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Bright Y, Maas DA, Verheij MM, Paladini MS, Amatdjais-Groenen HI, Molteni R, Riva MA, Martens GJ, Homberg JR. The Natural Protoalkaloid Methyl-2-Amino-3-Methoxybenzoate (MAM) Alleviates Positive as well as Cognitive Symptoms in Rat and Mouse Schizophrenia Models. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:323-338. [PMID: 37475559 PMCID: PMC10788887 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230720122354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of new antipsychotics with pro-cognitive properties and less side effects represents a priority in schizophrenia drug research. In this study, we present for the first time a preclinical exploration of the effects of the promising natural atypical antipsychotic Methyl-2-Amino-3- Methoxybenzoate (MAM), a brain-penetrable protoalkaloid from the seed of the plant Nigella damascena. Using animal models related to hyperdopaminergic activity, namely the pharmacogenetic apomorphine (D2/D1 receptor agonist)-susceptible (APO-SUS) rat model and pharmacologically induced mouse and rat models of schizophrenia, we found that MAM reduced gnawing stereotypy and climbing behaviours induced by dopaminergic agents. This predicts antipsychotic activity. In line, MAM antagonized apomorphine-induced c-Fos and NPAS4 mRNA levels in post-mortem brain nucleus accumbens and dorsolateral striatum of APO-SUS rats. Furthermore, phencyclidine (PCP, an NMDA receptor antagonist) and 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI, a 5HT2A/2C receptor agonist) induced prepulse inhibition deficits, reflecting the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, which were rescued by treatment with MAM and atypical antipsychotics alike. Post-mortem brain immunostaining revealed that MAM blocked the strong activation of both PCP- and DOI-induced c-Fos immunoreactivity in a number of cortical areas. Finally, during a 28-day subchronic treatment regime, MAM did not induce weight gain, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia or hepato- and nephrotoxic effects, side effects known to be induced by atypical antipsychotics. MAM also did not show any cataleptic effects. In conclusion, its brain penetrability, the apparent absence of preclinical side effects, and its ability to antagonize positive and cognitive symptoms associated with schizophrenia make MAM an exciting new antipsychotic drug that deserves clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yami Bright
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dorien A. Maas
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Faculty of Science, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michel M.M. Verheij
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria S. Paladini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Universita’ degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Altos Labs Bay Area Institute of Science, Altos Labs, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | | | - Raffaella Molteni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Universita’ degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco A. Riva
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Universita’ degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gerard J.M. Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Faculty of Science, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith R. Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Guerrin CGJ, Doorduin J, Sommer IE, de Vries EFJ. The dual hit hypothesis of schizophrenia: Evidence from animal models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:1150-1168. [PMID: 34715148 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous psychiatric disorder, which can severely impact social and professional functioning. Epidemiological and clinical studies show that schizophrenia has a multifactorial aetiology comprising genetic and environmental risk factors. Although several risk factors have been identified, it is still not clear how they result in schizophrenia. This knowledge gap, however, can be investigated in animal studies. In this review, we summarise animal studies regarding molecular and cellular mechanisms through which genetic and environmental factors may affect brain development, ultimately causing schizophrenia. Preclinical studies suggest that early environmental risk factors can affect the immune, GABAergic, glutamatergic, or dopaminergic system and thus increase the susceptibility to another risk factor later in life. A second insult, like social isolation, stress, or drug abuse, can further disrupt these systems and the interactions between them, leading to behavioural abnormalities. Surprisingly, first insults like maternal infection and early maternal separation can also have protective effects. Single gene mutations associated with schizophrenia did not have a major impact on the susceptibility to subsequent environmental hits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyprien G J Guerrin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Janine Doorduin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Iris E Sommer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erik F J de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Antioxidant treatment ameliorates prefrontal hypomyelination and cognitive deficits in a rat model of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:1161-1171. [PMID: 33564104 PMCID: PMC8115238 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-00964-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia (SZ) is thought to arise from neurodevelopmental abnormalities that include interneuron hypomyelination in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Here we report that RNA-sequencing of the medial (m)PFC of the APO-SUS rat model with SZ-relevant cognitive inflexibility revealed antioxidant metabolism as the most-enriched differentially expressed pathway. Antioxidant-related gene expression was altered throughout postnatal development and preceded hypomyelination. Furthermore, reduced glutathione levels and increased mitochondria numbers were observed in the mPFC. Strikingly, chronic treatment with the glutathione precursor N-acetylcysteine (NAC) from postnatal days 5-90 restored not only antioxidant-related mRNA expression and mitochondria numbers, but also myelin-related mRNA expression and mPFC-dependent cognitive dysfunction, while blood glutathione levels remained unaffected. The promyelinating effect of NAC was at least partly due to a positive effect on oligodendrocyte lineage progression. Together, our findings highlight that oxidative stress may contribute to cognitive symptoms in the APO-SUS rat model of SZ and encourage antioxidant therapy in early phases of SZ.
