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Clinical Biochemistry, Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabet St. Rm 3EB-365, Toronto, ON, M5G2C4, Canada.
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10
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Grimm M, Feyen O, Hofmann H, Teriete P, Biegner T, Munz A, Reinert S. Immunophenotyping of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma in peripheral blood and associated tumor tissue. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:3807-16. [PMID: 26474587 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is important for elimination of cancer cells. Tumors including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are capable of escaping detection by host immune cells through apoptotic depletion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Circulating peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and corresponding TILs of tumor specimen were evaluated before and after curative tumor resection (n = 30) compared with PBLs of controls (n = 87). PBLs were characterized for the total number of T cells (CD3(+)), T helper cells (Th, CD3(+)/CD4(+)), regulatory T cells (Treg, CD4(+)/CD25(+)/CD127(low)), cytotoxic T cells (Tc, CD3(+)/CD8(+)), activated T cells (CD3(+)/HLA-DR(+)), and natural killer (NK) cells (CD3(-)/CD16(+)/CD56(+)). In tumor tissue, the prevalence of CD3(+), CD4(+), and CD8(+) TILs was assessed using immunohistochemistry, whereas the incidence of apoptosis was assessed using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridinetriphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. In PBLs of pretreated OSCC patients, a highly significant decrease in total number of T cells (p = 0.0001), Th cells (p < 0.0001), Treg cells (p < 0.0001), Tc cells (p < 0.0001), and NK cells (p = 0.0037) were found compared with controls. Decreased PBLs of OSCC patients were correlated with decreased numbers of corresponding TILs, which were associated with increased detection of apoptosis in the tumor tissue. Compared with the controls, the total number of T cells remained unchanged after surgery but the total number of NK cells significantly increased. Standardized immunophenotyping of OSCC may help to identify patients likely to benefit from cancer immunotherapy strategies and/or chemoradiation. Finally, future attempts to enhance an effective tumor-reactive immune response by immunotherapy or vaccination should be made by promoting tumor-specific Th and/or Tc cell/NK cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Grimm
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Oliver Feyen
- Zyagnum AG, Reißstraße 1a, 64319, Pfungstadt, Germany
| | - Heiko Hofmann
- biovis' Diagnostik MVZ, Justus-Staudt-Straße 2, 65555, Limburg an der Lahn, Germany
| | - Peter Teriete
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Thorsten Biegner
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Liebermeisterstrasse 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Adelheid Munz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Siegmar Reinert
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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HLA ligandome analysis identifies the underlying specificities of spontaneous antileukemia immune responses in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 112:E166-75. [PMID: 25548167 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1416389112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The breakthrough development of clinically effective immune checkpoint inhibitors illustrates the potential of T-cell-based immunotherapy to effectively treat malignancies. A remaining challenge is to increase and guide the specificities of anticancer immune responses, e.g., by therapeutic vaccination or by adoptive T-cell transfer. By analyzing the landscape of naturally presented HLA class I and II ligands of primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), we delineated a novel category of tumor-associated T-cell antigens based on their exclusive and frequent representation in the HLA ligandome of leukemic cells. These antigens were validated across different stages and mutational subtypes of CLL and found to be robustly represented in HLA ligandomes of patients undergoing standard chemo-/immunotherapy. We demonstrate specific immune recognition of these antigens exclusively in CLL patients, with the frequencies of representation in CLL ligandomes correlating with the frequencies of immune recognition by patient T cells. Moreover, retrospective survival analysis revealed survival benefits for patients displaying immune responses to these antigens. These results directly imply these nonmutant self-peptides as pathophysiologically relevant tumor antigens and encourages their implementation for cancer immunotherapy.
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12
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Immunological challenges for peptide-based immunotherapy in glioblastoma. Cancer Treat Rev 2014; 40:248-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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13
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Baia GS, Caballero OL, Ho JSY, Zhao Q, Cohen T, Binder ZA, Salmasi V, Gallia GL, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Olivi A, Brem H, Burger P, Strausberg RL, Simpson AJG, Eberhart CG, Riggins GJ. NY-ESO-1 expression in meningioma suggests a rationale for new immunotherapeutic approaches. Cancer Immunol Res 2013; 1:296-302. [PMID: 24777967 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Meningiomas are the most common primary intracranial tumors. Surgical resection remains the treatment of choice for these tumors. However, a significant number of tumors are not surgically accessible, recur, or become malignant, necessitating the repetition of surgery and sometimes radiation. Chemotherapy is rarely used and is generally not recognized as an effective treatment. Cancer/testis (CT) genes represent a unique class of genes, which are expressed by germ cells, normally silenced in somatic cells, but activated in various cancers. CT proteins can elicit spontaneous immune responses in patients with cancer and this feature makes them attractive targets for immunotherapy-based approaches. We analyzed mRNA expression of 37 testis-restricted CT genes in a discovery set of 18 meningiomas by reverse transcription PCR. The overall frequency of expression of CT genes ranged from 5.6% to 27.8%. The most frequently expressed was NY-ESO-1, in 5 patients (27.8%). We subsequently analyzed NY-ESO-1 protein expression in a larger set of meningiomas by immunohistochemistry and found expression in 108 of 110 cases. In some cases, NY-ESO-1 expression was diffused and homogenous, but in most instances it was heterogeneous. Importantly, NY-ESO-1 expression was positively correlated with higher grade and patients presenting with higher levels of NY-ESO-1 staining had significantly worse disease-free and overall survival. We have also shown that NY-ESO-1 expression may lead to humoral immune response in patients with meningioma. Considering the limited treatment options for patients with meningioma, the potential of NY-ESO-1-based immunotherapy should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilson S Baia
- Authors' Affiliations: New York Branch at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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14
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Abstract
The genetic and cellular alterations that define cancer provide the immune system with the means to generate T cell responses that recognize and eradicate cancer cells. However, elimination of cancer by T cells is only one step in the Cancer-Immunity Cycle, which manages the delicate balance between the recognition of nonself and the prevention of autoimmunity. Identification of cancer cell T cell inhibitory signals, including PD-L1, has prompted the development of a new class of cancer immunotherapy that specifically hinders immune effector inhibition, reinvigorating and potentially expanding preexisting anticancer immune responses. The presence of suppressive factors in the tumor microenvironment may explain the limited activity observed with previous immune-based therapies and why these therapies may be more effective in combination with agents that target other steps of the cycle. Emerging clinical data suggest that cancer immunotherapy is likely to become a key part of the clinical management of cancer.
