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Fischer JP. L’utilisation précoce des écrans est-elle néfaste ? Une première réponse avec la cohorte Elfe. PSYCHOLOGIE FRANCAISE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psfr.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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2
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Trafimow D, Osman M. Barriers to Converting Applied Social Psychology to Bettering the Human Condition. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2022.2051327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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3
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Gavin SM, Kruis NE. The Influence of Media Violence on Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration: An Examination of Inmates' Domestic Violence Convictions and Self-Reported Perpetration. GENDER ISSUES 2021; 39:177-197. [PMID: 34177251 PMCID: PMC8214916 DOI: 10.1007/s12147-021-09284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that the representation of violence against women in the media has resulted in an increased acceptance of attitudes favoring domestic violence. While prior work has investigated the relationship between violent media exposure and violent crime, there has been little effort to empirically examine the relationship between specific forms of violent media exposure and the perpetration of intimate partner violence. Using data collected from a sample of 148 inmates, the current study seeks to help fill these gaps in the literature by examining the relationship between exposure to various forms of pleasurable violent media and the perpetration of intimate partner violence (i.e., conviction and self-reported). At the bivariate level, results indicate a significant positive relationship between exposure to pleasurable television violence and self-reported intimate partner abuse. However, this relationship is reduced to insignificant levels in multivariable modeling. Endorsement of domestic violence beliefs and victimization experience were found to be the strongest predictors of intimate partner violence perpetration. Potential policy implications based on findings are discussed within.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. Gavin
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, St. Bonaventure University, 3261 West State Street, Plassmann Room A1, St. Bonaventure, NY 14778 USA
| | - Nathan E. Kruis
- Department of Criminal Justice, Penn State Altoona, 3000 Ivyside Park, Cypress Building, Room 101E, Altoona, PA 16601 USA
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4
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Handsley E, Warburton W. 'Material likely to harm or disturb them': testing the alignment between film and game classification decisions and psychological research evidence. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2021; 29:68-92. [PMID: 35693382 PMCID: PMC9186370 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2021.1904446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This article analyses the practical operation of Australia's National Classification System (NCS) for films and games, to evaluate its alignment with the findings of psychological research. Twenty-nine decisions of the Classification Review Board are examined to determine the factors applied in assessing the impact of violent content and drawing the line between the different classification categories. The language used in referring to violent content is analysed to determine the concepts that influence the Board's view about the correct classification. These concepts are then tested against the research evidence on the depictions of violence that create the greatest risk of adverse outcomes for viewers and players. Not all of the concepts used in classification have a basis in the research evidence, and some are directly at odds with that evidence. The article concludes by recommending changes to the rules that could lead to better alignment between classification decisions and the research evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wayne Warburton
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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5
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Smolen AG. The Use of Digital Devices in Child Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis: A Clinical Exploration of Pros and Cons. PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDY OF THE CHILD 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00797308.2020.1859296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann G. Smolen
- Child and Adolescent Training Program, The Psychoanalytic Center of Philadelphia
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6
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Han L, Xiao M, Jou M, Hu L, Sun R, Zhou Z. The long-term effect of media violence exposure on aggression of youngsters. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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VanderWeele TJ, Christakis NA. Network multipliers and public health. Int J Epidemiol 2020; 48:1032-1037. [PMID: 30793743 PMCID: PMC6693811 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyz010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J VanderWeele
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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Internet Addiction and Aggression: The Mediating Roles of Self-Control and Positive Affect. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-019-00220-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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9
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Cole ZJ, Ritchey KA. Show me the meaning! The contextual relevance of images influences the recall and understanding of multimedia RSVP paragraphs. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2020.1711767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Cole
- Department of Psychological Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
| | - Kristin A. Ritchey
- Department of Psychological Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
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10
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Holmgren HG, Padilla‐Walker LM, Stockdale LA, Coyne SM. Parental media monitoring, prosocial violent media exposure, and adolescents' prosocial and aggressive behaviors. Aggress Behav 2019; 45:671-681. [PMID: 31448436 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Prosocial violent media (e.g., media that combines both violent and prosocial content) is especially popular in entertainment media today. However, it remains unclear how parental media monitoring is associated with exposure to prosocial violent content and adolescent behavior. Accordingly, 1,193 adolescents were asked about parental media monitoring, media content exposure, and behavior. Main findings suggest that autonomy supportive restrictive monitoring was associated with lower levels of exposure to prosocial violent content, but only among older adolescents. Additionally, autonomy supportive restrictive monitoring was the only form of parental media monitoring associated with lower levels of violent content and higher levels of prosocial content, and autonomy supportive active monitoring was the only parental monitoring strategy that promoted prosocial behavior via exposure to prosocial media content. Discussion focuses on the importance of autonomy supportive parental monitoring, as well as the implications of parents encouraging their children to watch media with limited violent content-even if it is prosocial violent content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey G. Holmgren
- Department of Family Social ScienceUniversity of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota
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11
