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Chen M, Hu Z, Shi J, Xie Z. Human β-defensins and their synthetic analogs: Natural defenders and prospective new drugs of oral health. Life Sci 2024; 346:122591. [PMID: 38548013 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
As a family of cationic host defense peptides, human β-defensins (HBDs) are ubiquitous in the oral cavity and are mainly synthesized primarily by epithelial cells, serving as the primary barrier and aiming to prevent microbial invasion, inflammation, and disease while maintaining physiological homeostasis. In recent decades, there has been great interest in their biological functions, structure-activity relationships, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic potential in oral diseases. Meanwhile, researchers are dedicated to improving the properties of HBDs for clinical application. In this review, we first describe the classification, structural characteristics, functions, and mechanisms of HBDs. Next, we cover the role of HBDs and their synthetic analogs in oral diseases, including dental caries and pulp infections, periodontitis, peri-implantitis, fungal/viral infections and oral mucosal diseases, and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Finally, we discuss the limitations and challenges of clinical translation of HBDs and their synthetic analogs, including, but not limited to, stability, bioavailability, antimicrobial activity, resistance, and toxicity. Above all, this review summarizes the biological functions, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic potential of both natural HBDs and their synthetic analogs in oral diseases, as well as the challenges associated with clinical translation, thus providing substantial insights into the laboratory development and clinical application of HBDs in oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mumian Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Zihe Hu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Jue Shi
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Zhijian Xie
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China.
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Venkata Subbiah H, Ramesh Babu P, Subbiah U. Genetic Polymorphism and Gene Expression of β-Defensin-1 in Periodontitis Associated With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Cureus 2023; 15:e49814. [PMID: 38169768 PMCID: PMC10758537 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease caused by periodontopathic bacteria and influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Genetic predispositions are found to play a crucial part in the onset and progression of periodontal disease. There is a two-way relationship between diabetes and periodontitis with severe periodontal tissue destruction seen in diabetic patients. Antimicrobial peptide, β-defensin-1 (DEFB1 gene), plays an important role in the innate immune responses and forms the first line of host defense against periodontal pathogens. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the specific genetic loci of the DEFB1 gene and its expression level could confer a degree of risk or protection from periodontitis associated with diabetes. The present study determined the association between SNPs at the 5' untranslated region (UTR) in the DEFB1 gene and susceptibility to periodontitis associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and analyzed the effect of 5' UTR polymorphisms on DEFB1 gene expression. Methods SNPs in the 5' UTR of the DEFB1 gene (-20G>A (rs11362), -44C>G (rs1800972), and -52G>A (rs1799946)) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by Sanger sequencing. The study group included periodontitis (n = 40), periodontitis with T2DM (n = 20), and periodontally and systemically healthy as controls (n = 40). DEFB1 gene expression was determined by real-time PCR in the study group comprising periodontitis (n = 20), periodontitis with T2DM (n = 15), and healthy controls (n = 20). The effect of 5' UTR polymorphisms on the expression was analyzed by statistical tools. Results Statistically significant higher prevalence of the variant AA genotype of rs11362 was observed in periodontitis (odds ratio (OR) = 3.64, 95% confidence Interval (CI) = 1.16-11.43, p = 0.04) and periodontitis with T2DM (OR = 5.14, 95% CI = 1.29-20.5, p = 0.03) in comparison with healthy controls. Moreover, there was a significant increase of the variant AA genotype of rs1799946 in periodontitis (OR = 3.88, 95% CI = 1.19-12.68, p = 0.04) compared to healthy controls. DEFB1 gene expression was downregulated in periodontitis and upregulated in periodontitis with T2DM patients when compared to healthy controls but was not statistically significant. No significant association was found for the effect of SNPs of the DEFB1 gene on its expression. Conclusion From the SNP analysis, it can be inferred that the presence of SNPs at the 5' UTR (rs11362 and rs1799946) in the DEFB1 gene may be an important predictive factor for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Venkata Subbiah
- Human Genetics Research Centre, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, IND
| | - Polani Ramesh Babu
- Center for Materials Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, IND
| | - Usha Subbiah
- Human Genetics Research Centre, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, IND
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Deņisova A, Pilmane M, Kažoka D. Antimicrobial Peptides and Interleukins in Cleft Soft Palate. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1162. [PMID: 37508659 PMCID: PMC10378461 DOI: 10.3390/children10071162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Cleft palate is one of the most common and well-studied congenital anomalies; however, the role of protective tissue factors in its pathophysiology is still debated. The aim of our study was to evaluate interleukin and antimicrobial peptide appearance and distribution in cleft palate. Eight soft palate samples were obtained during veloplasty procedures. Immunohistochemical staining was applied to detect HBD-2-, HBD-3-, HBD-4-, LL-37-, IL-10-, and CD-163-positive cells via light microscopy. For statistical evaluation, the Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were used. A significant difference between study groups was observed for HBD-2 and IL-10 in epithelial and connective tissue as well as HBD-4 in connective tissue. The number of HBD-3-positive cells was moderate in the patients, and few were observed in the controls. The number of LL-37-positive cells varied from a moderate amount to a numerous amount in both study groups, whilst CD-163 marked a moderate number of positive cells in patients, and a few-to-moderate amount was observed in the controls. Numerous correlations between studied factors were revealed in cleft tissues. The increase in antimicrobial peptides HBD-2 and HBD-4 and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 suggested a wide compensatory elevation of the local immune system against cleft-raised tissue changes. The correlations between the studied factors (HBD-2, HBD-3, HBD-4, LL-37, and IL-10) proved the synergistic involvement of common local defense factors in postnatal cleft palate morphopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arina Deņisova
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia
| | - Māra Pilmane
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia
| | - Dzintra Kažoka
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia
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Morio KA, Sternowski RH, Brogden KA. Induction of Endogenous Antimicrobial Peptides to Prevent or Treat Oral Infection and Inflammation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020361. [PMID: 36830272 PMCID: PMC9952314 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are often used to treat oral infections. Unfortunately, excessive antibiotic use can adversely alter oral microbiomes and promote the development of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, which can be difficult to treat. An alternate approach could be to induce the local transcription and expression of endogenous oral antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). To assess the feasibility and benefits of this approach, we conducted literature searches to identify (i) the AMPs expressed in the oral cavity; (ii) the methods used to induce endogenous AMP expression; and (iii) the roles that expressed AMPs may have in regulating oral inflammation, immunity, healing, and pain. Search results identified human neutrophil peptides (HNP), human beta defensins (HBD), and cathelicidin AMP (CAMP) gene product LL-37 as prominent AMPs expressed by oral cells and tissues. HNP, HBD, and LL-37 expression can be induced by micronutrients (trace elements, elements, and vitamins), nutrients, macronutrients (mono-, di-, and polysaccharides, amino acids, pyropeptides, proteins, and fatty acids), proinflammatory agonists, thyroid hormones, and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, red light, or near infrared radiation (NIR). Localized AMP expression can help reduce infection, inflammation, and pain and help oral tissues heal. The use of a specific inducer depends upon the overall objective. Inducing the expression of AMPs through beneficial foods would be suitable for long-term health protection. Additionally, the specialized metabolites or concentrated extracts that are utilized as dosage forms would maintain the oral and intestinal microbiome composition and control oral and intestinal infections. Inducing AMP expression using irradiation methodologies would be applicable to a specific oral treatment area in addition to controlling local infections while regulating inflammatory and healing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kim A. Brogden
- College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence:
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Andrukhov O, Blufstein A, Behm C. A Review of Antimicrobial Activity of Dental Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Is There Any Potential? FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 2:832976. [PMID: 35098213 PMCID: PMC8795861 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.832976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial defense is an essential component of host-microbial homeostasis and contributes substantially to oral health maintenance. Dental mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) possess multilineage differentiation potential, immunomodulatory properties and play an important role in various processes like regeneration and disease progression. Recent studies show that dental MSCs might also be involved in antibacterial defense. This occurs by producing antimicrobial peptides or attracting professional phagocytic immune cells and modulating their activity. The production of antimicrobial peptides and immunomodulatory abilities of dental MSCs are enhanced by an inflammatory environment and influenced by vitamin D3. Antimicrobial peptides also have anti-inflammatory effects in dental MSCs and improve their differentiation potential. Augmentation of antibacterial efficiency of dental MSCs could broaden their clinical application in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleh Andrukhov
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Blufstein
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Behm
