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Xiong W, Chen Y, Kang X, Chen Z, Zheng P, Hsu YH, Jang JH, Qin L, Liu H, Dotti G, Liu D. Immunological Synapse Predicts Effectiveness of Chimeric Antigen Receptor Cells. Mol Ther 2018; 26:963-975. [PMID: 29503199 PMCID: PMC6080133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cell therapy has the potential to improve the overall survival of patients with malignancies by enhancing the effectiveness of CAR T cells. Precisely predicting the effectiveness of various CAR T cells represents one of today’s key unsolved problems in immunotherapy. Here, we predict the effectiveness of CAR-modified cells by evaluating the quality of the CAR-mediated immunological synapse (IS) by quantitation of F-actin, clustering of tumor antigen, polarization of lytic granules (LGs), and distribution of key signaling molecules within the IS. Long-term killing capability, but not secretion of conventional cytokines or standard 4-hr cytotoxicity, correlates positively with the quality of the IS in two different CAR T cells that share identical antigen specificity. Xenograft model data confirm that the quality of the IS in vitro correlates positively with performance of CAR-modified immune cells in vivo. Therefore, we propose that the quality of the IS predicts the effectiveness of CAR-modified immune cells, which provides a novel strategy to guide CAR therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Biomarkers
- Cell Line
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression
- Gene Order
- Genes, Reporter
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Humans
- Immunological Synapses/immunology
- Immunological Synapses/metabolism
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Mice
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Retroviridae/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Transduction, Genetic
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuhui Chen
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xi Kang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhiying Chen
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA; Xiangya Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Peilin Zheng
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yi-Hsin Hsu
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joon Hee Jang
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lidong Qin
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hao Liu
- Biostatistics Core of the Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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2
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Bustos-Morán E, Blas-Rus N, Martín-Cófreces NB, Sánchez-Madrid F. Orchestrating Lymphocyte Polarity in Cognate Immune Cell-Cell Interactions. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 327:195-261. [PMID: 27692176 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The immune synapse (IS) is a specialized structure established between different immune cells that fulfills several functions, including a role as a communication bridge. This intimate contact between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell promotes the proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes involved in the contact. T-cell activation requires the specific triggering of the T-cell receptor (TCR), which promotes the activation of different signaling pathways inducing the polarization of the T cell. During this process, different adhesion and signaling receptors reorganize at specialized membrane domains, concomitantly to the polarization of the tubulin and actin cytoskeletons, forming stable polarization platforms. The centrosome also moves toward the IS, driving the movement of different organelles, such as the biosynthetic, secretory, degrading machinery, and mitochondria, to sustain T-cell activation. A proper orchestration of all these events is essential for T-cell effector functions and the accomplishment of a complete immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Bustos-Morán
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Spanish National Center of Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Blas-Rus
- Department of Immunology, La Princesa Hospital, Autonomus University of Madrid (UAM), Health Research Institute of Princesa Hospital (ISS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noa Beatriz Martín-Cófreces
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Spanish National Center of Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology, La Princesa Hospital, Autonomus University of Madrid (UAM), Health Research Institute of Princesa Hospital (ISS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Spanish National Center of Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology, La Princesa Hospital, Autonomus University of Madrid (UAM), Health Research Institute of Princesa Hospital (ISS-IP), Madrid, Spain
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3
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Janssen WJM, Geluk HCA, Boes M. F-actin remodeling defects as revealed in primary immunodeficiency disorders. Clin Immunol 2016; 164:34-42. [PMID: 26802313 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are a heterogeneous group of immune-related diseases. PIDs develop due to defects in gene-products that have consequences to immune cell function. A number of PID-proteins is involved in the remodeling of filamentous actin (f-actin) to support the generation of a contact zone between the antigen-specific T cell and antigen presenting cell (APC): the immunological synapse (IS). IS formation is the first step towards T-cell activation and essential for clonal expansion and acquisition of effector function. We here evaluated PIDs in which aberrant f-actin-driven IS formation may contribute to the PID disease phenotypes as seen in patients. We review examples of such contributions to PID phenotypes from literature, and highlight cases in which PID-proteins were evaluated for a role in f-actin polymerization and IS formation. We conclude with the proposition that patient groups might benefit from stratifying them in distinct functional groups in regard to their f-actin remodeling phenotypes in lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J M Janssen
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H C A Geluk
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Boes
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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4
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PI3Kδ promotes CD4(+) T-cell interactions with antigen-presenting cells by increasing LFA-1 binding to ICAM-1. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:486-95. [PMID: 26740009 PMCID: PMC4829101 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Activation of T lymphocytes by peptide/major histocompatibility complex on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) involves dynamic contacts between the two cells, during which T cells undergo marked morphological changes. These interactions are facilitated by integrins. Activation of the T cells increases the binding of the integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) expressed by T cells to intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and ICAM-2 expressed by APCs. The signalling pathways that control integrin affinities are incompletely defined. The phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) generate second-messenger signalling molecules that control cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and trafficking. Here we show that in T cells, PI3Kδ attenuates the activation of Rac1, but sustains the activation of Rap1. Consequently, PI3Kδ increases LFA-1-dependent adhesion to form stable conjugates with APCs. Increased Rap1 activity and LFA-1 adhesion were only in part mediated by the downstream kinase Akt, suggesting the involvement of additional phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)P3-binding proteins. These results establish a link between PI3K activity, cytoskeletal changes and integrin binding and help explain the impaired T-cell-dependent immune responses in PI3Kδ-deficient mice.
