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Adraoui FW, Douw L, Martens GJM, Maas DA. Connecting Neurobiological Features with Interregional Dysconnectivity in Social-Cognitive Impairments of Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097680. [PMID: 37175387 PMCID: PMC10177877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a devastating psychiatric disorder affecting about 1% of the world's population. Social-cognitive impairments in SZ prevent positive social interactions and lead to progressive social withdrawal. The neurobiological underpinnings of social-cognitive symptoms remain poorly understood, which hinders the development of novel treatments. At the whole-brain level, an abnormal activation of social brain regions and interregional dysconnectivity within social-cognitive brain networks have been identified as major contributors to these symptoms. At the cellular and subcellular levels, an interplay between oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction is thought to underly SZ pathology. However, it is not clear how these molecular processes are linked with interregional dysconnectivity in the genesis of social-cognitive symptoms. Here, we aim to bridge the gap between macroscale (connectivity analyses) and microscale (molecular and cellular mechanistic) knowledge by proposing impaired myelination and the disinhibition of local microcircuits as possible causative biological pathways leading to dysconnectivity and abnormal activity of the social brain. Furthermore, we recommend electroencephalography as a promising translational technique that can foster pre-clinical drug development and discuss attractive drug targets for the treatment of social-cognitive symptoms in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian W Adraoui
- Biotrial, Preclinical Pharmacology Department, 7-9 rue Jean-Louis Bertrand, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Linda Douw
- Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J M Martens
- Donders Centre for Neuroscience (DCN), Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- NeuroDrug Research Ltd., 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dorien A Maas
- Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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De Kleijn KMA, Zuure WA, Straasheijm KR, Martens MB, Avramut MC, Koning RI, Martens GJM. Human cortical spheroids with a high diversity of innately developing brain cell types. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:50. [PMID: 36959625 PMCID: PMC10035191 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional (3D) human brain spheroids are instrumental to study central nervous system (CNS) development and (dys)function. Yet, in current brain spheroid models the limited variety of cell types hampers an integrated exploration of CNS (disease) mechanisms. METHODS Here we report a 5-month culture protocol that reproducibly generates H9 embryonic stem cell-derived human cortical spheroids (hCSs) with a large cell-type variety. RESULTS We established the presence of not only neuroectoderm-derived neural progenitor populations, mature excitatory and inhibitory neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocyte (precursor) cells, but also mesoderm-derived microglia and endothelial cell populations in the hCSs via RNA-sequencing, qPCR, immunocytochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. Transcriptomic analysis revealed resemblance between the 5-months-old hCSs and dorsal frontal rather than inferior regions of human fetal brains of 19-26 weeks of gestational age. Pro-inflammatory stimulation of the generated hCSs induced a neuroinflammatory response, offering a proof-of-principle of the applicability of the spheroids. CONCLUSIONS Our protocol provides a 3D human brain cell model containing a wide variety of innately developing neuroectoderm- as well as mesoderm-derived cell types, furnishing a versatile platform for comprehensive examination of intercellular CNS communication and neurological disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M A De Kleijn
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- NeuroDrug Research Ltd, 6525ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wieteke A Zuure
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - M Cristina Avramut
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roman I Koning
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J M Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- NeuroDrug Research Ltd, 6525ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Pietersz KL, Pouw S, Klima J, Ellederova Z, Bohuslavova B, Chrastina J, Liscak R, Urgosik D, Starek Z, Crha M, Lewis O, Wooley M, Johnson D, Brouwers CC, Evers M, Motlik J, Martens GJM, Konstantinova PS, Blits B. Transduction profiles in minipig following MRI guided delivery of AAV-5 into thalamic and corona radiata areas. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 365:109382. [PMID: 34637809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a step towards clinical use of AAV-mediated gene therapy, brains of large animals are used to settle delivery parameters as most brain connections, and relative sizes in large animals and primates, are reasonably common. Prior to application in the clinic, approaches that have shown to be successful in rodent models are tested in larger animal species, such as dogs, non-human primates, and in this case, minipigs. NEW METHOD We evaluated alternate delivery routes to target the basal ganglia by injections into the more superficial corona radiata, and, deeper into the brain, the thalamus. Anatomically known connections can be used to predict the expression of the transgene following infusion of AAV5. For optimal control over delivery of the vector with regards to anatomical location in the brain and spread in the tissue, we have used magnetic resonance image-guided convection-enhanced diffusion delivery. RESULTS While the transduction of the cortex was observed, only partial transduction of the basal ganglia was achieved via the corona radiata. Thalamic administration, on the other hand, resulted in widespread transduction from the midbrain to the frontal cortex COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS: Compared to other methods, such as delivery directly to the striatum, thalamic injection may provide an alternative when for instance, injection into the basal ganglia directly is not feasible. CONCLUSIONS The study results suggest that thalamic administration of AAV5 has significant potential for indications where the transduction of specific areas of the brain is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Pietersz