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15
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Rammensee HG, Singh-Jasuja H. HLA ligandome tumor antigen discovery for personalized vaccine approach. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:1211-7. [PMID: 24090147 PMCID: PMC3821395 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2013.836911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Every cancer is different and cancer cells differ from normal cells, in particular, through genetic alterations. HLA molecules on the cell surface enable T lymphocytes to recognize cellular alterations as antigens, including mutations, increase in gene product copy numbers or expression of genes usually not used in the adult organism. The search for cancer-associated antigens shared by many patients with a particular cancer has yielded a number of hits used in clinical vaccination trials with indication of survival benefit. Targeting cancer-specific antigens, which are exclusively expressed on cancer cells and not on normal cells, holds the promise for much better results and perhaps even a cure. Such antigens, however, may specifically appear in very few patients or may be mutated appearing just in one patient. Therefore, to target these in a molecularly defined way, the approach has to be individualized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Georg Rammensee
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Cell Biology, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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16
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Neumann A, Hörzer H, Hillen N, Klingel K, Schmid-Horch B, Bühring HJ, Rammensee HG, Aebert H, Stevanović S. Identification of HLA ligands and T-cell epitopes for immunotherapy of lung cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:1485-97. [PMID: 23817722 PMCID: PMC11028602 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1454-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide. Every year, as many people die of lung cancer as of breast, colon and rectum cancers combined. Because most patients are being diagnosed in advanced, not resectable stages and therefore have a poor prognosis, there is an urgent need for alternative therapies. Since it has been demonstrated that a high number of tumor- and stromal-infiltrating cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) is associated with an increased disease-specific survival in lung cancer patients, it can be assumed that immunotherapy, e.g. peptide vaccines that are able to induce a CTL response against the tumor, might be a promising approach. METHODS We analyzed surgically resected lung cancer tissues with respect to HLA class I- and II-presented peptides and gene expression profiles, aiming at the identification of (novel) tumor antigens. In addition, we tested the ability of HLA ligands derived from such antigens to generate a CTL response in healthy donors. RESULTS Among 170 HLA ligands characterized, we were able to identify several potential targets for specific CTL recognition and to generate CD8+ T cells which were specific for peptides derived from cyclin D1 or protein-kinase, DNA-activated, catalytic polypeptide and lysed tumor cells loaded with peptide. CONCLUSIONS This is the first molecular analysis of HLA class I and II ligands ex vivo from human lung cancer tissues which reveals known and novel tumor antigens able to elicit a CTL response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Neumann
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, Tübingen, 72076 Germany
| | - Helen Hörzer
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, Tübingen, 72076 Germany
| | - Nina Hillen
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, Tübingen, 72076 Germany
| | - Karin Klingel
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Schmid-Horch
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Bühring
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Immunology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Rammensee
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, Tübingen, 72076 Germany
| | - Hermann Aebert
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Stevanović
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, Tübingen, 72076 Germany
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17
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Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I peptide motifs are used on a regular basis to identify and predict MHC class I ligands and CD8(+) T-cell epitopes. This approach is above all an invaluable tool for the identification of disease-associated epitopes. As a matter of fact, the vast majority of T-cell epitopes discovered during the past two decades was identified by means of epitope prediction. Here we describe the steps which are necessary to establish MHC class I peptide motifs and to compose a reliable scoring matrix for epitope prediction. As an example, a scoring matrix for the prediction of HLA-B*35-presented T-cell epitopes will be developed by examining the characteristics of 76 naturally presented HLA ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Trautwein
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Stevanović
- Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Tübingen, Germany.
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18
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Yaddanapudi K, Eaton JW. Multi-peptide immunotherapeutic vaccine for renal cell carcinoma: getting the troops all worked up. Transl Androl Urol 2012; 1:229-233. [PMID: 25221745 PMCID: PMC4160063 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2012.10.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Yaddanapudi
- Molecular Targets Group, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - John W Eaton
- Molecular Targets Group, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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19
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Multipeptide immune response to cancer vaccine IMA901 after single-dose cyclophosphamide associates with longer patient survival. Nat Med 2012; 18:1254-61. [PMID: 22842478 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 611] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IMA901 is the first therapeutic vaccine for renal cell cancer (RCC) consisting of multiple tumor-associated peptides (TUMAPs) confirmed to be naturally presented in human cancer tissue. We treated a total of 96 human leukocyte antigen A (HLA-A)*02(+) subjects with advanced RCC with IMA901 in two consecutive studies. In the phase 1 study, the T cell responses of the patients to multiple TUMAPs were associated with better disease control and lower numbers of prevaccine forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)(+) regulatory T (T(reg)) cells. The randomized phase 2 trial showed that a single dose of cyclophosphamide reduced the number of T(reg) cells and confirmed that immune responses to multiple TUMAPs were associated with longer overall survival. Furthermore, among six predefined populations of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, two were prognostic for overall survival, and among over 300 serum biomarkers, we identified apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17 (CCL17) as being predictive for both immune response to IMA901 and overall survival. A randomized phase 3 study to determine the clinical benefit of treatment with IMA901 is ongoing.
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20
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Castle JC, Kreiter S, Diekmann J, Löwer M, van de Roemer N, de Graaf J, Selmi A, Diken M, Boegel S, Paret C, Koslowski M, Kuhn AN, Britten CM, Huber C, Türeci O, Sahin U. Exploiting the mutanome for tumor vaccination. Cancer Res 2012; 72:1081-91. [PMID: 22237626 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 594] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiple genetic events and subsequent clonal evolution drive carcinogenesis, making disease elimination with single-targeted drugs difficult. The multiplicity of gene mutations derived from clonal heterogeneity therefore represents an ideal setting for multiepitope tumor vaccination. Here, we used next generation sequencing exome resequencing to identify 962 nonsynonymous somatic point mutations in B16F10 murine melanoma cells, with 563 of those mutations in expressed genes. Potential driver mutations occurred in classical tumor suppressor genes and genes involved in proto-oncogenic signaling pathways that control cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and apoptosis. Aim1 and Trrap mutations known to be altered in human melanoma were included among those found. The immunogenicity and specificity of 50 validated mutations was determined by immunizing mice with long peptides encoding the mutated epitopes. One-third of these peptides were found to be immunogenic, with 60% in this group eliciting immune responses directed preferentially against the mutated sequence as compared with the wild-type sequence. In tumor transplant models, peptide immunization conferred in vivo tumor control in protective and therapeutic settings, thereby qualifying mutated epitopes that include single amino acid substitutions as effective vaccines. Together, our findings provide a comprehensive picture of the mutanome of B16F10 melanoma which is used widely in immunotherapy studies. In addition, they offer insight into the extent of the immunogenicity of nonsynonymous base substitution mutations. Lastly, they argue that the use of deep sequencing to systematically analyze immunogenicity mutations may pave the way for individualized immunotherapy of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Castle
- TRON-Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
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21
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Abstract
Activating the immune system for therapeutic benefit in cancer has long been a goal in immunology and oncology. After decades of disappointment, the tide has finally changed due to the success of recent proof-of-concept clinical trials. Most notable has been the ability of the anti-CTLA4 antibody, ipilimumab, to achieve a significant increase in survival for patients with metastatic melanoma, for which conventional therapies have failed. In the context of advances in the understanding of how tolerance, immunity and immunosuppression regulate antitumour immune responses together with the advent of targeted therapies, these successes suggest that active immunotherapy represents a path to obtain a durable and long-lasting response in cancer patients.
