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Dehelean L, Papava I, Musat MI, Bondrescu M, Bratosin F, Bucatos BO, Bortun AMC, Mager DV, Romosan RS, Romosan AM, Paczeyka R, Cut TG, Pescariu SA, Laza R. Coping Strategies and Stress Related Disorders in Patients with COVID-19. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101287. [PMID: 34679351 PMCID: PMC8533929 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with severe COVID-19 experience high-stress levels and thus are at risk for developing acute stress disorder (ASD) and/or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The present study aims to search for correlations between psychiatric response to stress and coping strategies among individuals with acute vs. remitted COVID-19. Ninety subjects with COVID-19 were included in the study, divided into two samples by disease category. Our focus was analysing the perceived stress intensity according to NSESSS and PCL-C-17 scales, and coping strategies with COPE-60. High NSESSS scores were found in 40% of acute patients, and 15.6% of remitted patients had high PCL-C-17 scores fulfilling the criteria for PTSD. We found a negative correlation between stress level and disease category. Acute patients used significantly more engagement and emotion-focused coping methods, but less disengagement types of coping than patients in the remitted phase. Remitted patients under high stress levels are prone to use disengagement and emotion-focused coping strategies. In conclusion, remitted COVID-19 patients experience lower levels of stress and use less emotion-focused strategies, except among those who developed PTSD post-COVID-19 infection, presenting with high-stress levels and using more disengagement and emotion-focused types of coping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Dehelean
- Department of Neurosciences-Psychiatry, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (L.D.); (M.B.); (B.O.B.); (A.-M.C.B.); (R.S.R.); (A.-M.R.)
- Center for Cognitive Research in Neuropsychiatric Pathology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Timis County Emergency Clinical Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Liviu Rebreanu, Nr. 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Ion Papava
- Department of Neurosciences-Psychiatry, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (L.D.); (M.B.); (B.O.B.); (A.-M.C.B.); (R.S.R.); (A.-M.R.)
- Center for Cognitive Research in Neuropsychiatric Pathology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Timis County Emergency Clinical Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Liviu Rebreanu, Nr. 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania;
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (M.I.M.)
| | - Madalina Iuliana Musat
- Neuropsychiatry Hospital Craiova—Psychiatry Clinic I, Aleea Potelu 24, 200317 Craiova, Romania
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (M.I.M.)
| | - Mariana Bondrescu
- Department of Neurosciences-Psychiatry, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (L.D.); (M.B.); (B.O.B.); (A.-M.C.B.); (R.S.R.); (A.-M.R.)
- Timis County Emergency Clinical Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Liviu Rebreanu, Nr. 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania;
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘’Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Felix Bratosin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘’Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (F.B.); (R.L.)
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Pneumophtisiology ‘’Doctor Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, Gheorghe Adam, Nr. 13, 300310 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Bianca Oana Bucatos
- Department of Neurosciences-Psychiatry, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (L.D.); (M.B.); (B.O.B.); (A.-M.C.B.); (R.S.R.); (A.-M.R.)
- Timis County Emergency Clinical Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Liviu Rebreanu, Nr. 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania;
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘’Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Ana-Maria Cristina Bortun
- Department of Neurosciences-Psychiatry, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (L.D.); (M.B.); (B.O.B.); (A.-M.C.B.); (R.S.R.); (A.-M.R.)
- Timis County Emergency Clinical Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Liviu Rebreanu, Nr. 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania;
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘’Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Daniela Violeta Mager
- Timis County Emergency Clinical Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Liviu Rebreanu, Nr. 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Radu Stefan Romosan
- Department of Neurosciences-Psychiatry, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (L.D.); (M.B.); (B.O.B.); (A.-M.C.B.); (R.S.R.); (A.-M.R.)
- Center for Cognitive Research in Neuropsychiatric Pathology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Timis County Emergency Clinical Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Liviu Rebreanu, Nr. 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Ana-Maria Romosan
- Department of Neurosciences-Psychiatry, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (L.D.); (M.B.); (B.O.B.); (A.-M.C.B.); (R.S.R.); (A.-M.R.)