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5
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Liu X, Zhou Q, Ji Z, Fu G, Li Y, Zhang X, Shi X, Wang T, Kang Q. Protein 4.1R attenuates autoreactivity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by suppressing CD4(+) T cell activation. Cell Immunol 2014; 292:19-24. [PMID: 25243644 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Immune synapse components contribute to multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) pathogenesis as they play important role in autoreactive T cell activation. Protein 4.1R, a red cell membrane cytoskeletal protein, recently was identified as an important component of immunological synapse (IS) and acted as the negative regulator of CD4(+) T cell activation. However, the pathological role of 4.1R in the MS/EAE pathogenesis is still not elucidated. In this study, we investigated the potential role of protein 4.1R in pathologic processes of EAE by using 4.1R knockout mouse model. Our results suggest that 4.1R can prevent pathogenic autoimmunity in MS/EAE progression by suppressing the CD4(+) T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Qingqing Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Zhenyu Ji
- Henan Academy of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 40 University Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
| | - Guo Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Yi Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Xiaobei Zhang
- Nanyang Pukang Pharmaceutical Corporation, Ltd., 143 Industrial Road, Nanyang 473053, PR China.
| | - Xiaofang Shi
- Nanyang Pukang Pharmaceutical Corporation, Ltd., 143 Industrial Road, Nanyang 473053, PR China.
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Qiaozhen Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
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6
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Soares H, Lasserre R, Alcover A. Orchestrating cytoskeleton and intracellular vesicle traffic to build functional immunological synapses. Immunol Rev 2014; 256:118-32. [PMID: 24117817 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immunological synapses are specialized cell-cell contacts formed between T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells. They are induced upon antigen recognition and are crucial for T-cell activation and effector functions. The generation and function of immunological synapses depend on an active T-cell polarization process, which results from a finely orchestrated crosstalk between the antigen receptor signal transduction machinery, the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons, and controlled vesicle traffic. Although we understand how some of these particular events are regulated, we still lack knowledge on how these multiple cellular elements are harmonized to ensure appropriate T-cell responses. We discuss here our view on how T-cell receptor signal transduction initially commands cytoskeletal and vesicle traffic polarization, which in turn sets the immunological synapse molecular design that regulates T-cell activation. We also discuss how the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) hijacks some of these processes impairing immunological synapse generation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Soares
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, Paris, France; CNRS, URA-1961, Paris, France
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7
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Santos-Argumedo L, Maravillas-Montero JL, López-Ortega O. Class I myosins in B-cell physiology: functions in spreading, immune synapses, motility, and vesicular traffic. Immunol Rev 2014; 256:190-202. [PMID: 24117822 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Myosins comprise a family of motor proteins whose role in muscle contraction and motility in a large range of eukaryotic cells has been widely studied. Although these proteins have been characterized extensively and much is known about their function in different cellular compartments, little is known about these molecules in hematopoietic cells. Myosins expressed by cells from the immune response are involved in maintaining plasma membrane tension, moving and secreting vesicles, endo- and exocytotic processes, and promoting the adhesion and motility of cells. Herein, we summarize our current understanding of class I myosins in B cells, with an emphasis on the emerging roles of these molecular motors in immune functions.
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8
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Millet JK, Kien F, Cheung CY, Siu YL, Chan WL, Li H, Leung HL, Jaume M, Bruzzone R, Malik Peiris JS, Altmeyer RM, Nal B. Ezrin interacts with the SARS coronavirus Spike protein and restrains infection at the entry stage. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49566. [PMID: 23185364 PMCID: PMC3504146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entry of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and its envelope fusion with host cell membrane are controlled by a series of complex molecular mechanisms, largely dependent on the viral envelope glycoprotein Spike (S). There are still many unknowns on the implication of cellular factors that regulate the entry process. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We performed a yeast two-hybrid screen using as bait the carboxy-terminal endodomain of S, which faces the cytosol during and after opening of the fusion pore at early stages of the virus life cycle. Here we show that the ezrin membrane-actin linker interacts with S endodomain through the F1 lobe of its FERM domain and that both the eight carboxy-terminal amino-acids and a membrane-proximal cysteine cluster of S endodomain are important for this interaction in vitro. Interestingly, we found that ezrin is present at the site of entry of S-pseudotyped lentiviral particles in Vero E6 cells. Targeting ezrin function by small interfering RNA increased S-mediated entry of pseudotyped particles in epithelial cells. Furthermore, deletion of the eight carboxy-terminal amino acids of S enhanced S-pseudotyped particles infection. Expression of the ezrin dominant negative FERM domain enhanced cell susceptibility to infection by SARS-CoV and S-pseudotyped particles and potentiated S-dependent membrane fusion. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Ezrin interacts with SARS-CoV S endodomain and limits virus entry and fusion. Our data present a novel mechanism involving a cellular factor in the regulation of S-dependent early events of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Kaoru Millet
- HKU-Pasteur Research Centre, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Anatomy, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - François Kien
- HKU-Pasteur Research Centre, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chung-Yan Cheung
- Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu-Lam Siu
- HKU-Pasteur Research Centre, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing-Lim Chan
- HKU-Pasteur Research Centre, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huiying Li
