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Pang C, Wang TY, Lin J. Being close or being alone: How Social ostracism affects solitude preference. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38687197 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Social ostracism refers to the phenomenon of being excluded from social interactions and not being accepted by society. While previous research has examined its impact on prosocial and antisocial behaviour, few studies have investigated how individuals respond to ostracism by seeking solitude. Therefore, our study aims to explore the association between social ostracism and solitude seeking as well as the potential psychological mechanisms involved. We conducted three studies involving 488 Chinese students (59% female) and found that (a) long-term ostracism experiences positively correlated with preference for solitude, (b) short-term ostracism did not immediately lead to solitude seeking but increased the desire to establish new connections with others and (c) hostile assessment and negative emotions played a chain mediation role in the relationship between social ostracism and solitude seeking. These findings provide new insights and empirical evidence for understanding the relationship between social ostracism and solitude-seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Pang
- Guangzhou Huashang College, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Analytical Psychology, City University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, SAR
| | - Tulips Yiwen Wang
- Institute of Analytical Psychology, City University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, SAR
| | - Jiali Lin
- Guangzhou Huashang College, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Analytical Psychology, City University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, SAR
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Abrantes AM, Garnaat SL, Stein MD, Uebelacker LA, Williams DM, Carpenter LL, Greenberg BD, Desaulniers J, Audet D. A pilot randomized clinical trial of tDCS for increasing exercise engagement in individuals with elevated depressive symptoms: Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2022; 29:100972. [PMID: 36092972 PMCID: PMC9449741 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2022.100972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise protects against overweight/obesity as well as numerous chronic diseases. Yet, less than half of Americans exercise sufficiently. Elevated levels of depressive symptoms have been identified as an important correlate of physical inactivity as well as poor adherence to exercise programs. Individuals with depression are less sensitive to rewards and demonstrate an attentional bias toward negative stimuli. These, and other features of depression, may place them at increased risk for effectively managing the affective experience of exercise. Lower baseline levels of activation of the left (vs right) frontal cortex, an area implicated in affect regulation, have also been found in depression, potentially pointing to this region as a potential target for intervening on affect regulation during exercise. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has shown promise in impacting a variety of cognitive and affective processes in a large number of individuals, including people with depression. Some findings have suggested that tDCS targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), specifically, may improve emotion regulation. Transcranial direct current stimulation could theoretically be a novel and potentially promising approach to improving the affective experience of exercise, thereby increasing exercise adherence among individuals with depressive symptoms. Here we present the rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of a pilot randomized controlled trial of tDCS versus sham delivered 3x/week for 8 weeks in the context of supervised aerobic exercise (AE) program among 51 low-active individuals with elevated depressive symptoms (86.3% female; mean age = 49.5). Follow-up assessments were conducted at end of treatment, and three and six months after enrollment to examine changes in levels of objectively-measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). If effective, this approach could have high public health impact on preventing obesity and chronic diseases among these at-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Abrantes
- Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, USA
| | - Sarah L Garnaat
- Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, USA
| | | | - Lisa A Uebelacker
- Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, USA
| | - David M Williams
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, USA
| | - Linda L Carpenter
- Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, USA
| | - Benjamin D Greenberg
- Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, USA.,VAMC, Providence, RI, USA
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Howard MC. Integrating the approach/avoidance framework with multidimensional persistence: Identifying novel mediating effects and outcomes. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Whole-brain white matter correlates of personality profiles predictive of subjective well-being. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4558. [PMID: 35296777 PMCID: PMC8927329 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08686-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the white matter correlates of personality profiles predictive of subjective well-being. Using principal component analysis to first determine the possible personality profiles onto which core personality measures would load, we subsequently searched for whole-brain white matter correlations with these profiles. We found three personality profiles that correlated with the integrity of white matter tracts. The correlates of an “optimistic” personality profile suggest (a) an intricate network for self-referential processing that helps regulate negative affect and maintain a positive outlook on life, (b) a sustained capacity for visually tracking rewards in the environment and (c) a motor readiness to act upon the conviction that desired rewards are imminent. The correlates of a “short-term approach behavior” profile was indicative of minimal loss of integrity in white matter tracts supportive of lifting certain behavioral barriers, possibly allowing individuals to act more outgoing and carefree in approaching people and rewards. Lastly, a “long-term approach behavior” profile’s association with white matter tracts suggests lowered sensitivity to transient updates of stimulus-based associations of rewards and setbacks, thus facilitating the successful long-term pursuit of goals. Together, our findings yield convincing evidence that subjective well-being has its manifestations in the brain.
