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Rudnev M, Barrett HC, Buckwalter W, Machery E, Stich S, Barr K, Bencherifa A, Clancy RF, Crone DL, Deguchi Y, Fabiano E, Fodeman AD, Guennoun B, Halamová J, Hashimoto T, Homan J, Kanovský M, Karasawa K, Kim H, Kiper J, Lee M, Liu X, Mitova V, Nair RB, Pantovic L, Porter B, Quintanilla P, Reijer J, Romero PP, Singh P, Tber S, Wilkenfeld DA, Yi L, Grossmann I. Dimensions of wisdom perception across twelve countries on five continents. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6375. [PMID: 39143069 PMCID: PMC11324649 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Wisdom is the hallmark of social judgment, but how people across cultures recognize wisdom remains unclear-distinct philosophical traditions suggest different views of wisdom's cardinal features. We explore perception of wise minds across 16 socio-economically and culturally diverse convenience samples from 12 countries. Participants assessed wisdom exemplars, non-exemplars, and themselves on 19 socio-cognitive characteristics, subsequently rating targets' wisdom, knowledge, and understanding. Analyses reveal two positively related dimensions-Reflective Orientation and Socio-Emotional Awareness. These dimensions are consistent across the studied cultural regions and interact when informing wisdom ratings: wisest targets-as perceived by participants-score high on both dimensions, whereas the least wise are not reflective but moderately socio-emotional. Additionally, individuals view themselves as less reflective but more socio-emotionally aware than most wisdom exemplars. Our findings expand folk psychology and social judgment research beyond the Global North, showing how individuals perceive desirable cognitive and socio-emotional qualities, and contribute to an understanding of mind perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rudnev
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
| | | | | | - E Machery
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - S Stich
- Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - K Barr
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A Bencherifa
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Université Internationale de Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - D L Crone
- Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - E Fabiano
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, San Miguel, Peru
| | - A D Fodeman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - J Halamová
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - J Homan
- University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - M Kanovský
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - H Kim
- Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J Kiper
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - M Lee
- Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - X Liu
- Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - V Mitova
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - R B Nair
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - L Pantovic
- University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - B Porter
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - P Quintanilla
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - J Reijer
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - P P Romero
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - P Singh
- Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - S Tber
- Université Internationale de Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - L Yi
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - I Grossmann
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Wang Y, Zhang L, Wang C, Lin M, Zheng L, Guo X. An Empirical Investigation of the Relationships Among Self-Esteem, Depression and Self-Serving Bias in People with Internet Gaming Disorder. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:2557-2571. [PMID: 38973976 PMCID: PMC11227327 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s462184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction People are generally characterized by a self-serving bias which describes the tendency to ascribe positive outcomes or success to internal or personal causes (self-enhancement motivation) and ascribe negative outcomes or failure to external or situational causes (self-protection motivation). It has been found that the individuals with internet gaming disorder (IGD) who have low self-esteem and high depression exhibit an attenuated self-serving bias. However, the relationships among self-esteem, depression and self-serving bias are not clearly identified. Methods A sample of 138 IGD participants completed self-esteem and depression scales and a causal attribution task (Study 1) to examine the relationships among self-esteem, depression and self-serving bias (both self-enhancement and self-protection). In follow-up Study 2, 28 IGD participants were recruited to undertake self-affirmation intervention which can affirm one's sense of global self-view and bolster self-esteem to explore whether self-affirmation would trigger a reduction of depression and a raise of self-serving bias. Results The results of path analysis in Study 1 showed that the self-serving bias was predicted by self-esteem and depression, and the depression played a mediating role between self-esteem and self-serving bias. The results of Study 2 showed that the IGD participants reported higher self-esteem, lower depression and engaged in more self-protection motivation after affirming-self manipulation as compared with affirming-other manipulation. Conclusion These findings suggest that self-esteem predicts self-serving bias through depression and self-affirmation could trigger an increase of self-esteem, further decrease depression and improve self-serving bias for the individuals with IGD. The present article clearly identified the relationships among these factors and provided a new approach to promote positive self-concept in individuals with IGD. Future research is warranted to explore the lasting benefits of self-affirmation on domains of education, relationships and gaming withdrawal for the individuals with IGD among different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Mental Health Education Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Physical Education (Main Campus), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenggong Wang
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Lin
- Mental Health Education Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zheng
- Fudan Institute on Ageing, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Laboratory for National Development and Intelligent Governance, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuyan Guo
- Fudan Institute on Ageing, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Laboratory for National Development and Intelligent Governance, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Oeberst A, Imhoff R. Toward Parsimony in Bias Research: A Proposed Common Framework of Belief-Consistent Information Processing for a Set of Biases. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023; 18:1464-1487. [PMID: 36930530 PMCID: PMC10623627 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221148147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
One of the essential insights from psychological research is that people's information processing is often biased. By now, a number of different biases have been identified and empirically demonstrated. Unfortunately, however, these biases have often been examined in separate lines of research, thereby precluding the recognition of shared principles. Here we argue that several-so far mostly unrelated-biases (e.g., bias blind spot, hostile media bias, egocentric/ethnocentric bias, outcome bias) can be traced back to the combination of a fundamental prior belief and humans' tendency toward belief-consistent information processing. What varies between different biases is essentially the specific belief that guides information processing. More importantly, we propose that different biases even share the same underlying belief and differ only in the specific outcome of information processing that is assessed (i.e., the dependent variable), thus tapping into different manifestations of the same latent information processing. In other words, we propose for discussion a model that suffices to explain several different biases. We thereby suggest a more parsimonious approach compared with current theoretical explanations of these biases. We also generate novel hypotheses that follow directly from the integrative nature of our perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Oeberst