- HKU-Pasteur Research Centre, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hiu-Lan Leung
- HKU-Pasteur Research Centre, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Martial Jaume
- HKU-Pasteur Research Centre, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Roberto Bruzzone
- HKU-Pasteur Research Centre, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Joseph S. Malik Peiris
- HKU-Pasteur Research Centre, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Béatrice Nal
- HKU-Pasteur Research Centre, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Anatomy, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Oku T, Nakano M, Kaneko Y, Ando Y, Kenmotsu H, Itoh S, Tsuiji M, Seyama Y, Toyoshima S, Tsuji T. Constitutive turnover of phosphorylation at Thr-412 of human p57/coronin-1 regulates the interaction with actin. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:42910-20. [PMID: 23100250 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.349829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin-binding protein p57/coronin-1, a member of the coronin protein family, is selectively expressed in hematopoietic cells and plays crucial roles in the immune response through reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. We previously reported that p57/coronin-1 is phosphorylated by protein kinase C, and the phosphorylation down-regulates the association of this protein with actin. In this study we analyzed the phosphorylation sites of p57/coronin-1 derived from HL60 human leukemic cells by MALDI-TOF-MS, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and Phos-tag® acrylamide gel electrophoresis in combination with site-directed mutagenesis and identified Ser-2 and Thr-412 as major phosphorylation sites. A major part of p57/coronin-1 was found as an unphosphorylated form in HL60 cells, but phosphorylation at Thr-412 of p57/coronin-1 was detected after the cells were treated with calyculin A, a Ser/Thr phosphatase inhibitor, suggesting that p57/coronin-1 undergoes constitutive turnover of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation at Thr-412. A diphosphorylated form of p57/coronin-1 was detected after the cells were treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus calyculin A. We then assessed the effects of phosphorylation at Thr-412 on the association of p57/coronin-1 with actin. A co-immunoprecipitation experiment with anti-p57/coronin-1 antibodies and HL60 cell lysates revealed that β-actin was co-precipitated with the unphosphorylated form but not with the phosphorylated form at Thr-412 of p57/coronin-1. Furthermore, the phosphorylation mimic (T412D) of p57/coronin-1 expressed in HEK293T cells exhibited lower affinity for actin than the wild-type or the unphosphorylation mimic (T412A) did. These results indicate that the constitutive turnover of phosphorylation at Thr-412 of p57/coronin-1 regulates its interaction with actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Oku
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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10
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Ruperez P, Gago-Martinez A, Burlingame AL, Oses-Prieto JA. Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis reveals a role for serine and threonine kinases in the cytoskeletal reorganization in early T cell receptor activation in human primary T cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:171-86. [PMID: 22499768 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.017863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation-dephosphorylation events play a primary role in regulation of almost all aspects of cell function including signal transduction, cell cycle, or apoptosis. Thus far, T cell phosphoproteomics have focused on analysis of phosphotyrosine residues, and little is known about the role of serine/threonine phosphorylation in early activation of the T cell receptor (TCR). Therefore, we performed a quantitative mass spectrometry-based analysis of the global phosphoproteome of human primary T cells in response to 5 min of TCR activation with anti-CD3 antibody. Combining immunoprecipitation with an antiphosphotyrosine antibody, titanium dioxide phosphopeptide enrichment, isobaric tag for the relative and absolute quantitation methodology, and strong cation exchange separation, we were able to identify 2814 phosphopeptides. These unique sites were employed to investigate the site-specific phosphorylation dynamics. Five hundred and seventeen phosphorylation sites showed TCR-responsive changes. We found that upon 5 min of stimulation of the TCR, specific serine and threonine kinase motifs are overrepresented in the set of responsive phosphorylation sites. These phosphorylation events targeted proteins with many different activities and are present in different subcellular locations. Many of these proteins are involved in intracellular signaling cascades related mainly to cytoskeletal reorganization and regulation of small GTPase-mediated signal transduction, probably involved in the formation of the immune synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ruperez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Facility, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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Zyss D, Ebrahimi H, Gergely F. Casein kinase I delta controls centrosome positioning during T cell activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 195:781-97. [PMID: 22123863 PMCID: PMC3257584 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201106025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CK1delta binds and phosphorylates the microtubule plus-end–binding protein
EB1 and promotes centrosome translocation to the immunological synapse in T
cells. Although termed central body, the centrosome is located off-center in many
polarized cells. T cell receptor (TCR) engagement by antigens induces a polarity
switch in T cells. This leads to the recruitment of the centrosome to the
immunological synapse (IS), a specialized cell–cell junction. Despite
much recent progress, how TCR signaling triggers centrosome repositioning
remains poorly understood. In this paper, we uncover a critical requirement for
the centrosomal casein kinase I delta (CKIδ) in centrosome translocation
to the IS. CKIδ binds and phosphorylates the microtubule
plus-end–binding protein EB1. Moreover, a putative EB1-binding motif at
the C terminus of CKIδ is required for centrosome translocation to the
IS. We find that depletion of CKIδ in T lymphocytes and inhibition of CKI
in epithelial cells reduce microtubule growth. Therefore, we propose that
CKIδ–EB1 complexes contribute to the increase in microtubule
growth speeds observed in polarized T cells, a mechanism that might serve to
generate long-stable microtubules necessary for centrosome translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Zyss
- Li Ka Shing Centre, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge CB2 0RE, England, UK
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12