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22
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Hoff A, Bagû AC, André T, Roth G, Wiesmüller KH, Gückel B, Brock R. Peptide microarrays for the profiling of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity using minimum numbers of cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1379-87. [PMID: 20512327 PMCID: PMC2892610 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0867-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The identification of epitopes that elicit cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity is a prerequisite for the development of cancer-specific immunotherapies. However, especially the parallel characterization of several epitopes is limited by the availability of T cells. Microarrays have enabled an unprecedented miniaturization and parallelization in biological assays. Here, we developed peptide microarrays for the detection of CTL activity. MHC class I-binding peptide epitopes were pipetted onto polymer-coated glass slides. Target cells, loaded with the cell-impermeant dye calcein, were incubated on these arrays, followed by incubation with antigen-expanded CTLs. Cytotoxic activity was detected by release of calcein and detachment of target cells. With only 200,000 cells per microarray, CTLs could be detected at a frequency of 0.5% corresponding to 1,000 antigen-specific T cells. Target cells and CTLs only settled on peptide spots enabling a clear separation of individual epitopes. Even though no physical boundaries were present between the individual spots, peptide loading only occurred locally and cytolytic activity was confined to the spots carrying the specific epitope. The peptide microarrays provide a robust platform that implements the whole process from antigen presentation to the detection of CTL activity in a miniaturized format. The method surpasses all established methods in the minimum numbers of cells required. With antigen uptake occurring on the microarray, further applications are foreseen in the testing of antigen precursors that require uptake and processing prior to presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Hoff
- Department of Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Present Address: Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St. James Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Ana-Cristina Bagû
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Tübingen, Calwerstraße 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas André
- Department of Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Present Address: Bachem AG, Hauptstrasse 144, 4416 Bubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Günter Roth
- Department of Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 106, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Brigitte Gückel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Tübingen, Calwerstraße 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Roland Brock
- Department of Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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23
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Abstract
The tolerance state that exists between renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and the host's immune system would be an ideal situation in the setting of human kidney transplantation, in which graft tolerance is the ultimate goal of immunosuppressive therapy. On the other hand, acute rejection, as it appears in renal allografts, would be the optimal immunologic situation in patients with RCC. Analysis of the underlying mechanisms of acute allograft rejection and local pro-tumor immunosuppression could help to identify potential therapeutic targets for inducing immune tolerance in allograft recipients and immune rejection in RCC patients. Experimental kidney transplantation might be a suitable model in which to analyze these processes. Macrophages are a prominent and vital cell type in the cellular infiltrate seen in both RCC and renal allografts. Depending on their polarization, they can initiate and promote either proinflammatory or pro-tumor responses, which lead to tissue rejection or acceptance, respectively. Improved understanding of macrophage biology could lead to therapeutic modification of their function in order to promote a desirable immunologic response in either RCC or transplant tissue.
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24
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Johnson KL, Ovsyannikova IG, Mason CJ, Bergen HR, Poland GA. Discovery of naturally processed and HLA-presented class I peptides from vaccinia virus infection using mass spectrometry for vaccine development. Vaccine 2009; 28:38-47. [PMID: 19822231 PMCID: PMC2787804 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An important approach for developing a safer smallpox vaccine is to identify naturally processed immunogenic vaccinia-derived peptides rather than live whole vaccinia virus. We used two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry to identify 116 vaccinia peptides, encoded by 61 open reading frames, from a B-cell line (homozygous for HLA class I A*0201, B*1501, and C*03) after infection with vaccinia virus (Dryvax). Importantly, 68 of these peptides are conserved in variola, providing insight into the peptides that induce protection against smallpox. Twenty-one of these 68 conserved peptides were 11 amino acids long or longer, outside of the range of most predictive algorithms. Thus, direct identification of naturally processed and presented HLA peptides gives important information not provided by current computational methods for identifying potential vaccinia epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L Johnson
- Mayo Proteomics Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
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25
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Stickel JS, Weinzierl AO, Hillen N, Drews O, Schuler MM, Hennenlotter J, Wernet D, Müller CA, Stenzl A, Rammensee HG, Stevanović S. HLA ligand profiles of primary renal cell carcinoma maintained in metastases. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1407-17. [PMID: 19184600 PMCID: PMC11031011 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0655-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several approaches have been taken in the peptide-based immunotherapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC), although little is known about HLA presentation on metastases compared to primary tumor and normal tissue of RCC. In this study we compared primary tumor, normal tissue and metastases with the aim of identifying similarities and differences between these tissues. We performed this comparison for two RCC patients on the level of the HLA ligandome using mass spectrometry and for three patients on the level of the transcriptome using oligonucleotide microarrays. The quantitative results show that primary tumor is more similar to metastasis than to normal tissue, both on the level of HLA ligand presentation and mRNA. We were able to characterize a total of 142 peptides in the qualitative analysis of HLA-presented peptides. Six of them were significantly overpresented on metastasis, among them a peptide derived from CD151; fourteen were overpresented on both primary tumor and metastasis compared to normal tissue, among them an HLA ligand derived from tumor protein p53. Thus, we could demonstrate that peptide-based immunotherapy might affect tumor as well as metastasis of RCC, but not healthy kidney tissue. Furthermore we were able to identify several peptides derived from tumor-associated antigens that are suitable for vaccination of metastatic RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Sarah Stickel
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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26