- Department of Media Psychology, University of Hagen
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen
| | - Roland Imhoff
- Department of Social and Legal Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz
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Dietl JE, Derksen C, Keller FM, Lippke S. Interdisciplinary and interprofessional communication intervention: How psychological safety fosters communication and increases patient safety. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1164288. [PMID: 37397302 PMCID: PMC10310961 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1164288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Effective teamwork and communication are imperative for patient safety and quality care. Communication errors and human failures are considered the main source of patient harm. Thus, team trainings focusing on communication and creating psychologically safe environments are required. This can facilitate challenging communication and teamwork scenarios, prevent patient safety risks, and increase team performance perception. The sparse research concerning communication interventions calls for an understanding of psychological mechanisms. Therefore, this study investigated mechanisms of an interpersonal team intervention targeting communication and the relation of psychological safety to patient safety and team performance perception based on the applied input-process-output model of team effectiveness. Methods Before and after a 4-h communication intervention for multidisciplinary teams, a paper-pencil survey with N = 137 healthcare workers from obstetric units of two university hospitals was conducted. Changes after the intervention in perceived communication, patient safety risks, and team performance perception were analyzed via t-tests. To examine psychological mechanisms regarding psychological safety and communication behavior, mediation analyses were conducted. Results On average, perceived patient safety risks were lower after the intervention than before the intervention (MT1 = 3.220, SDT1 = 0.735; MT2 = 2.887, SDT2 = 0.902). This change was statistically significant (t (67) = 2.760, p =.007). However, no such effect was found for interpersonal communication and team performance perception. The results illustrate the mediating role of interpersonal communication between psychological safety and safety performances operationalized as perceived patient safety risks (α1∗β1 = -0.163, 95% CI [-0.310, -0.046]) and team performance perception (α1∗β1 = 0.189, 95% CI [0.044, 0.370]). Discussion This study demonstrates the psychological mechanisms of communication team training to foster safety performances and psychological safety as an important predecessor for interpersonal communication. Our results highlight the importance of teamwork for patient safety. Interpersonal and interprofessional team training represents a novel approach as it empirically brings together interpersonal communication and collaboration in the context of patient safety. Future research should work on follow-up measures in randomized-controlled trials to broaden an understanding of changes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Elisa Dietl
- Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, School of Business, Social and Decision Science, Constructor University, Bremen, Germany
| | - Christina Derksen
- Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, School of Business, Social and Decision Science, Constructor University, Bremen, Germany
| | - Franziska Maria Keller
- Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, School of Business, Social and Decision Science, Constructor University, Bremen, Germany
- Klinikum Bremerhaven Reinkenheide gGmbH, Treatment Center for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Sonia Lippke
- Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, School of Business, Social and Decision Science, Constructor University, Bremen, Germany
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Sun S, Wang Y, Bai X. Outcome Evaluation in Social Comparison: When You Deviate from Others. Brain Sci 2023; 13:925. [PMID: 37371402 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13060925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals often measure their performance through social comparison. With the increase in the deviation degree between the self and others, the outcome evaluation of individuals' abilities in the social comparison context is still unknown. In the current study, we used a two self-outcomes × three others' outcomes within-participant design to investigate the effect of the deviation degree of the self versus others in the social comparison context. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured while participants performed a three-person dot estimation task with two other people. When participants received positive results, the amplitudes of feedback-related negativity (FRN) and P300 showed a significant gradient change in the degree of deviation between the self and others (even win vs. better win vs. best win conditions). However, we did not find a similar progressive effect when participants received negative results (even loss vs. worse loss vs. worst loss conditions). These findings suggest that the deviation degree affects the primary and later processing stages of social comparison outcomes only when individuals received positive outcomes, which may reflect how people develop an empathic response to others. In contrast, people tended to avoid deeper social comparison that threatened their self-esteem when they received negative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinan Sun
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Xuejun Bai
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
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Chadha S, Kleinbaum AM, Wood A. Social networks are shaped by culturally contingent assessments of social competence. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7974. [PMID: 37198298 PMCID: PMC10192412 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34723-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultural outsiders, like immigrants or international students, often struggle to make friends. We propose that one barrier to social connection is not knowing what it means to be socially competent in the host culture. First-year students at a U.S. business school (N = 1328) completed a social network survey and rated their own social competence and that of several peers. International students were rated by peers as less socially competent than U.S. students, especially if they were from nations more culturally dissimilar to the U.S. International students' self-reported competence ratings were uncorrelated with peers' judgments. Social network analysis revealed international students were less central to their peer networks than U.S. students, although this gap was reduced if peers evaluated them as socially competent. Peer-reported competence mediated the effects of international student status on social network centrality. Since learning local norms takes time, we suggest inclusivity will require host communities to define social competence more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareena Chadha
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, 485 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
| | - Adam M Kleinbaum
- Tuck School of Business, Dartmouth College, 100 Tuck Hall, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Adrienne Wood
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, 485 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
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7
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Quantitative research without measurement. Reinterpreting the better-than-average-effect. NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Sun S, Yuan S, Bao X, Zhong H, Liu Y, Bai X. Interpersonal distance modulates outcome evaluation in the social comparison of ability. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-04157-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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9