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘’Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Roxana Paczeyka
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Pneumophtisiology ‘’Doctor Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, Gheorghe Adam, Nr. 13, 300310 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Talida Georgiana Cut
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘’Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘’Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (F.B.); (R.L.)
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Pneumophtisiology ‘’Doctor Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, Gheorghe Adam, Nr. 13, 300310 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Silvius Alexandru Pescariu
- Department VI, Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes” Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Ruxandra Laza
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘’Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (F.B.); (R.L.)
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Pneumophtisiology ‘’Doctor Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, Gheorghe Adam, Nr. 13, 300310 Timisoara, Romania;
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Shackman AJ, Weinstein JS, Hudja SN, Bloomer CD, Barstead MG, Fox AS, Lemay EP. Dispositional negativity in the wild: Social environment governs momentary emotional experience. Emotion 2018; 18:707-724. [PMID: 28604044 PMCID: PMC5726948 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dispositional negativity-the tendency to experience more frequent or intense negative emotions-is a fundamental dimension of temperament and personality. Elevated levels of dispositional negativity have profound consequences for public health and wealth, drawing the attention of researchers, clinicians, and policymakers. Yet, relatively little is known about the factors that govern the momentary expression of dispositional negativity in the real world. Here, we used smart phone-based experience-sampling to demonstrate that the social environment plays a central role in shaping the moment-by-moment emotional experience of 127 young adults selectively recruited to represent a broad spectrum of dispositional negativity. Results indicate that individuals with a more negative disposition derive much larger emotional benefits from the company of close companions-friends, romantic partners, and family members-and that these benefits reflect heightened feelings of social connection and acceptance. These results set the stage for developing improved interventions and provide new insights into the interaction of emotional traits and situations in the real world, close to clinically and practically important end-points. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Shackman
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
- Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | | | - Stanton N. Hudja
- Krannert School of Management, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Conor D. Bloomer
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Matthew G. Barstead
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Andrew S. Fox
- Department of Psychology and California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Edward P. Lemay
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
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Fadda D, Scalas LF. Neuroticism as a Moderator of Direct and Mediated Relationships Between Introversion-Extraversion and Well-Being. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 12:49-67. [PMID: 27247693 PMCID: PMC4873067 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v12i1.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Among personality traits, extraversion has received major theoretical and empirical attention as predictor of subjective well-being (SWB), whereas the role of emotional stability-neuroticism has been partially neglected. The present study aims to study the role of neuroticism in the relationship between introversion-extraversion and SWB. In particular, we explored if the trait of neuroticism moderates the relationships between introversion-extraversion and SWB dimensions (Satisfaction with life, Mastery, Vigour, Social Cheerfulness), directly and by mediation of self-esteem. Indeed, previous studies have suggested that self-esteem is positively associated with high extraversion and low neuroticism and that it positively mediates the relationship between SWB and personality traits in adolescents. For this purpose, a sample of high school students (N = 1173) completed the Oxford Happiness Inventory, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Big Five Questionnaire. In a latent variable model, we examined the interaction effects (direct and indirect) of extraversion and neuroticism on SWB dimensions. Our results showed that the nature of differences between introverts and extraverts on SWB could be related to the level of neuroticism in relation to Satisfaction with life. Moreover, self-esteem mediated the relationship between personality traits and SWB. In particular, mediated moderation effect analysis showed that self-esteem mediates completely the relationship between the interaction term (extraversion x neuroticism) and Mastery, and partially the relationship with Satisfaction with life. Moreover, moderated mediation effect analysis showed that high levels of neuroticism moderate the effect of extraversion on Satisfaction with life and Mastery through the mediation of self-esteem. In conclusion, our results suggest that although extraversion has a cardinal role on SWB dimensions related to Vigour and Social Cheerfulness, neuroticism and the mediating role of self-esteem should more properly considered in relation to Satisfaction with life and Mastery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fadda
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - L Francesca Scalas