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Srivastava N, Srivastava PK. Modeling the repertoire of true tumor-specific MHC I epitopes in a human tumor. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6094. [PMID: 19593447 PMCID: PMC2704956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication has a finite measurable error rate, net of repair, in all cells. Clonal proliferation of cancer cells leads therefore to accumulation of random mutations. A proportion of these mutational events can create new immunogenic epitopes that, if processed and presented by an MHC allele, may be recognized by the adaptive immune system. Here, we use probability theory to analyze the mutational and epitope composition of a tumor mass in successive division cycles and create a double Pölya model for calculating the number of truly tumor-specific MHC I epitopes in a human tumor. We deduce that depending upon tumor size, the degree of genomic instability and the degree of death within a tumor, human tumors have several tens to low hundreds of new, truly tumor-specific epitopes. Parenthetically, cancer stem cells, due to the asymmetry in their proliferative properties, shall harbor significantly fewer mutations, and therefore significantly fewer immunogenic epitopes. As the overwhelming majority of the mutations in cancer cells are unrelated to malignancy, the mutation-generated epitopes shall be specific for each individual tumor, and constitute the antigenic fingerprint of each tumor. These calculations highlight the benefits for personalization of immunotherapy of human cancer, and in view of the substantial pre-existing antigenic repertoire of tumors, emphasize the enormous potential of therapies that modulate the anti-cancer immune response by liberating it from inhibitory influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisheeth Srivastava
- Department of Computer Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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27
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Barabas AZ, Cole CD, Barabas AD, Graeff RM, Lafreniere R, Weir DM. Correcting autoimmune anomalies in autoimmune disorders by immunological means, employing the modified vaccination technique. Autoimmun Rev 2009; 8:552-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2009.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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28
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Reinbold CJA, Malarkannan S. Recognition of allo-peptide is governed by novel anchor imposition and limited variations in TCR contact residues. Mol Immunol 2007; 45:1318-26. [PMID: 17981332 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Immune specificity of a T cell is determined by the TCR contact residues exposed on the antigenic peptide/MHC complex. Naturally processed, biallelic epitopes from H7 minor histocompatibility (mH) antigen vary in position 7 (p7) from aspartic acid (D) to a glutamic acid (E), which differ by an additional methylene (-CH(2)) in the side chain. Here, we show that this variation generates a strong anti-H7a or anti-H7b cytotoxic T cell responses. Further, the H7 allelic peptides use p6 asparagine as their central anchor residue and amino acid variations in either the canonical p5 or the predicted p6 anchor positions in the antigenic epitope were detrimental for TCR recognition. In addition, introduction of any other amino acids, except asparagine, in the polymorphic p7 significantly abolished the ability of anti-H7b TCR recognition. This demonstrates that only an asparagine with an amine group as a side chain instead of a charged oxygen radical could effectively stimulate the anti-H7b specific T cells. Our findings provide evidence that mH antigen-specific TCRs are highly stringent in recognizing their cognate epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corbett J A Reinbold
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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29
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Abstract
The transfusion of lymphocytes, referred to as adoptive T cell therapy, is being tested for the treatment of cancer and chronic infections. Adoptive T cell therapy has the potential to enhance antitumor immunity, augment vaccine efficacy, and limit graft-versus-host disease. This form of personalized medicine is now in various early- and late-stage clinical trials. These trials are currently testing strategies to infuse tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, CTLs, Th cells, and Tregs. Improved molecular biology techniques have also increased enthusiasm and feasibility for testing genetically engineered T cells. The current status of the field and prospects for clinical translation are reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl H June
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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30
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Abstract
The effectiveness of T-cell-mediated immunotherapy of cancer depends on both an optimal immunostimulatory context of the therapy and the proper selection with respect to quality and quantity of the targeted tumor-associated antigens (TAA), and, more precisely, the T-cell epitopes contained in these tumor proteins. Our progressing insight in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and class II antigen processing and presentation mechanisms has improved the prediction by reverse immunology of novel cytotoxic T lymphocyte and T-helper cell epitopes within known antigens. Computer algorithms that in silico predict HLA class I and class II binding, proteasome cleavage patterns and transporter associated with antigen processing translocation are now available to expedite epitope identification. The advent of genomics allows a high-throughput screening for tumor-specific transcripts and mutations, with that identifying novel shared and unique TAA. The increasing power of mass spectrometry and proteomics will lead to the direct identification from the tumor cell surface of numerous novel tumor-specific HLA class I and class II presented ligands. Together, the expanded repertoire of tumor-specific T-cell epitopes will enable more precise immunomonitoring and the development of effective epitope-defined adoptive T-cell transfer and multi-epitope-based vaccination strategies targeting epitopes derived from a wider diversity of TAA presented in a broader array of HLA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kessler
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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31
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Wolfl M, Kuball J, Ho WY, Nguyen H, Manley TJ, Bleakley M, Greenberg PD. Activation-induced expression of CD137 permits detection, isolation, and expansion of the full repertoire of CD8+ T cells responding to antigen without requiring knowledge of epitope specificities. Blood 2007; 110:201-10. [PMID: 17371945 PMCID: PMC1896114 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-11-056168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CD137 is a member of the TNFR-family with costimulatory function. Here we show that it also has many favorable characteristics as a surrogate marker for antigen-specific activation of human CD8(+) T cells. Although undetectable on unstimulated CD8(+) T cells, it is uniformly up-regulated 24 hours after stimulation on virtually all responding cells regardless of differentiation stage or profile of cytokine secretion, which circumvents limitations of current surrogate markers for defining the repertoire of responding cells based on only individual functions. Antibody-labeled responding CD137(+) cells can be easily and efficiently isolated by flow sorting or magnetic beads to substantially enrich antigen-specific T cells. To test this approach for epitope discovery, we examined in vitro priming of naive T cells from healthy donors to Wilms tumor antigen 1 (WT1), a protein overexpressed in various malignancies. Two overlapping pentadecamers were identified as immunogenic, and further analysis defined WT1((286-293)) as the minimal amino acid sequence and HLA-Cw07 as the HLA restriction element. In conclusion, this approach appears to be an efficient and sensitive in vitro technique to rapidly identify and isolate antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells present at low frequencies and displaying heterogeneous functional profiles, and does not require prior knowledge of the specific epitopes recognized or the HLA-restricting elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wolfl
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Program in Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA.