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Llano López LH, Melonari P, Olguin M, Fraile MD, Landa AI, Gargiulo PA. Effects of atenolol injected into the nucleus accumbens septi in rats in the elevated plus-maze test. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 31:jbcpp-2020-0003. [PMID: 32598313 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background In previous studies, we have observed that glutamate antagonists injected within the nucleus accumbens septi (NAS) induced an anxiolytic-like effect in the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in rats. In the present study, the effect of Atenolol, a specific Beta Adreno-receptor antagonist in the EPM was studied in male rats bilaterally cannulated NAS. Methods Rats were divided into five groups that received either 1 μL injections of saline or atenolol in different doses (0.75, 1 or 2 μg/1 μL, n=15-16) 15 min before testing. Results Time Spent in the Open Arm was modified by treatment (F=4.563, p=0.006, df 3). This was increased by the lowest dose of atenolol (p<0.05), by the medium doses (p<0.001) and also by the highest dose (p<0.01). Time per Entry was modified by treatment (F=4.54, p=0.06, df 3). This parameter was increased by the lowest dose of atenolol (p<0.01), but not for the medium and higher doses. Conclusions We conclude that Atenolol beta receptor blockade in the accumbens lead to an anxiolytic-like effect related to an increase in the time spent in the open arm and in the time per entry, showing specific behavioral patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis H Llano López
- National Council of Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Laboratory of Neurosciences and Experimental Psychology, Ciudad Universitaria, Parque General San Martin, Mendoza, Argentina.,National University of Cuyo, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Area of Pharmacology, Department of Pathology, Ciudad Universitaria, Parque General San Martin, Mendoza, Argentina.,Servicio de Terapia Intensiva Infantil, Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Humberto Notti, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Pablo Melonari
- National University of Cuyo, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Area of Pharmacology, Department of Pathology, Ciudad Universitaria, Parque General San Martin, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Marisa Olguin
- National Council of Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Laboratory of Neurosciences and Experimental Psychology, Ciudad Universitaria, Parque General San Martin, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Miriam Débora Fraile
- National Council of Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Laboratory of Neurosciences and Experimental Psychology, Ciudad Universitaria, Parque General San Martin, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Adriana I Landa
- National Council of Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Laboratory of Neurosciences and Experimental Psychology, Ciudad Universitaria, Parque General San Martin, Mendoza, Argentina.,National University of Cuyo, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Area of Pharmacology, Department of Pathology, Ciudad Universitaria, Parque General San Martin, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Pascual A Gargiulo
- National Council of Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Laboratory of Neurosciences and Experimental Psychology, Ciudad Universitaria, Parque General San Martin, Mendoza, Argentina.,National University of Cuyo, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Area of Pharmacology, Department of Pathology, Ciudad Universitaria, Parque General San Martin, Mendoza, Argentina
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Interneuron hypomyelination is associated with cognitive inflexibility in a rat model of schizophrenia. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2329. [PMID: 32393757 PMCID: PMC7214427 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16218-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired cognitive functioning is a core feature of schizophrenia, and is hypothesized to be due to myelination as well as interneuron defects during adolescent prefrontal cortex (PFC) development. Here we report that in the apomorphine-susceptible (APO-SUS) rat model, which has schizophrenia-like features, a myelination defect occurred specifically in parvalbumin interneurons. The adult rats displayed medial PFC (mPFC)-dependent cognitive inflexibility, and a reduced number of mature oligodendrocytes and myelinated parvalbumin inhibitory axons in the mPFC. In the developing mPFC, we observed decreased myelin-related gene expression that persisted into adulthood. Environmental enrichment applied during adolescence restored parvalbumin interneuron hypomyelination as well as cognitive inflexibility. Collectively, these findings highlight that impairment of parvalbumin interneuron myelination is related to schizophrenia-relevant cognitive deficits. Dysfunction of GABAergic neurons in the prefrontal cortex has been reported in schizophrenia. Here, the authors use the apomorphine-susceptible rat, which displays some schizophrenia-like behaviors, and show that interneurons in the medial prefrontal cortex are hypomyelinated, which may contribute to this behavioral phenotype.