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Ramezani J, Khaligh MR, Ansari G, Yazdani Y, Mohammadi S. Association of salivary physicochemical characteristics and peptide levels with dental caries in children. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2021; 39:189-195. [PMID: 34341240 DOI: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_251_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the association of physicochemical properties and antimicrobial peptide levels of saliva with caries activity in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS The required volume of unstimulated saliva was collected from 41 children aged 3-12 years with no systemic diseases. Caries activity was calculated using DMFS and dmfs records for each participating child. Collected saliva samples were then examined for their flow rate, pH, and buffering capacity. The concentration of three peptides was assessed including LL-37, human neutrophil peptide (HNP) 1-3, and human beta-defensin (HBD)-3 through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The correlation between caries activity score (CAS) and salivary variables was looked using the linear regression and Spearman's correlation method. The comparison of CAS means between high- and low-value groups of salivary items was performed using independent sample t-test while the association of CAS and salivary parameters in categorical scale was tested by Chi-square test. RESULTS No statistically significant differences were found between the CAS means at low and high categories of each salivary physicochemical parameter and those of antimicrobial peptides. There was a negative correlation between HNP1-3 and CAS and also between HBD-3 and CAS, but these results were not statistically meaningful. High HNP1-3 concentration was noted in 67% of the low caries rate group and 29% of the high caries rate group, with a statistically significant difference between the low and high caries rate groups (P = 0.019). CONCLUSION Salivary inherent factors are not dominant determinants in caries activity. The current results may suggest that α-defensins (HNP1-3) have a protective role against dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamileh Ramezani
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Golestan University of Medical Sciences; Dental Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Rezaei Khaligh
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Golestan University of Medical Sciences; Dental Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ghassem Ansari
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Yazdani
- Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Saeed Mohammadi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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Yamamoto M, Aizawa R. Maintaining a protective state for human periodontal tissue. Periodontol 2000 2021; 86:142-156. [PMID: 33690927 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis, caused by infection with periodontal pathogens, is primarily characterized by inflammatory bone resorption and destruction of connective tissue. Simply describing periodontitis as a specific bacterial infection cannot completely explain the various periodontal tissue destruction patterns observed. Periodontal tissue damage is thought to be caused by various factors. In recent years, research goals for periodontal pathogens have shifted from searching for specific pathogens to investigating mechanisms that damage periodontal tissues. Bacteria interact directly with the host in several ways, influencing expression and activity of molecules that evade host defenses, and destroying local tissues and inhibiting their repair. The host's innate and acquired immune systems are important defense mechanisms that protect periodontal tissues from attack and invasion of periodontal pathogens, thus preventing infection. Innate and acquired immunity have evolved to confront the microbial challenge, forming a seamless defense network in periodontal tissues. In the innate immune response, host cells quickly detect, via specialized receptors, macromolecules and nucleic acids present on bacterial cell walls, and this triggers a protective, inflammatory response. The work of this subsystem of host immunity is performed mainly by phagocytes, beta-defensin, and the complement system. In addition, the first line of defense in oral innate immunity is the junctional epithelium, which acts as a physical barrier to the entry of oral bacteria and other nonself substances. In the presence of a normal flora, junctional epithelial cells differentiate actively and proliferate apically, with concomitant increase in chemotactic factor expression recruiting neutrophils. These immune cells play an important role in maintaining homeostasis and the protective state in periodontal tissue because they eliminate unwanted bacteria over time. Previous studies indicate a mechanism for attracting immune cells to periodontal tissue with the purpose of maintaining a protective state; although this mechanism can function without bacteria, it is enhanced by the normal flora. A better understanding of the relationship between the protective state and its disruption in periodontal disease could lead to the development of new treatment strategies for periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Aizawa
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
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Wu L, Li Z, Zhou J, Ma B, Yu F, Zheng X, Hu X, Ma Z, Su X. An association analysis for genetic factors for dental caries susceptibility in a cohort of Chinese children. Oral Dis 2020; 28:480-494. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.13758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Wu
- Department of Dentistry Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission Northwest Minzu University Lanzhou China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Department of Dentistry Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission Northwest Minzu University Lanzhou China
| | - Jianye Zhou
- Department of Dentistry Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission Northwest Minzu University Lanzhou China
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Dentistry Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission Northwest Minzu University Lanzhou China
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Dentistry Lanzhou University Lanzhou, Gansu Province China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Dentistry Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission Northwest Minzu University Lanzhou China
| | - Xiaopan Hu
- Department of Dentistry Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission Northwest Minzu University Lanzhou China
| | - Zhongming Ma
- Department of Dentistry Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission Northwest Minzu University Lanzhou China
| | - Xuelian Su
- Department of Dentistry Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission Northwest Minzu University Lanzhou China
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Panwar H, Rokana N, Aparna SV, Kaur J, Singh A, Singh J, Singh KS, Chaudhary V, Puniya AK. Gastrointestinal stress as innate defence against microbial attack. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:1035-1061. [PMID: 32869386 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract has been bestowed with the most difficult task of protecting the underlying biological compartments from the resident commensal flora and the potential pathogens in transit through the GI tract. It has a unique environment in which several defence tactics are at play while maintaining homeostasis and health. The GI tract shows myriad number of environmental extremes, which includes pH variations, anaerobic conditions, nutrient limitations, elevated osmolarity etc., which puts a check to colonization and growth of nonfriendly microbial strains. The GI tract acts as a highly selective barrier/platform for ingested food and is the primary playground for balance between the resident and uninvited organisms. This review focuses on antimicrobial defense mechanisms of different sections of human GI tract. In addition, the protective mechanisms used by microbes to combat the human GI defence systems are also discussed. The ability to survive this innate defence mechanism determines the capability of probiotic or pathogen strains to confer health benefits or induce clinical events respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Panwar
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - N Rokana
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - S V Aparna
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Science University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, India
| | - J Kaur
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - A Singh
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - J Singh
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - K S Singh
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - V Chaudhary
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - A K Puniya
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
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Liang W, Diana J. The Dual Role of Antimicrobial Peptides in Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2077. [PMID: 32983158 PMCID: PMC7492638 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AiDs) are characterized by the destruction of host tissues by the host immune system. The etiology of AiDs is complex, with the implication of multiple genetic defects and various environmental factors (pathogens, antibiotic use, pollutants, stress, and diet). The interaction between these two compartments results in the rupture of tolerance against self-antigens and the unwanted activation of the immune system. Thanks to animal models, the immunopathology of many AiDs is well described, with the implication of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. This progress toward the understanding of AiDs led to several therapies tested in patients. However, the results from these clinical trials have not been satisfactory, from reversing the course of AiDs to preventing them. The need for a cure has prompted many investigators to explore alternative aspects in the immunopathology of these diseases. Among these new aspects, the role of antimicrobial host defense peptides (AMPs) is growing. Indeed, beyond their antimicrobial activity, AMPs are potent immunomodulatory molecules and consequently are implicated in the development of numerous AiDs. Importantly, according to the disease considered, AMPs appear to play a dual role in autoimmunity with either anti- or pro-inflammatory abilities. Here, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge about the role of AMPs in the development of AiDs and attempt to provide some hypotheses explaining their dual role. Definitely, a complete understanding of this aspect is mandatory before the design of AMP-based therapies against AiDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Liang
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Julien Diana
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Paris, Paris, France