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Azar GA, Lemaître F, Robey EA, Bousso P. Subcellular dynamics of T cell immunological synapses and kinapses in lymph nodes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:3675-80. [PMID: 20133676 PMCID: PMC2840513 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0905901107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro studies have revealed that T cell activation occurs during the formation of either dynamic or stable interactions with antigen-presenting cells (APC), and the respective cell junctions have been referred to as immunological kinapses and synapses. However, the relevance and molecular dynamics of kinapses and synapses remain to be established in vivo. Using two-photon imaging, we tracked the distribution of LAT-EGFP molecules during antigen recognition by activated CD4(+) T cells in lymph nodes. At steady state, LAT-EGFP molecules were preferentially found at the uropod of rapidly migrating T cells. In contrast to naïve T cells that fully stopped upon systemic antigen delivery, recently activated T cells decelerated and formed kinapses, characterized by continuous extension of membrane protrusions and by the absence of persistent LAT-EGFP clustering. On the other hand, activated CD4(+) T cells formed stable immunological synapses with antigen-loaded B cells and displayed sustained accumulation of LAT-EGFP fluorescence at the contact zone. Our results show that the state of T cell activation and the type of APC largely influence T cell-APC contact dynamics in lymph nodes. Furthermore, we provide a dynamic look at immunological kinapses and synapses in lymph nodes and suggest the existence of distinct patterns of LAT redistribution during antigen recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges A. Azar
- G5 Dynamiques des Réponses Immunes, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U668, Equipe Avenir, 75015 Paris, France; and
| | - Fabrice Lemaître
- G5 Dynamiques des Réponses Immunes, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U668, Equipe Avenir, 75015 Paris, France; and
| | - Ellen A. Robey
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Philippe Bousso
- G5 Dynamiques des Réponses Immunes, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U668, Equipe Avenir, 75015 Paris, France; and
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13
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Martín-Cófreces NB, Robles-Valero J, Cabrero JR, Mittelbrunn M, Gordón-Alonso M, Sung CH, Alarcón B, Vázquez J, Sánchez-Madrid F. MTOC translocation modulates IS formation and controls sustained T cell signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 182:951-62. [PMID: 18779373 PMCID: PMC2528574 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200801014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The translocation of the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) toward the nascent immune synapse (IS) is an early step in lymphocyte activation initiated by T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. The molecular mechanisms that control the physical movement of the lymphocyte MTOC remain largely unknown. We have studied the role of the dynein–dynactin complex, a microtubule-based molecular motor, in the process of T cell activation during T cell antigen–presenting cell cognate immune interactions. Impairment of dynein–dynactin complex activity, either by overexpressing the p50-dynamitin component of dynactin to disrupt the complex or by knocking down dynein heavy chain expression to prevent its formation, inhibited MTOC translocation after TCR antigen priming. This resulted in a strong reduction in the phosphorylation of molecules such as ζ chain–associated protein kinase 70 (ZAP70), linker of activated T cells (LAT), and Vav1; prevented the supply of molecules to the IS from intracellular pools, resulting in a disorganized and dysfunctional IS architecture; and impaired interleukin-2 production. Together, these data reveal MTOC translocation as an important mechanism underlying IS formation and sustained T cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa B Martín-Cófreces
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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14
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Kubo Y, Yoshii H, Kamiyama H, Tominaga C, Tanaka Y, Sato H, Yamamoto N. Ezrin, Radixin, and Moesin (ERM) proteins function as pleiotropic regulators of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Virology 2008; 375:130-40. [PMID: 18295815 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ezrin, radixin, and moesin (ERM) proteins supply functional linkage between integral membrane proteins and cytoskeleton in mammalian cells to regulate membrane protein dynamisms and cytoskeleton rearrangement. To assess potential role of the ERM proteins in HIV-1 lifecycle, we examined if suppression of ERM function in human cells expressing HIV-1 infection receptors influences HIV-1 envelope (Env)-mediated HIV-1-vector transduction and cell-cell fusion. Expression of an ezrin dominant negative mutant or knockdown of ezrin, radixin, or moesin with siRNA uniformly decreased transduction titers of HIV-1 vectors having X4-tropic Env. In contrast, transduction titers of R5-tropic Env HIV-1 vectors were decreased only by radixin knockdown: ezrin knockdown had no detectable effects and moesin knockdown rather increased transduction titer. Each of the ERM suppressions had no detectable effects on cell surface expression of CD4, CCR5, and CXCR4 or VSV-Env-mediated HIV-1 vector transductions. Finally, the individual knockdown of ERM mRNAs uniformly decreased efficiency of cell-cell fusion mediated by X4- or R5-tropic Env and HIV-1 infection receptors. These results suggest that (i) the ERM proteins function as positive regulators of infection by X4-tropic HIV-1, (ii) moesin additionally functions as a negative regulator of R5-tropic HIV-1 virus infection at the early step(s) after the membrane fusion, and (iii) receptor protein dynamisms are regulated differently in R5- and X4-tropic HIV-1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinao Kubo
- Department of AIDS Research, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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15
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Ilani T, Khanna C, Zhou M, Veenstra TD, Bretscher A. Immune synapse formation requires ZAP-70 recruitment by ezrin and CD43 removal by moesin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 179:733-46. [PMID: 18025306 PMCID: PMC2080902 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200707199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunological synapse (IS) formation involves receptor-ligand pair clustering and intracellular signaling molecule recruitment with a coincident removal of other membrane proteins away from the IS. As microfilament-membrane linkage is critical to this process, we investigated the involvement of ezrin and moesin, the two ezrin/radixin/moesin proteins expressed in T cells. We demonstrate that ezrin and moesin, which are generally believed to be functionally redundant, are differentially localized and have important and complementary functions in IS formation. Specifically, we find that ezrin directly interacts with and recruits the signaling kinase ZAP-70 to the IS. Furthermore, the activation of ezrin by phosphorylation is essential for this process. In contrast, moesin dephosphorylation and removal, along with CD43, are necessary to prepare a region of the cell cortex for IS. Thus, ezrin and moesin have distinct and critical functions in the T cell cortex during IS formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Ilani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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16