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Positive affect predicts engagement in healthy behaviors within a day, but not across days. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-021-09924-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Gosnell CL, Gable SL. Approach and avoidance goals and perceptions of romantic partners’ traits. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02477-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Howard MC, Smith MB. Employee regret and disappointment: Creation of a scale and foundational application of the approach/avoidance framework. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW-PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE-REVUE INTERNATIONALE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/apps.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matt C. Howard
- Mitchell College of Business The University of South Alabama Mobile AL USA
| | - Mickey B. Smith
- Mitchell College of Business The University of South Alabama Mobile AL USA
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Howard MC. Identifying social courage antecedents and mediating effects: Applying the HEXACO and approach/avoidance frameworks. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.110637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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LaBuda JE, Gere J. Perceptions of daily sacrifice motives: Accuracy, bias, outcomes, and moderators. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2020.104045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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BIS-dependent cognitive strategies mediate the relationship between BIS and positive, negative affect. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Madden DR, Lam CN, Redline B, Dzubur E, Rhoades H, Intille SS, Dunton GF, Henwood B. Real-Time Data Collection to Examine Relations Between Physical Activity and Affect in Adults With Mental Illness. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 42:386-393. [PMID: 33022657 PMCID: PMC8761482 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2019-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Adults with serious mental illness engage in limited physical activity, which contributes to significant health disparities. This study explored the use of both ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) and activity trackers in adults with serious mental illness to examine the bidirectional relationship between activity and affect with multilevel modeling. Affective states were assessed up to seven times per day using EMA across 4 days. The participants (n = 20) were equipped with a waist-worn accelerometer to measure moderate to vigorous physical activity. The participants had a mean EMA compliance rate of 88.3%, and over 90% of completed EMAs were matched with 30-min windows of accelerometer wear. The participants who reported more positive affect than others had a higher probability of engaging in moderate to vigorous physical activity. Engaging in more moderate to vigorous physical activity than one's usual was associated with more negative affect. This study begins to address the effect of momentary mood on physical activity in a population of adults that is typically difficult to reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle R. Madden
- USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California
| | - Chun Nok Lam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Brian Redline
- USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California
| | - Eldin Dzubur
- USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California
| | - Harmony Rhoades
- USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California
| | - Stephen S. Intille
- College of Computer and Information Science and Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University
| | - Genevieve F. Dunton
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Benjamin Henwood
- USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California
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Liao Y, Song J, Robertson MC, Cox-Martin E, Basen-Engquist K. An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study Investigating Self-efficacy and Outcome Expectancy as Mediators of Affective and Physiological Responses and Exercise Among Endometrial Cancer Survivors. Ann Behav Med 2020; 54:320-334. [PMID: 31722394 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaz050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown affective and physiological states in response to exercise as predictors of daily exercise, yet little is known about the mechanism underlying such effects. PURPOSE To examine the mediating effects of self-efficacy and outcome expectancy on the relationships between affective and physiological responses to exercise and subsequent exercise levels in endometrial cancer survivors. METHODS Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) surveys were delivered up to eight 5- to 7-day periods over 6 months. Participants (n = 100) rated their affective and physiological states before and after each exercise session (predictors) and recorded their self-efficacy and outcome expectancy each morning (mediators). Exercise (outcome) was based on self-reported EMA surveys and accelerometer measures. A 1-1-1 multilevel mediation model was used to disaggregate the within-subject (WS) and between-subject (BS) effects. RESULTS At the WS level, a more positive affective state after exercise was associated with higher self-efficacy and positive outcome expectation the next day, which in turn was associated with higher subsequent exercise levels (ps < .05). At the BS level, participants who typically had more positive affective and experienced less intense physiological sensation after exercise had higher average self-efficacy, which was associated with higher average exercise levels (ps < .05). CONCLUSIONS In endometrial cancer survivors, affective experience after exercise, daily self-efficacy and positive outcome expectation help explain the day-to-day differences in exercise levels within-person. Findings from this study highlight potentials for behavioral interventions that target affective experience after exercise and daily behavioral cognitions to promote physical activity in cancer survivors' everyday lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liao
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jaejoon Song
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Michael C Robertson
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Emily Cox-Martin