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Graf D, Yanagida T, Spiel C. Sensation Seeking's Differential Role in Face-to-Face and Cyberbullying: Taking Perceived Contextual Properties Into Account. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1572. [PMID: 31379651 PMCID: PMC6646735 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated a relationship between sensation seeking and aggression. However, few studies have examined the relationships between sensation seeking and face-to-face and cyberbullying. The few existing studies assessed sensation seeking with items partly referring to antisocial behavior. This could have led to tautological findings. Moreover, contextual properties that could account for differences between bullying contexts (face-to-face, cyberspace) were neglected. Therefore, the first goal of this study was to investigate the relationships between sensation seeking and face-to-face and cyberbullying in a way that avoids tautological findings. Thus, sensation seeking was operationalized as a motivational disposition encompassing the dimensions "need for stimulation" and "avoidance of rest." Furthermore, students' perceptions of the contextual properties of the face-to-face and cyber context and their relevance for the relationships between the dimensions of sensation seeking and face-to-face and cyberbullying were examined. A total of 523 students (M age = 17.83; SD = 2.13; ♀ = 37.4%) from four vocational schools answered online questionnaires on face-to-face and cyberbullying involvement, perceived contextual properties, and the two dimensions of sensation seeking during regular school hours. Structural equation modeling revealed positive associations between need for stimulation and both forms of bullying. Avoidance of rest, however, was positively related to cyberbullying only. The differences in all regression slopes between contexts were statistically significant. That is, the positive associations with the two dimensions of sensation seeking were stronger for cyberbullying than for face-to-face bullying. Dependent t-tests revealed differences in students' perceptions of contextual properties between contexts (face-to-face, cyberspace). Nevertheless, no significant relationships between either dimension of sensation seeking and either form of bullying were moderated by any perceived contextual property. Our results demonstrate sensation seeking's greater role in cyberbullying and confirm differences in perceived contextual properties between the face-to-face and cyber context. Furthermore, the fact that no perceived contextual property moderated the significant relationships between the dimensions of sensation seeking and face-to-face or cyberbullying shows the relatively greater role of a single person factor compared to single contextual properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Graf
- Department of Applied Psychology, Work, Education and Economy, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Roden-Foreman JW, Foreman ML, Funk GA, Powers MB. Driver see, driver crash: Associations between televised stock car races' audience size and the incidence of speed-related motor vehicle collisions in the United States. Proc AMIA Symp 2019; 32:37-42. [PMID: 30956578 PMCID: PMC6442903 DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2018.1512275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have examined road rage, but few studies have examined other psychosocial factors that may contribute to the number of motor vehicle collisions (MVCs). One study found increases in MVCs in West Virginia following televised NASCAR races but did not account for audience size. This study examined associations between NASCAR's television viewership ratings and the incidence of speed-related MVCs in the USA using generalized estimating equations that controlled for seasonal effects, intoxication, road surface conditions, and lighting conditions. A 1% increase in the number of US households watching NASCAR races per month was associated with a 6.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.0% to 9.7%; P < 0.001) increase in the incidence of speed-related MVCs-approximately 4911 (95% CI, 2353 to 7470) speed-related MVCs per month or one speed-related MVC per 595 (95% CI, 382 to 1354) viewers. As expected, similar results were not found for the total number of MVCs. These data suggest that televised NASCAR races may be associated with substantial increases in the incidence of speed-related MVCs. Making drivers aware of psychological factors that may increase risky driving behaviors could prove beneficial because self-monitoring can result in safer driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob W. Roden-Foreman
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and Acute Care Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center at DallasDallasTexas
| | - Michael L. Foreman
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and Acute Care Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center at DallasDallasTexas
| | - Geoffrey A. Funk
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and Acute Care Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center at DallasDallasTexas
| | - Mark B. Powers
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and Acute Care Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center at DallasDallasTexas
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13
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Hitti SA, Sullivan TN, McDonald SE, Farrell AD. Longitudinal relations between beliefs supporting aggression and externalizing outcomes: Indirect effects of anger dysregulation and callous-unemotional traits. Aggress Behav 2019; 45:93-102. [PMID: 30362121 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aggression is prevalent in early- to mid-adolescence and is associated with physical health and psychosocial adjustment difficulties. This underscores the need to identify risk processes that lead to externalizing outcomes. This study examined the extent to which the effects of three dimensions of beliefs supporting aggression on physical aggression and externalizing behavior are mediated by anger dysregulation and callous-unemotional (CU) traits. Three waves of data were collected from a primarily African American (77%) sample of 265 middle school students between the ages of 11 and 15 (52% were female). We found evidence supporting mediation such that the effects of beliefs supporting instrumental aggression and beliefs that fighting is sometimes necessary at Wave 1 on student-reported physical aggression at Wave 3 were mediated by CU traits at Wave 2, and relations between beliefs supporting reactive aggression at Wave 1 and teacher-report of student frequencies of physical aggression and externalizing behavior at Wave 3 were mediated by anger dysregulation at Wave 2. Our findings demonstrated the importance of distinguishing between dimensions of beliefs supporting aggression, as differential paths emerged between specific beliefs, CU traits and anger dysregulation, and externalizing outcomes. These findings have important clinical implications, as they suggest that specific dimensions of beliefs supporting aggression could be targeted based on whether an individual is at risk for behavior patterns characterizing CU traits or anger dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Hitti
- Department of PsychologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginia
| | - Terri N. Sullivan
- Department of PsychologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginia
| | - Shelby E. McDonald
- Department of PsychologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginia
| | - Albert D. Farrell
- Department of PsychologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginia
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14
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Genre-typical narrative arcs in films are less appealing to lay audiences and professional film critics. Behav Res Methods 2018; 51:1636-1650. [PMID: 30506118 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-018-1168-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
People tend to like stimuli-ranging from human faces to text-that are prototypical, and thus easily processed. However, recent research has suggested that less typical stimuli may be preferred in creative contexts, such as fine art or music lyrics. In an archival sample of movie scripts, we tested whether genre-typicality predicted film ratings as a function of rater role (novice audience member or expert film critic). Genre-typicality was operationalized as the profile correlations between linguistic arcs (across five segments, or acts) for each script and within-genre averages. We predicted (1) that critics would prefer more disfluent (genre-atypical) films and general audiences would prefer fluent (genre-typical) films, and (2) that these differences would be most pronounced for genres expected to be more entertaining (e.g., action/adventure) than challenging (e.g., tragedy). Partly consistent with our hypotheses, the results showed that critics gave higher ratings to action/adventure films with less typical positive emotion arcs. However, regardless of audience-member or professional-critic status, higher ratings were attributed to films that were more genre-atypical (or disfluent), in terms of analytic thinking, narrative action, and emotional tone, across all genres except family/kids films. Such findings support the growing literature on the appeal of disfluency in the arts and have relevance for researchers in psychology and computer science who are interested in computational linguistic approaches to attitudes, film, and literature.