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32
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Abstract
The transfusion of T cells, also called adoptive T cell therapy, is an effective treatment for viral infections and has induced regression of cancer in early-stage clinical trials. However, recent advances in cellular immunology and tumor biology are guiding new approaches to adoptive T cell therapy. For example, use of engineered T cells is being tested as a strategy to improve the functions of effector and memory T cells, and manipulation of the host to overcome immunotoxic effects in the tumor microenvironment has led to promising results in early-stage clinical trials. Challenges that face the field and must be addressed before adoptive T cell therapy can be translated into routine clinical practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl H June
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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33
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Hillen N, Stevanovic S. Contribution of mass spectrometry-based proteomics to immunology. Expert Rev Proteomics 2007; 3:653-64. [PMID: 17181480 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.3.6.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Antigen processing forwards various information about the cellular status and the proteome to the cell surface for scrutiny by the cellular immune system. Thus the repertoire of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-bound peptides and the MHC ligandome, indirectly mirrors the proteome in order to make alterations instantly detectable and, if necessary, to oppose them. Mass spectrometry is the core technology for analysis of both proteome and MHC ligandome and has evoked several strategies to gain qualitative and quantitative insight into the MHC-presented peptide repertoire. After immunoaffinity purification of detergent-solubilized peptide-MHC complexes followed by acid elution of peptides, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is applied to determine individual peptide sequences and, thus, allow qualitative characterization of the MHC-bound repertoire. Differential quantification based on stable isotope labeling enables the relative comparison of two samples, such as diseased and healthy tissue. Targeted searches for certain natural ligands, such as the 'predict-calibrate-detect' strategy, include motif-based epitope prediction and calibration with reference peptides. Thus, various approaches are now available for exposing and understanding the intricacies of the MHC ligand repertoire. Analysis of differences in the MHC ligandome under distinct conditions contributes to our understanding of basic cellular processes, but also enables the formulation of immunodiagnostic or immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hillen
- University of Tübingen, Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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34
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Gouttefangeas C, Stenzl A, Stevanović S, Rammensee HG. Immunotherapy of renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:117-28. [PMID: 16676181 PMCID: PMC11030119 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Carcinomas of the kidney generally have a poor prognosis and respond minimally to classical radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Immunotherapy constitutes an interesting alternative to these established forms of treatment, and indeed, cytokine-based therapies have been used for many years, leading to favorable clinical responses in a small subset of patients. During the past few years, immunotherapeutical trials targeting renal cell tumor-associated antigens have also been reported, with diverse passive or active approaches using antibodies or aimed at activating tumor-directed T lymphocytes. The following review presents the results and the progress made in the field, including classical cytokine treatments, non-myeloablative stem cell transplantation and antigen specific-based trials, with special focus on T-cell studies. In consideration of the few specific molecular targets described so far for this tumor entity, current strategies which can lead to the identification of new relevant antigens will be discussed. Hopefully these will very soon contribute to an improvement in renal cell carcinoma specific immunotherapy and its evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Gouttefangeas
- Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Eberhard Karls University, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tubingen, Germany.
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35
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Weinzierl AO, Lemmel C, Schoor O, Müller M, Krüger T, Wernet D, Hennenlotter J, Stenzl A, Klingel K, Rammensee HG, Stevanovic S. Distorted relation between mRNA copy number and corresponding major histocompatibility complex ligand density on the cell surface. Mol Cell Proteomics 2006; 6:102-13. [PMID: 17074750 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m600310-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) presents peptides derived from degraded cellular proteins to T-cells and is thus crucial for triggering specific immune responses against viral infections or cancer. Up to now, there has been no evidence for a correlation between levels of mRNA (the "transcriptome") and the density of MHC-peptide complexes (the "MHC ligandome") on cells. Because such dependences are of intrinsic importance for the detailed understanding of translation efficiency and protein turnover and thus for systems biology in general and for tumor immunotherapy in practical application, we quantitatively analyzed the levels of mRNA and corresponding MHC ligand densities in samples of renal cell carcinomas and their autologous normal kidney tissues. Relative quantification was carried out by gene chip analysis and by stable isotope peptide labeling, respectively. In comparing more than 270 pairs of gene expression and corresponding peptide presentation ratios, we demonstrate that there is no clear correlation (r = 0.32) between mRNA levels and corresponding MHC peptide levels in renal cell carcinoma. A significant number of peptides presented predominantly on tumor or normal tissue showed no or only minor changes in mRNA expression levels. In several cases, peptides could even be identified despite the virtual absence of the respective mRNA. Thus we conclude that a majority of epitopes from tumor-associated antigens will not be found in approaches based mainly on mRNA expression studies as mRNA expression reflects a distorted picture of the situation on the cell surface as visible for T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas O Weinzierl
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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36
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Abstract
Proteomics is a new scientific field aimed at the large-scale characterization of the protein constituents of biologic systems. It facilitates comparisons between different protein preparations by searching for minute differences in their protein expression repertoires and the patterns of their post-translational modifications. These attributes make proteomics perfectly suited for searching for proteins and peptides expressed exclusively or preferentially in cancer cells as candidates for cancer vaccines. The main proteomics technologies include 2D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, multidimensional high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and protein arrays. Proteomics technologies used to analyze cancer culture cells, fresh tumor specimens, human leukocyte antigen peptides, serum and serum antibodies (serologic proteomics) have successfully identified tumor markers. Turning the potential vaccine candidates identified by proteomics technologies into clinical treatments awaits demonstration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy H Shoshan
- Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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37
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Yoshiura K, Nakaoka T, Nishishita T, Sato K, Yamamoto A, Shimada S, Saida T, Kawakami Y, Takahashi TA, Fukuda H, Imajoh-Ohmi S, Oyaizu N, Yamashita N. Carbonic anhydrase II is a tumor vessel endothelium-associated antigen targeted by dendritic cell therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 11:8201-7. [PMID: 16299253 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated antigens are promising candidates as target molecules for immunotherapy and a wide variety of tumor-associated antigens have been discovered through the presence of serum antibodies in cancer patients. We previously conducted dendritic cell therapy on 10 malignant melanoma patients and shrinkage or disappearance of metastatic tumors with massive necrosis occurred in two patients. In this study, we found a 29-kDa protein against which antibody was elicited by dendritic cell therapy in one of the two patients. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight/mass spectrometry analysis of the protein isolated by two-dimensional electrophoresis combined with Western blots revealed that the 29-kDa protein was carbonic anhydrase II (CA-II). Immunohistochemistry of the tumors and normal tissues showed that CA-II was expressed in the tumor vessel but not in normal vessel endothelium. CA-II expression in tumor endothelium was observed as well in other cancers including esophageal, renal, and lung cancers. In an in vitro angiogenesis model, CA-II expression of normal human vein endothelial cells was significantly up-regulated when cells were cultured in the acidic and hypoxic conditions indicative of a tumor environment. These findings suggest that CA-II is a tumor vessel endothelium-associated antigen in melanoma and other cancers, and elicitation of serum anti-CA-II antibody by dendritic cell therapy may be associated with good clinical outcome including tumor reduction.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/blood
- Antigens, Neoplasm/chemistry
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Carbonic Anhydrase II/chemistry
- Carbonic Anhydrase II/genetics
- Carbonic Anhydrase II/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/transplantation
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Endothelial Cells/enzymology
- Endothelial Cells/physiology
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Male
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/pathology
- Melanoma/therapy
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Weight
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Yoshiura
- Department of Advanced Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Japan.