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Karen Basen-Engquist
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Pfister IB, Jacobshagen N, Kälin W, Stocker D, Meier LL, Semmer NK. Appreciation and Illegitimate Tasks as Predictors of Affective Well-being: Disentangling Within- and Between-Person Effects. REVISTA DE PSICOLOGÍA DEL TRABAJO Y DE LAS ORGANIZACIONES 2020. [DOI: 10.5093/jwop2020a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Volumetric brain correlates of approach-avoidance behavior and their relation to chronic back pain. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 14:1758-1768. [PMID: 31065925 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Avoiding any harm, such as painful experiences, is an important ability for our physical and mental health. This avoidance behavior might be overactive under chronic pain, and the cortical and subcortical brain volumetry, which also often changes in chronic pain states, might be a significant correlate of this behavior. In the present study, we thus investigated the association between volumetric brain differences using 3 T structural magnetic resonance imaging and pain- versus pleasure-related approach-avoidance behavior using an Approach Avoidance Task in the laboratory in chronic back pain (N = 42; mean age: 51.34 years; 23 female) and healthy individuals (N = 43; mean age: 45.21 years; 15 female). We found significant differences in hippocampal, amygdala and accumbens volumes in patients compared to controls. The patients` hippocampal volume was significantly positively related to pain avoidance, the amygdala volume to positive approach, and the accumbens volume negatively to a bias to pain avoidance over positive approach. These associations were significantly moderated by pain symptom duration. Cortical structure may thus contribute to an overacting pain avoidance system in chronic back pain, and could, together with a reduction in approaching positive stimuli, be related to maladaptive choice and decision-making processes in chronic pain.
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Lin WF, Gosnell CL, Gable SL. Goals, emotions, and the effort to be responsive during couple interactions. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-018-9731-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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16
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Nylocks KM, Rafaeli E, Bar-Kalifa E, Flynn JJ, Coifman KG. Testing the influence of negative and positive emotion on future health-promoting behaviors in a community sample. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-018-9729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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17
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Coifman KG, Halachoff DJ, Nylocks KM. Mitigating Risk? Set-Shifting Ability in High Threat Sensitive Individuals Predicts Approach Behavior During Simulated Peer-Rejection. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2018.37.7.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation we explored how two dimensions underlying current models of psychopathology, threat sensitivity and executive cognitive processing, may come together to influence downstream responses to social threat. Specifically, we investigated how set-shifting ability influences responses to simulated peer-rejection in high threat sensitive individuals (n = 66) selected from a larger sample. Our findings suggest the possibility of risk-reducing benefits imparted from higher set-shifting and executive resources. In particular, we saw evidence of greater approach-related behavior, including higher intensity positive emotional expressions and a relative increase in the proportion of parasympathetic activity, with higher set-shifting. Our findings join a small but growing body of research examining how risks elevated by threat sensitivity may be mitigated by executive cognitive processing.
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Berzins TL, Gere J, Kelly SM, Updegraff JA. Associations between social control, motivation, and exercise: How romantic partners influence exercise during young adulthood. J Health Psychol 2017; 24:1425-1435. [PMID: 28854820 DOI: 10.1177/1359105317727840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether positive and negative romantic partner social control attempts (persuasion and pressure, respectively) were related to approach-avoidance motives and exercise among young adults (N = 98), using daily reports. Daily persuasion was linked to higher daily approach motives. At the person level, persuasion was associated with higher approach and avoidance motives in addition to more frequent, longer exercise. Pressure was associated with higher daily relationship stress, which was associated with higher daily avoidance motives. At the person level, pressure was related to less frequent, shorter exercise. Thus, romantic partners' social control use correlates with exercise motives and behavior.
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Approach-avoidance goals and relationship problems, communication of stress, and dyadic coping in couples. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-017-9629-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Experiential learning as preparation for leadership. LEADERSHIP & ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1108/lodj-03-2015-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore whether challenging experiences on development programmes would simulate leadership challenges and therefore stimulate the body’s autonomic nervous system response. The authors also aimed to determine whether increase in autonomic arousal would be related to learning, and/or moderated by personality variables.
Design/methodology/approach
The research used heart rate (HR) monitors to measure HR continuously over a two-day simulated learning experience. This was used to calculate autonomic arousal which was taken to be the difference between resting HR measured during sleep and HR during critical incidents (CIs) (HR). The authors correlated this with self-reports of learning immediately after, and one month after, the programme to assess the impact of autonomic arousal on perceived learning, as well as with variety of psychometric measures.
Findings
The research found significant correlations between (HR) during CIs and perceived learning which were not related to personality type. The research also found a significant correlation between (HR) and learning during a control event for individuals with “approach” personalities.