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Zhang L. Disulfide Bonds Affect the Binding Sites of Human β Defensin Type 3 on Negatively Charged Lipid Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:2088-2100. [PMID: 32091905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b10529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Human β defensin type 3 (hBD-3) is a small natural antimicrobiotic. It is strongly cationic and has six cysteine residues which can form three pairs of intramolecular disulfide bonds under oxidized condition. Those disulfide bonds can break under reducing condition. However, the antibacterial activities of hBD-3 in its wild-type and analog forms are similar. In this project, the structure and dynamics of hBD-3 were investigated by running simulations on hBD-3 in its wild-type and analog forms in solvent, binding to negatively charged lipid bilayers, and self-assembly with POPG lipids. It was found that the RMSFs of hBD-3 in both its wild-type and analog forms are similar in solvent, while they are very diverse depending on the binding sites of hBD-3 with negatively charged bilayers. Calculating both the distance map and insertion depths for 18 hBD-3 molecules binding on the POPG bilayer, hBD-3 in its analog form binds stably with the POPG bilayer through the head and loop regions, while hBD-3 wild-type binds with the POPG bilayer on the two loop regions stably. hBD-3 analog caused membrane thinning and disrupted the POPG lipids more significantly than the wildtype. Based on the self-assembly simulations, hBD-3 monomer can bind with and embed inside the negatively charged POPG lipid membrane and have more contacts with the POPG lipid heads than with tails. The current work emphasized the structural diversity of hBD-3 interacting with negatively charged lipid membrane affected by the disulfide bonding states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tennessee 38505, United States
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12
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Wu Y, Liu Y, Dong K, Li Q. Effects of human β-defensin 3 fused with carbohydrate-binding domain on the function of type III secretion system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:29-35. [PMID: 31933178 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00223-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are considered to be one of the candidate antimicrobial agents for antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection in the future. The effects of antimicrobial peptide hBD3-CBD on Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 and PA14 ΔexsA were analyzed by the bactericidal effects, hemolysis assays, pyocyanin pigment productions, and virulence factor expressions (exoU, exoS, hcnA, and lasB). Pyocyanin production and virulence factor expressions are important features of the type III secretion system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. HBD3-CBD killed PA14 and PA14 ΔexsA with similar efficiency; it lowered the hemolysis levels of PA14 and PA14 ΔexsA and reduced the pyocyanin production, biofilm formation, and exoU, exoS, and lasB expressions in PA14. Compared with PA14, PA14 ΔexsA showed a lower hemolysis effect, pyocyanin production, exoU, and lasB expressions. The effects of hBD3-CBD on the PA14 toxin secretion were similar to the changes in the type III secretion system mutant isolate PA14 ΔexsA. Our results demonstrated that the type III secretion system was involved in the biological functions on PA 14 from hBD3-CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqiang Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, B06, Building 1, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, B06, Building 1, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Qingtian Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, B06, Building 1, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Jayakara T, Rekha CV, Annamalai S, Baghkomeh P. Salivary peptide human neutrophil defensin1–3 and its relationship with early childhood caries. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.302893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Gomez Hernandez MP, Bates AM, Starman EE, Lanzel EA, Comnick C, Xie XJ, Brogden KA. HBD3 Induces PD-L1 Expression on Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8040161. [PMID: 31554151 PMCID: PMC6963492 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human β-defensin 3 (HBD3) is an antimicrobial peptide up-regulated in the oral tissues of individuals with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) and oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and present in high concentrations in their saliva. In this study, we determined if HBD3 contributes to HNSCC pathogenesis by inducing programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression on HNSCC cell lines. For this, SCC cell lines SCC4, SCC15, SCC19, SCC25, and SCC99 (5.0 × 104 viable cells) were used. Cells were incubated with IFNγ (0.6 µM) and HBD3 (0.2, 2.0, or 20.0 µM) for 24 h. Cells alone served as controls. Cells were then treated with anti-human APC-CD274 (PD-L1) and Live/Dead Fixable Green Dead Cell Stain. Cells treated with an isotype antibody and cells alone served as controls. All cell suspensions were analyzed in a LSR II Violet Flow Cytometer. Cytometric data was analyzed using FlowJo software. Treatment with IFNγ (0.6 µM) increased the number of cells expressing PD-L1 (p < 0.05) with respect to controls. Treatment with HBD3 (20.0 µM) also increased the number of cells expressing PD-L1 (p < 0.05) with respect to controls. However, treatment with IFNγ (0.6 µM) was not significantly different from treatment with HBD3 (20.0 µM) and the numbers of cells expressing PD-L1 were similar (p = 1). Thus, HBD3 increases the number of cells expressing PD-L1. This is a novel concept, but the role HBD3 contributes to HNSCC pathogenesis by inducing PD-L1 expression in tumors will have to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paula Gomez Hernandez
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Amber M Bates
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Emily E Starman
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Emily A Lanzel
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Carissa Comnick
- Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Xian Jin Xie
- Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Kim A Brogden
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Jourdain M, Velard F, Pierrard L, Sergheraert J, Gangloff SC, Braux J. Cationic antimicrobial peptides and periodontal physiopathology: A systematic review. J Periodontal Res 2019; 54:589-600. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie‐Laure Jourdain
- EA 4691 "Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux" (BIOS) Université de Reims‐Champagne‐Ardenne Reims France
- UFR Odontologie Reims France
- Pôle de Médecine Bucco‐Dentaire CHU de Reims Reims France
| | - Frédéric Velard
- EA 4691 "Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux" (BIOS) Université de Reims‐Champagne‐Ardenne Reims France
- UFR Odontologie Reims France
| | - Loïc Pierrard
- UFR Odontologie Reims France
- Pôle de Médecine Bucco‐Dentaire CHU de Reims Reims France
| | - Johan Sergheraert
- UFR Odontologie Reims France
- Pôle de Médecine Bucco‐Dentaire CHU de Reims Reims France
| | - Sophie C. Gangloff
- EA 4691 "Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux" (BIOS) Université de Reims‐Champagne‐Ardenne Reims France
- UFR Pharmacie Reims France
| | - Julien Braux
- EA 4691 "Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux" (BIOS) Université de Reims‐Champagne‐Ardenne Reims France
- UFR Odontologie Reims France
- Pôle de Médecine Bucco‐Dentaire CHU de Reims Reims France
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16
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The maintenance of an oral epithelial barrier. Life Sci 2019; 227:129-136. [PMID: 31002922 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oral epithelial barrier consists of closely controlled structure of the stratified squamous epithelium, which is the gateway to human bodies and encounters a huge burden of microbial, airborne and dietary antigens, as well as masticatory damage. Once this barrier is destroyed, it will trigger bone loss, tissue damage and microbial dysbiosis and lead to diseases, such as periodontitis, oral mucosal diseases and oral cancer. Recently, increasing evidences showed that different factors including microorganism, saliva, proteins and immune components have been considered to play a critical role in the disruption of oral epithelial barrier. Herein, we discussed mechanisms governing the maintenance of oral epithelial barrier. Besides, the role of oral epithelial barrier failure in oral carcinogenesis will also be talked about.
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Dommisch H, Skora P, Hirschfeld J, Olk G, Hildebrandt L, Jepsen S. The guardians of the periodontium—sequential and differential expression of antimicrobial peptides during gingival inflammation. Results from in vivo and in vitro studies. J Clin Periodontol 2019; 46:276-285. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Dommisch
- Department of Periodontology and Synoptic DentistryCharité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
- Department of Oral Health SciencesUniversity of Washington Seattle Washington
| | - Philipp Skora
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive DentistryUniversity Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Josefine Hirschfeld
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive DentistryUniversity Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
- College of Medical and Dental SciencesPeriodontal Research GroupUniversity of Birmingham Birmingham UK
| | - Gabriela Olk
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive DentistryUniversity Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Laura Hildebrandt
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive DentistryUniversity Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Søren Jepsen
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive DentistryUniversity Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
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18
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Antiinflammatory peptides: current knowledge and promising prospects. Inflamm Res 2018; 68:125-145. [PMID: 30560372 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-018-1208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is part of the regular host reaction to injury or infection caused by toxic factors, pathogens, damaged cells, irritants, and allergens. Antiinflammatory peptides (AIPs) are present in all living organisms, and many peptides from herbal, mammalian, bacterial, and marine origins have been shown to have antimicrobial and/or antiinflammatory properties. METHODS In this study, we investigated the effects of antiinflammatory peptides on inflammation, and highlighted the underlying mechanisms responsible for these effects. RESULTS In multicellular organisms, including humans, AIPs constitute an essential part of their immune system. In addition, numerous natural and synthetic AIPs are effective immunomodulators and can interfere with signal transduction pathways involved in inflammatory cytokine expression. Among them, some peptides such as antiflammin, N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP), and those derived from velvet antler proteins, bee venom, horse fly salivary gland, and bovine β-casein have received considerable attention over the past few years. CONCLUSION This article presents an overview on the major properties and mechanisms of action associated with AIPs as immunomodulatory, chemotactic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial agents. In addition, the results of various studies dealing with effects of AIPs on numerous classical models of inflammation are reviewed and discussed.