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Dufhues T, Möllers J, Jantsch A, Buchenrieder G, Camfield L. Don't Look Up! Individual Income Comparisons and Subjective Well-Being of Students in Thailand. JOURNAL OF HAPPINESS STUDIES 2022; 24:477-503. [PMID: 36471765 PMCID: PMC9714402 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-022-00604-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Empirical evidence supports the hypothesis that an individual's position in an income stratum-more than the absolute income level-determines subjective well-being. However, studies on subjective well-being suffer from a critical methodological weakness: they use exogenously defined reference groups. Our study addresses this point by applying an innovative new survey instrument. We ask respondents to identify individual reference persons for income comparisons. We find that these reference persons come from a range of social groups. Interactions between personality traits and the direction of income comparisons lead to different levels of subjective well-being. This highlights the importance of collecting information on personality traits in research on subjective well-being. We conclude that questions about self-defined individual income comparisons can be a valuable and straightforward addition to future surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dufhues
- External Environment for Agriculture and Policy Analysi, Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Transition Economies (IAMO), Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Judith Möllers
- External Environment for Agriculture and Policy Analysi, Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Transition Economies (IAMO), Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Antje Jantsch
- External Environment for Agriculture and Policy Analysi, Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Transition Economies (IAMO), Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gertrud Buchenrieder
- Institute of Sociology and Economics, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Camfield
- School of International Development (DEV), University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Lee H. Reduction of faking with the use of a forced‐choice personality test: Cross‐cultural comparisons between South Korea and the United States. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijsa.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- HyeSun Lee
- Psychology Department California State University Channel Islands Camarillo California USA
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11
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Farley S, Dawson J, Greenaway T, Meade K, Hernández Ibar D. Does International Status Affect Competence Ratings in Newly Formed Multinational Teams? The Role of Psychological Safety Growth and Verbal Behavior. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00220221221115654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
National status has been found to influence how people are perceived in multinational teams. Team members from an international background are often perceived as less competent than those from the local context. Studies mainly focus on language differences to explain this phenomenon, but in this study, we offer a different theoretical explanation. We propose that national status can affect psychological safety and its development within teams, which in turn affects verbal behavior and competence ratings. To test this notion, we examine differences in psychological safety growth, verbal behavior and competence ratings among home country nationals based in the United Kingdom (UK) and international members of newly formed multinational teams. In a sample of 519 team members (101 teams), results showed that internationals, compared to home country nationals, have lower initial psychological safety, as well as slower development in psychological safety over time. Furthermore, the relationship between national status and competence ratings was partially mediated by psychological safety growth and verbal behavior. These results were fully replicated on a separate sample of 538 team members (90 teams) in a second study using an identical research design. However, exploratory analyses indicated that the pattern of findings were not consistent across team members from Africa, Asia, and Europe. The psychological safety of home nationals only started and grew more quickly than that of Asians, while only African and Asian team members spoke less and were rated as less competent. Together these results have implications for managers of newly formed multinational teams.
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12
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Koole SL. The Homeostatic Ego: Self-Enhancement as a Biological Adaptation. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2021.2007701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sander L. Koole
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Fabian M. A psychological-enriched version of Tiberius’ value-fulfillment theory of wellbeing. PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2021.2016678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Legault L, Coleman D, Jurchak K, Scaltsas N. Reducing prejudice by enhancing the other rather than the self. SELF AND IDENTITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2021.1965016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Legault
- Department of Psychology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, United States
| | - Deonna Coleman
- Department of Psychology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, United States
| | - Kayla Jurchak
- Department of Psychology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, United States
| | - Nefeli Scaltsas
- Department of Psychology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, United States
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Kallio Strand K, Bäckström M, Björklund F. Accounting for the evaluative factor in self-ratings provides a more accurate estimate of the relationship between personality traits and well-being. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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16
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Yang Q, van den Bos K, Zhang X, Adams S, Ybarra O. Identity lost and found: Self-concept clarity in social network site contexts. SELF AND IDENTITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2021.1940270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- Department of Psychology, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| | - Kees van den Bos
- Department of Psychology and School of Law, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| | - Savannah Adams
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Oscar Ybarra
- Department of Business Administration, Gies College of Business, University of Illinois, Champaign, USA
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Is Applied Ethics Morally Problematic? JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC ETHICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10805-021-09417-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis paper argues that applied ethics can itself be morally problematic. As illustrated by the case of Peter Singer’s criticism of social practice, morally loaded communication by applied ethicists can lead to protests, backlashes, and aggression. By reviewing the psychological literature on self-image, collective identity, and motivated reasoning three categories of morally problematic consequences of ethical criticism by applied ethicists are identified: serious psychological discomfort, moral backfiring, and hostile conflict. The most worrisome is moral backfiring: psychological research suggests that ethical criticism of people’s central moral convictions can reinforce exactly those attitudes. Therefore, applied ethicists unintentionally can contribute to a consolidation of precisely those social circumstances that they condemn to be unethical. Furthermore, I argue that the normative concerns raised in this paper are not dependent on the commitment to one specific paradigm in moral philosophy. Utilitarianism, Aristotelian virtue ethics, and Rawlsian contractarianism all provide sound reasons to take morally problematic consequences of ethical criticism seriously. Only the case of deontological ethics is less clear-cut. Finally, I point out that the issues raised in this paper provide an excellent opportunity for further interdisciplinary collaboration between applied ethics and social sciences. I also propose strategies for communicating ethics effectively.