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15
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Pechorro P, Ayala-Nunes L, Kahn R, Nunes C. The Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire: Measurement Invariance and Reliability Among a School Sample of Portuguese Youths. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2018; 49:523-533. [PMID: 29147838 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-017-0772-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aggression is an important risk factor for various forms of problem behaviors in adolescence, and research has often distinguished between reactive and proactive forms of aggression. The aim of the present study was to compare the psychometric properties (i.e., structural invariance, internal consistency, and criterion validity) of the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ) between males and females among a mixed-gender school sample of 782 Portuguese youth (M = 15.87 years, SD = 1.72). Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that a two-factor first-order structure obtained the best fit and cross-gender measurement invariance was demonstrated after excluding item 21. The Portuguese version of the RPQ demonstrated generally adequate psychometric properties of internal consistency measured by Cronbach's alpha and omega coefficient, convergent validity, discriminant validity, criterion-related validity, and known-groups validity. Findings are discussed in terms of the use of the RPQ with male and female youths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Pechorro
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Lara Ayala-Nunes
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.,Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, University Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Rachel Kahn
- Sand Ridge Secure Treatment Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Cristina Nunes
- Research Centre for Spatial and Organizational Dynamics, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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16
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Heasley VL, Li CF, Fatica JP, Magdeburger JA, Trinkkeller JM, King TS, Olympia RP. Themes Associated With Top-Grossing Films Released From 2005 to 2015. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2018; 57:528-536. [PMID: 28879776 DOI: 10.1177/0009922817730347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Films continue to be a popular form of entertainment among children. The objective of this study was to determine the most common themes found in the top-grossing films released from 2005 to 2015. Forty-five films were independently viewed and analyzed by 5 reviewers. The most common positive themes were "importance of helping others," "working as a team," and "standing up for what you believe in" (5.71, 4.08, and 3.78 mean events per hour, respectively). The most common negative themes were "use of guns/knives/lethal weapons," "acts of violence/fighting," and "demonstrating excessive anger" (5.78, 5.64, and 3.09 mean events per hour, respectively). In conclusion, the most common positive themes in our sample were associated with service, collaboration, and courage, and the most common negative themes were associated with violence. We encourage co-viewing and active mediation, focusing on the positive and negative themes found in film, as a method to guide children through their development process.
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17
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Bauer M, Georgeson A, McNamara C, Wakefield BH, King TS, Olympia RP. Positive and Negative Themes Found in Superhero Films. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2017; 56:1293-1300. [PMID: 28006958 DOI: 10.1177/0009922816682744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Superhero films have become incredibly popular. The objective of this study was to determine the positive and negative themes found in a select number of superhero films. A total of 30 superhero films were analyzed. The average numbers of positive and negative themes were 19.4 and 29.5 mean events per hour for all included films, respectively. The most common positive themes were "assisting others/protecting the public," "positive relationships with family/friends," and "teamwork/collaboration." The most common negative themes were "acts of violence/fighting," "use of guns/knives/lethal weapons," and "bullying/intimidation/torture." Based on the superhero films included in our study, the number of negative themes, especially acts of violence, outweighs positive themes. Although an exposure to positive themes found in superhero films may be beneficial to the development of children, pediatric health care providers should counsel children and their families in an attempt to limit their exposure to violence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tonya S King
- 3 Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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18
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Halliday CS, Paustian-Underdahl SC, Ordóñez Z, Rogelberg SG, Zhang H. Autonomy as a key resource for women in low gender egalitarian countries: A cross-cultural examination. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/hrm.21874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Haiyan Zhang
- Smarter Workforce Institute, IBM; Rochester Minnesota
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19
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Anderson RA, Masicampo EJ. Protecting the Innocence of Youth: Moral Sanctity Values Underlie Censorship From Young Children. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2017; 43:1503-1518. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167217722557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Three studies examined the relationship between people’s moral values (drawing on moral foundations theory) and their willingness to censor immoral acts from children. Results revealed that diverse moral values did not predict censorship judgments. It was not the case that participants who valued loyalty and authority, respectively, sought to censor depictions of disloyal and disobedient acts. Rather, censorship intentions were predicted by a single moral value—sanctity. The more people valued sanctity, the more willing they were to censor from children, regardless of the types of violations depicted (impurity, disloyalty, disobedience, etc.). Furthermore, people who valued sanctity objected to indecent exposure only to apparently innocent and pure children—those who were relatively young and who had not been previously exposed to immoral acts. These data suggest that sanctity, purity, and the preservation of innocence underlie intentions to censor from young children.