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Selten MM, Meyer F, Ba W, Vallès A, Maas DA, Negwer M, Eijsink VD, van Vugt RWM, van Hulten JA, van Bakel NHM, Roosen J, van der Linden RJ, Schubert D, Verheij MMM, Kasri NN, Martens GJM. Increased GABA B receptor signaling in a rat model for schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34240. [PMID: 27687783 PMCID: PMC5043235 DOI: 10.1038/srep34240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex disorder that affects cognitive function and has been linked, both in patients and animal models, to dysfunction of the GABAergic system. However, the pathophysiological consequences of this dysfunction are not well understood. Here, we examined the GABAergic system in an animal model displaying schizophrenia-relevant features, the apomorphine-susceptible (APO-SUS) rat and its phenotypic counterpart, the apomorphine-unsusceptible (APO-UNSUS) rat at postnatal day 20-22. We found changes in the expression of the GABA-synthesizing enzyme GAD67 specifically in the prelimbic- but not the infralimbic region of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), indicative of reduced inhibitory function in this region in APO-SUS rats. While we did not observe changes in basal synaptic transmission onto LII/III pyramidal cells in the mPFC of APO-SUS compared to APO-UNSUS rats, we report reduced paired-pulse ratios at longer inter-stimulus intervals. The GABAB receptor antagonist CGP 55845 abolished this reduction, indicating that the decreased paired-pulse ratio was caused by increased GABAB signaling. Consistently, we find an increased expression of the GABAB1 receptor subunit in APO-SUS rats. Our data provide physiological evidence for increased presynaptic GABAB signaling in the mPFC of APO-SUS rats, further supporting an important role for the GABAergic system in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn M. Selten
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Francisca Meyer
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Wei Ba
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Astrid Vallès
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neurosciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Dorien A. Maas
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Moritz Negwer
- Department of Language and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Vivian D. Eijsink
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ruben W. M. van Vugt
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Josephus A. van Hulten
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nick H. M. van Bakel
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Joey Roosen
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Robert J. van der Linden
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Schubert
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Michel M. M. Verheij
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nael Nadif Kasri
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard J. M. Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Accumbal α-adrenoceptors, but not β-adrenoceptors, regulate behaviour that is mediated by reserpine-sensitive storage vesicles. Behav Pharmacol 2015; 26:81-90. [PMID: 25325287 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It has previously been demonstrated that mesolimbic α-adrenoceptors, but not β-adrenoceptors, control the release of dopamine that is derived from reserpine-sensitive storage vesicles. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether these storage vesicles also regulate α-adrenoceptor-mediated or β-adrenoceptor-mediated changes in behaviour. Accordingly, rats were pretreated with reserpine before the α-adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine or the β-adrenoceptor agonist isoproterenol was locally applied to the nucleus accumbens. Both phentolamine and isoproterenol increased the duration of walking, rearing and grooming and decreased the duration of sitting. Reserpine counteracted the behavioural response elicited by phentolamine but not by isoproterenol. The results of the present study demonstrate that mesolimbic α-adrenoceptors, but not β-adrenoceptors, regulate behaviour that is mediated by reserpine-sensitive storage pools. It is hypothesized that the observed α-adrenoceptor-mediated increase in locomotor activity is due to the α-adrenoceptor-mediated increase in the release of accumbal intravesicular dopamine. Our finding that α-adrenoceptors inhibit, whereas β-adrenoceptors stimulate, locomotor activity may help explain why noradrenaline or environmental stressors have previously been found to have opposing effects on the regulation of behaviour.