- Department of Research & Development, uniQure Biopharma B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - S Pouw
- Department of Research & Development, uniQure Biopharma B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Klima
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Z Ellederova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - B Bohuslavova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - J Chrastina
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - R Liscak
- Department of Stereotactic Radioneurosurgery, Na Homolce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - D Urgosik
- Department of Stereotactic Radioneurosurgery, Na Homolce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Z Starek
- Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology, St.' Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Crha
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary and Pharmaceutical University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - O Lewis
- Renishaw Neuro Solutions (RNS) ltd, Renishaw plc, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - M Wooley
- Renishaw Neuro Solutions (RNS) ltd, Renishaw plc, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - D Johnson
- Renishaw Neuro Solutions (RNS) ltd, Renishaw plc, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - C C Brouwers
- Department of Research & Development, uniQure Biopharma B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Evers
- Department of Research & Development, uniQure Biopharma B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Motlik
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - G J M Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P S Konstantinova
- Department of Research & Development, uniQure Biopharma B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B Blits
- Department of Research & Development, uniQure Biopharma B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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De Kleijn KMA, Martens GJM. Pharmacological interventions targeting nuclear factor-kappa B signaling in multiple sclerosis. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2023-2025. [PMID: 33642388 PMCID: PMC8343297 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.308088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kim M. A. De Kleijn
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- NeuroDrug Research Ltd, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J. M. Martens
- NeuroDrug Research Ltd, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
A major challenge in the field of the biogenic amine histamine is the search for new-generation histamine receptor specific drugs. Daniel Bovet and Sir James Black received their Nobel Prizes for Medicine for their work on histamine-1 receptor (H1R) and H2R antagonists to treat allergies and gastrointestinal disorders. The first H3R-targeting drug to reach the market was approved for the treatment of the neurological disorder narcolepsy in 2018. The antagonists for the most recently identified histamine receptor, H4R, are currently under clinical evaluation for their potential therapeutic effects on inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis and pruritus. In this chapter, we propose that H4R antagonists are endowed with prominent anti-inflammatory and immune effects, including in the brain. To substantiate this proposition, we combine data from transcriptional analyses of postmortem human neurodegenerative disease brain samples, human genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and translational animal model studies. The results prompt us to suggest the potential involvement of the H4R in various neurodegenerative diseases and how manipulating the H4R may create new therapeutic opportunities in central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Shan
- Department of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Gerard J M Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, GA, The Netherlands
| | - Dick F Swaab
- Department of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Pietersz KL, Plessis FD, Pouw SM, Liefhebber JM, van Deventer SJ, Martens GJM, Konstantinova PS, Blits B. PhP.B Enhanced Adeno-Associated Virus Mediated-Expression Following Systemic Delivery or Direct Brain Administration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:679483. [PMID: 34414171 PMCID: PMC8370029 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.679483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Of the adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), AAV9 is known for its capability to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and can, therefore, be used as a noninvasive method to target the central nervous system. Furthermore, the addition of the peptide PhP.B to AAV9 increases its transduction across the BBB by 40-fold. Another neurotropic serotype, AAV5, has been shown as a gene therapeutic delivery vehicle to ameliorate several neurodegenerative