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Scherer KR, Brosch T. Culture‐specific appraisal biases contribute to emotion dispositions. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We suggest that cultural factors may encourage the development of affective personality traits or emotional dispositions by producing or rewarding specific appraisal biases. To buttress this argument, we describe a putative mechanism and review the pertinent evidence: (a) an emotion disposition (trait affect) is a risk factor for experiencing certain emotions more readily and/or more frequently, (b) appraisal bias tends to cause certain emotions to be more readily experienced and may thus lead to the emergence of emotion dispositions and even emotional disturbances and (c) cultural goal, belief and value systems may encourage certain types of appraisal bias and may thus provide an explanation for vestiges of culture‐specific modal personality. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus R. Scherer
- Swiss Centre for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Brosch
- Swiss Centre for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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Falk CF, Heine SJ, Yuki M, Takemura K. Why do Westerners self‐enhance more than East Asians? EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Much research finds that Westerners self‐enhance more than East Asians, with the exception of studies using the implicit associations test for self‐esteem (IATSE). We contrasted Japanese and Canadians on a new measure of self‐enhancement under low‐ and high‐attentional load to assess whether cultural differences vary across controlled and automatic processes. Participants also completed measures of relational mobility and the IATSE. Results indicated that Japanese and Asian‐Canadians were more self‐critical than Euro‐Canadians, both under high‐ and low‐attentional load. This cultural difference was partially mediated by relational mobility. The IATSE showed no cultural differences, but this measure did not positively correlate with any of the other measures in the study, suggesting that it is not a valid measure of ‘true’ self‐feelings. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl F. Falk
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Abu-Kaf S, Nakash O, Hayat T, Cohen M. Emotional distress among the Bedouin Arab and Jewish elderly in Israel: The roles of gender, discrimination, and self-esteem. Psychiatry Res 2020; 291:113203. [PMID: 32559671 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mental-health problems are common among older adults, especially those who are members of disadvantaged ethnic minorities. We explored ethnic and gender differences in emotional distress, perceived discrimination, and self-esteem among elderly Bedouin Arab and Jewish individuals in Israel, as well as the moderating role of discrimination in the association between self-esteem and emotional distress among Bedouin Arabs. The sample included 256 older adults (60 years old and above): 147 native-born Israeli Jews and 109 Bedouin Arabs. Participants completed self-report questionnaires that assessed emotional distress, perceived discrimination, self-esteem, and sociodemographic factors. Israeli Jews reported lower levels of emotional distress than Bedouin Arabs. Bedouin Arab women reported more emotional distress than Bedouin Arab men. Among the Bedouin Arabs, gender differences were found in the associations of perceived discrimination and self-esteem with emotional distress. Among the Bedouin men, discrimination and self-esteem were found to be significant predictors of emotional distress. Among the Bedouin women, we found a similar association between self-esteem and emotional distress. However, the protective role of self-esteem disappeared in the context of higher levels of daily discrimination. This study underscores how gender can affect the moderating role of discrimination in the association between self-esteem and emotional distress among the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Abu-Kaf
- Conflict Management & Resolution Program, Department of Interdisciplinary Studies, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel.
| | - Ora Nakash
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center, Herzilya, Israel; School for Social Work, Smith College, Northampton, MA, United States
| | - Tsachi Hayat
- Sami Offer School of Communication, Interdisciplinary Center, Herzilya, Israel
| | - Michal Cohen
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center, Herzilya, Israel
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Templer KJ. Self-enhancement and cross-cultural adjustment: overclaiming in a global mobility context. JOURNAL OF GLOBAL MOBILITY: THE HOME OF EXPATRIATE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1108/jgm-08-2019-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeThis study aimed to test Early and Ang’s (2003) proposition that self-enhancement hinders successful cross-cultural adjustment. The literature on self-enhancement is reviewed, and the overclaiming technique as an unobtrusive measure of self-enhancement is introduced for use in global mobility contexts.Design/methodology/approachUsing the overclaiming technique, an international-cultural overclaiming test was developed. Expatriates in Singapore stated their familiarity with international-cultural knowledge items, with some of them being foil items, and rated their cross-cultural (general, interaction, work) adjustment. Supervisors rated the expatriates on their work adjustment and performance.FindingsOverclaiming was not related to self-rated cross-cultural adjustment. However, overclaiming was negatively related to supervisor rated work adjustment and performance. Additionally, the results showed that international-cultural knowledge accuracy was positively related to self-rated general adjustment and to supervisor rated work adjustment and performance.Research limitations/implicationsThe small sample size with a majority of expatriate teachers from international schools in the sample makes it necessary for the results to be replicated with larger and more varied expatriate samples.Practical implicationsWhile further validation is needed, this research indicates that the overclaiming technique could be a valuable tool for assessing self-enhancement in candidates for expatriate positions in order to gauge potential cross-cultural (mal)adjustment, as perceived by others.Originality/valueThis study was (likely) the first study that has applied the overclaiming technique in a global mobility context. An international-cultural knowledge overclaiming test is provided to academic researchers for future use.
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Stojcic I, Dong X, Ren X. Body Image and Sociocultural Predictors of Body Image Dissatisfaction in Croatian and Chinese Women. Front Psychol 2020; 11:731. [PMID: 32435214 PMCID: PMC7218091 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current paper, two different studies were designed to investigate body image dissatisfaction and perception of the attractive female body in Chinese and Croatian women and men using the correlational and experimental study research approach. Study 1 comprised 266 Chinese (160 women; 106 men) and 261 Croatian participants (161 women; 100 men). Women from both countries were asked to complete the measures of the Contour Rating Scale, SATAQ - 4, Body Area Scale and demographic data, while men were asked to complete the measures of the Contour Rating Scale and demographic data via online surveys. The obtained results indicated that thin internalization predicted body image dissatisfaction in both samples. Besides, while both samples scored relatively high on thin-ideal internalization, Chinese women, who were also in general less satisfied with their body image, had higher scores. Chinese women also scored higher on musculature internalization and felt more pressure from family, friends, and media to conform to standard beauty norms compared to Croatian women. The samples also differed in their perceptions of preferable body size, where Chinese women had a more negative perception of their actual body size. The obtained results furthermore revealed that Chinese men preferred thinner women compared to Croatian men. Moreover, both samples misjudged what their female counterparts found attractive, thinking that women wanted to have even thinner bodies than they actually reported. Similarly, women from both cultures revealed a preference for thinner figures than the ones selected as the most attractive by the opposite sex. Finally, in Study 2, experimental manipulation of thin-ideal was used to examine whether thin priming affected body image dissatisfaction. The obtained results revealed that when primed with thin-ideal women from both countries felt lower satisfaction with their body size. The observed effect was stronger for Chinese participants. Limitations of the current study are discussed in the conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Stojcic
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiawei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Nuzulia S, Why FYP. When the Dark Shines: The Role of Dark Personality Traits in Leadership Role Occupancy and Hiring Decisions in a Collectivistic Culture. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550619893956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two studies investigated the role of the Dark Triad traits (i.e., narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism), conscientiousness, and intelligence on leadership role occupancy and hiring decisions in Indonesian culture, which is a collectivist culture. Study 1 used generalized linear model to examine two groups of participants with (i.e., school principals) and without (i.e., teachers) significant leadership responsibilities by controlling for participant grouping by school. The results indicated that, in comparison with teachers, school principals had significantly higher narcissism and conscientiousness and lower psychopathy and intelligence. In Study 2, video recordings of simulated job interviews of 133 undergraduates were evaluated by 133 professional recruiters. Interviewee narcissism was the only significant positive predictor for hiring decision. Both studies provide consistent evidence that narcissism is a significant positive factor in both leadership role occupancy and hiring decision in a collectivist culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nuzulia