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20
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Pechorro P, Ray JV, Raine A, Maroco J, Gonçalves RA. The Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire: Validation Among a Portuguese Sample of Incarcerated Juvenile Delinquents. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2017; 32:1995-2017. [PMID: 26112972 DOI: 10.1177/0886260515590784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ) among a forensic sample of incarcerated male juvenile offenders ( N = 221). The Portuguese version of the RPQ demonstrated promising psychometric properties, namely, in terms of factor structure, internal consistency, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and concurrent validity that generally justifies its use among this population. Statistically significant associations were found with conduct disorder, age of criminal onset, age of first problem with the law, crime seriousness, physical violence use in committing crimes, alcohol use, cannabis use, cocaine/heroin use, and having unprotected sex. The findings provide additional support for the extension of the RPQ across different cultures, ethnic groups, and samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James V Ray
- 2 University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Adrian Raine
- 3 University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - João Maroco
- 4 ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Lisboa, Portugal
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21
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Gao X, Pan W, Li C, Weng L, Yao M, Chen A. Long-Time Exposure to Violent Video Games Does Not Show Desensitization on Empathy for Pain: An fMRI Study. Front Psychol 2017; 8:650. [PMID: 28512439 PMCID: PMC5412091 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As a typical form of empathy, empathy for pain refers to the perception and appraisal of others’ pain, as well as the corresponding affective responses. Numerous studies investigated the factors affecting the empathy for pain, in which the exposure to violent video games (VVGs) could change players’ empathic responses to painful situations. However, it remains unclear whether exposure to VVG influences the empathy for pain. In the present study, in terms of the exposure experience to VVG, two groups of participants (18 in VVG group, VG; 17 in non-VVG group, NG) were screened from nearly 200 video game experience questionnaires. And then, the functional magnetic resonance imaging data were recorded when they were viewing painful and non-painful stimuli. The results showed that the perception of others’ pain were not significantly different in brain regions between groups, from which we could infer that the desensitization effect of VVGs was overrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Gao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Chao Li
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Lei Weng
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Mengyun Yao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Antao Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
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22
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Rocque M, Duwe G. Rampage shootings: an historical, empirical, and theoretical overview. Curr Opin Psychol 2017; 19:28-33. [PMID: 29279218 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rampage shootings is a relatively new term to describe a phenomenon that has a long history. Rampage shootings are mass shootings (generally defined as involving four or more victims), taking place in a public location, with victims chosen randomly or for symbolic purposes. These shootings are isolated events, meaning they are not connected to another criminal act (such as robbery or terrorism). Research suggests that rampage shootings are not a new phenomenon, but have occurred throughout the US since the early 1900s. There is some evidence of an increase in recent years, but definitional differences across studies and data sources make interpreting trends somewhat tenuous. Theories regarding the perpetration of rampage shootings center on masculinity, mental illness, and contagion effects. Policies aimed at preventing rampage shootings remain somewhat controversial and not well-tested in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rocque
- Bates College, Department of Sociology, Lewiston, ME, USA.
| | - Grant Duwe
- Minnesota Department of Corrections, 1450 Energy Park Drive, Suite 200, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Ferguson CJ. Pay No Attention to That Data Behind the Curtain: On Angry Birds, Happy Children, Scholarly Squabbles, Publication Bias, and Why Betas Rule Metas. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017; 10:683-91. [PMID: 26386008 DOI: 10.1177/1745691615593353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article responds to five comments on my "Angry Birds" meta-analysis of video game influences on children (Ferguson, 2015, this issue). Given ongoing debates on video game influences, comments varied from the supportive to the self-proclaimed "angry," yet hopefully they and this response will contribute to constructive discussion as the field moves forward. In this reply, I address some misconceptions in the comments and present data that challenge the assumption that standardized regression coefficients are invariably unsuitable for meta-analysis or that bivariate correlations are invariably suitable for meta-analysis. The suitability of any data should be considered on a case-by-case basis, and data indicates that the coefficients included in the "Angry Birds" meta-analysis did not distort results. Study selection, effect size extraction, and interpretation improved upon problematic issues in other recent meta-analyses. Further evidence is also provided to support the contention that publication bias remains problematic in video game literature. Sources of acrimony among scholars are explored as are areas of agreement. Ultimately, debates will only be resolved through a commitment to newer, more rigorous methods and open science.