diseases in preclinical models, but its administration requires invasive surgery. In this study, AAV9-PhP.B and AAV5-PhP.B were designed and produced in an insect cell–based system. To AAV9, the PhP.B peptide TLAVPFK was added, whereas in AAV5-PhP.B (AQTLAVPFKAQAQ), with AQ-AQAQ sequences used to swap with the corresponding sequence of AAV5. The addition of PhP.B to AAV5 did not affect its capacity to cross the mouse BBB, while increased transduction of liver tissue was observed. Then, intravenous (IV) and intrastriatal (IStr) delivery of AAV9-PhP.B and AAV5 were compared. For AAV9-PhP.B, similar transduction and expression levels were achieved in the striatum and cortex, irrespective of the delivery method used. IStr administration of AAV5 resulted in significantly higher amounts of vector DNA and therapeutic miRNA in the target regions such as striatum and cortex when compared with an IV administration of AAV9-PhP.B. These results illustrate the challenge in developing a vector that can be delivered noninvasively while achieving a transduction level similar to that of direct administration of AAV5. Thus, for therapeutic miRNA delivery with high local expression requirements, intraparenchymal delivery of AAV5 is preferred, whereas a humanized AAV9-PhP.B may be useful when widespread brain (and peripheral) transduction is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Pietersz
- Department of Research & Development, uniQure Biopharma B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Centre for Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Francois Du Plessis
- Department of Research & Development, uniQure Biopharma B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stephan M Pouw
- Department of Research & Development, uniQure Biopharma B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M Liefhebber
- Department of Research & Development, uniQure Biopharma B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander J van Deventer
- Department of Research & Development, uniQure Biopharma B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Gerard J M Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Centre for Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Bas Blits
- Department of Research & Development, uniQure Biopharma B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands
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7
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Maas DA, Martens MB, Priovoulos N, Zuure WA, Homberg JR, Nait-Oumesmar B, Martens GJM. Key role for lipids in cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:399. [PMID: 33184259 PMCID: PMC7665187 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a psychiatric disorder with a convoluted etiology that includes cognitive symptoms, which arise from among others a dysfunctional dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). In our search for the molecular underpinnings of the cognitive deficits in SZ, we here performed RNA sequencing of gray matter from the dlPFC of SZ patients and controls. We found that the differentially expressed RNAs were enriched for mRNAs involved in the Liver X Receptor/Retinoid X Receptor (LXR/RXR) lipid metabolism pathway. Components of the LXR/RXR pathway were upregulated in gray matter but not in white matter of SZ dlPFC. Intriguingly, an analysis for shared genetic etiology, using two SZ genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and GWAS data for 514 metabolites, revealed genetic overlap between SZ and acylcarnitines, VLDL lipids, and fatty acid metabolites, which are all linked to the LXR/RXR signaling pathway. Furthermore, analysis of structural T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in combination with cognitive behavioral data showed that the lipid content of dlPFC gray matter is lower in SZ patients than in controls and correlates with a tendency towards reduced accuracy in the dlPFC-dependent task-switching test. We conclude that aberrations in LXR/RXR-regulated lipid metabolism lead to a decreased lipid content in SZ dlPFC that correlates with reduced cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien A. Maas
- grid.5590.90000000122931605Faculty of Science, Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute – ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France ,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marijn B. Martens
- NeuroDrug Research Ltd, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nikos Priovoulos
- grid.458380.20000 0004 0368 8664Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging, Meibergdreef 75, Amsterdam-Zuidoost, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wieteke A. Zuure
- grid.5590.90000000122931605Faculty of Science, Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith R. Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Brahim Nait-Oumesmar
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute – ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Gerard J. M. Martens
- grid.5590.90000000122931605Faculty of Science, Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,NeuroDrug Research Ltd, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Baekelandt V, Lobbestael E, Xicoy H, Martens GJM. Editorial: The Role of Lipids in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:250. [PMID: 32265647 PMCID: PMC7105851 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evy Lobbestael
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Helena Xicoy
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gerard J M Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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9