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Visualizing the Immune Synapse. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2006.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Nicolaou SA, Neumeier L, Peng Y, Devor DC, Conforti L. The Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel KCa3.1 compartmentalizes in the immunological synapse of human T lymphocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 292:C1431-9. [PMID: 17151145 PMCID: PMC2553516 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00376.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
T cell receptor engagement results in the reorganization of intracellular and membrane proteins at the T cell-antigen presenting cell interface forming the immunological synapse (IS), an event required for Ca(2+) influx. KCa3.1 channels modulate Ca(2+) signaling in activated T cells by regulating the membrane potential. Nothing is known regarding KCa3.1 membrane distribution during T cell activation. Herein, we determined whether KCa3.1 translocates to the IS in human T cells using YFP-tagged KCa3.1 channels. These channels showed electrophysiological and pharmacological properties identical to wild-type channels. IS formation was induced by either anti-CD3/CD28 antibody-coated beads for fixed microscopy experiments or Epstein-Barr virus-infected B cells for fixed and live cell microscopy. In fixed microscopy experiments, T cells were also immunolabeled for F-actin or CD3epsilon, which served as IS formation markers. The distribution of KCa3.1 was determined with confocal and fluorescence microscopy. We found that, upon T cell activation, KCa3.1 channels localize with F-actin and CD3epsilon to the IS but remain evenly distributed on the cell membrane when no stimulus is provided. Detailed imaging experiments indicated that KCa3.1 channels are recruited in the IS shortly after antigen presentation and are maintained there for at least 15-30 min. Interestingly, pretreatment of activated T cells with the specific KCa3.1 blocker TRAM-34 blocked Ca(2+) influx, but channel redistribution to the IS was not prevented. These results indicate that KCa3.1 channels are a part of the signaling complex that forms at the IS upon antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella A. Nicolaou
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Lisa Neumeier
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - YouQing Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Daniel C. Devor
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
| | - Laura Conforti
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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18
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Huang NN, Han SB, Hwang IY, Kehrl JH. B cells productively engage soluble antigen-pulsed dendritic cells: visualization of live-cell dynamics of B cell-dendritic cell interactions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 175:7125-34. [PMID: 16301615 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.11.7125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between B lymphocytes and Ag-bearing dendritic cells (DC) likely occur at inflammatory sites and within lymphoid organs. To better understand these interactions we imaged B cells (TgB) from hen egg lysozyme (HEL) transgenic mice and DC pulsed with HEL (DC-HEL) in collagen matrices. Analysis of live-cell dynamics revealed autonomous movements and repeated encounters between TgB cells and DC-HEL that are best described by a "kiss-run and engage" model, whereas control B cells had only short-lived interactions. Ag localized at contact sites between TgB cells and DC-HEL, and both cell types rearranged their actin cytoskeletons toward the contact zone. The interaction of a TgB cell with a HEL-bearing DC triggered strong Ca2+ transients in the B cells. Thus, B cells can productively interact with DC displaying their cognate Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Na Huang
- B Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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19
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Mossman KD, Campi G, Groves JT, Dustin ML. Altered TCR signaling from geometrically repatterned immunological synapses. Science 2005; 310:1191-3. [PMID: 16293763 DOI: 10.1126/science.1119238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The immunological synapse is a specialized cell-cell junction that is defined by large-scale spatial patterns of receptors and signaling molecules yet remains largely enigmatic in terms of formation and function. We used supported bilayer membranes and nanometer-scale structures fabricated onto the underlying substrate to impose geometric constraints on immunological synapse formation. Analysis of the resulting alternatively patterned synapses revealed a causal relation between the radial position of T cell receptors (TCRs) and signaling activity, with prolonged signaling from TCR microclusters that had been mechanically trapped in the peripheral regions of the synapse. These results are consistent with a model of the synapse in which spatial translocation of TCRs represents a direct mechanism of signal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaspar D Mossman
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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20
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Oku T, Itoh S, Ishii R, Suzuki K, Nauseef W, Toyoshima S, Tsuji T. Homotypic dimerization of the actin-binding protein p57/coronin-1 mediated by a leucine zipper motif in the C-terminal region. Biochem J 2005; 387:325-31. [PMID: 15601263 PMCID: PMC1134960 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The actin-binding protein p57/coronin-1, a member of the coronin protein family, is selectively expressed in immune cells, and has been implicated in leucocyte migration and phagocytosis by virtue of its interaction with F-actin (filamentous actin). We previously identified two sites in the N-terminal region of p57/coronin-1 by which it binds actin, and in the present study we examine the role of the leucine zipper motif located in the C-terminal coiled-coil domain in mediating the homotypic association of p57/coronin-1. Recombinant p57/coronin-1 protein in solution formed a homodimer, as analysed by Superose 12 column chromatography and by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. In vivo, a truncated form consisting of the C-terminal coiled-coil domain co-precipitated with full-length p57/coronin-1 when both were co-expressed in COS-1 cells. A chimaeric construct composed of the C-terminal domain of p57/coronin-1 (which lacks the actin-binding sites) fused with green fluorescent protein co-localized with cortical F-actin-rich regions in COS-1 cells only when full-length p57/coronin-1 was expressed simultaneously in the cells, suggesting that the C-terminal region is required for the homotypic association of p57/coronin-1. Furthermore, p57LZ, a polypeptide consisting of the C-terminal 90 amino acid residues of p57/coronin-1, was sufficient for dimerization. When two leucine residues out of the four that constitute the leucine zipper structure in p57LZ or full-length p57 were replaced with alanine residues, the mutants failed to form homodimers. Taken together, these results demonstrate that p57/coronin-1 forms homodimers, that the association is mediated by the leucine zipper structure in the C-terminal region, and that it plays a role in the cross-linking of F-actin in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Oku