Research limitations/implications
Whilst a significant result was found, the sample size of 28 was small. The research also did not empirically assess the valence or intensity of the emotions experienced, and used only a self-report measure of learning. Future research should replicate the findings with a larger sample size, attempt to measure these emotional dimensions, as well as obtain perceptions of learning from direct reports and line managers.
Practical implications
The findings from the research help clarify the mechanisms involved in the effectiveness of experiential learning, and contribute to the understanding of the influence of personality type on perceived learning from experiential methodologies. Such understanding has implications for business schools and learning and development professionals, suggesting that development experiences that challenge leaders are likely to result in learning that is longer lasting.
Originality/value
The research extends the literature regarding the value of learning through experience, the role of autonomic arousal on learning, and the impact of negative emotions on cognition. The research makes a unique contribution by exploring the impact of experience on arousal and learning in a simulated learning experience and over time, by demonstrating that simulated experiences induce emotional and physiological responses, and that these experiences are associated with increased learning.
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Examining acute bi-directional relationships between affect, physical feeling states, and physical activity in free-living situations using electronic ecological momentary assessment. J Behav Med 2016; 40:445-457. [PMID: 27766481 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-016-9808-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Current knowledge about the relationship of physical activity with acute affective and physical feeling states is informed largely by lab-based studies, which have limited generalizability to the natural ecology. This study used ecological momentary assessment to assess subjective affective and physical feeling states in free-living settings across 4 days from 110 non-physically active adults (Age M = 40.4, SD = 9.7). Light physical activity (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were measured objectively by an accelerometer. Multilevel modeling was used to test the bi-directional associations between affective and physical feeling states and LPA/MVPA minutes. Higher positive affect, lower negative affect and fatigue were associated with more MVPA over the subsequent 15 min, while higher negative affect and energy were associated with more LPA over the subsequent 15 and 30 min. Additionally, more LPA and MVPA were associated with feeling more energetic over the subsequent 15 and 30 min, and more LPA was additionally associated with feeling more negative and less tired over the subsequent 15 and 30 min. Positive and negative affective states might serve as antecedents to but not consequences of MVPA in adults' daily lives. Changes in LPA may be predicted and followed by negative affective states. Physical feeling states appear to lead up to and follow changes in both LPA and MVPA.
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Liens entre vécu au travail et bien-être subjectif des infirmier(ère)s : des effets réciproques. PSYCHOLOGIE DU TRAVAIL ET DES ORGANISATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pto.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Dark-Freudeman A, West RL. Possible Selves and Self-Regulatory Beliefs: Exploring the Relationship Between Health Selves, Health Efficacy, and Psychological Well-Being. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2016; 82:139-65. [PMID: 26843522 DOI: 10.1177/0091415015627666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The present study identified middle-aged (ages 40-64) and older individuals (ages 65-90) who reported a highly important possible self related to health. The relationship between age, physical health, health efficacy, and psychological well-being were examined among these individuals. We tested a model in which health efficacy predicted both positive and negative psychological well-being. For both age groups, self-reported health predicted health self-efficacy; however, the direct effects of health efficacy on both positive and negative psychological well-being were also significant. Higher levels of health efficacy were associated with higher levels of positive psychological well-being and lower levels of negative well-being, as predicted. Physical health indirectly predicted well-being through its impact on health self-efficacy for middle-aged and older individuals who valued their health highly. Overall, these results support the notion that health efficacy related to a most important health self is a predictor of psychological well-being in mid and late life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin L West
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Malan L, Hamer M, Frasure-Smith N, Steyn HS, Malan NT. Cohort Profile: Sympathetic activity and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Africans (SABPA) prospective cohort study. Int J Epidemiol 2014; 44:1814-22. [PMID: 25344943 PMCID: PMC4689997 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyu199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Adapting to an over-demanding stressful urban environment may exhaust the psychophysiological resources to cope with these demands, and lead to sympathetic nervous system dysfunction. The evidence that an urban-dwelling lifestyle may be detrimental to the cardiometabolic health of Africans motivated the design of the Sympathetic activity and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in African Prospective cohort study. We aimed to determine neural mechanistic pathways involved in emotional distress and vascular remodelling. The baseline sample included 409 teachers representing a bi-ethnic sex cohort from South Africa. The study was conducted in 2008–09 and repeated after 3-year follow-up in 2011–12, with an 87.8% successful follow-up rate. Seasonal changes were avoided and extensive clinical assessments were performed in a well-controlled setting. Data collection included sociodemographics, lifestyle habits, psychosocial battery and genetic analysis, mental stress responses mimicking daily life stress (blood pressure and haemostatic, cardiometabolic, endothelial and stress hormones). Target organ damage was assessed in the brain, heart, kidney, blood vessels and retina. A unique highly phenotyped cohort is presented that can address the role of a hyperactive sympathetic nervous system and neural response pathways contributing to the burden of cardiometabolic diseases in Africans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leoné Malan
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa,
| | - Mark Hamer
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nancy Frasure-Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and School of Nursing, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal and Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada and
| | - Hendrik S Steyn
- Statistical Consultation Services, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa
| | - Nicolaas T Malan
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa
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Ford TE, McCreight KA, Richardson K. Affective Style, Humor Styles and Happiness. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v10i3.766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the relationships between dispositional approach and avoidance motives, humor styles, and happiness. In keeping with previous research, approach motives and the two positive humor styles (self-enhancing and affiliative) positively correlated with happiness, whereas avoidance motives and the two negative humor styles (self-defeating and aggressive) negatively correlated with happiness. Also, we found support for three new hypotheses. First, approach motives correlated positively with self-enhancing and affiliative humor styles. Second, avoidance motives correlated positively with self-defeating humor style, and third, the positive relationship between approach motives and happiness was mediated by self-enhancing humor style.