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Verheij MMM, Veenvliet JV, Groot Kormelink T, Steenhof M, Cools AR. Individual differences in the sensitivity to serotonergic drugs: a pharmacobehavioural approach using rats selected on the basis of their response to novelty. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 205:441-55. [PMID: 19434397 PMCID: PMC2712066 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1552-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The mechanisms underlying individual differences in the response to serotonergic drugs are poorly understood. Rat studies may contribute to our knowledge of the neuronal substrates that underlie these individual differences. OBJECTIVES A pharmacobehavioural study was performed to assess individual differences in the sensitivity to serotonergic drugs in rats that were selected based on their response to a novel environment. METHODS Low responders (LR) and high responders (HR) to novelty rats were tested on the elevated T-maze following systemic injections of increasing doses of various serotonergic agents. The duration of avoidance of the open arms was scored for five trials. RESULTS The duration of avoidance behaviour was larger in saline-treated LR rats compared to saline-treated HR rats. The 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT and the 5-HT2 agonists mCPP and DOI decreased the duration of avoidance behaviour in LR rats, but increased it in HR rats. The 5-HT3 agonist SR57227A and the 5-HT releaser/reuptake inhibitor d-fenfluramine increased the duration of avoidance behaviour in both types of rat. However, higher doses of SR57227A were required to alter avoidance behaviour in HR than in LR rats. The onset of the effects of SR57227A, d-fenfluramine and WAY100635 was faster in LR than in HR rats. The described effects were receptor specific. A model explaining the data is presented. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that LR and HR rats differ in their sensitivity to serotonergic drugs that act at 5-HT3, 5-HT2 and 5-HT1A receptors. The implications of these individual differences for individual-specific treatment of substance abuse are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel M. M. Verheij
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (CNS), Division of Psychoneuropharmacology (PNF), Radboud University (RU) Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, The Netherlands
| | - Jesse V. Veenvliet
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (CNS), Division of Psychoneuropharmacology (PNF), Radboud University (RU) Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Groot Kormelink
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (CNS), Division of Psychoneuropharmacology (PNF), Radboud University (RU) Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike Steenhof
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (CNS), Division of Psychoneuropharmacology (PNF), Radboud University (RU) Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander R. Cools
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (CNS), Division of Psychoneuropharmacology (PNF), Radboud University (RU) Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, The Netherlands
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Gondwe M, Kamadyaapa DR, Tufts M, Chuturgoon AA, Musabayane CT. Sclerocarya birrea [(A. Rich.) Hochst.] [Anacardiaceae] stem-bark ethanolic extract (SBE) modulates blood glucose, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) of STZ-induced diabetic rats. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 15:699-709. [PMID: 18406590 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Studies in our laboratories suggest that Sclerocarya birrea stem-bark ethanolic extract (SBE) has hypoglycemic properties. Accordingly, we investigated the effects of SBE on major complications of diabetes mellitus; blood glucose, renal function and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) in non-diabetic and STZ-induced diabetic rats. Oral glucose tolerance test responses to various SBE doses (60, 120 and 240 mg kg(-1)) were studied in fasted rats following glucose load (0.86 g kg(-1), p.o.). Rats treated with deionized water (3 ml kg(-1) p.o.), or standard hypoglycemic drugs (insulin, 100 microg kg(-1), s.c.; metformin, 500 mg kg(-1), p.o. or glibenclamide, 500 microg kg(-1), p.o) acted as untreated and treated positive controls, respectively. Blood was collected in non-diabetic rats after 45 min of SBE, metformin or glibenclamide for plasma insulin determination. Acute SBE effects on renal function and MAP were studied in anesthetized rats challenged with hypotonic saline after 3.5h equilibration for 4h of 1h control, 1.5h treatment and 1.5h recovery periods. SBE was added to the infusate during the treatment period. Chronic