- *Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Saotomo Itoh
- *Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Rie Ishii
- *Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Kensuke Suzuki
- †Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-13-2 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - William M. Nauseef
- ‡The Inflammation Program and Department of Medicine, University of Iowa and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, U.S.A
| | - Satoshi Toyoshima
- §Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Evaluation Center, National Institute of Health Science, 3-8-21 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8409, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tsuji
- *Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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21
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Ise W, Nakamura K, Shimizu N, Goto H, Fujimoto K, Kaminogawa S, Hachimura S. Orally tolerized T cells can form conjugates with APCs but are defective in immunological synapse formation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:829-38. [PMID: 16002680 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.2.829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Oral tolerance is systemic immune hyporesponsiveness induced by the oral administration of soluble Ags. Hyporesponsiveness of Ag-specific CD4 T cells is responsible for this phenomenon. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the hyporesponsive state of these T cells are not fully understood. In the present study, we investigated the ability of orally tolerized T cells to form conjugates with Ag-bearing APCs and to translocate TCR, protein kinase C-theta (PKC-theta), and lipid rafts into the interface between T cells and APCs. Orally tolerized T cells were prepared from the spleens of OVA-fed DO11.10 mice. Interestingly, the orally tolerized T cells did not show any impairment in the formation of conjugates with APCs. The conjugates were formed in a LFA-1-dependent manner. Upon antigenic stimulation, the tolerized T cells could indeed activate Rap1, which is critical for LFA-1 activation and thus cell adhesion. However, orally tolerized T cells showed defects in the translocation of TCR, PKC-theta, and lipid rafts into the interface between T cells and APCs. Translocation of TCR and PKC-theta to lipid raft fractions upon antigenic stimulation was also impaired in the tolerized T cells. Ag-induced activation of Vav, Rac1, and cdc42, which are essential for immunological synapse and raft aggregation, were down-regulated in orally tolerized T cells. These results demonstrate that orally tolerized T cells can respond to specific Ags in terms of conjugate formation but not with appropriate immunological synapse formation. This may account for the hyporesponsive state of orally tolerized T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Ise
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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22
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Ludford-Menting MJ, Oliaro J, Sacirbegovic F, Cheah ETY, Pedersen N, Thomas SJ, Pasam A, Iazzolino R, Dow LE, Waterhouse NJ, Murphy A, Ellis S, Smyth MJ, Kershaw MH, Darcy PK, Humbert PO, Russell SM. A network of PDZ-containing proteins regulates T cell polarity and morphology during migration and immunological synapse formation. Immunity 2005; 22:737-48. [PMID: 15963788 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Revised: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
T cell shape is dictated by the selective recruitment of molecules to different regions of the cell (polarity) and is integral to every aspect of T cell function, from migration to cytotoxicity. This study describes a mechanism for the regulation of T cell polarity. We show that T cells contain a network of asymmetrically distributed proteins with the capacity to dictate the subcellular localization of both cell surface receptors and morphological determinants in T cells. Proteins from the Scribble, Crumbs3, and Par3 complexes, previously shown to regulate epithelial polarity, were polarized in T cells containing either uropods or immunological synapses. Reduction in Scribble expression prevented the polarization of cell surface receptors and prevented morphological changes associated with uropod formation, migration, and antigen presentation. By dynamically coordinating molecular distribution throughout the T cell, this network provides a mechanism by which T cell function and polarity are linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy J Ludford-Menting
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
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23
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Groves JT. Molekulare Organisation und Signaltransduktion an Kontaktstellen zwischen Membranen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200461014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Groves JT. Molecular Organization and Signal Transduction at Intermembrane Junctions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:3524-38. [PMID: 15844101 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200461014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Surfaces create an environment in which multiple forces conspire together to yield a wealth of complex chemical processes. This is especially true of cell membranes, whose fluidity and flexibility enables responsive feedback with surface chemical interactions in ways not generally seen with inorganic materials. Spatial pattern formation of cell-surface proteins at intermembrane junctions provides many beautiful examples of these phenomena, and is also emerging as a functional aspect of intercellular signaling. Correspondingly, the study of interactions of cell-membrane surfaces is attracting significant attention from cell biologists and physical chemists alike. This convergence is fueled be recent, exquisite observations of protein pattern formation events within living immunological synapses along with parallel advances in membrane reconstitution, manipulation, and imaging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay T Groves
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, USA.