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The Effects of Children's Perceptions of Parental Expectations, Self-Esteem, and Achievement Motivation on School Happiness. ADONGHAKOEJI 2014. [DOI: 10.5723/kjcs.2014.35.3.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Dunton GF, Huh J, Leventhal AM, Riggs N, Hedeker D, Spruijt-Metz D, Pentz MA. Momentary assessment of affect, physical feeling states, and physical activity in children. Health Psychol 2013; 33:255-63. [PMID: 23668846 DOI: 10.1037/a0032640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most research on the interplay of affective and physical feelings states with physical activity in children has been conducted under laboratory conditions and fails to capture intraindividual covariation. The current study used Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) to bidirectionally examine how affective and physical feeling states are related to objectively measured physical activity taking place in naturalistic settings during the course of children's everyday lives. METHODS Children (N = 119, ages 9-13 years, 52% male, 32% Hispanic) completed 8 days of EMA monitoring, which measured positive affect (PA), negative affect (NA), feeling tired, and feeling energetic up to 7 times per day. EMA responses were time-matched to accelerometer assessed moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in the 30 min before and after each EMA survey. RESULTS Higher ratings of feeling energetic and lower ratings of feeling tired were associated with more MVPA in the 30 min after the EMA prompt. More MVPA in the 30 min before the EMA prompt was associated with higher ratings of PA and feeling energetic and lower ratings of NA. Between-subjects analyses indicated that mean hourly leisure-time MVPA was associated with less intraindividual variability in PA and NA. CONCLUSIONS Physical feeling states predict subsequent physical activity levels, which in turn, predict subsequent affective states in children. Active children demonstrated higher positive and negative emotional stability. Although the strength of these associations were of modest magnitude and their clinical relevance is unclear, understanding the antecedents to and consequences of physical activity may have theoretical and practical implications for the maintenance and promotion of physical activity and psychological well-being in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jimi Huh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Nathaniel Riggs
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois
| | | | - Mary Ann Pentz
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California
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Halvari AEM, Halvari H, Bjørnebekk G, Deci EL. Oral health and dental well-being: testing a self-determination theory model. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00996.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gil de Montes L, Ortiz G, Valencia JF, Larrañaga M, Agirrezabal A. Language use and stereotyping: the role of approach and avoidance motivation goals. THE SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 15:1210-1221. [PMID: 23156926 DOI: 10.5209/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n3.39527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of more abstract language to describe expected behaviors as opposed to unexpected behaviors has traditionally been considered a way of stereotype maintenance. This tendency is known as linguistic expectancy bias. Two experiments examined the influence of approach and avoidance motivational orientations on the production of this linguistic expectancy bias. It was predicted that approach strategic orientation is likely to describe expectancy consistent behaviors at a higher level of linguistic abstraction than expectancy inconsistent behaviors. In contrast, avoidance strategic orientation is likely to describe both expectancy consistent behaviors and expectancy inconsistent behaviors at a lower level of linguistic abstraction, thus facilitating the disappearance of linguistic expectancy bias. Two experiments confirmed these expectations, using strategic orientation manipulations based either on communication goals or on motor action, and measuring linguistic abstraction either on forced-choice answer format or on free descriptions. Implications for the generalisation of linguistic expectancy bias are discussed.