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Shaver JH, Sibley CG, Osborne D, Bulbulia J. News exposure predicts anti-Muslim prejudice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174606. [PMID: 28362823 PMCID: PMC5375159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
News coverage of Islamic extremism is reigniting debates about the media’s role in promoting prejudice toward Muslims. Psychological theories of media-induced prejudice date to the 1950’s, and find support from controlled experiments. However, national-scale studies of media effects on Muslim prejudice are lacking. Orthogonal research investigating media-induced prejudice toward immigrants has failed to establish any link. Moreover, it has been found that people interpret the news in ways that confirm pre-existing attitudes, suggesting that media induced Muslim prejudice in liberal democracies is unlikely. Here, we test the association between news exposure and anti-Muslim prejudice in a diverse national sample from one of the world’s most tolerant societies, where media effects are least likely to hold (N = 16,584, New Zealand). In support of media-induced Islamophobia, results show that greater news exposure is associated with both increased anger and reduced warmth toward Muslims. Additionally, the relationship between media exposure and anti-Muslim prejudice does not reliably vary with political ideology, supporting claims that it is widespread representations of Muslims in the news, rather than partisan media biases, that drives anti-Muslim prejudice.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H. Shaver
- Religion Programme, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Chris G. Sibley
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Danny Osborne
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joseph Bulbulia
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
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Coyne SM, Stockdale L, Linder JR, Nelson DA, Collier KM, Essig LW. Pow! Boom! Kablam! Effects of Viewing Superhero Programs on Aggressive, Prosocial, and Defending Behaviors in Preschool Children. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 45:1523-1535. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-016-0253-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Kelishadi R, Qorbani M, Motlagh ME, Heshmat R, Ardalan G, Jari M. Relationship between leisure time screen activity and aggressive and violent behaviour in Iranian children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-IV Study. Paediatr Int Child Health 2016; 35:305-11. [PMID: 26744154 DOI: 10.1080/20469047.2015.1109221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to assess the relationship between leisure time spent watching television (TV) and at a computer and aggressive and violent behaviour in children and adolescents. METHODS In this nationwide study, 14,880 school students, aged 6-18 years, were selected by cluster and stratified multi-stage sampling method from 30 provinces in Iran. The World Health Organization Global School-based Health Survey questionnaire (WHO-GSHS) was used. RESULTS Overall, 13,486 children and adolescents (50·8% boys, 75·6% urban residents) completed the study (participation rate 90·6%). The risk of physical fighting and quarrels increased by 29% (OR 1·29, 95% CI 1·19-1·40) with watching TV for >2 hr/day, by 38% (OR 1·38, 95% CI 1·21-1·57) with leisure time computer work of >2 hr/day, and by 42% (OR 1·42, 95% CI 1·28-1·58) with the total screen time of >2 hr/day. Watching TV or leisure time spent on a computer or total screen time of >2 hr/day increased the risk of bullying by 30% (OR 1·30, 95% CI 1·18-1·43), 57% (1·57, 95% CI 1·34-1·85) and 62% (OR 1·62, 95% CI 1·43-1·83). Spending >2 hr/day watching TV and total screen time increased the risk of being bullied by 12% (OR 1·12, 95% CI 1·02-1·22) and 15% (OR 1·15, 95% CI 1·02-1·28), respectively. This relationship was not statistically significant for leisure time spent on a computer (OR 1·10, 95% CI 0·9-1·27). CONCLUSIONS Prolonged leisure time spent on screen activities is associated with violent and aggressive behaviour in children and adolescents. In addition to the duration of screen time, the association is likely to be explained also by the media content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Kelishadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Child Growth and Development Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan
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Lee E, Kim M. Exposure to Media Violence and Bullying at School: Mediating Influences of Anger and Contact with Delinquent Friends. Psychol Rep 2016; 95:659-72. [PMID: 15587236 DOI: 10.2466/pr0.95.2.659-672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed a model of mediating influences of anger and contact with delinquent friends in the relationship between exposure to media violence and bullying at school. Data came from 560 Korean junior high school students who were living with their parents. Analysis indicated that, as hypothesized, exposure to media-portrayed violence was directly associated with bullying at school. Anger and contact with delinquent friends mediated this relationship. In addition, two alternative models were estimated, neither supported by the data, further sustaining the validity of the hypothesized model. Implications and directions for research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhee Lee
- Department of Psychotherapeutic Counseling, Konyang University, Nonsan, Chungnam, Korea.
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Bartholow BD, Sestir MA, Davis EB. Correlates and Consequences of Exposure to Video Game Violence: Hostile Personality, Empathy, and Aggressive Behavior. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016; 31:1573-86. [PMID: 16207775 DOI: 10.1177/0146167205277205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Research has shown that exposure to violent video games causes increases in aggression, but the mechanisms of this effect have remained elusive. Also, potential differences in short-term and long-term exposure are not well understood. An initial correlational study shows that video game violence exposure (VVE) is positively correlated with self-reports of aggressive behavior and that this relation is robust to controlling for multiple aspects of personality. A lab experiment showed that individuals low in VVE behave more aggressively after playing a violent video game than after a nonviolent game but that those high in VVE display relatively high levels of aggression regardless of game content. Mediational analyses show that trait hostility, empathy, and hostile perceptions partially account for the VVE effect on aggression. These findings suggest that repeated exposure to video game violence increases aggressive behavior in part via changes in cognitive and personality factors associated with desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D Bartholow
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, MO 65503, USA.
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29
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Bushman BJ, Anderson CA. Violent Video Games and Hostile Expectations: A Test of the General Aggression Model. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/014616702237649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research conducted over several decades has shown that violent media increase aggression. It is now time to move beyond the question of whether violent media increase aggression to answering the question why violent media increase aggression. The present research tested whether violent video games produce a hostile expectation bias—the tendency to expect others to react to potential conflicts with aggression. Participants (N = 224) played either a violent or nonviolent video game. Next, they read ambiguous story stems about potential interpersonal conflicts. They were asked what the main character will do, say, think, and feel as the story continues. People who played a violent video game described the main character as behaving more aggressively, thinking more aggressive thoughts, and feeling more angry than did people who played a nonviolent video game. These results are consistent with the General Aggression Model.