- Department of Psychology, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
- Department of Psychology, University of Hull, United Kingdom
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Fields EC, Weber K, Stillerman B, Delaney-Busch N, Kuperberg GR. Functional MRI reveals evidence of a self-positivity bias in the medial prefrontal cortex during the comprehension of social vignettes. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 14:613-621. [PMID: 31087068 PMCID: PMC6688454 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A large literature in social neuroscience has associated the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) with the processing of self-related information. However, only recently have social neuroscience studies begun to consider the large behavioral literature showing a strong self-positivity bias, and these studies have mostly focused on its correlates during self-related judgments and decision-making. We carried out a functional MRI (fMRI) study to ask whether the mPFC would show effects of the self-positivity bias in a paradigm that probed participants’ self-concept without any requirement of explicit self-judgment. We presented social vignettes that were either self-relevant or non-self-relevant with a neutral, positive or negative outcome described in the second sentence. In previous work using event-related potentials, this paradigm has shown evidence of a self-positivity bias that influences early stages of semantically processing incoming stimuli. In the present fMRI study, we found evidence for this bias within the mPFC: an interaction between self-relevance and valence, with only positive scenarios showing a self vs other effect within the mPFC. We suggest that the mPFC may play a role in maintaining a positively biased self-concept and discuss the implications of these findings for the social neuroscience of the self and the role of the mPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Fields
- Department of Psychiatry and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.,Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.,Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA.,Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Kirsten Weber
- Department of Psychiatry and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.,Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Stillerman
- Department of Psychiatry and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.,Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | | | - Gina R Kuperberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.,Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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Bergquist M. Most People Think They Are More Pro-Environmental than Others: A Demonstration of the Better-than-Average Effect in Perceived Pro-Environmental Behavioral Engagement. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2019.1689364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ditto PH, Clark CJ, Liu BS, Wojcik SP, Chen EE, Grady RH, Celniker JB, Zinger JF. Partisan Bias and Its Discontents. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019; 14:304-316. [PMID: 30836902 DOI: 10.1177/1745691618817753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Baron and Jost (this issue, p. 292) present three critiques of our meta-analysis demonstrating similar levels of partisan bias in liberals and conservatives: (a) that the studies we examined were biased toward finding symmetrical bias among liberals and conservatives, (b) that the studies we examined do not measure partisan bias but rather rational Bayesian updating, and (c) that social psychology is not biased in favor of liberals but rather toward creating false equivalencies. We respond in turn that (a) the included studies covered a wide variety of issues at the core of contemporary political conflict and fairly compared bias by establishing conditions under which both liberals and conservatives would have similar motivations and opportunities to demonstrate bias; (b) we carefully selected studies that were least vulnerable to Bayesian counterexplanation, and most scientists and laypeople consider these studies demonstrations of bias; and (c) there is reason to be vigilant about liberal bias in social psychology, but this does not preclude concerns about other possible biases, all of which threaten good science. We close with recommendations for future research and urge researchers to move beyond broad generalizations of political differences that are insensitive to time and context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Ditto
- 1 Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
| | | | | | - Sean P Wojcik
- 1 Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
| | - Eric E Chen
- 1 Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
| | - Rebecca H Grady
- 1 Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
| | - Jared B Celniker
- 1 Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
| | - Joanne F Zinger
- 1 Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
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Mercier H, Majima Y, Claidière N, Léone J. Obstacles to the spread of unintuitive beliefs. EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES 2019; 1:e10. [PMID: 37588403 PMCID: PMC10427286 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2019.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Many socially significant beliefs are unintuitive, from the harmlessness of GMOs to the efficacy of vaccination, and they are acquired via deference toward individuals who are more confident, more competent or a majority. In the two-step flow model of communication, a first group of individuals acquires some beliefs through deference and then spreads these beliefs more broadly. Ideally, these individuals should be able to explain why they deferred to a given source - to provide arguments from expertise - and others should find these arguments convincing. We test these requirements using a perceptual task with participants from the US and Japan. In Experiment 1, participants were provided with first-hand evidence that they should defer to an expert, leading a majority of participants to adopt the expert's answer. However, when attempting to pass on this answer, only a minority of those participants used arguments from expertise. In Experiment 2, participants receive an argument from expertise describing the expert's competence, instead of witnessing it first-hand. This leads to a significant drop in deference compared with Experiment 1. These experiments highlight significant obstacles to the transmission of unintuitive beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Mercier
- Institut Jean Nicod, Département d’études cognitives, ENS, EHESS, PSL University, CNRS, ParisFrance
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5304, CNRS and Université de Lyon, Bron, France
| | | | - Nicolas Claidière
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LPC UMR 7290, 13331, Marseille, France
| | - Jessica Léone
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5304, CNRS and Université de Lyon, Bron, France
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Gardner DG, Wickramasinghe V, Pierce JL. Values congruence, organization-based self-esteem, and employee responses: Evidence from Sri Lanka. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CROSS CULTURAL MANAGEMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1470595818814053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Expatriate managers are often advised to adapt their leadership styles and organizational cultures to the culture of the country in which they operate. This advice appears to be reasonable, but it has rarely been empirically tested. In this study, we examine the degree to which congruence of organization and individual cultural values affect employees. We collected data from business managers and executives in Sri Lanka, a country that has not been well studied by international management scholars. We hypothesized that personally embraced values that are consistent with broader cultural values would have relationships with self-esteem. Further, because people are also motivated to verify and enhance their levels of self-esteem in culturally consistent ways, we hypothesized that self-esteem at work would mediate relationships of values with prosocial motivation and intent to maintain membership in the organization. We found that culturally consistent, self-transcendence personal values did relate uniquely to organization-based self-esteem (OBSE). In addition, OBSE mediated the relationships between self-transcendence values, and work-based prosocial motivation and intent to stay. Moderated mediation analyses revealed that strong values fit weakened the mediating effect of OBSE on self-transcendence—outcomes and conservation—outcome relationships, contrary to our hypotheses. It appears that the advice to modify organizational culture to fit local culture should be qualified by also recommending that such changes are not conflict with the organization’s existing, successful culture. Our study also sheds some light on the cultural values of Sri Lanka. This is the first study to explicitly examine these relationships within a work context as well as one of few studies to examine personal values in Sri Lanka.