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38
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Gallo P, Dharmapuri S, Cipriani B, Monaci P. Adenovirus as vehicle for anticancer genetic immunotherapy. Gene Ther 2006; 12 Suppl 1:S84-91. [PMID: 16231059 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviruses (Ads) are in the forefront of genetic immunization methods being developed against cancer. Their ability to elicit an effective immune response against tumor-associated antigens has been demonstrated in many model systems. Several clinical trials, which use Ad as vehicle for immunization, are already in progress. Preclinical studies have also demonstrated the efficacy of combining Ad-mediated immunization with adjuvants such as chemotherapeutic agents and cytokines. Issues related to sero-prevalence and safety of Ads, however, continue to pose a challenge and need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gallo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, I.R.B.M.P. Angeletti, Pomezia, Roma, Italy
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39
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Smyth LJC, Elkord E, Taher TEI, Jiang HR, Burt DJ, Clayton A, van Veelen PA, de Ru A, Ossendorp F, Melief CJM, Drijfhout JW, Dermime S, Hawkins RE, Stern PL. Cd8 T-cell recognition of human 5T4 oncofetal antigen. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:1638-47. [PMID: 16646078 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The 5T4 oncofetal antigen is expressed by a wide variety of human carcinomas, including colorectal, ovarian and gastric carcinomas. The restricted expression of 5T4 on tumor tissues as well as its implication in tumor progression and bad prognosis makes 5T4 a promising new candidate for immunotherapy. An MVA vaccine encoding 5T4 antigen has been successfully evaluated in preclinical studies in a murine tumor model. Here, we report the generation of human CD8 T cells specific for the 5T4 antigen by stimulation with autologous monocyte derived DC infected with a replication defective adenovirus encoding the 5T4 cDNA (Ad5T4). Analysis of several donors confirms a repertoire of such CD8 responses. In a parallel approach, incorporating the results of proteasome-mediated digestion of 5T4 derived 35-mer peptides and the potential high affinity epitopes predicted by a computer-based algorithm, we identified 8 putative HLA-A*0201-presented CD8 MHC class I epitopes of 5T4 antigen. Two of these generated specific CD8 T cells after restimulation with peptide loaded autologous DC and assay by cytotoxicity and IFN gamma ELISPOT. Moreover these particular peptide generated T cells recognized naturally 5T4 positive tumor cells only if they expressed HLA-A*0201 as judged by IFN gamma ELISPOT or ELISA. Also, HLA-A*0201 CD8 T cells recognized these peptides in a DC-Ad5T4 polyclonal response. In conclusion, there is a repertoire of CD8 T cell recognition of 5T4 in normal human donors and some candidate HLA-A*0201 epitopes have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J C Smyth
- Immunology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
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40
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Ottaviani S, Zhang Y, Boon T, van der Bruggen P. A MAGE-1 antigenic peptide recognized by human cytolytic T lymphocytes on HLA-A2 tumor cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:1214-20. [PMID: 16025263 PMCID: PMC11032837 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0705-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
"Cancer-germline" genes such as those of the MAGE family are expressed in many tumors and in male germline cells, but are silent in normal tissues. They encode shared tumor-specific antigens that have been used in therapeutic vaccination trials of cancer patients. It was previously demonstrated that MAGE-1 peptide KVLEYVIKV was presented by HLA-A 0201 molecules on the surface of a human breast carcinoma cell line, but no human specific CTL had been isolated so far. Here, we have used HLA-A2/MAGE-1 fluorescent multimers to isolate from blood cells three human CTL clones that recognized the MAGE-1 peptide. These clones killed efficiently HLA-A2 tumor cells expressing MAGE-1, whether or not they were treated with IFN-gamma, suggesting that the MAGE-1 antigen is processed efficiently by both the standard proteasome and the immunoproteasome. These results indicate that the MAGE-1.A2 peptide can be used for antitumoral vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ottaviani
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Cellular Genetics Unit, University of Louvain, 74 avenue Hippocrate, UCL 74.59, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yi Zhang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Cellular Genetics Unit, University of Louvain, 74 avenue Hippocrate, UCL 74.59, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
- Present Address: Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Thierry Boon
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Cellular Genetics Unit, University of Louvain, 74 avenue Hippocrate, UCL 74.59, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre van der Bruggen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Cellular Genetics Unit, University of Louvain, 74 avenue Hippocrate, UCL 74.59, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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41
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Anderson KS, LaBaer J. The sentinel within: exploiting the immune system for cancer biomarkers. J Proteome Res 2005; 4:1123-33. [PMID: 16083262 PMCID: PMC2522321 DOI: 10.1021/pr0500814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The release of proteins from tumors triggers an immune response in cancer patients. These tumor antigens arise from several mechanisms including tumor-specific alterations in protein expression, mutation, folding, degradation, or intracellular localization. Responses to most tumor antigens are rarely observed in healthy individuals, making the response itself a biomarker that betrays the presence of underlying cancer. Antibody immune responses show promise as clinical biomarkers because antibodies have long half-lives in serum, are easy to measure, and are stable in blood samples. However, our understanding of the specificity and the impact of the immune response in early stages of cancer is limited. The immune response to cancer, whether endogenous or driven by vaccines, involves highly specific T lymphocytes (which target tumor-derived peptides bound to self-MHC proteins) and B lymphocytes (which generate antibodies to tumor-derived proteins). T cell target antigens have been identified either by expression cloning from tumor cDNA libraries, or by prediction based on patterns of antigen expression ("reverse immunology"). B cell targets have been similarly identified using the antibodies in patient sera to screen cDNA libraries derived from tumor cell lines. This review focuses on the application of recent advances in proteomics for the identification of tumor antigens. These advances are opening the door for targeted vaccine development, and for using immune response signatures as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Anderson
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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42
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Krüger T, Schoor O, Lemmel C, Kraemer B, Reichle C, Dengjel J, Weinschenk T, Müller M, Hennenlotter J, Stenzl A, Rammensee HG, Stevanović S. Lessons to be learned from primary renal cell carcinomas: novel tumor antigens and HLA ligands for immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:826-36. [PMID: 15627209 PMCID: PMC11032929 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0650-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Accepted: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The lack of sufficient well-defined tumor-associated antigens is still a drawback on the way to a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-based immunotherapy of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We are trying to define a larger number of such targets by a combined approach involving HLA ligand characterization by mass spectrometry and gene expression profiling by oligonucleotide microarrays. Here, we present the results of a large-scale analysis of 13 RCC specimens. We were able to identify more than 700 peptides, mostly from self-proteins without any evident tumor association. However, some HLA ligands derived from previously known tumor antigens in RCC. In addition, gene expression profiling of tumors and a set of healthy tissues revealed novel candidate RCC-associated antigens. For several of them, we were able to characterize HLA ligands after extraction from the tumor tissue. Apart from universal RCC antigens, some proteins seem to be appropriate candidates in individual patients only. This underlines the advantage of a personalized therapeutic approach. Further analyses will contribute additional HLA ligands to this repertoire of universal as well as patient-individual tumor antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Krüger