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25
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Romero X, Zapater N, Calvo M, Kalko SG, de la Fuente MA, Tovar V, Ockeloen C, Pizcueta P, Engel P. CD229 (Ly9) Lymphocyte Cell Surface Receptor Interacts Homophilically through Its N-Terminal Domain and Relocalizes to the Immunological Synapse. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:7033-42. [PMID: 15905546 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.7033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD229 is a member of the CD150 family of the Ig superfamily expressed on T and B cells. Receptors of this family regulate cytokine production and cytotoxicity of lymphocytes and NK cells. The cytoplasmic tail of CD229 binds to SAP, a protein that is defective in X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome. To identify the CD229 ligand, we generated a soluble Ig fusion protein containing the two N-terminal extracellular domains of human CD229 (CD229-Ig). CD229-Ig bound to CD229-transfected cells, whereas no binding was detected on cells expressing other CD150 family receptors, showing that CD229 binds homophilically. Both human and mouse CD229 interacted with itself. Domain deletion mutants showed that the N-terminal Ig-domain mediates homophilic adhesion. CD229-CD229 binding was severely compromised when the charged amino acids E27 and E29 on the predicted B-C loop and R89 on the F-G loop of the N-terminal domain were mutated to alanine. In contrast, one mutation, R44A, enhanced the homophilic interaction. Confocal microscopy image analysis revealed relocalization of CD229 to the contact area of T and B cells during Ag-dependent immune synapse formation. Thus, CD229 is its own ligand and participates in the immunological synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Romero
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cellular Biology and Pathology, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Matarrese P, Malorni W. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 proteins and cytoskeleton: partners in viral life and host cell death. Cell Death Differ 2005; 12 Suppl 1:932-41. [PMID: 15818415 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoskeletal components play a major role in the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. A wide variety of molecules belonging to the microfilament system, including actin filaments and actin binding proteins, as well as microtubules have a key role in regulating both cell life and death. Cell shape maintenance, cell polarity and cell movements as well as cytoplasmic trafficking of molecules determining cell fate, including apoptosis, are in fact instructed by the cytoskeleton components. HIV infection and viral particle production seem to be controlled by cytoskeleton as well. Furthermore, HIV-associated apoptosis failure can also be regulated by the actin network function. In fact, HIV protein gp120 is able to induce cytoskeleton-driven polarization, thus sensitizing T cells to CD95/Fas-mediated apoptosis. The microfilament system seems thus to be a sort of cytoplasmic supervisor of the viral particle, the host cell and the bystander cell's very fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Matarrese
- Section of Cell Aging and Degeneration, Department of Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
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27
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Poenie M, Kuhn J, Combs J. Real-time visualization of the cytoskeleton and effector functions in T cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2005; 16:428-38. [PMID: 15245735 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2004.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Advances in imaging technology have been essential to our understanding of T-cell activation and effector functions. Much of the progress stems from the use of fluorescent fusion proteins combined with high resolution imaging techniques, including confocal and multiphoton microscopy. However, these techniques have limitations, and other modes of imaging, including new developments on the horizon, might add promising new tools for the visualization of cytoskeleton-dependent processes in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Poenie
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 78712, USA.