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Koopmann-Holm B, Tsai JL. Focusing on the negative: cultural differences in expressions of sympathy. J Pers Soc Psychol 2014; 107:1092-115. [PMID: 25243416 DOI: 10.1037/a0037684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Feeling concern about the suffering of others is considered a basic human response, and yet we know surprisingly little about the cultural factors that shape how people respond to the suffering of another person. To this end, we conducted 4 studies that tested the hypothesis that American expressions of sympathy focus on the negative less and positive more than German expressions of sympathy, in part because Americans want to avoid negative states more than Germans do. In Study 1, we demonstrate that American sympathy cards contain less negative and more positive content than German sympathy cards. In Study 2, we show that European Americans want to avoid negative states more than Germans do. In Study 3, we demonstrate that these cultural differences in "avoided negative affect" mediate cultural differences in how comfortable Americans and Germans feel focusing on the negative (vs. positive) when expressing sympathy for the hypothetical death of an acquaintance's father. To examine whether greater avoided negative affect results in lesser focus on the negative and greater focus on the positive when responding to another person's suffering, in Study 4, American and German participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 conditions: (a) to "push negative images away" (i.e., increasing desire to avoid negative affect) from or (b) to "pull negative images closer" (i.e., decreasing desire to avoid negative affect) to themselves. Participants were then asked to pick a card to send to an acquaintance whose father had hypothetically just died. Across cultures, participants in the "push negative away" condition were less likely to choose sympathy cards with negative (vs. positive) content than were those in the "pull negative closer" condition. Together, these studies suggest that cultures differ in their desire to avoid negative affect and that these differences influence the degree to which expressions of sympathy focus on the negative (vs. positive). We discuss the implications of these findings for current models of sympathy, compassion, and helping.
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Lee JE, Watson D, Frey Law LA. Lower-order pain-related constructs are more predictive of cold pressor pain ratings than higher-order personality traits. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2010; 11:681-91. [PMID: 20356801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pain is a debilitating condition affecting millions each year, yet what predisposes certain individuals to be more sensitive to pain remains relatively unknown. Several psychological factors have been associated with pain perception, but the structural relations between multiple higher- and lower-order constructs and pain are not well understood. Thus, we aimed to examine the associations between pain perception using the cold pressor task (CPT), higher-order personality traits (neuroticism, negative affectivity, trait anxiety, extraversion, positive affectivity, psychoticism), and lower-order pain-related psychological constructs (pain catastrophizing [pre- and post-], fear of pain, anxiety sensitivity, somatosensory amplification, hypochondriasis) in 66 pain-free adults. Factor analysis revealed 3 latent psychological variables: pain- or body-sensitivity, negative affect/neuroticism, and positive affect/extraversion. Similarly, pain responses factored into 3 domains: intensity, quality, and tolerance. Regression and correlation analyses demonstrated that: 1) all the lower-order pain constructs (fear, catastrophizing, and hypochondriasis) are related through a single underlying latent factor that is partially related to the higher-order negative-valence personality traits; 2) pain- or body-sensitivity was more strongly predictive of pain quality than higher-order traits; and 3) the form of pain assessment is important-only qualitative pain ratings were significantly predicted by the psychological factors. PERSPECTIVE Consistent with the biopsychosocial model, these results suggest multiple pain-related psychological measures likely assess a common underlying factor, which is more predictive of qualitative than intensity pain ratings. This information may be useful for the development and advancement of pain assessments and treatments while considering the multidimensional nature of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Lee
- Graduate Program in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Abstract
Drawing from the Cognitive Affective Personality System (Mischel & Shoda, 1995, 1998), we argue for a need to examine within-individual variation in life satisfaction. Thus, employing a diary study of 76 fully employed, married adults we examined the magnitude, antecedents, and consequences of intra-individual variation in life satisfaction. Our findings establish a substantial amount of intra-individual variation, comparable to other personal evaluations assessed with a state approach (e.g., self-esteem), but less than that observed with major mood dimensions. In addition, concurrent changes in life satisfaction were systematically related to fluctuations in job and marital satisfaction; however, contrary to prediction, our results did not support a cross-level moderating role of Neuroticism in these associations. Our findings also lend support for the lagged influence of life satisfaction on next-day domain satisfaction ratings. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the systematic nature and importance of within-subject variation in life satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Heller
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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