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Yeasmin R, Buck M, Weinberg A, Zhang L. Translocation of Human β Defensin Type 3 through a Neutrally Charged Lipid Membrane: A Free Energy Study. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:11883-11894. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b08285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabeta Yeasmin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tennessee 38505, United States
| | | | | | - Liqun Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tennessee 38505, United States
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20
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Zhang L. Investigation on two human defensin dimers: structure prediction and refinement using a combined simulation strategy. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2018.1448978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN, USA
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Costa LCM, Soldati KR, Fonseca DC, Costa JE, Abreu MHNG, Costa FO, Zandim-Barcelos DL, Cota LOM. Gingival crevicular fluid levels of human beta-defensin 1 in individuals with and without chronic periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2018; 53:736-742. [PMID: 29687452 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Human beta-defensins (hBDs) contribute to innate immunity antimicrobial activity. They are also effective in the adaptive immune response and may play a crucial role in the susceptibility to diseases of the oral cavity. This study aimed to evaluate the levels of hBD-1 in the gingival crevicular fluid of individuals with and without chronic periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty periodontally healthy individuals (H) and 20 individuals with chronic periodontitis were recruited. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected from: healthy sites (Hh) from periodontally healthy individuals; and healthy sites (Ph), sites with gingivitis (Pg), and sites with periodontitis (Pp) from individuals with periodontitis. The levels of hBD-1 (pg/mL) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Comparisons of hBD-1 between individuals (H and chronic periodontitis) and among sites (Hh, Ph, Pg, Pp) were performed through hierarchical linear modeling. RESULTS Gingival crevicular fluid levels of hBD-1 were: Hh = 229.52 ± 138.96 (median 199.26), Ph = 53.88 ± 58.17 (median 35.75), Pg = 57.11 ± 40.18 (median 39.90) and Pp = 55.31 ± 37.28 (median 54.19). No influence of site diagnosis (level 1; health/gingivitis/periodontitis) was observed; however, individual diagnosis (level 2; health/periodontitis) influenced the levels of hBD-1 (P < .001). CONCLUSION Periodontally healthy individuals showed higher gingival crevicular fluid levels of hBD-1 when compared to individuals with chronic periodontitis. This suggests a potential protective role of hBD-1 in the susceptibility to chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C M Costa
- Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology, and Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais- UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - K R Soldati
- Departament of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D C Fonseca
- Department of Dentistry, University Center of Lavras-UNILAVRAS, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - J E Costa
- Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology, and Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais- UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M H N G Abreu
- Department of Community and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais-UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - F O Costa
- Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology, and Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais- UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - D L Zandim-Barcelos
- Departament of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L O M Cota
- Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology, and Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais- UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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22
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Raina M, Bates AM, Fischer CL, Progulske-Fox A, Abbasi T, Vali S, Brogden KA. Human beta defensin 3 alters matrix metalloproteinase production in human dendritic cells exposed to Porphyromonas gingivalis hemagglutinin B. J Periodontol 2018; 89:361-369. [PMID: 29543996 DOI: 10.1002/jper.17-0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc- or calcium-dependent proteinases involved in normal maintenance of extracellular matrix. When elevated, they contribute to the tissue destruction seen in periodontal disease. Recently, we found that human beta defensin 3 (HBD3), a cationic antimicrobial peptide, alters chemokine and proinflammatory cytokine responses in human myeloid dendritic cells exposed to Porphyromonas gingivalis hemagglutinin B (HagB). In this study, the hypotheses that HagB induces MMP production in dendritic cells and that HBD3 mixed with HagB prior to treatment alters HagB-induced MMP profiles were tested. METHODS Dendritic cells were exposed to 0.2 μM HagB alone and HagB + HBD3 (0.2 or 2.0 μM) mixtures. After 16 hours, concentrations of MMPs in cell culture media were determined with commercial multiplex fluorescent bead-based immunoassays. An integrated cell network was used to identify potential HagB-induced signaling pathways in dendritic cells leading to the production of MMPs. RESULTS 0.2 μM HagB induced MMP1, -2, -7, -9, and -12 responses in dendritic cells. 0.2 μM HBD3 enhanced the HagB-induced MMP7 response (P < 0.05) and 2.0 μM HBD3 attenuated HagB-induced MMP1, -7, and -9 responses (P < 0.05). The MMP12 response was not affected. In the predicted network, MMPs are produced via activation of multiple pathways. Signals converge to activate numerous transcription factors, which transcribe different MMPs. CONCLUSION HagB was an MMP stimulus and HBD3 was found to decrease HagB-induced MMP1, -7, and -9 responses in dendritic cells at 16 hours, an observation that suggests HBD3 can alter microbial antigen-induced production of MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Raina
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Amber M Bates
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | | | - Ann Progulske-Fox
- Center for Molecular Microbiology and Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | | | | | - Kim A Brogden
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.,Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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Beta-Defensin-2 and Beta-Defensin-3 Reduce Intestinal Damage Caused by Salmonella typhimurium Modulating the Expression of Cytokines and Enhancing the Probiotic Activity of Enterococcus faecium. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:6976935. [PMID: 29250559 PMCID: PMC5700477 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6976935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is a major factor in human health and disease. This microbial community includes autochthonous (permanent inhabitants) and allochthonous (transient inhabitants) microorganisms that contribute to maintaining the integrity of the intestinal wall, modulating responses to pathogenic noxae and representing a key factor in the maturation of the immune system. If this healthy microbiota is disrupted by antibiotics, chemotherapy, or a change in diet, intestinal colonization by pathogenic bacteria or viruses may occur, leading to disease. To manage substantial microbial exposure, epithelial surfaces of the intestinal tract produce a diverse arsenal of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), including, of considerable importance, the β-defensins, which directly kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Based on the literature data, the purpose of this work was to create a line of intestinal epithelial cells able to stably express gene encoding human β-defensin-2 (hBD-2) and human β-defensin-3 (hBD-3), in order to test their role in S. typhimurium infections and their interaction with the bacteria of the gut microbiota.