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Park G, Van Dyne L, Ilgen D. Satisfaction pursuing approach and avoidance goals: Effects of regulatory fit and individual temperaments. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-012-9324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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de Kock A, Malan L, Hamer M, Malan NT. Defensive coping and subclinical vascular disease risk - associations with autonomic exhaustion in Africans and Caucasians: the SABPA study. Atherosclerosis 2012; 225:438-43. [PMID: 23044096 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The defensive active coping response is a recognised cardiovascular risk factor in Africans, especially in men. It is uncertain whether autonomic dysfunction might be the underlying cause. We therefore investigated associations between salivary MHPG (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenolglycol), as a marker of sympathetic activity, and subclinical vascular disease risk in defensive coping Africans and Caucasians. METHODS The Coping Strategy Indicator questionnaire identified participants who preferably utilise defensive coping. Ambulatory blood pressure was monitored for 24 h and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) was determined from ultrasound images, as an indicator of subclinical vascular disease risk. Salivary MHPG was analysed with high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Defensive active coping Africans (n = 143) showed overall poorer health than Caucasians (n = 148), with higher self-reported stress, alcohol abuse, hypertension, abdominal obesity, and risk of diabetes (p ≤ 0.05). African women demonstrated lower levels of MHPG compared with Caucasian women, although no differences in men were found. Furthermore, Africans revealed a trend of increased low grade inflammation and glycated haemoglobin which was associated with increased CIMT. There was an inverse association between MHPG and CIMT [β = -0.22 (-0.40, -0.03)], in African men with a high risk of subclinical vascular disease (n = 30). CONCLUSIONS Novel findings revealed that defensive active coping Africans are more at risk of subclinical vascular disease, possibly resultant of autonomic exhaustion (decreased MHPG). When defensive coping fails, sympathetic hyperactivity may be followed by autonomic exhaustion and sympatho-adrenal-medullary system desensitisation, resulting in pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A de Kock
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), School for Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
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Trew JL, Alden LE. Positive affect predicts avoidance goals in social interaction anxiety: testing a hierarchical model of social goals. Cogn Behav Ther 2012; 41:174-83. [PMID: 22489603 DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2012.663402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Models of self-regulation suggest that social goals may contribute to interpersonal and affective difficulties, yet little research has addressed this issue in the context of social anxiety. The present studies evaluated a hierarchical model of approach and avoidance in the context of social interaction anxiety, with affect as a mediating factor in the relationship between motivational tendencies and social goals. This model was refined in one undergraduate sample (N = 186) and cross-validated in a second sample (N = 195). The findings support hierarchical relationships between motivational tendencies, social interaction anxiety, affect, and social goals, with higher positive affect predicting fewer avoidance goals in both samples. Implications for the treatment of social interaction anxiety are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Trew
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
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Achievement motives and emotional processes in children during problem-solving: Two experimental studies of their relation to performance in different achievement goal conditions. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2011; 35:351-367. [PMID: 22081734 PMCID: PMC3204325 DOI: 10.1007/s11031-011-9224-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In two studies, the influence of key emotional and motivational factors on performance in different achievement goal-type situations is examined. In study 1, based on 314 sixth-graders, two types of goal situations were induced; performance and mastery. The goals were examined with respect to important antecedents (e.g., motive dispositions) and several consequences (e.g., performance, satisfaction, pleasant affect, worry, and emotionality). The results showed that the motive to achieve success (Ms) produced positive affects, satisfaction, and increased performance, whereas the motive to avoid failure (Mf) produced worries and performance reduction. In study 2, based on 331 sixth-graders, three types of goal situations were induced; performance–approach, performance–avoidance, and mastery goals. The findings revealed that the most important single factors positively related to performance were Ms and mastery–goal situation. In addition, high Ms pupils performed better under mastery condition than under performance condition. Finally, avoidance-goal situation accentuate the negative effects of high Mf on performance.