effects were monitored for 5 weeks in animals daily treated with SBE (120 mg kg(-1) p.o.) while hepatic glycogen concentration was measured at the end of the experimental period. SBE exhibited dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose concentration. SBE and metformin did not affect plasma insulin secretion in non-diabetic rats, while glibenclamide increased plasma insulin concentration. The hypoglycemic effect of SBE treatment was associated with increased hepatic glycogen synthesis. Acute SBE administration did not significantly alter kidney function, but chronic SBE treatment for decreased plasma urea and creatinine concentrations of STZ-diabetic rats with concomitant increase in GFR by comparison with control rats at the corresponding period (0.7+/-0.2 vs. 1.4+/-0.3 ml min(-1)). SBE treatment reduced blood pressure in all groups of animals. The observations suggest that SBE has reno- and cardio-protective effects in diabetes mellitus. The current results indicate the basis for SBE use as complementary remedy in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gondwe
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Verheij MMM, Cools AR. Twenty years of dopamine research: individual differences in the response of accumbal dopamine to environmental and pharmacological challenges. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 585:228-44. [PMID: 18423601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.02.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences in the dopaminergic system of the nucleus accumbens of rats have extensively been reported. These individual differences have frequently been used to explain individual differences in response to environmental and pharmacological challenges. Remarkably, only little attention is paid to the factors that underlie these individual differences. This review gives an overview of the studies that have been performed in our institute during the last 20 years to investigate individual differences in accumbal dopamine release. Data are summarised demonstrating that individual differences in accumbal dopamine release are due to individual differences in: the functional reactivity of the noradrenergic system, the accumbal concentration of vesicular monoamine transporters and tyrosine hydroxylase as well as in the quantal size of the presynaptic pools of dopamine. Our data are embedded in the available literature to create a model that illustrates the putative hardware giving rise to the individual-specific release of accumbal dopamine. An important role is contributed to individual differences in the reactivity of the: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes, the reactivity of second messenger systems as well in the aminergic reactivity of the accumbens shell and core. The consequences of the individual-specific make-up and reactivity of the nucleus accumbens on the regulation of behaviour and the response to drugs of abuse will also be discussed. Apart from agents that interact with dopaminergic receptors, re-uptake or breakdown, noradrenergic agents as well as agents that interact with vesicular monoamine transporters or tyrosine hydroxylase are suggested to have therapeutic effects in subjects that are suffering from diseases in which the dopaminergic system is disturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel M M Verheij
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (CNS), Division of Psychoneuropharmacology (PNF), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 EZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Down-regulation of beta1-adrenoceptors gene expression by short interfering RNA impairs the memory retrieval in the basolateral amygdala of rats. Neurosci Lett 2007; 428:77-81. [PMID: 17961922 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 09/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The influence of basolateral amygdala (BLA) on memory is known to depend critically on adrenergic neurotransmission. However, the roles of noradrenergic receptors on memory retrieval have been elusive and controversial. Here, we investigated the effect of beta(1)-adrenoceptor (beta(1)-AR) on auditory fear memory in the rat BLA. We attenuated the expression of beta(1)-AR by RNA interference, a popular means to specific suppress gene expression. Bilaterally microinjection of beta(1)-AR short interfering RNA (siRNA) could reach a satisfying transfection in the BLA: beta(1)-AR protein expression was reduced transiently by siRNA in vivo at day 3. The behavioral tests indicated that memory retrieval was impaired as beta(1)-AR protein expression was prevented, and the memory was restored when the beta(1)-AR protein got back to normal level. The results suggested that beta(1)-AR might be critical for the retrieval of auditory fear memory.