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Meyle J, Dommisch H, Groeger S, Giacaman RA, Costalonga M, Herzberg M. The innate host response in caries and periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2017; 44:1215-1225. [PMID: 28727164 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Innate immunity rapidly defends the host against infectious insults. These reactions are of limited specificity and exhaust without providing long-term protection. Functional fluids and effector molecules contribute to the defence against infectious agents, drive the immune response, and direct the cellular players. AIM To review the literature and present a summary of current knowledge about the function of tissues, cellular players and soluble mediators of innate immunity relevant to caries and periodontitis. METHODS Historical and recent literature was critically reviewed based on publications in peer-reviewed scientific journals. RESULTS The innate immune response is vital to resistance against caries and periodontitis and rapidly attempts to protect against infectious agents in the dental hard and soft tissues. Soluble mediators include specialized proteins and lipids. They function to signal to immune and inflammatory cells, provide antimicrobial resistance, and also induce mechanisms for potential repair of damaged tissues. CONCLUSIONS Far less investigated than adaptive immunity, innate immune responses are an emerging scientific and therapeutic frontier. Soluble mediators of the innate response provide a network of signals to organize the near immediate molecular and cellular response to infection, including direct and immediate antimicrobial activity. Further studies in human disease and animal models are generally needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Meyle
- Department of Periodontology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Henrik Dommisch
- Department of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Charité - Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Groeger
- Department of Periodontology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rodrigo A Giacaman
- Cariology Unit, Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEIES), University of Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Massimo Costalonga
- Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mark Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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25
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The Role of Defensins in HIV Pathogenesis. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:5186904. [PMID: 28839349 PMCID: PMC5559915 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5186904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Profound loss of CD4+ T cells, progressive impairment of the immune system, inflammation, and sustained immune activation are the characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. Innate immune responses respond immediately from the day of HIV infection, and a thorough understanding of the interaction between several innate immune cells and HIV-1 is essential to determine to what extent those cells play a crucial role in controlling HIV-1 in vivo. Defensins, divided into the three subfamilies α-, β-, and θ-defensins based on structure and disulfide linkages, comprise a critical component of the innate immune response and exhibit anti-HIV-1 activities and immunomodulatory capabilities. In humans, only α- and β-defensins are expressed in various tissues and have broad impacts on HIV-1 transmission, replication, and disease progression. θ-defensins have been identified as functional peptides in Old World monkeys, but not in humans. Instead, θ-defensins exist only as pseudogenes in humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas. The use of the synthetic θ-defensin peptide “retrocyclin” as an antiviral therapy was shown to be promising, and further research into the development of defensin-based HIV-1 therapeutics is needed. This review focuses on the role of defensins in HIV-1 pathogenesis and highlights future research efforts that warrant investigation.
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The Antimicrobial Peptide Human Beta-Defensin-3 Is Induced by Platelet-Released Growth Factors in Primary Keratinocytes. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:6157491. [PMID: 28811680 PMCID: PMC5547724 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6157491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-released growth factors (PRGF) and its related clinically used formulations (e.g., Vivostat Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF®)) contain a variety of chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors and are therefore used to support healing of chronic, hard-to-heal, or infected wounds. Human beta-defensin-3 (hBD-3) is an antimicrobial peptide inducibly expressed in human keratinocytes especially upon wounding. The potent antimicrobial activity of hBD-3 together with its wound closure-promoting activities suggests that hBD-3 may play a crucial role in wound healing. Therefore, we analyzed the influence of PRGF on hBD-3 expression in human primary keratinocytes in vitro. In addition, we investigated the influence of Vivostat PRF on hBD-3 expression in artificially generated human skin wounds in vivo. PRGF treatment of primary keratinocytes induced a significant, concentration- and time-dependent increase in hBD-3 gene expression which was partially mediated by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). In line with these cell culture data, in vivo experiments revealed an enhanced hBD-3 expression in experimentally produced human wounds after the treatment with Vivostat PRF. Thus, the induction of hBD-3 may contribute to the beneficial effects of thrombocyte concentrate lysates in the treatment of chronic or infected wounds.
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Abstract
Dysbiosis, or the imbalance in the structural and/or functional properties of the microbiome, is at the origin of important infectious inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and periodontal disease. Periodontitis is a polymicrobial inflammatory disease that affects a large proportion of the world's population and has been associated with a wide variety of systemic health conditions, such as diabetes, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Dysbiosis has been identified as a key element in the development of the disease. However, the precise mechanisms and environmental signals that lead to the initiation of dysbiosis in the human microbiome are largely unknown. In a series of previous in vivo studies using metatranscriptomic analysis of periodontitis and its progression we identified several functional signatures that were highly associated with the disease. Among them, potassium ion transport appeared to be key in the process of pathogenesis. To confirm its importance we performed a series of in vitro experiments, in which we demonstrated that potassium levels a increased the virulence of the oral community as a whole and at the same time altering the immune response of gingival epithelium, increasing the production of TNF-α and reducing the expression of IL-6 and the antimicrobial peptide human β-defensin 3 (hBD-3). These results indicate that levels of potassium in the periodontal pocket could be an important element in of dysbiosis in the oral microbiome. They are a starting point for the identification of key environmental signals that modify the behavior of the oral microbiome from a symbiotic community to a dysbiotic one. Homeostasis of the human microbiome plays a key role in maintaining the healthy status of the human body. Changes in composition and function of the human microbiome (dysbiosis) are at the origin of important infectious inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and periodontal disease. However, the environmental elements that trigger the development of dysbiotic diseases are largely unknown. In previous studies, using community-wide transcriptome analysis, we identified ion potassium transport as one of the most important functions in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and its progression. Here, we confirm with a series of in vitro experiments that potassium can act as an important signal in the dysbiotic process inducing pathogenesis in the oral microbiome and altering the host response in front of the microbial challenge that could lead to microbial immune subversion. Our study provides new insights into the important role that ion potassium plays a signal in oral dysbiosis during periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yost
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ana E. Duran-Pinedo
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Keerthana Krishnan
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jorge Frias-Lopez
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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De Filippis A, Fiorentino M, Guida L, Annunziata M, Nastri L, Rizzo A. Vitamin D reduces the inflammatory response by Porphyromonas gingivalis infection by modulating human β-defensin-3 in human gingival epithelium and periodontal ligament cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 47:106-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lips A, Antunes LS, Antunes LA, Abreu JGBD, Barreiros D, Oliveira DSBD, Batista AC, Nelson-Filho P, Silva LABD, Silva RABD, Alves GG, Küchler EC. Genetic Polymorphisms in DEFB1 and miRNA202 Are Involved in Salivary Human β-Defensin 1 Levels and Caries Experience in Children. Caries Res 2017; 51:209-215. [DOI: 10.1159/000458537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial peptides human β-defensins (hBDs) are encoded by β-defensin genes (DEFBs) and are possibly involved in caries susceptibility. In this study we aimed (1) to investigate the relationship between salivary hBDs and caries and (2) to evaluate the association of genetic polymorphisms in DEFB1 and microRNA202 (miRNA202) with salivary levels of hBDs and caries experience. Two data sets were available for this study, totalizing 678 Brazilian children. Dental examination and saliva collection were performed in all included children. The salivary level for hDB1, hBD2, and hBD4 was assessed by ELISA sandwich technique in 168 children. The DNA was extracted from saliva, and polymorphisms in DEFB1 and miRNA202 were analyzed by real-time PCR. Statistical analysis was performed to investigate the associations between caries experience, hBD salivary level, genotype, and allele distribution, with an alpha of 0.05. The hBD1 level was significantly higher in caries-free children (p < 0.0001). The miRNA202 was associated with a lower level of salivary hBD1 (p < 0.05). Also, the polymorphic distribution of miRNA202 was associated with caries (p = 0.006). The polymorphisms in DEFB1 were not associated with hBD salivary level and caries experience (p > 0.05). In conclusion, our results indicate that genetic polymorphism in miRNA202 is involved in hBD1 salivary level as well as caries experience in children.