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We Made History: Citizens of 35 Countries Overestimate Their Nation's Role in World History. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Overconfidence is a robust cognitive bias with far-reaching implications, but prior research on cultural differences in overconfidence has been conflicting. We present two studies that measure the three forms of overconfidence across cultures, allowing us to paint a more complete picture of cross-cultural overconfidence than previous studies. In Study 1, we compare overconfidence among participants from cultures traditionally considered individualistic (the US and UK) with participants from cultures traditionally conceptualized as collectivistic (India and China). In Study 2, we employ a new task to compare overconfidence in participants from the US and India. Our first key result is the successful cross-cultural replication, in both studies, of the effect of task difficulty on overestimation and overplacement, which bolsters our faith that our measures operate similarly across cultures. Our second key finding is that, while we find evidence of higher overestimation in our Indian participants, neither overplacement nor overprecision show consistent cross-cultural differences. Taken as a whole, our results suggest that previous findings of increased overconfidence in participants from collectivistic cultures may not be as robust as previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don A. Moore
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, CA, US
| | - Amelia S. Dev
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, CA, US
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31
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Vičar M. Self-confidence, commitment and goal-setting in Czech athletes at different performance levels. ACTA GYMNICA 2018. [DOI: 10.5507/ag.2018.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Ditto PH, Liu BS, Clark CJ, Wojcik SP, Chen EE, Grady RH, Celniker JB, Zinger JF. At Least Bias Is Bipartisan: A Meta-Analytic Comparison of Partisan Bias in Liberals and Conservatives. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2018; 14:273-291. [PMID: 29851554 DOI: 10.1177/1745691617746796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Both liberals and conservatives accuse their political opponents of partisan bias, but is there empirical evidence that one side of the political aisle is indeed more biased than the other? To address this question, we meta-analyzed the results of 51 experimental studies, involving over 18,000 participants, that examined one form of partisan bias-the tendency to evaluate otherwise identical information more favorably when it supports one's political beliefs or allegiances than when it challenges those beliefs or allegiances. Two hypotheses based on previous literature were tested: an asymmetry hypothesis (predicting greater partisan bias in conservatives than in liberals) and a symmetry hypothesis (predicting equal levels of partisan bias in liberals and conservatives). Mean overall partisan bias was robust ( r = .245), and there was strong support for the symmetry hypothesis: Liberals ( r = .235) and conservatives ( r = .255) showed no difference in mean levels of bias across studies. Moderator analyses reveal this pattern to be consistent across a number of different methodological variations and political topics. Implications of the current findings for the ongoing ideological symmetry debate and the role of partisan bias in scientific discourse and political conflict are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Ditto
- 1 Department of Psychology & Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine
| | | | - Cory J Clark
- 3 Department of Psychology, Florida State University
| | - Sean P Wojcik
- 1 Department of Psychology & Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine
| | - Eric E Chen
- 1 Department of Psychology & Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine
| | - Rebecca H Grady
- 1 Department of Psychology & Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine
| | - Jared B Celniker
- 1 Department of Psychology & Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine
| | - Joanne F Zinger
- 1 Department of Psychology & Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine
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Wu S. No Lake Wobegon in Beijing? The impact of culture on the perception of relative ranking. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shali Wu
- Kyunghee University; Seoul South Korea
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Jeon HJ, Wang Q, Burrow AL, Ratner K. Perspectives of future health in self and others: The moderating role of culture. J Health Psychol 2017; 25:703-712. [PMID: 28929826 DOI: 10.1177/1359105317730897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
People tend to perceive themselves more favourably than others, but the degree to which individuals exhibit this bias may be influenced by cultural upbringing. Korean (n = 271) and American (n = 503) participants were asked to evaluate current and future health expectations for themselves and others. Results showed that American participants rated their own future health more positively than others' future health, whereas Korean participants rated their own and others' future health similarly. Given its role in patient health behaviour, implications for creating context-sensitive interventions for future health expectations are discussed.