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Schoor
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Lemmel
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bjoern Kraemer
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Reichle
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Toni Weinschenk
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Margret Müller
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Rammensee
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Stevanović
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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43
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Abstract
The association of certain high-risk human papillomaviruses with the development of anogenital cancer in humans is well-established. Numerous preclinical studies have underwritten the development of both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine candidates for clinical evaluation. Prophylactic strategies are utilising virus-like particles composed of the L1 viral capsid protein to induce neutralising antibodies while therapeutic approaches are aimed at generating specific T cells targeted at the viral E6 and/or E7 oncogene products. Thus far, human papillomavirus virus-like particle vaccines have proven to be clinically efficacious in the early trials looking at the prevention of infection. Important future milestones will be showing the prevention of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and sufficient longevity for such protection. Different types of therapeutic vaccines including peptide, protein, DNA or viral vector-based vaccines have proven to be safe and immunogenic in patients, although there is often no correlation with clinical outcome. The possibility of combined prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines may offer the best chance for a significant reduction in the incidence of death from cervical cancer worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Stern
- Cancer Research UK Immunology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK.
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44
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Abstract
The phenomenon of spontaneous regression and remission from cancer has been observed by many physicians and was described in hundreds of publications. However, suggestive clues on cause or trigger are sparse and not substantiated by much experimental evidence. In this review, literature is surveyed and summarised and possible causes are discussed. At least in a larger fraction of cases a hefty feverish infection is linked with spontaneous regression in time and is investigated as putative trigger. Epidemiological and immunological evidence is put into perspective. An online forum to discuss the possible application of fever therapy in the future can be accessed at http://bioinfo.tg.fh-giessen.d
e/fever-and-cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Hobohm
- University of Applied Sciences, Bioinformatics, Wiesenstrasse 14, D-35390 Giessen, Germany
- University of Applied Sciences, Bioinformatics, Wiesenstrasse 14, D-35390 Giessen, Germany. E-mail:
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45
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Meier A, Reker S, Svane IM, Holten-Andersen L, Becker JC, Søndergaard I, Andersen MH, thor Straten P. Spontaneous T-cell responses against peptides derived from the Taxol resistance-associated gene-3 (TRAG-3) protein in cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:219-28. [PMID: 15580499 PMCID: PMC11032900 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2004] [Accepted: 06/12/2004] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the cancer-testis antigen Taxol resistance-associated gene-3 (TRAG-3) protein is associated with acquired paclitaxel (Taxol) resistance, and is expressed in various cancer types; e.g., breast cancer, leukemia, and melanoma. Thus, TRAG-3 represents an attractive target for immunotherapy of cancer. To identify HLA-A*02.01-restricted epitopes from TRAG-3, we screened cancer patients for spontaneous cytotoxic T-cell responses against TRAG-3-derived peptides. The TRAG-3 protein sequence was screened for 9mer and 10mer peptides possessing HLA-A*02.01-binding motifs. Of 12 potential binders, 9 peptides were indeed capable of binding to the HLA-A*02.01 molecule, with binding affinities ranging from strong to weak binders. Subsequently, lymphocytes from cancer patients (9 breast cancer patients, 12 melanoma patients, and 13 patients with hematopoietic malignancies) were analyzed for spontaneous reactivity against the panel of peptides by ELISpot assay. Spontaneous immune responses were detected against 8 epitope candidates in 7 of 9 breast cancer patients, 7 of 12 melanoma patients, and 5 of 13 patients with hematopoietic malignancies. In several cases, TRAG-3-specific CTL responses were scattered over several epitopes. Hence, no immunodominance of any single peptide was observed. Furthermore, single-peptide responses were detected in 2 of 12 healthy HLA-A2(+) donors, but no responses were detectable in 9 HLA-A2(-) healthy donors or 4 HLA-A2(-) melanoma patients. The identified HLA-A*02.01-restricted TRAG-3-derived epitopes are targets for spontaneous immune responses in breast cancer, hematopoietic cancer, and melanoma patients. Hence, these epitopes represent potential target structures for future therapeutic vaccinations against cancer, possibly appropriate for strategies that combine vaccination and chemotherapy; i.e., paclitaxel treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Meier
- Tumor Immunology Group, Danish Cancer Society, Institute for Cancer Biology, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sine Reker
- Tumor Immunology Group, Danish Cancer Society, Institute for Cancer Biology, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- Department of Oncology, Herlev University Hospital, 2630 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Lars Holten-Andersen
- Tumor Immunology Group, Danish Cancer Society, Institute for Cancer Biology, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jürgen C. Becker
- Department of Dermatology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ib Søndergaard
- Biocentrum, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Hald Andersen
- Tumor Immunology Group, Danish Cancer Society, Institute for Cancer Biology, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per thor Straten
- Tumor Immunology Group, Danish Cancer Society, Institute for Cancer Biology, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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46
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Campoli M, Ferrone S. T-cell-based immunotherapy of melanoma: what have we learned and how can we improve? Expert Rev Vaccines 2004; 3:171-87. [PMID: 15056043 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.3.2.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The lack of effective treatment for advanced stage melanoma by conventional therapies, such as radiation and chemotherapy, has highlighted the need to develop alternative therapeutic strategies. Among them, immunotherapy has attracted much attention because of the potential role played by immunological events in the clinical course of melanoma and the availability of well-characterized melanoma antigens to target melanoma lesions with immunological effector mechanisms. In recent years, T-cell-based immunotherapy has been emphasized, in part because of the disappointing results of the antibody-based trials conducted in the early 1980s, and in part because of the postulated major role played by T-cells in tumor growth control. In this review, the characteristics of antibody and T-cell-defined melanoma antigens will first be described, with emphasis on those used in clinical trials. Following a review of the current immunization and immunomonitoring strategies, the results from the T-cell-based immunotherapy clinical trials conducted to date will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Campoli