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Sampaio-Baptista C, Vallès A, Khrapitchev AA, Akkermans G, Winkler AM, Foxley S, Sibson NR, Roberts M, Miller K, Diamond ME, Martens GJM, De Weerd P, Johansen-Berg H. White matter structure and myelin-related gene expression alterations with experience in adult rats. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 187:101770. [PMID: 32001310 PMCID: PMC7086231 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
White matter (WM) plasticity during adulthood is a recently described phenomenon by which experience can shape brain structure. It has been observed in humans using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and myelination has been suggested as a possible mechanism. Here, we set out to identify molecular and cellular changes associated with WM plasticity measured by DTI. We combined DTI, immunohistochemistry and mRNA expression analysis and examined the effects of somatosensory experience in adult rats. First, we observed experience-induced DTI differences in WM and in grey matter structure. C-Fos mRNA expression, a marker of cortical activity, in the barrel cortex correlated with the MRI WM metrics, indicating that molecular correlates of cortical activity relate to macroscale measures of WM structure. Analysis of myelin-related genes revealed higher myelin basic protein (MBP) mRNA expression. Higher MBP protein expression was also found via immunohistochemistry in WM. Finally, unbiased RNA sequencing analysis identified 134 differentially expressed genes encoding proteins involved in functions related to cell proliferation and differentiation, regulation of myelination and neuronal activity modulation. In conclusion, macroscale measures of WM plasticity are supported by both molecular and cellular evidence and confirm that myelination is one of the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Sampaio-Baptista
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Astrid Vallès
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurocognition, Faculty of Psychology and Neurosciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre A Khrapitchev
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Guus Akkermans
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anderson M Winkler
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Sean Foxley
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Nicola R Sibson
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Mark Roberts
- Department of Neurocognition, Faculty of Psychology and Neurosciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Karla Miller
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Mathew E Diamond
- Tactile Perception and Learning Lab, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Gerard J M Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter De Weerd
- Department of Neurocognition, Faculty of Psychology and Neurosciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Heidi Johansen-Berg
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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Xicoy H, Brouwers JF, Kalnytska O, Wieringa B, Martens GJM. Lipid Analysis of the 6-Hydroxydopamine-Treated SH-SY5Y Cell Model for Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:848-859. [PMID: 31493240 PMCID: PMC7031185 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01733-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a highly prevalent neurodegenerative disease for which no disease-modifying treatments are available, mainly because knowledge about its pathogenic mechanism is still incomplete. Recently, a key role for lipids emerged, but lipid profiling of brain samples from human subjects is demanding. Here, we used an unbiased approach, lipidomics, to determine PD-linked changes in the lipid profile of a well-established cell model for PD, the catecholaminergic neuronal cell line SH-SY5Y treated with the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). We observed changes in multiple lipid classes, including phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), sphingomyelin (SM), and total cholesterol, in 6-OHDA-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, we found differences in the length and degree of unsaturation of the fatty acyl chains, indicating changes in their metabolism. Except for the observed decreased PS levels, the alterations in PC, PG, PI, and cholesterol levels are in agreement with the results of previous studies on PD-patient material. Opposite to what has been previously described, the cholesterol-lowering drug statins did not have a protective effect, while low doses of cholesterol supplementation partially protected SH-SY5Y cells from 6-OHDA toxicity. However, cholesterol supplementation triggered neuronal differentiation, which could have confounded the results of cholesterol modulation. Taken together, our results show that 6-OHDA-treated SH-SY5Y cells display many lipid changes also found in PD patient and animal model brains, although the SH-SY5Y cell model seems less suitable to study the involvement of cholesterol in PD initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Xicoy
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos F. Brouwers
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Lipidomics Facility, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Oleksandra Kalnytska
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bé Wieringa
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J. M. Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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11