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van der Kooij MA, Glennon JC. Animal models concerning the role of dopamine in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007; 31:597-618. [PMID: 17316796 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 10/22/2006] [Accepted: 12/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been proposed, ranging from administration of neurotoxins to genetically manipulated models. These models are used to gain insight into ADHD as a disorder and assist in the discovery of new therapeutic strategies. However, the information gained from these models differs, depending to a large extent on the validity (or otherwise) of the model. Thus the insights gained from these models with respect to the pathophysiology and aetiology of ADHD remains inconclusive. No animal model resembles the clinical situation of ADHD perfectly but good animal models of ADHD should mimic its characteristics, confirm to an underlying theory of ADHD and ultimately make predictions of future therapies. While the involvement of dopamine (DA) in ADHD has been established, the evaluation of rodent models of ADHD particularly with respect to dopaminergic systems is attempted here. It is concluded that the neonatal 6-hydroxy-dopamine lesioned rat and DA transporter knockout/knockdown mice have the highest degree of validity for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A van der Kooij
- Laboratory for Psychoneuroimmunology & Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584EA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Ikeda H, Moribe S, Sato M, Kotani A, Koshikawa N, Cools AR. Adrenergic receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell differentially modulate dopamine and acetylcholine receptor-mediated turning behaviour. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 554:175-82. [PMID: 17113067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2006] [Revised: 09/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The role of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors in the nucleus accumbens shell in turning behaviour of rats was investigated. Unilateral injections of the alpha-adrenoceptor agonist (phenylephrine; 10 microg) and antagonist (phentolamine; 10 microg) as well as the beta-adrenoceptor agonist (isoprenaline; 1 microg) and antagonist (propranolol; 5 microg) into the nucleus accumbens shell did not produce turning behaviour more than that of control vehicle injection. Unilateral injection of a mixture of dopamine D(1) ((+/-)-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol, SKF 38393; 5 microg) and D(2) (quinpirole; 10 microg) receptor agonists into the nucleus accumbens shell has been found to elicit contraversive pivoting. Such pivoting was dose-dependently inhibited by phenylephrine (5, 10 microg), injected into the nucleus accumbens shell, and the inhibitory effect of phenylephrine (10 microg) was antagonised by phentolamine (10 microg) that per se had no effect on this pivoting. Isoprenaline (0.5, 1 microg) dose-dependently increased the contraversive pivoting induced by the mixture of SKF 38393 (1 microg) and quinpirole (10 microg) injected into the nucleus accumbens shell. The effect of isoprenaline (1 microg) was antagonised by propranolol (5 microg) that per se had no effect on this pivoting. It is concluded that stimulation of accumbal alpha-adrenoceptors inhibits the dopamine-dependent pivoting in contrast to stimulation of accumbal beta-adrenoceptors that facilitates this dopamine-dependent pivoting. Unilateral injection of the acetylcholine receptor agonist carbachol (5 microg) into the nucleus accumbens shell has been found to elicit contraversive circling. Such circling was significantly reduced by accumbal administration of either phenylephrine (10, 20 microg) or phentolamine (5, 10 microg) in a dose-independent manner; moreover, both drugs potentiated, but did not counteract, each other's effects. Carbachol-induced circling was also reduced by propranolol (2.5, 5 microg), but again in an aspecific manner. It is concluded that alpha- and beta-adrenergic agents have an effect on accumbal acetylcholine receptor-mediated circling through a non-adrenergic mechanism. The impact of the present study for putative new treatments of various neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders is discussed.
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MESH Headings
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/pharmacology
- Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/pharmacology
- Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Carbachol/pharmacology
- Cholinergic Agonists/pharmacology
- Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology
- Isoproterenol/pharmacology
- Male
- Nucleus Accumbens/anatomy & histology
- Nucleus Accumbens/drug effects
- Nucleus Accumbens/physiology
- Phentolamine/pharmacology
- Phenylephrine/pharmacology
- Propranolol/pharmacology
- Quinpirole/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Adrenergic/physiology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha/physiology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/physiology
- Receptors, Cholinergic/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine/physiology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ikeda
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