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Sherr L, Nagra N, Kulubya G, Catalan J, Clucas C, Harding R. HIV infection associated post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic growth – A systematic review. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2011; 16:612-29. [DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2011.579991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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du Plessis A, Malan L, Malan NT. Coping and metabolic syndrome indicators in urban black South African men: the SABPA study. Cardiovasc J Afr 2011; 21:268-73. [PMID: 20972515 PMCID: PMC3734754 DOI: 10.5830/cvja-2010-024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Urbanisation is associated with obesity, hypertension and development of the metabolic syndrome (MS). We aimed to assess the use of different coping styles and their influence on increases in MS indicators and target end-organ damage (TOD) in urban black African men. A sample of 53 men was classified as clear high active (AC, n = 30) or passive coping (PC, n = 23) responders, using the Amirkhan African validated coping style indicator. Blood pressure (BP) was recorded with an aneroid sphygmomanometer and waist circumference (WC) was determined. Carotid intima–media thickness (CIMT) and microalbuminuria were analysed to determine TOD. Fasting serum and eight-hour urine samples revealed elevated MS indicators in AC men. Strong associations existed between MS indicators and TOD in AC but not PC men. To conclude, only BP and seeking social support were positively associated with TOD in urban PC African men, while in urban AC African men, most MS indicators were positively associated with TOD, i.e. sub-clinical atherosclerosis and renal impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A du Plessis
- School for Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Event-related components of the punishment and reward sensitivity. Clin Neurophysiol 2010; 121:60-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sheltering the Self From the Storm: Self-Construal Abstractness and the Stability of Self-Esteem. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2009; 36:97-108. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167209353331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Self-construal abstractness (SCA) refers to the degree to which people construe important bases of self-esteem in a broad, flexible, and abstract rather than a concrete and specific manner. This article hypothesized that SCA would be a unique predictor of self-esteem stability, capturing the degree to which people’s most important bases of self-worth are resistant to disconfirmation. Two studies using a daily diary methodology examined relationships between SCA, daily self-esteem, and daily emotions and/or events. In Study 1, individual differences in SCA emerged as the most consistent and unique predictor of self-esteem stability. Furthermore, SCA contributed to self-esteem stability by buffering the influence of daily negative emotions on self-esteem. Study 2 manipulated SCA via a daily self-construal task and found an abstract versus concrete self-focus to buffer the influence of daily negative events on self-esteem. Implications of these findings for the study of the self and well-being are discussed.
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Bye D, Pushkar D. How need for cognition and perceived control are differentially linked to emotional outcomes in the transition to retirement. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-009-9135-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gable SL, Poore J. Which Thoughts Count? Algorithms for Evaluating Satisfaction in Relationships. Psychol Sci 2008; 19:1030-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals differ in both their motivation to obtain incentives in their relationships (approach goals) and their motivation to dampen the threats in their relationships (avoidance goals). When evaluating relationship satisfaction, individuals with strong approach goals should weigh positive features in their relationships more heavily than do individuals low in approach goals, and individuals with strong avoidance social goals should weigh negative features more than do individuals with weaker avoidance social goals. In a study testing this idea, participants were randomly signaled several times a day to report their positive (passion) and negative (insecurity) thoughts about their current romantic partner. At the end of the day, they reported their overall relationship satisfaction. The results confirmed the hypotheses: Algorithms used to assess relationship satisfaction differ as a function of goal strength. We discuss the results not in terms of biases in subjective evaluation, but rather in terms of variations in the very definition of satisfaction.
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Suh EM. Downsides of an overly context-sensitive self: implications from the culture and subjective well-being research. J Pers 2008; 75:1321-43. [PMID: 17995467 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The self becomes context sensitive in service of the need to belong. When it comes to achieving personal happiness, an identity system that derives its worth and meaning excessively from its social context puts itself in a significantly disadvantageous position. This article integrates empirical findings and ideas from the self, subjective well-being, and cross-cultural literature and tries to offer insights to why East Asian cultural members report surprisingly low levels of happiness. The various cognitive, motivational, behavioral, and affective characteristics of the overly relation-oriented self are discussed as potential explanations. Implications for the study of self and culture are offered.
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Poulin MJ, Heckhausen J. Stressful events compromise control strivings during a major life transition. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-007-9077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Amodio DM, Master SL, Yee CM, Taylor SE. Neurocognitive components of the behavioral inhibition and activation systems: implications for theories of self-regulation. Psychophysiology 2007; 45:11-9. [PMID: 17910730 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We examined the neurocognitive correlates of the Behavioral Inhibition and Behavioral Activation Systems (BIS/BAS) in an effort to clarify ambiguities concerning interpretations of BIS as reflecting inhibition versus avoidance. We hypothesized that self-reported BIS should relate to neural mechanisms associated with conflict monitoring, whereas self-reported BAS should be associated with neural correlates of approach motivation. Consistent with these predictions, higher self-reported BIS was uniquely related to the N2 event-related potential on No-Go trials of a Go/No-Go task, linking BIS with conflict monitoring and sensitivity to No-Go cues. Higher BAS was uniquely related to greater left-sided baseline frontal cortical asymmetry associated with approach orientation. Implications for theories of self-regulation involving conflict monitoring, cognitive control, and approach/avoidance motivation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Amodio
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA.