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28
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Lindstedt M, Schiött A, Johnsen CR, Roggen E, Johansson-Lindbom B, Borrebaeck CAK. Individuals with occupational allergy to detergent enzymes display a differential transcriptional regulation and cellular immune response. Clin Exp Allergy 2005; 35:199-206. [PMID: 15725192 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In spite of significant safety measures, allergy to industrial enzymes remains a major concern. The increasing prevalence of occupational allergy emphasizes the need to investigate the functional properties of enzyme-exposed dendritic cells (DCs), as DCs possess a potent ability to activate allergen-specific T cells. OBJECTIVE This study aims at elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying allergic immune responses to lipase, an industrial enzyme. For this purpose, we studied the effect of both hypoallergenic and wild-type lipase on the transcriptional regulation in DCs and their stimulatory effect on memory CD4+ T cells. METHODS Five individuals with documented lipase allergy were tested for specific serum IgE. DCs from these individuals, stimulated with lipases, were assayed for their ability to affect proliferation and polarization of memory T cells. The effect of lipases on transcriptional activity in DCs was evaluated using global expression analysis. RESULTS Lipase-specific IgE levels varied considerably between donors, with donor 4 exhibiting highest levels, and a potent specific CD4+ T cell recall response was demonstrated only for donor 4. No difference was detected in cytokine profile when T cells from donor 4 were co-cultured with DCs pulsed with either hypoallergenic or wild-type lipase, as demonstrated by high IL-4 and IL-13, and low IFN-gamma production. However, the lipases induced different genetic signatures in DCs from donor 4, as compared with the non-responders. CONCLUSIONS DCs from individuals with clinically diagnosed allergy to lipase displayed a differential response to stimulation with hypoallergenic and wild-type lipase in vitro. Only allergen-pulsed DCs from donor 4 were able to induce CD4+ T cell proliferation. The lipase-specific T cells displayed a T-helper type 2 phenotype, which was not altered by hypoallergenic lipase-pulsed DCs. Furthermore, DCs derived from donor 4 and stimulated with either of the lipases displayed different transcriptional profiles, as compared with the other donors. These signatures represent genes of potential importance for an immunoregulatory role of DC in an ongoing allergic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lindstedt
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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29
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Abstract
It is well established that the large array of functions that a tumour cell has to fulfil to settle as a metastasis in a distant organ requires cooperative activities between the tumour and the surrounding tissue and that several classes of molecules are involved, such as cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion molecules and matrix degrading enzymes, to name only a few. Furthermore, metastasis formation requires concerted activities between tumour cells and surrounding cells as well as matrix elements and possibly concerted activities between individual molecules of the tumour cell itself. Adhesion molecules have originally been thought to be essential for the formation of multicellular organisms and to tether cells to the extracellular matrix or to neighbouring cells. CD44 transmembrane glycoproteins belong to the families of adhesion molecules and have originally been described to mediate lymphocyte homing to peripheral lymphoid tissues. It was soon recognized that the molecules, under selective conditions, may suffice to initiate metastatic spread of tumour cells. The question remained as to how a single adhesion molecule can fulfil that task. This review outlines that adhesion is by no means a passive task. Rather, ligand binding, as exemplified for CD44 and other similar adhesion molecules, initiates a cascade of events that can be started by adherence to the extracellular matrix. This leads to activation of the molecule itself, binding to additional ligands, such as growth factors and matrix degrading enzymes, complex formation with additional transmembrane molecules and association with cytoskeletal elements and signal transducing molecules. Thus, through the interplay of CD44 with its ligands and associating molecules CD44 modulates adhesiveness, motility, matrix degradation, proliferation and cell survival, features that together may well allow a tumour cell to proceed through all steps of the metastatic cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Marhaba
- Department of Tumor Progression and Immune Defense, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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30
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Wollscheid B, von Haller PD, Yi E, Donohoe S, Vaughn K, Keller A, Nesvizhskii AI, Eng J, Li XJ, Goodlett DR, Aebersold R, Watts JD. Lipid raft proteins and their identification in T lymphocytes. Subcell Biochem 2004; 37:121-52. [PMID: 15376619 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-5806-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on how membrane lipid rafts have been detected and isolated, mostly from lymphocytes, and their associated proteins identified. These proteins include transmembrane antigens/receptors, GPI-anchored proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, Src-family protein kinases, G-proteins, and other proteins involved in signal transduction. To further understand the biology of lipid rafts, new methodological approaches are needed to help characterize the raft protein component, and changes that occur in this component as a result of cell perturbation. We describe the application of new proteomic approaches to the identification and quantification of raft proteins in T-lymphocytes. Similar approaches, applied to other model cell systems, will provide valuable new insights into both cellular signal transduction and lipid raft biology.
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McCann FE, Vanherberghen B, Eleme K, Carlin LM, Newsam RJ, Goulding D, Davis DM. The size of the synaptic cleft and distinct distributions of filamentous actin, ezrin, CD43, and CD45 at activating and inhibitory human NK cell immune synapses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:2862-70. [PMID: 12626536 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.6.2862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report the organization of cytoskeletal and large transmembrane proteins at the inhibitory and activating NK cell immunological or immune synapse (IS). Filamentous actin accumulates at the activating, but not the inhibitory, NK cell IS. However, surprisingly, ezrin and the associated protein CD43 are excluded from the inhibitory, but not the activating, NK cell IS. This distribution of ezrin and CD43 at the inhibitory NK cell IS is similar to that previously seen at the activating T cell IS. CD45 is also excluded from the inhibitory, but not activating, NK cell IS. In addition, electron microscopy reveals wide and narrow domains across the synaptic cleft. Target cell HLA-C, located by immunogold labeling, clusters where the synaptic cleft spans the size of HLA-C bound to the inhibitory killer Ig-like receptor. These data are consistent with assembly of the NK cell IS involving a combination of cytoskeletal-driven mechanisms and thermodynamics favoring the organization of receptor/ligand pairs according to the size of their extracellular domains.
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MESH Headings
- Actin Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Actin Cytoskeleton/ultrastructure
- Actins/metabolism
- Actins/ultrastructure
- Antigens, CD
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Clone Cells
- Cytoskeletal Proteins
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- HLA-C Antigens/metabolism
- Humans
- Intercellular Junctions/immunology
- Intercellular Junctions/metabolism
- Intercellular Junctions/ultrastructure
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/ultrastructure
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/biosynthesis
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/metabolism
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/ultrastructure
- Leukosialin
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Immunoelectron
- Phosphoproteins/biosynthesis
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Phosphoproteins/ultrastructure
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, KIR2DL1
- Sialoglycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Sialoglycoproteins/metabolism
- Sialoglycoproteins/ultrastructure
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona E McCann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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