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Ward AK, Ravlin EC. Building influence as an outsider: A theoretical approach to cross-cultural impression management. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ming Tak Hue
- Department of Special Education and Counselling The Education University of Hong Kong
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Murphy SC, Barlow FK, von Hippel W. A Longitudinal Test of Three Theories of Overconfidence. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550617699252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a longitudinal test of three proposed functions of overconfidence. In a sample of 894 high school boys surveyed across two school years, we examined whether overconfidence in sporting ability and intelligence predicts improved mental health, motivation, and popularity. Both sporting and intelligence overconfidence showed positive cross-sectional associations with mental health outcomes, but there was little evidence that overconfidence predicted improved mental health over time. Some evidence emerged that overconfidence in sporting ability, but not intellectual ability, predicted increased effort, but neither type of overconfidence predicted improvements in ability over time. Finally, sporting but not intellectual overconfidence predicted increased popularity over time. These results suggest that overconfidence is associated with increased social success over time in at least some domains, and contradict the oft-cited possibility that overconfidence leads to increasingly deleterious outcomes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C. Murphy
- Melbourne School of Psychological Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Fiona Kate Barlow
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - William von Hippel
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
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Abstract
Most research into cognitive biases has used Western samples, despite potential East-West socio-cultural differences. One reason is the lack of appropriate measures for non-Westerners. This study is about cross-linguistic equivalence which needs to be established before assessing cross-cultural differences in future research. We developed parallel Mandarin and English measures of interpretation bias and attention bias using back-translation and decentering procedures. We assessed task equivalence by administering both sets of measures to 47 bilingual Mandarin-English speakers. Interpretation bias measurement was similar and reliable across language versions, confirming suitability of the Mandarin versions for future cross-cultural research. By contrast, scores on attention bias tasks did not intercorrelate reliably, suggesting that nonverbal stimuli such as pictures or facial expressions of emotion might present better prospects for cross-cultural comparison. The development of the first set of equivalent measures of interpretation bias in an Eastern language paves the way for future research investigating East-West differences in biased cognition.
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39
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Lee YC. Effects of branded e-stickers on purchase intentions: The perspective of social capital theory. TELEMATICS AND INFORMATICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tele.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Huang Y, Wu Y. Ownership Effect Can Be a Result of Other-Derogation: Evidence from Behavioral and Electrophysiological Studies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166054. [PMID: 27814395 PMCID: PMC5096666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that people overvalue their own objects compared to those owned by others, even when the two objects are virtually identical (i.e., ownership effect). Most researchers seem to consider self-enhancement as the underlying mechanism while neglecting the possible process of other-derogation. Here, we attempted to compare these two perspectives, adopting both implicit and neurocognitive methodologies to overcome social desirability confounds. In Study 1, we found that the ownership effect (measured by Implicit Association Test), was correlated with other-derogation but not with self-enhancement (both measured by the Go/No-Go Association Task). In Study 2, by using the event-related potentials (ERPs) technique, we showed that positive-framed other-owned objects elicited significant evaluative incongruity (i.e. indexed by late positive potentials) compared to negative-framed other-owned objects. In contrast, negative-framed self-owned objects did not evoke significant evaluative incongruity relative to positive-framed self-owned objects. Our research suggests that, in addition to the self-enhancement that has been widely demonstrated, it is also important to keep other-derogation in mind when examining the ownership effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhui Huang
- Department of Marketing and Electronic Business, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yin Wu
- Research Center for Brain Function and Psychological Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences and School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- * E-mail:
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Chung J, Schriber RA, Robins RW. Positive Illusions in the Academic Context: A Longitudinal Study of Academic Self-Enhancement in College. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016; 42:1384-401. [PMID: 27549790 DOI: 10.1177/0146167216662866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the present research, we examined academic self-enhancement in students (N = 264) followed longitudinally through 4 years of college. We used social comparison (i.e., better-than-average ratings) and self-insight (i.e., criterion-based) approaches to assess the degree to which students self-enhanced in their self-perceptions of academic ability, with SAT scores, high school grade point average (GPA), and college GPA used as criterion measures. We also examined ethnic variability in academic self-enhancement. We found that academic self-enhancement (a) increased or decreased over the 4 years of college, depending on its operationalization, (b) tended to be adaptive according to social comparison indices, and (c) demonstrated a trajectory that differed by ethnicity, but ethnicity did not moderate the effect of academic self-enhancement on outcomes. We discuss the implications of the findings for debates about the adaptive value of self-enhancement, the magnitude of cultural differences, and how best to conceptualize and operationalize the construct.
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Johnson JT. Beliefs About the Emotions of Self and Others Among Asian American and Non-Asian American Students. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022107300274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Asian American ( n =103) and non—Asian American college students ( n = 121) estimated their subjective experience and emotional display in 24 hypothetical affect-eliciting situations. Each respondent also made the same estimations for an acquaintance. Both groups overestimated their own subjective experiences relative to those of their acquaintances and also overestimated their own undisplayed affect, suggesting that these basic self—acquaintance differences about emotions transcend cultural heritage. However, Asian Americans estimated that they would experience more socially undesirable affect than non—Asian Americans estimated that they would experience, and Asian Americans also estimated that they would display these less socially desirable emotions more. Asian Americans also scored higher on the Loss of Face Scale and displayed a greater tendency to evaluate their subjective experience from the perspective of another, as assessed by the Social Awareness Inventory. Additional analyses indicated that these measures of individual differences mediated ethnic differences in self-estimations of less socially desirable affect.
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Zhang R, Noels KA, Guan Y, Weng L. Making sense of positive self-evaluations in China: The role of sociocultural change. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Dickinson College, Psychology; Carlisle Pennsylvania USA
| | - Kimberly A. Noels
- Department of Psychology; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Yanjun Guan
- Business School; Durham University; Durham UK
| | - Liping Weng
- Shanghai International Studies University; Shanghai China
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Heine SJ, Hamamura T. In Search of East Asian Self-Enhancement. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2016; 11:4-27. [DOI: 10.1177/1088868306294587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A meta-analysis of published cross-cultural studies of self-enhancement reveals pervasive and pronounced differences between East Asians and Westerners. Across 91 comparisons, the average cross-cultural effect was d = .84. The effect emerged in all 30 methods, except for comparisons of implicit self-esteem. Within cultures, Westerners showed a clear self-serving bias (d = .87), whereas East Asians did not (d = -.01), with Asian Americans falling in between (d = .52). East Asians did self-enhance in the methods that involved comparing themselves to average but were self-critical in other methods. It was hypothesized that this inconsistency could be explained in that these methods are compromised by the “everyone is better than their group’s average effect” (EBTA). Supporting this rationale, studies that were implicated by the EBTA reported significantly larger self-enhancement effect for all cultures compared to other studies. Overall, the evidence converges to show that East Asians do not self-enhance.