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Lay intuitions about overall evaluations of experiences. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2007. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPrevious research has identified important determinants of overall evaluations for experiences lived across time. By means of a novel guessing task, I study what decision-makers themselves consider important. As Informants, some participants live and evaluate an experience. As Guessers, others have to infer its overall evaluation by asking Informants questions. I rewarded accurate inferences, and analyzed and classified the questions in four experiments involving auditory, gustatory and viewing experiences. Results show that Guessers thought of overall evaluations as reflecting average momentary impressions. Moreover and alternatively, they tended to consider the personality and attitudes of the experiencing person, experience-specific holistic judgments and behavioral intentions regarding the experience. Thus, according to lay intuitions, overall evaluations are more than a reflection of the experience's momentary impressions.
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Gasper K, Bramesfeld KD. Should I follow my feelings? How individual differences in following feelings influence affective well-being, experience, and responsiveness. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2005.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Shackman AJ, Sarinopoulos I, Maxwell JS, Pizzagalli DA, Lavric A, Davidson RJ. Anxiety selectively disrupts visuospatial working memory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 6:40-61. [PMID: 16637749 DOI: 10.1037/1528-3542.6.1.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of a review of the extant literature describing emotion-cognition interactions, the authors propose 4 methodological desiderata for studying how task-irrelevant affect modulates cognition and present data from an experiment satisfying them. Consistent with accounts of the hemispheric asymmetries characterizing withdrawal-related negative affect and visuospatial working memory (WM) in prefrontal and parietal cortices, threat-induced anxiety selectively disrupted accuracy of spatial but not verbal WM performance. Furthermore, individual differences in physiological measures of anxiety statistically mediated the degree of disruption. A second experiment revealed that individuals characterized by high levels of behavioral inhibition exhibited more intense anxiety and relatively worse spatial WM performance in the absence of threat, solidifying the authors' inference that anxiety causally mediates disruption. These observations suggest a revision of extant models of how anxiety sculpts cognition and underscore the utility of the desiderata.
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Malan L, Schutte AE, Malan NT, Wissing MP, Vorster HH, Steyn HS, van Rooyen JM, Huisman HW. Coping mechanisms, perception of health and cardiovascular dysfunction in Africans. Int J Psychophysiol 2005; 61:158-66. [PMID: 16257466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2004] [Revised: 05/01/2005] [Accepted: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare active and passive coping strategies of Africans with perception of own health and cardiovascular data. The subjects included 236 apparently healthy Africans (men=109; women=127). The COPE questionnaire was adapted, translated and validated for Africans. Scores on reliable sub-scales were used to classify men and women into more active coping (AC) and more passive coping (PC) subgroups. The General Health Questionnaire measured subjective perception of health. Blood pressure was recorded before and during application of the handgrip test, using the Finapres, a continuous non-invasive blood pressure monitor. Plasma renin activity (PRA) values, measured with radio immuno assay, were compared to blood pressure variables. Analyses of co-variance, adjusted for resting values and age, indicated that PC men responded with a larger increase in total peripheral resistance (TPR) (p=0.006), larger decrease in stroke volume (p=0.07), smaller increase in cardiac output (p=0.09) and larger increases in PRA resting (p=0.04) and reactivity (p< or =0.05) values. PC subjects reported a more negative perception of health than AC subjects. Young PC women presented greater hypertension prevalence rates (p< or =0.01) than AC women. In conclusion, all AC and PC subjects reacted with increased vascular reactivity on the handgrip test. PC men presented enhanced vascular reactivity, PRA and perception of poorer health values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leoné Malan
- School for Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
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Abstract
This study is one of the first to examine self-goals and their relationship to affect among individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using the construct of possible selves, the authors collected data from 50 participants with mild to moderate AD and 50 demographically similar cognitively intact older adults. Findings suggest a resourcefulness and flexibility of the self-system in response to the presence of dementia-related concerns. Positive affect was associated with family-related self-goals of AD participants, indicating particular importance of this domain. Some of these responses may represent goal modifications that result in a more satisfactory adjustment to the illness; further inquiry may lead to a better understanding of resiliency and quality of life in persons with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Cotrell
- Graduate School of Social Work, Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland, OR 97207-0751, USA.
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