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Buchanan TW, Tranel D, Adolphs R. Impaired memory retrieval correlates with individual differences in cortisol response but not autonomic response. Learn Mem 2006; 13:382-7. [PMID: 16741288 PMCID: PMC1475821 DOI: 10.1101/lm.206306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Stress can enhance or impair memory performance. Both cortisol release and sympathetic nervous system responses have been implicated in these differential effects. Here we investigated how memory retrieval might be affected by stress-induced cortisol release, independently of sympathetic nervous system stress responses. Thirty-two healthy participants (16 women) learned emotionally arousing and neutral words. One hour later, half of the participants underwent a stressor (cold pressor test) and the other half, a control warm water exposure, both followed by a delayed free recall task. The stressed participants were split into those who did (responders, N = 8) and those who did not (nonresponders, N = 6) show a cortisol response. Both responders and nonresponders showed comparable sympathetic nervous system activity (skin conductance level) during the cold pressor. The cortisol responders recalled significantly fewer words compared to nonresponders, and compared to control participants; this effect was most pronounced for moderately arousing words (compared to highly arousing and neutral words). These results suggest that individual differences in cortisol reactivity affect memory retrieval performance, and help to explain the differential effects of stress on memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony W Buchanan
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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Roozendaal B, Hahn EL, Nathan SV, de Quervain DJF, McGaugh JL. Glucocorticoid effects on memory retrieval require concurrent noradrenergic activity in the hippocampus and basolateral amygdala. J Neurosci 2004; 24:8161-9. [PMID: 15371517 PMCID: PMC6729799 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2574-04.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2004] [Revised: 07/26/2004] [Accepted: 07/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous findings indicate that administration of abeta-adrenoceptor antagonist systemically blocks glucocorticoid impairment of memory retrieval. Here, we report that beta-adrenoceptor activation in the hippocampus and the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA) is implicated in the impairing effects of glucocorticoids on memory retrieval. The specific glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonist 11beta,17beta-dihydroxy-6,21-dimethyl-17alpha-pregna-4,6-trien-20yn-3-one (RU 28362) (15 ng) infused into the hippocampus of male Sprague Dawley rats 60 min before water maze retention testing, 24 hr after training, impaired probe trial retention performance, as assessed by quadrant search time and initial latency to cross the platform location. Because we found previously that RU 28362 infused into the hippocampus does not affect water maze acquisition or immediate recall, the findings suggest that the GR agonist-induced retention impairment was attributable to a selective influence on long-term memory retrieval. Likewise, systemic injections of the beta1-adrenoceptor partial agonist xamoterol (3.0 or 10.0 mg/kg, s.c.) 60 min before the probe trial dose-dependently impaired retention performance. The beta-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol (2.0 mg/kg) administered subcutaneously before retention testing did not affect retention performance alone, but blocked the memory retrieval impairment induced by concurrent intrahippocampal infusions of RU 28362. Pretest infusions of the beta1-adrenoceptor antagonist atenolol into either the hippocampus (1.25 microg in 0.5 microl) or the BLA (0.5 microg in 0.2 microl) also prevented the GR agonist-induced memory retrieval impairment. These findings suggest that glucocorticoids impair retrieval of long-term spatial memory by facilitating noradrenergic mechanisms in the hippocampus, and additionally, that norepinephrine-mediated BLA activity is critical in enabling hippocampal glucocorticoid effects on memory retrieval.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Amygdala/drug effects
- Amygdala/physiology
- Androstanols/pharmacology
- Animals
- Atenolol/pharmacology
- Corticosterone/pharmacology
- Corticosterone/physiology
- Emotions
- Escape Reaction/drug effects
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Hippocampus/physiology
- Hormone Antagonists/pharmacology
- Male
- Maze Learning/drug effects
- Maze Learning/physiology
- Mental Recall/drug effects
- Propranolol/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reaction Time/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/physiology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/physiology
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/physiology
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
- Xamoterol/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Benno Roozendaal
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3800, USA.
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Tuinstra T, Cobelens P, Lubbers L, Verheij M, Cools AR. High and low responders to novelty and mesolimbic noradrenaline: effects of noradrenergic agents on radial-maze performance. Behav Neurosci 2002; 116:1084-92. [PMID: 12492307 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.116.6.1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The authors used high and low responders to novelty (HRs and LRs, respectively) to examine the effects of noradrenergic injections into the nucleus accumbens using a special radial-maze task. During the 5 successive test days, solvent-treated HRs acquired this task faster than LRs. Isoproterenol (beta-agonist) combined with phenylephrine (alpha-agonist) improved acquisition in LRs but not in HRs; this effect was counteracted by propranolol (beta-antagonist) and phentolamine (alpha-antagonist). Propranolol combined with phentolamine, as well as phentolamine alone, disrupted acquisition in HRs but not in LRs. Data show that the effects of noradrenergic agents in HRs and LRs are due to differences in acquisition directed by type-specific differences in functional mesolimbic noradrenaline.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tuinstra
- Department of Psychoneuropharmacology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Neurochemical Evidence that Mesolimbic Noradrenaline Directs Mesolimbic Dopamine, Implying that Noradrenaline, like Dopamine, Plays a Key Role in Goal-Directed and Motivational Behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0179-4_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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