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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47
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Stevenson FK, Ottensmeier CH, Johnson P, Zhu D, Buchan SL, McCann KJ, Roddick JS, King AT, McNicholl F, Savelyeva N, Rice J. DNA vaccines to attack cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101 Suppl 2:14646-52. [PMID: 15292504 PMCID: PMC521995 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0404896101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of antigens by injection of the encoding DNA allows access to multiple antigen-presenting pathways. Knowledge of immunological processes can therefore be used to modify construct design to induce selected effector functions. Expression can be directed to specific intracellular sites, and additional genes can be fused or codelivered to amplify responses. Therapeutic vaccination against cancer adds a requirement to overcome tolerance and to activate a weakened immune repertoire. Induction of CD4(+) T helper cells is critical for both antibody and T cell effector responses. To activate immunity against tumor antigens, we fused the tumor-derived sequences to genes encoding microbial proteins. This strategy engages T helper cells from the large antimicrobial repertoire for linked help for inducing antibody against cell-surface tumor antigens. The principle of linked T cell help also holds for induction of epitope-specific antitumor CD8(+) T cells, but the microbial sequence has to be minimized to avoid competition with tumor antigens. Epitope-specific DNA vaccination leads to powerful antitumor attack and can activate immunity from a profoundly tolerized repertoire. Vaccine designs validated in preclinical models are now in clinical trial with immune responses detected against both tumor antigens and fused microbial antigens. DNA priming is highly efficient, but boosting may benefit from increased antigen expression. Physical methods including electroporation provide increased expression without introducing additional competing antigens. A wide range of cancers can be targeted, and objective assays of response will determine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freda K Stevenson
- Molecular Immunology Group, Tenovus Laboratory, Cancer Sciences Division, Southampton University Hospitals Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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48
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Dermime S, Gilham DE, Shaw DM, Davidson EJ, Meziane EK, Armstrong A, Hawkins RE, Stern PL. Vaccine and antibody-directed T cell tumour immunotherapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2004; 1704:11-35. [PMID: 15238242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2004.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2003] [Revised: 01/22/2004] [Accepted: 03/31/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Clearer evidence for immune surveillance in malignancy and the identification of many new tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) have driven novel vaccine and antibody-targeted responses for therapy in cancer. The exploitation of active immunisation may be particularly favourable for TAA where tolerance is incomplete but passive immunisation may offer an additional strategy where the immune repertoire is affected by either tolerance or immune suppression. This review will consider how to utilise both active and passive types of therapy delivered by T cells in the context of the failure of tumour-specific immunity by presenting cancer patients. This article will outline the progress, problems and prospects of several different vaccine and antibody-targeted approaches for immunotherapy of cancer where proof of principle pre-clinical studies have been or will soon be translated into the clinic. Two examples of vaccination-based therapies where both T cell- and antibody-mediated anti-tumour responses are likely to be relevant and two examples of oncofoetal antigen-specific antibody-directed T cell therapies are described in the following sections: (1) therapeutic vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) antigens in cervical neoplasia; (2) B cell lymphoma vaccines including against immunoglobulin idiotype; (3) oncofoetal antigens as tumour targets for redirecting T cells with antibody strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Dermime
- Immunology, Cancer Research UK Groups, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research and University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
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49
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Stevenson FK, Rice J, Ottensmeier CH, Thirdborough SM, Zhu D. DNA fusion gene vaccines against cancer: from the laboratory to the clinic. Immunol Rev 2004; 199:156-80. [PMID: 15233733 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination against target antigens expressed by cancer cells has now become a realistic goal. DNA vaccines provide a direct link between identification of genetic markers in tumors and vaccine formulation. Simplicity of manufacture facilitates construction of vaccines against disease subsets or even for individual patients. To engage an immune system that exists to fight pathogens, we have developed fusion gene vaccines encoding tumor antigens fused to pathogen-derived sequences. This strategy activates high levels of T-cell help, the key to induction and maintenance of effective immunity. We have dissected the immunogenic tetanus toxin to obtain specific sequences able to activate antibody, CD4+, or CD8+ T cells to attack selected fused tumor antigens. Principles established in preclinical models are now being tested in patients. So far, objective immune responses against idiotypic antigen of neoplastic B cells have been observed in patients with B-cell malignancies and in normal transplant donors. These responses provide a platform for testing physical methods to improve DNA delivery and strategies to boost responses. For cancer, demands are high, because vaccines have to activate powerful immunity against weak antigens, often in a setting of immune damage or tolerance. Vaccination strategies against cancer and against microbes are sharing knowledge and technology for mutual benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freda K Stevenson
- Molecular Immunology Group, Tenovus Laboratory, Cancer Sciences Division, Southampton University Hospitals, Southampton, UK.
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50
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Kanduc D, Capuano F, Capurso SA, Geliebter J, Guercia D, Lucchese A, Mittelman A, Simone SM, Sinha AA, Tiwari R, Farber E. Cancer prevention and therapy: strategies and problems. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS AND ONCOLOGY 2003; 3:108-14. [PMID: 14641817 DOI: 10.1046/j.1359-4117.2003.01086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
During the next years, molecular diagnostic science and the pharmaceutical industry will face increasing demand for personalized medicine. Therapeutic treatments should be tailored to the needs of individual patient. Patients will inquire for information about potential tumor detection at an early stage when disease can be more likely to be arrested or cured with specific regimens of drug therapy. To respond to this demand, science and industry need to modulate therapeutic approaches to the continuous development of cancer. Now more than ever, it is necessary to fill the knowledge hiatus between the "beginning" and the "end" of cancer development, i.e we need to critically analyze the extensive multi-step process of cancer development that still remains poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darja Kanduc
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126, Italy.
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