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Yamaguchi S, Greenwald AG, Banaji MR, Murakami F, Chen D, Shiomura K, Kobayashi C, Cai H, Krendl A. Apparent Universality of Positive Implicit Self-Esteem. Psychol Sci 2016; 18:498-500. [PMID: 17576261 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Yamaguchi
- Department of Social Psychology, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Lee YC. Determinants of effective SoLoMo advertising from the perspective of social capital. ASLIB J INFORM MANAG 2016. [DOI: 10.1108/ajim-10-2015-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate factors affecting attitudes toward social-local-mobile (SoLoMo) advertising from the perspective of social capital.
Design/methodology/approach
– There were 422 respondents filling out the survey instrument. The research model in this study is tested using SPSS 20 software.
Findings
– The results show that structural, relational, and cognitive dimensions of social capital have impacts on consumer attitudes toward SoLoMo advertising.
Originality/value
– It contributes to the literature by advancing our knowledge about determinants of effective SoLoMo advertising from the perspective of social capital. It also provides constructs that constitute the three dimensions in advertising. The author expands the understanding of the social relations under the context of business to consumer by adding substantial nuances to the understanding of the role of social capital in advertising. Finally, this study provides practical suggestions.
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Abstract
Authors have long noted the human penchant for self-esteem. Experimental research has revealed that this desire for self-esteem has wide-ranging effects on cognition, emotion, and behavior. Terror management theory explains that this desire for self-esteem results from a fundamental need for psychological security, which is engendered by humans' awareness of their own vulnerability and mortality. A large body of evidence has supported this explanation. Specifically, substantial lines of research have shown that self-esteem buffers anxiety and reduces defenses against death and that reminders of mortality increase efforts to defend and bolster self-esteem. Complementary findings have helped clarify the role of culture in self-esteem striving and the ways in which people can vary in their level, stability, and sources of self-esteem. I conclude by briefly considering how this contemporary knowledge regarding the quest for self-esteem informs current events and daily life.
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Heine SJ, Norenzayan A. Toward a Psychological Science for a Cultural Species. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015; 1:251-69. [PMID: 26151632 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Humans are a cultural species, and the study of human psychology benefits from attention to cultural influences. Cultural psychology's contributions to psychological science can largely be divided according to the two different stages of scientific inquiry. Stage 1 research seeks cultural differences and establishes the boundaries of psychological phenomena. Stage 2 research seeks underlying mechanisms of those cultural differences. The literatures regarding these two distinct stages are reviewed, and various methods for conducting Stage 2 research are discussed. The implications of culture-blind and multicultural psychologies for society and intergroup relations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Heine
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ara Norenzayan
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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49
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Sims T, Tsai JL, Jiang D, Wang Y, Fung HH, Zhang X. Wanting to maximize the positive and minimize the negative: implications for mixed affective experience in American and Chinese contexts. J Pers Soc Psychol 2015; 109:292-315. [PMID: 26121525 DOI: 10.1037/a0039276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that European Americans have fewer mixed affective experiences (i.e., are less likely to experience the bad with the good) compared with Chinese. In this article, we argue that these cultural differences are due to "ideal affect," or how people ideally want to feel. Specifically, we predict that people from individualistic cultures want to maximize positive and minimize negative affect more than people from collectivistic cultures, and as a result, they are less likely to actually experience mixed emotions (reflected by a more negative within-person correlation between actual positive and negative affect). We find support for this prediction in 2 experience sampling studies conducted in the United States and China (Studies 1 and 2). In addition, we demonstrate that ideal affect is a distinct construct from dialectical view of the self, which has also been related to mixed affective experience (Study 3). Finally, in Study 4, we demonstrate that experimentally manipulating the desire to maximize the positive and minimize the negative alters participants' actual experience of mixed emotions during a pleasant (but not unpleasant or combined pleasant and unpleasant) TV clip in the United States and Hong Kong. Together, these findings suggest that across cultures, how people want to feel shapes how they actually feel, particularly people's experiences of mixed affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Sims
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University
| | | | - Da Jiang
- Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Yaheng Wang
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University
| | - Helene H Fung
- Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Xiulan Zhang
- Institute of Social Development and Public Policy, Beijing Normal University
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Veale D, Miles S, Bramley S, Muir G, Hodsoll J. Am I normal? A systematic review and construction of nomograms for flaccid and erect penis length and circumference in up to 15,521 men. BJU Int 2015; 115:978-86. [PMID: 25487360 DOI: 10.1111/bju.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review and create nomograms of flaccid and erect penile size measurements. METHODS Study key eligibility criteria: measurement of penis size by a health professional using a standard procedure; a minimum of 50 participants per sample. EXCLUSION CRITERIA samples with a congenital or acquired penile abnormality, previous surgery, complaint of small penis size or erectile dysfunction. Synthesis methods: calculation of a weighted mean and pooled standard deviation (SD) and simulation of 20,000 observations from the normal distribution to generate nomograms of penis size. RESULTS Nomograms for flaccid pendulous [n = 10,704, mean (SD) 9.16 (1.57) cm] and stretched length [n = 14,160, mean (SD) 13.24 (1.89) cm], erect length [n = 692, mean (SD) 13.12 (1.66) cm], flaccid circumference [n = 9407, mean (SD) 9.31 (0.90) cm], and erect circumference [n = 381, mean (SD) 11.66 (1.10) cm] were constructed. Consistent and strongest significant correlation was between flaccid stretched or erect length and height, which ranged from r = 0.2 to 0.6. LIMITATIONS relatively few erect measurements were conducted in a clinical setting and the greatest variability between studies was seen with flaccid stretched length. CONCLUSIONS Penis size nomograms may be useful in clinical and therapeutic settings to counsel men and for academic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Veale
- The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sarah Miles
- The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Sally Bramley
- King's College London Medical School, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gordon Muir
- King's College NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John Hodsoll
- The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
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