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Sulijaya B, Tadjoedin FM, Kuswandani SO, Masulili SLC, Auerkari EI. Existence of Human Beta Defensin-1 Peptide on Periodontal Disease: An Updated Review Based on Case-control and Cross-sectional Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ajaps.2017.50.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zhang L. Different dynamics and pathway of disulfide bonds reduction of two human defensins, a molecular dynamics simulation study. Proteins 2017; 85:665-681. [PMID: 28106297 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human defensins are a class of antimicrobial peptides that are crucial components of the innate immune system. Both human α defensin type 5 (HD5) and human β defensin type 3 (hBD-3) have 6 cysteine residues which form 3 pairs of disulfide bonds in oxidizing condition. Disulfide bond linking is important to the protein structure stabilization, and the disulfide bond linking and breaking order have been shown to influence protein function. In this project, microsecond long molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the structure and dynamics of HD5 and hBD-3 wildtype and analogs which have all 3 disulfide bonds released in reducing condition. The structure of hBD-3 was found to be more dynamic and flexible than HD5, based on RMSD, RMSF, and radius of gyration calculations. The disulfide bridge breaking order of HD5 and hBD-3 in reducing condition was predicted by two kinds of methods, which gave consistent results. It was found that the disulfide bonds breaking pathways for HD5 and hBD-3 are very different. The breaking of disulfide bonds can influence the dimer interface by making the dimer structure less stable for both kinds of defensin. In order to understand the difference in dynamics and disulfide bond breaking pathway, hydrophilic and hydrophobic accessible surface areas (ASA), buried surface area between cysteine pairs, entropy of cysteine pairs, and internal energy were calculated. Comparing to the wildtype, hBD-3 analog is more hydrophobic, while HD5 is more hydrophilic. For hBD-3, the disulfide breaking is mainly entropy driven, while other factors such as the solvation effects may take the major role in controlling HD5 disulfide breaking pathway. Proteins 2017; 85:665-681. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN, 38505
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Mohanty T, Alberius P, Schmidtchen A, Reiss K, Schröder J, Sørensen O. Saliva induces expression of antimicrobial peptides and promotes intracellular killing of bacteria in keratinocytes by epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation. Br J Dermatol 2017; 176:403-412. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Mohanty
- Division of Infection Medicine Department of Clinical Sciences Lund Lund University Tornavägen 10 SE‐221 84 Lund Sweden
| | - P. Alberius
- Department of Plastic Surgery Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - A. Schmidtchen
- Division of Dermatology Department of Clinical Sciences Lund Lund University Tornavägen 10 SE‐221 84 Lund Sweden
| | - K. Reiss
- Department of Dermatology University of Kiel Kiel Germany
| | - J.‐M. Schröder
- Department of Dermatology University of Kiel Kiel Germany
| | - O.E. Sørensen
- Division of Infection Medicine Department of Clinical Sciences Lund Lund University Tornavägen 10 SE‐221 84 Lund Sweden
- Wound Healing Center Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
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Krisanaprakornkit S, Jotikasthira D, Dale BA. Intracellular Calcium in Signaling Human β-Defensin-2 Expression in Oral Epithelial Cells. J Dent Res 2016; 82:877-82. [PMID: 14578498 DOI: 10.1177/154405910308201106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of human β-defensins is correlated with differentiation in the oral epithelium, consistent with their function as part of the epithelial antimicrobial barrier. Because calcium is a known regulator of epithelial differentiation, we tested the hypothesis that calcium concentration mediates β-defensin expression. Gingival epithelial cells were cultured in medium containing low calcium concentration (0.03 mM), then either changed to high extracellular calcium concentrations or stimulated with thapsigargin to release intracellular calcium stores in the presence or absence of BAPTA-AM, a calcium chelator. Human β-defensin-2 (hBD-2) mRNA expression was rapidly induced by thapsigargin, and more slowly induced by high extracellular calcium. Induction of hBD-2 peptide was confirmed by immunofluorescence. BAPTA-AM inhibited hBD-2 induction by both thapsigargin and calcium in a dose-dependent fashion. In addition, BAPTA-AM inhibited hBD-2 induction by a bacterial stimulant. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that intracellular calcium is a critical mediator of hBD-2 expression. Abbreviations used in this study are: BAPTA-AM, 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetra-acetic acid tetrakis (acetoxymethyl ester); DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide; F. nucleatum, Fusobacterium nucleatum; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; HBDs, human β-defensins; HGECs, human gingival epithelial cells; MAP, mitogen-activated protein; and RT-PCR, reverse-transcriptase/polymerase chain-reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Krisanaprakornkit
- Department of Odontology-Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
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Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and IL-17F Are Critical for Antimicrobial Peptide Production and Clearance of Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Colonization. Infect Immun 2016; 84:3575-3583. [PMID: 27736775 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00596-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 20% of the population is persistently colonized by Staphylococcus aureus in the nares. Th17-like immune responses mediated by the interleukin-17 (IL-17) family of cytokines and neutrophils are becoming recognized as relevant host defense mechanisms for resolution of S. aureus mucocutaneous infections. Since antimicrobial peptides are regulated by the IL-17 cytokines, we sought to determine the role of IL-17 cytokines in production of antimicrobial peptides in a murine model of S. aureus nasal carriage. We discovered that nasal tissue supernatants have antistaphylococcal activity, and mice deficient in both IL-17A and IL-17F lost the ability to clear S. aureus nasal colonization. IL-17A was found to be sufficient for nasal mBD-3 production ex vivo and was required for CRAMP, mBD-3, and mBD-14 expression in response to S. aureus colonization in vivo These data were confirmed in a clinical study of nasal secretions in which elevated levels of the human forms of these antimicrobial peptides were found in nasal secretions from healthy human subjects when they were colonized with S. aureus but not in secretions from noncolonized subjects. Together, these data provide evidence for the importance of IL-17A regulation of antimicrobial peptides and IL-17F in the clearance of S. aureus nasal carriage.
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Navarra CO, Robino A, Pirastu N, Bevilacqua L, Gasparini P, Di Lenarda R, Crovella S. Caries and Innate Immunity: DEFB1 Gene Polymorphisms and Caries Susceptibility in Genetic Isolates from North-Eastern Italy. Caries Res 2016; 50:589-594. [DOI: 10.1159/000450965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The DEFB1 gene, encoding for the constitutively expressed human β-defensin 1 (hBD1) antimicrobial peptide is a potential candidate when studying genetic susceptibility to caries. DEFB1 genetic variations have been reported as contributing to hBD1 production impairment, leading to a greater susceptibility to be infected by oral pathogens, also leading to periodontitis. Methods: We analysed 5 DEFB1 polymorphisms, namely 3 functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the 5′-untranslated region (UTR), -52G>A (rs1799946), -44C>G (rs1800972), and -20G>A (rs11362), 2 SNPs at the 3′-UTR, c*5G>A (rs1047031) and c*87A>G (rs1800971) SNP located in potential miRNA binding sites, looking for possible correlations with the risk to develop caries in 654 adult subjects from isolated populations of north-eastern Italy. Dental caries prevalence was evaluated with the DMFT (decayed, missing, filled teeth) index, calculated after an accurate oral examination. DEFB1 SNP genotyping was performed with an Illumina 370k high-density SNP array. Results: Two DEFB1 SNPs were significantly associated with the DMFT index: the strongest association emerged from rs11362 SNP (p = 0.008). In particular G/G homozygous individuals showed a higher DMFT index compared to both G/A heterozygous and A/A homozygous individuals; rs1799946 SNP was also significantly associated with DMFT (p = 0.030), and individuals homozygous for the T allele had a higher DMFT value compared to heterozygous C/T and homozygous C/C individuals. Conclusions: Our study replicated, on a larger number of individuals, previous findings showing the association between two 5′-UTR SNPs in the DEFB1 gene and DMFT, suggesting that these polymorphisms could be considered as potential markers for assessing the risk to develop caries.
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Shinomiya T, Kawaguchi M, Okubo M, Kosuge Y, Yoshikawa M. mRNA expression and localization of LPS-induced β-defensin isoforms in rat salivary glands. THE BULLETIN OF TOKYO DENTAL COLLEGE 2016; 55:139-47. [PMID: 25212559 DOI: 10.2209/tdcpublication.55.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
β-defensins are small, cationic peptides with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity that are produced by mucosal epithelia. However, little is known about the expression of β-defensins in the major salivary glands. The purpose of this study was to characterize expression of rat β-defensin-1 (RBD-1) and -2 (RBD-2) mRNA within the major salivary glands together with the effect of injection of intraductal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on that expression. β-defensin mRNA expression was quantitated by RT-PCR in salivary gland tissues and salivary acinar and striated duct cells collected by laser captured microdissection. RBD-1 and -2 were expressed in the parotid gland, the submandibular gland, and the sublingual gland. β-defensins were expressed in both the acinar and striated duct cells of the major salivary glands. Intraductal injection of LPS increased expression of RBD-1 and -2 mRNA, which peaked at 12 hrs. These results suggest that salivary cells (acinar and striated duct cells) have the potential to produce β-defensins.