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Anderson CA, Berkowitz L, Donnerstein E, Huesmann LR, Johnson JD, Linz D, Malamuth NM, Wartella E. The Influence of Media Violence on Youth. Psychol Sci Public Interest 2016; 4:81-110. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-1006.2003.pspi_1433.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Research on violent television and films, video games, and music reveals unequivocal evidence that media violence increases the likelihood of aggressive and violent behavior in both immediate and long-term contexts. The effects appear larger for milder than for more severe forms of aggression, but the effects on severe forms of violence are also substantial ( r = .13 to .32) when compared with effects of other violence risk factors or medical effects deemed important by the medical community (e.g., effect of aspirin on heart attacks). The research base is large; diverse in methods, samples, and media genres; and consistent in overall findings. The evidence is clearest within the most extensively researched domain, television and film violence. The growing body of video-game research yields essentially the same conclusions. Short-term exposure increases the likelihood of physically and verbally aggressive behavior, aggressive thoughts, and aggressive emotions. Recent large-scale longitudinal studies provide converging evidence linking frequent exposure to violent media in childhood with aggression later in life, including physical assaults and spouse abuse. Because extremely violent criminal behaviors (e.g., forcible rape, aggravated assault, homicide) are rare, new longitudinal studies with larger samples are needed to estimate accurately how much habitual childhood exposure to media violence increases the risk for extreme violence. Well-supported theory delineates why and when exposure to media violence increases aggression and violence. Media violence produces short-term increases by priming existing aggressive scripts and cognitions, increasing physiological arousal, and triggering an automatic tendency to imitate observed behaviors. Media violence produces long-term effects via several types of learning processes leading to the acquisition of lasting (and automatically accessible) aggressive scripts, interpretational schemas, and aggression-supporting beliefs about social behavior, and by reducing individuals' normal negative emotional responses to violence (i.e., desensitization). Certain characteristics of viewers (e.g., identification with aggressive characters), social environments (e.g., parental influences), and media content (e.g., attractiveness of the perpetrator) can influence the degree to which media violence affects aggression, but there are some inconsistencies in research results. This research also suggests some avenues for preventive intervention (e.g., parental supervision, interpretation, and control of children's media use). However, extant research on moderators suggests that no one is wholly immune to the effects of media violence. Recent surveys reveal an extensive presence of violence in modern media. Furthermore, many children and youth spend an inordinate amount of time consuming violent media. Although it is clear that reducing exposure to media violence will reduce aggression and violence, it is less clear what sorts of interventions will produce a reduction in exposure. The sparse research literature suggests that counterattitudinal and parental-mediation interventions are likely to yield beneficial effects, but that media literacy interventions by themselves are unsuccessful. Though the scientific debate over whether media violence increases aggression and violence is essentially over, several critical tasks remain. Additional laboratory and field studies are needed for a better understanding of underlying psychological processes, which eventually should lead to more effective interventions. Large-scale longitudinal studies would help specify the magnitude of media-violence effects on the most severe types of violence. Meeting the larger societal challenge of providing children and youth with a much healthier media diet may prove to be more difficult and costly, especially if the scientific, news, public policy, and entertainment communities fail to educate the general public about the real risks of media-violence exposure to children and youth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - James D. Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina-Wilmington
| | - Daniel Linz
- Department of Communication and Law and Society Program, University of California, Santa Barbara
| | - Neil M. Malamuth
- Department of Communication/Speech, University of California, Los Angeles
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31
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Strasburger VC. Children, Adolescents, and the Media: Ten Mistakes We've Made and How to Fix Them. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2016; 55:509-12. [PMID: 26581350 DOI: 10.1177/0009922815616070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ahumada JL. Is the nature of psychoanalytic thinking and practice (e.g., in regard to sexuality) determined by extra‐analytic, social and cultural developments? THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOANALYSIS 2016; 97:839-51. [DOI: 10.1111/1745-8315.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wright PJ, Tokunaga RS. Men's Objectifying Media Consumption, Objectification of Women, and Attitudes Supportive of Violence Against Women. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2016; 45:955-964. [PMID: 26585169 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-015-0644-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A recent White House Council Report on Women and Girls called attention to sexual assault on college campuses and encouraged continued research on this important public health problem. Media that sexually objectify women have been identified by feminist scholars as encouraging of sexual assault, but some researchers question why portrayals that do not feature sexual assault should affect men's attitudes supportive of violence against women. Guided by the concepts of specific and abstract sexual scripting in Wright's (Communication Yearbook 35:343-386, 2011) sexual script acquisition, activation, application model of sexual media socialization, this study proposed that the more men are exposed to objectifying depictions, the more they will think of women as entities that exist for men's sexual gratification (specific sexual scripting), and that this dehumanized perspective on women may then be used to inform attitudes regarding sexual violence against women (abstract sexual scripting). Data were gathered from collegiate men sexually attracted to women (N = 187). Consistent with expectations, associations between men's exposure to objectifying media and attitudes supportive of violence against women were mediated by their notions of women as sex objects. Specifically, frequency of exposure to men's lifestyle magazines that objectify women, reality TV programs that objectify women, and pornography predicted more objectified cognitions about women, which, in turn, predicted stronger attitudes supportive of violence against women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Wright
- The Media School and Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, 1229 East 7th St., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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34
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Zumbach J, Seitz C, Bluemke M. Impact of violent video game realism on the self-concept of aggressiveness assessed with explicit and implicit measures. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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35
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Coyne SM, Callister M, Stockdale L, Coutts H, Collier KM. "Just how graphic are graphic novels?" An examination of aggression portrayals in manga and associations with aggressive behavior in adolescents. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2015; 30:208-224. [PMID: 25929138 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Manga, a type of graphic novel, represent a widely popular literary genre worldwide and are one of the fastest growing areas of the publishing arena aimed at adolescents in the United States. However, to our knowledge, there has been almost no empirical research examining content or effects of reading manga. This article consists of 2 studies. Study 1 represents a content analysis of aggressive behavior in best-selling manga aimed at adolescents. Results revealed that aggression was common and was often portrayed in ways that may influence subsequent behavior. Study 2 examined the relationship between reading manga and aggressive behavior in 223 adolescents. Manga readers were more physically aggressive than non-manga readers and also reported more peer relationships with lonely individuals and smaller groups. In addition, reading manga with particularly high levels of aggression was associated with physical aggression even after controlling for media violence exposure in other media. Implications regarding these findings are discussed.