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Gankovskaya LV, Khelminskaya NM, Molchanova EA, Svitich OA. ROLE OF INNATE IMMUNITY FACTORS IN PERIODONTITIS PATHOGENESIS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.36233/0372-9311-2016-2-100-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chronic generalized periodontitis (CGP) is a disease of periodontium tissues supporting tooth induced by bacteria, that is characterized by the presence of processes of inflammation with destruction ofbone tissue. The knowledge of molecular mechanisms of CGP pathogenesis facilitates creation of the most effective methods of therapy of this disease. Bacterial infection is a primary factor in periodontitis etiology, however is not sufficient for its start and subsequent development. It is known, that bacterial factors induce a local inflammation reaction and activate the system of innate immunity through activation of Toll-like receptors (TLR), located on the surface of resident cells and leukocytes. Activation of these cells results in production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and recruitment of phagocytes and lymphocytes into the inflammation zone. In review we examined the known data regarding factors of immune protection of periodontium including cell populations and cytokines, as well as mechanisms of tissue destruction, that support the tooth. Perspectives of therapy are also discussed.
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Donnarumma G, Paoletti I, Fusco A, Perfetto B, Buommino E, de Gregorio V, Baroni A. β-Defensins: Work in Progress. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 901:59-76. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2015_5016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Nigro E, Colavita I, Sarnataro D, Scudiero O, Zambrano G, Granata V, Daniele A, Carotenuto A, Galdiero S, Folliero V, Galdiero M, Urbanowicz RA, Ball JK, Salvatore F, Pessi A. An ancestral host defence peptide within human β-defensin 3 recapitulates the antibacterial and antiviral activity of the full-length molecule. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18450. [PMID: 26688341 PMCID: PMC4685272 DOI: 10.1038/srep18450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defence peptides (HDPs) are critical components of innate immunity. Despite their diversity, they share common features including a structural signature, designated "γ-core motif". We reasoned that for each HDPs evolved from an ancestral γ-core, the latter should be the evolutionary starting point of the molecule, i.e. it should represent a structural scaffold for the modular construction of the full-length molecule, and possess biological properties. We explored the γ-core of human β-defensin 3 (HBD3) and found that it: (a) is the folding nucleus of HBD3; (b) folds rapidly and is stable in human serum; (c) displays antibacterial activity; (d) binds to CD98, which mediates HBD3 internalization in eukaryotic cells; (e) exerts antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus and herpes simplex virus; and (f) is not toxic to human cells. These results demonstrate that the γ-core within HBD3 is the ancestral core of the full-length molecule and is a viable HDP per se, since it is endowed with the most important biological features of HBD3. Notably, the small, stable scaffold of the HBD3 γ-core can be exploited to design disease-specific antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersilia Nigro
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Irene Colavita
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniela Sarnataro
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Olga Scudiero
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gerardo Zambrano
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Granata
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Aurora Daniele
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.,Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Alfonso Carotenuto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefania Galdiero
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.,Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Veronica Folliero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Via Costantinopoli, 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Via Costantinopoli, 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Richard A Urbanowicz
- The School of Life Sciences and the Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre Biomedical Research Unit, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan K Ball
- The School of Life Sciences and the Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre Biomedical Research Unit, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Salvatore
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.,IRCCS-SDN Foundation, Via Emanuele Gianturco 113, 80142 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonello Pessi
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
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Herrera R, Morris M, Rosbe K, Feng Z, Weinberg A, Tugizov S. Human beta-defensins 2 and -3 cointernalize with human immunodeficiency virus via heparan sulfate proteoglycans and reduce infectivity of intracellular virions in tonsil epithelial cells. Virology 2015; 487:172-87. [PMID: 26539799 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that expression of the anti-HIV innate proteins human beta-defensin 2 (hBD2) and hBD3 in adult oral epithelial cells reduces HIV transepithelial transmission by inactivation of virus. However, fetal/infant oral epithelia lack beta-defensin expression, leading to transmission of HIV. The mechanisms of hBD2- and hBD3-mediated HIV inactivation in adult oral epithelial cells are poorly understood. Here we found that heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the apical surfaces of epithelial cells facilitate simultaneous binding of hBDs and HIV gp120 to the cell surface. HSPG-facilitated binding of hBDs and HIV gp120 to the cell surface did not affect viral attachment. HBD2 or -3 cointernalized with virions in endosomes, formed oligomers, and reduced infectivity of HIV. The anti-HIV effect of combining hBD2 and hBD3 was substantially higher than that of the individual peptides. These findings advance our understanding of the mechanisms of anti-HIV resistance in adult oral epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Herrera
- Department of Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Michael Morris
- Department of Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kristina Rosbe
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Zhimin Feng
- Department of Pathology, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Aaron Weinberg
- Department of Pathology, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sharof Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; School of Medicine, Department of Orofacial Science, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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Leelakanok N, Fischer CL, Bates AM, Guthmiller JM, Johnson GK, Salem AK, Brogden KA, Brogden NK. Cytotoxicity of HBD3 for dendritic cells, normal human epidermal keratinocytes, hTERT keratinocytes, and primary oral gingival epithelial keratinocytes in cell culture conditions. Toxicol Lett 2015; 239:90-6. [PMID: 26367466 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Human β-defensin 3 (HBD3) is a prominent host defense peptide. In our recent work, we observed that HBD3 modulates pro-inflammatory agonist-induced chemokine and cytokine responses in human myeloid dendritic cells (DCs), often at 20.0 μM concentrations. Since HBD3 can be cytotoxic in some circumstances, it is necessary to assess its cytotoxicity for DCs, normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs), human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) keratinocytes, and primary oral gingival epithelial (GE) keratinocytes in different cell culture conditions. Cells, in serum free media with resazurin and in complete media with 10% fetal bovine serum and resazurin, were incubated with 5, 10, 20, and 40 μM HBD3. Cytotoxicity was determined by measuring metabolic conversion of resazurin to resorufin. The lethal dose 50 (LD50, mean μM±Std Err) values were determined from the median fluorescent intensities of test concentrations compared to live and killed cell controls. The LD50 value range of HBD3 was 18.2-35.9 μM in serum-free media for DCs, NHEKs, hTERT keratinocytes, and GE keratinocytes, and >40.0 μM in complete media. Thus, HBD3 was cytotoxic at higher concentrations, which must be considered in future studies of HBD3-modulated chemokine and cytokine responses in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattawut Leelakanok
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Carol L Fischer
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Amber M Bates
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Janet M Guthmiller
- College of Dentistry, The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Georgia K Johnson
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Aliasger K Salem
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Kim A Brogden
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Nicole K Brogden
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Dommisch H, Jepsen S. Diverse functions of defensins and other antimicrobial peptides in periodontal tissues. Periodontol 2000 2015; 69:96-110. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Dommisch H, Staufenbiel I, Schulze K, Stiesch M, Winkel A, Fimmers R, Dommisch J, Jepsen S, Miosge N, Adam K, Eberhard J. Expression of antimicrobial peptides and interleukin-8 during early stages of inflammation: An experimental gingivitis study. J Periodontal Res 2015; 50:836-45. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Dommisch
- Department of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry; Charité - University Medicine Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Department of Oral Health Sciences; Health Science Center; University of Washington; Seattle WA USA
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry; University Hospital Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - I. Staufenbiel
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - K. Schulze
- Clinic for Dental Prosthetics and Biomedical Materials Science; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - M. Stiesch
- Clinic for Dental Prosthetics and Biomedical Materials Science; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - A. Winkel
- Clinic for Dental Prosthetics and Biomedical Materials Science; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - R. Fimmers
- Institute of Medical Biometry; Informatics and Epidemiology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - J. Dommisch
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry; University Hospital Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - S. Jepsen
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry; University Hospital Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - N. Miosge
- Research Group for Oral Biology and Tissue Regeneration; Department of Prosthetic Dentistry; University Hospital Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - K. Adam
- Clinic for Dental Prosthetics and Biomedical Materials Science; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - J. Eberhard
- Clinic for Dental Prosthetics and Biomedical Materials Science; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
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Levón J, Al-Samadi A, Mackiewicz Z, Coer A, Trebse R, Waris E, Konttinen YT. Human beta-defensin-3 producing cells in septic implant loosening. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2015; 26:98. [PMID: 25655501 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Human β-defensin-3 (hBD-3) has been found in synovial fluid and later in periprosthetic tissues in septic joint implant loosening. The aim of the present study was to identify its cellular sources. Tissue samples from 12 patients were analyzed. A fully automatic Leica BOND MAX staining robot was used. Affinity-purified rabbit anti-human hBD-3 IgG was applied in a two-layer horse radish peroxidase/anti-rabbit-labeled polymer method. Double immunofluorescence of hBD3 together with CD68, CD31, heat shock protein 47 (HSP47) and mast cell tryptase (MCT) staining was done. Human BD-3 was found in monocyte/macrophage-like cells, vascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts-like cells, but was weakly expressed in foreign body giant cells and negative in neutrophils. Human BD-3 was found in CD68 and CD31 immunoreactive cells, whereas HSP47 and MCT positive cells were hBD-3 negative. Immunostaining of hBD-3 was strong in some tissue areas but weak or absent in others. Monocyte/macrophages and endothelial cells were established in this study as the major cellular sources of hBD-3 in septic loosening, but fibroblasts and foreign body giant cells can also contribute to its production. The heterogeneous topological staining of hBD-3 suggests local regulation, possibly by bacterial products, damage-associated molecular patterns and cytokines. The results explain the increased synovial fluid/tissue concentrations of hBD-3 in septic loosening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Levón
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, BMH 1, PO Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland,
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Bedran TBL, Mayer MPA, Spolidorio DP, Grenier D. Synergistic anti-inflammatory activity of the antimicrobial peptides human beta-defensin-3 (hBD-3) and cathelicidin (LL-37) in a three-dimensional co-culture model of gingival epithelial cells and fibroblasts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106766. [PMID: 25187958 PMCID: PMC4154759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the spread of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens, antimicrobial peptides that can also modulate the immune response may be a novel approach for effectively controlling periodontal infections. In the present study, we used a three-dimensional (3D) co-culture model of gingival epithelial cells and fibroblasts stimulated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of human beta-defensin-3 (hBD-3) and cathelicidin (LL-37) and to determine whether these antimicrobial peptides can act in synergy. The 3D co-culture model composed of gingival fibroblasts embedded in a collagen matrix overlaid with gingival epithelial cells had a synergistic effect with respect to the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 in response to LPS stimulation compared to fibroblasts and epithelial cells alone. The 3D co-culture model was stimulated with non-cytotoxic concentrations of hBD-3 (10 and 20 µM) and LL-37 (0.1 and 0.2 µM) individually and in combination in the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS. A multiplex ELISA assay was used to quantify the secretion of 41 different cytokines. hBD-3 and LL-37 acted in synergy to reduce the secretion of GRO-alpha, G-CSF, IP-10, IL-6, and MCP-1, but only had an additive effect on reducing the secretion of IL-8 in response to A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS stimulation. The present study showed that hBD-3 acted in synergy with LL-37 to reduce the secretion of cytokines by an LPS-stimulated 3D model of gingival mucosa. This combination of antimicrobial peptides thus shows promising potential as an adjunctive therapy for treating inflammatory periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telma Blanca Lombardo Bedran
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, Araraquara Dental School, State University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcia Pinto Alves Mayer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise Palomari Spolidorio
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Araraquara Dental School, State University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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47
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Abstract
Currently, Acinetobacter baumannii is recognized as one of the major pathogens seriously threatening our health care delivery system. Aspects of the innate immune response to A. baumannii infection are not yet well understood. Human β-defensins (hBDs) are epithelial cell-derived cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that also function to bridge the innate and adaptive immune system. We tested the induction of hBD-2 and -3 by A. baumannii on primary oral and skin epithelial cells and found that A. baumannii induces hBD-3 transcripts to a greater extent than it induces hBD-2 transcripts on both types of cells. In addition, we found that A. baumannii is susceptible to hBD-2 and -3 killing at submicromolar concentrations. Moreover, hBD-3 induction by A. baumannii was found to be dependent on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. Inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase resulted in reduced expression of both hBD-2 and -3. Lastly, a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17; also known as TACE) was found to be critical for hBD-3 induction, while ADAM10 and dual oxidase 1 (Duox1) were not required for hBD-3 induction. Induction of AMPs is an important component of innate sensing of pathogens and may play an important role in triggering systemic immune responses to A. baumannii infection. Further studies on the interactions between epithelial cells and A. baumannii will help us understand early stages of infection and may shed light on why some individuals are more vulnerable to A. baumannii infection.
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48
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Wang P, Duan D, Zhou X, Li X, Yang J, Deng M, Xu Y. Relationship between expression of human gingival beta-defensins and levels of periodontopathogens in subgingival plaque. J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:113-22. [PMID: 24814979 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Human beta-defensins (hBDs) are a group of antimicrobial peptides important in epithelial innate immunity, and their differential expression is associated with periodontal diseases. The aim of this study was to explore relationships among hBDs, total subgingival bacteria and periodontopathogens in healthy subjects and in patients with chronic periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS The periodontal clinical parameters of 29 healthy subjects and 25 patients with chronic periodontitis were recorded. The relative expression of hBD1, hBD2 and hBD3 genes in gingival biopsies was measured using real-time PCR. The numbers of total bacteria and of Treponema denticola, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Tannerella forsythia in subgingival plaque were quantified by real-time PCR. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U-test and Spearman's rank correlation test. RESULTS No significant differences in expression of the hBD genes were found between the group of healthy subjects and the group of patients with chronic periodontitis. Total bacteria and T. denticola were detected in all participants. F. nucleatum and T. forsythia were detected in all patients with chronic periodontitis and in 86.21% and 51.72%, respectively, of healthy volunteers. P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans were detected in 24.14% and 17.24%, respectively, of the healthy group and in 84.00% and 12.00%, respectively, of the chronic periodontitis group. The prevalence of all bacteria, except A. actinomycetemcomitans, was significantly higher in the group of patients with chronic periodontitis than in the group of healthy subjects (p < 0.05). A significant, negative correlation was observed between total bacteria and hBD-2 (r = -0.384, p = 0.011). Upon analyzing the data in different groups, total bacteria and hBD-2 were significantly correlated (r = -0.492, p = 0.026) only in the group of healthy subjects. CONCLUSION The negative correlations between hBD-2 and total bacteria, especially in the group of healthy subjects, indicate that hBDs may play an important role by limiting an increase of bacterial load at the initial stage of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chengdu, China; Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Center for Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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49
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Dommisch H, Winter J, Götz W, Miesen J, Klein A, Hierse L, Deschner J, Jäger A, Eberhard J, Jepsen S. Effect of growth factors on antimicrobial peptides and pro-inflammatory mediators during wound healing. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 19:209-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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50
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Wood LF, Chahroudi A, Chen HL, Jaspan HB, Sodora DL. The oral mucosa immune environment and oral transmission of HIV/SIV. Immunol Rev 2014; 254:34-53. [PMID: 23772613 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The global spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is dependent on the ability of this virus to efficiently cross from one host to the next by traversing a mucosal membrane. Unraveling how mucosal exposure of HIV results in systemic infection is critical for the development of effective therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on understanding the immune events associated with the oral route of transmission (via breastfeeding or sexual oral intercourse), which occurs across the oral and/or gastrointestinal mucosa. Studies in both humans and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) monkey models have identified viral changes and immune events associated with oral HIV/SIV exposure. This review covers our current knowledge of HIV oral transmission in both infants and adults, the use of SIV models in understanding early immune events, oral immune factors that modulate HIV/SIV susceptibility (including mucosal inflammation), and interventions that may impact oral HIV transmission rates. Understanding the factors that influence oral HIV transmission will provide the foundation for developing immune therapeutic and vaccine strategies that can protect both infants and adults from oral HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianna F Wood
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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