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36
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Tear MJ, Nielsen M. Video games and prosocial behavior: A study of the effects of non-violent, violent and ultra-violent gameplay. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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37
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Strasburger VC, Donnerstein E. The new media of violent video games: yet same old media problems? Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2014; 53:721-5. [PMID: 23969983 DOI: 10.1177/0009922813500340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Coyne SM, Padilla-Walker LM, Fraser AM, Fellows K, Day RD. “Media Time = Family Time”. JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0743558414538316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Media use in families has generally been examined from a narrow viewpoint, focusing on monitoring or co-viewing. The current research provides an expanded view of positive media use in families with adolescents by examining associations between diverse positive media use and family and adolescents outcomes. In addition, we used qualitative methods to provide a more comprehensive view of how families use media in positive ways, specifically drawing distinctions between traditional entertainment media and social media. Participants included 633 adolescents and their parents who completed a range of quantitative and qualitative measures on media use and adolescent and family outcomes. Results revealed that positive media use was positively associated with general family functioning (for girls), parental involvement (for both boys and girls), and adolescent disclosure to parents (for boys). Qualitative results revealed that families use media in diverse ways including for entertainment, emotional connection, discussion, information, and documentation. Results are discussed within the broad framework of family systems theory.
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39
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RETRACTED: The effects of viewing violent movie via computer on aggressiveness among college students. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Abstract
This study examined the mediating role of gratitude on the relationship between forgiveness and vengeance. Participants were 331 university students (185 women, 146 men; ages 17 to 24 years), who completed a questionnaire package that includes the Vengeance Scale, the Trait Forgiveness Scale, and the Gratitude Questionnaire-Six Item Form. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that gratitude partially mediated the relationship between forgiveness and vengeance. The significance and limitations of the results were discussed.
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Greitemeyer T. I am right, you are wrong: how biased assimilation increases the perceived gap between believers and skeptics of violent video game effects. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93440. [PMID: 24722467 PMCID: PMC3983102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite hundreds of studies, there is continuing debate about the extent to which violent video games increase aggression. Believers argue that playing violent video games increases aggression, but this stance is disputed by skeptics. The present study addressed believers' and skeptics' responses to summaries of scientific studies that do or do not present evidence for increased aggression after violent video game play. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Participants (N = 662) indicated whether they believed that violent video games increase aggression. Afterwards, they evaluated two opposing summaries of fictitious studies on the effects of violent video play. They also reported whether their initial belief had changed after reading the two summaries and indicated again whether they believed that violent video games increase aggression. Results showed that believers evaluated the study showing an effect more favorably than a study showing no effect, whereas the opposite was observed for skeptics. Moreover, both believers and skeptics reported to become more convinced of their initial view. In contrast, for actual attitude change, a depolarization effect was found. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that biased assimilation of new information leads believers and skeptics to become more rather than less certain of their views. Hence, even when confronted with mixed and inconclusive evidence, the perceived gap between both sides of the argument increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Greitemeyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- * E-mail:
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42
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Strasburger VC, Donnerstein E, Bushman BJ. Why is it so hard to believe that media influence children and adolescents? Pediatrics 2014; 133:571-3. [PMID: 24590743 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-2334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Victor C Strasburger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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43
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Prot S, Gentile DA. Applying risk and resilience models to predicting the effects of media violence on development. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2014; 46:215-44. [PMID: 24851351 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800285-8.00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although the effects of media violence on children and adolescents have been studied for over 50 years, they remain controversial. Much of this controversy is driven by a misunderstanding of causality that seeks the cause of atrocities such as school shootings. Luckily, several recent developments in risk and resilience theories offer a way out of this controversy. Four risk and resilience models are described, including the cascade model, dose-response gradients, pathway models, and turning-point models. Each is described and applied to the existing media effects literature. Recommendations for future research are discussed with regard to each model. In addition, we examine current developments in theorizing that stressors have sensitizing versus steeling effects and recent interest in biological and gene by environment interactions. We also discuss several of the cultural aspects that have supported the polarization and misunderstanding of the literature, and argue that applying risk and resilience models to the theories and data offers a more balanced way to understand the subtle effects of media violence on aggression within a multicausal perspective.
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45
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Martins N. Televised relational and physical aggression and children’s hostile intent attributions. J Exp Child Psychol 2013; 116:945-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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46
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Stockdale LA, Coyne SM, Nelson DA, Padilla-Walker LM. Read anything mean lately? associations between reading aggression in books and aggressive behavior in adolescents. Aggress Behav 2013; 39:493-502. [PMID: 23804408 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although there have been hundreds of studies on media violence, few have focused on literature, with none examining novels. Accordingly, the aim of the current study was to examine whether reading physical and relational aggression in books was associated with aggressive behavior in adolescents. Participants consisted of 223 adolescents who completed a variety of measures detailing their media use and aggressive behavior. A non-recursive structural equation model revealed that reading aggression in books was positively associated with aggressive behavior, even after controlling for exposure to aggression in other forms of media. Associations were only found for congruent forms of aggression. Implications regarding books as a form of media are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah M. Coyne
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University; Provo; Utah
| | - David A. Nelson
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University; Provo; Utah
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47
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Wolfe MB, Tanner SM, Taylor AR. Processing and Representation of Arguments in One-Sided Texts About Disputed Topics. DISCOURSE PROCESSES 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/0163853x.2013.828480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wright PJ, Funk M. Pornography Consumption and Opposition to Affirmative Action for Women. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0361684313498853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the persistence of wage gaps and other indicators of discrimination, many Americans oppose affirmative action for women. Our study investigated a potential source of social influence that has often been hypothesized to reduce compassion and sympathy for women: pornography. National panel data were employed. Data were gathered in 2006, 2008, and 2010 from 190 adults ranging in age from 19 to 88 at baseline. Pornography viewing was indexed via reported consumption of pornographic movies. Attitudes toward affirmative action were indexed via opposition to hiring and promotion practices that favor women. Contrary to a selective-exposure perspective on media use, prior opposition to affirmative action did not predict subsequent pornography viewing. Consistent with a social learning perspective on media effects, prior pornography viewing predicted subsequent opposition to affirmative action even after controlling for prior affirmative action attitudes and a number of other potential confounds. Gender did not moderate this association. Practically, these results suggest that pornography may be a social influence that undermines support for affirmative action programs for women. Theoretically, these results align with the perspective that sexual media activate abstract scripts for social behavior which may be applied to judgments that extend beyond the specific interaction patterns depicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Wright
- Department of Telecommunications, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Michelle Funk
- Department of Telecommunications, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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49
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Robertson LA, McAnally HM, Hancox RJ. Childhood and adolescent television viewing and antisocial behavior in early adulthood. Pediatrics 2013; 131:439-46. [PMID: 23420910 PMCID: PMC3581845 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2012-1582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether excessive television viewing throughout childhood and adolescence is associated with increased antisocial behavior in early adulthood. METHODS We assessed a birth cohort of 1037 individuals born in Dunedin, New Zealand, in 1972-1973, at regular intervals from birth to age 26 years. We used regression analysis to investigate the associations between television viewing hours from ages 5 to 15 years and criminal convictions, violent convictions, diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder, and aggressive personality traits in early adulthood. RESULTS Young adults who had spent more time watching television during childhood and adolescence were significantly more likely to have a criminal conviction, a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder, and more aggressive personality traits compared with those who viewed less television. The associations were statistically significant after controlling for sex IQ, socioeconomic status, previous antisocial behavior, and parental control. The associations were similar for both sexes, indicating that the relationship between television viewing and antisocial behavior is similar for male and female viewers. CONCLUSIONS Excessive television viewing in childhood and adolescence is associated with increased antisocial behavior in early adulthood. The findings are consistent with a causal association and support the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation that children should watch no more than 1 to 2 hours of television each day.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert J. Hancox
- Departments of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, and
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Christakis DA, Garrison MM, Herrenkohl T, Haggerty K, Rivara FP, Zhou C, Liekweg K. Modifying media content for preschool children: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2013; 131:431-8. [PMID: 23420911 PMCID: PMC3581844 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2012-1493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although previous studies have revealed that preschool-aged children imitate both aggression and prosocial behaviors on screen, there have been few population-based studies designed to reduce aggression in preschool-aged children by modifying what they watch. METHODS We devised a media diet intervention wherein parents were assisted in substituting high quality prosocial and educational programming for aggression-laden programming without trying to reduce total screen time. We conducted a randomized controlled trial of 565 parents of preschool-aged children ages 3 to 5 years recruited from community pediatric practices. Outcomes were derived from the Social Competence and Behavior Evaluation at 6 and 12 months. RESULTS At 6 months, the overall mean Social Competence and Behavior Evaluation score was 2.11 points better (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.78-3.44) in the intervention group as compared with the controls, and similar effects were observed for the externalizing subscale (0.68 [95% CI: 0.06-1.30]) and the social competence subscale (1.04 [95% CI: 0.34-1.74]). The effect for the internalizing subscale was in a positive direction but was not statistically significant (0.42 [95% CI: -0.14 to 0.99]). Although the effect sizes did not noticeably decay at 12 months, the effect on the externalizing subscale was no longer statistically significant (P = .05). In a stratified analysis of the effect on the overall scores, low-income boys appeared to derive the greatest benefit (6.48 [95% CI: 1.60-11.37]). CONCLUSIONS An intervention to reduce exposure to screen violence and increase exposure to prosocial programming can positively impact child behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri A Christakis
- Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children’s Research Institute,Seattle, WA, USA.
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