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De Kleijn KMA, Zuure WA, Peijnenborg J, Heuvelmans JM, Martens GJM. Reappraisal of Human HOG and MO3.13 Cell Lines as a Model to Study Oligodendrocyte Functioning. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091096. [PMID: 31533280 PMCID: PMC6769895 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelination of neuronal axons is essential for proper brain functioning and requires mature myelinating oligodendrocytes (myOLs). The human OL cell lines HOG and MO3.13 have been widely used as in vitro models to study OL (dys) functioning. Here we applied a number of protocols aimed at differentiating HOG and MO3.13 cells into myOLs. However, none of the differentiation protocols led to increased expression of terminal OL differentiation or myelin-sheath formation markers. Surprisingly, the applied protocols did cause changes in the expression of markers for early OLs, neurons, astrocytes and Schwann cells. Furthermore, we noticed that mRNA expression levels in HOG and MO3.13 cells may be affected by the density of the cultured cells. Finally, HOG and MO3.13 co-cultured with human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells did not show myelin formation under several pro-OL-differentiation and pro-myelinating conditions. Together, our results illustrate the difficulty of inducing maturation of HOG and MO3.13 cells into myOLs, implying that these oligodendrocytic cell lines may not represent an appropriate model to study the (dys)functioning of human (my)OLs and OL-linked disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M A De Kleijn
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- NeuroDrug Research, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wieteke A Zuure
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jolien Peijnenborg
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Josje M Heuvelmans
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Gerard J M Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- NeuroDrug Research, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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12
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Klemann CJHM, Xicoy H, Poelmans G, Bloem BR, Martens GJM, Visser JE. Physical Exercise Modulates L-DOPA-Regulated Molecular Pathways in the MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:5639-5657. [PMID: 29019056 PMCID: PMC5994219 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0775-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), resulting in motor and non-motor dysfunction. Physical exercise improves these symptoms in PD patients. To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of physical exercise, we exposed 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine (MPTP)-treated mice to a four-week physical exercise regimen, and subsequently explored their motor performance and the transcriptome of multiple PD-linked brain areas. MPTP reduced the number of DA neurons in the SNpc, whereas physical exercise improved beam walking, rotarod performance, and motor behavior in the open field. Further, enrichment analyses of the RNA-sequencing data revealed that in the MPTP-treated mice physical exercise predominantly modulated signaling cascades that are regulated by the top upstream regulators L-DOPA, RICTOR, CREB1, or bicuculline/dalfampridine, associated with movement disorders, mitochondrial dysfunction, and epilepsy-related processes. To elucidate the molecular pathways underlying these cascades, we integrated the proteins encoded by the exercise-induced differentially expressed mRNAs for each of the upstream regulators into a molecular landscape, for multiple key brain areas. Most notable was the opposite effect of physical exercise compared to previously reported effects of L-DOPA on the expression of mRNAs in the SN and the ventromedial striatum that are involved in-among other processes-circadian rhythm and signaling involving DA, neuropeptides, and endocannabinoids. Altogether, our findings suggest that physical exercise can improve motor function in PD and may, at the same time, counteract L-DOPA-mediated molecular mechanisms. Further, we hypothesize that physical exercise has the potential to improve non-motor symptoms of PD, some of which may be the result of (chronic) L-DOPA use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius J H M Klemann
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Helena Xicoy
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Poelmans
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas R Bloem
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J M Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper E Visser
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands.
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13
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Garcia LP, Witteveen JS, Middelman A, van Hulten JA, Martens GJM, Homberg JR, Kolk SM. Perturbed Developmental Serotonin Signaling Affects Prefrontal Catecholaminergic Innervation and Cortical Integrity. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:1405-1420. [PMID: 29948943 PMCID: PMC6400880 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Proper development of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), crucial for correct cognitive functioning, requires projections from, among others, the serotonergic (5-HT) and catecholaminergic systems, but it is unclear how these systems influence each other during development. Here, we describe the parallel development of the 5-HT and catecholaminergic prefrontal projection systems in rat and demonstrate a close engagement of both systems in the proximity of Cajal-Retzius cells. We further show that in the absence of the 5-HT transporter (5-HTT), not only the developing 5-HT but also the catecholaminergic system, including their projections towards the mPFC, are affected. In addition, the layer identity of the mPFC neurons and reelin-positive interneuron number and integration are altered in the absence of the 5-HTT. Together, our data demonstrate a functional interplay between the developing mPFC 5-HT and catecholaminergic systems, and call for a holistic approach in studying neurotransmitter systems-specific developmental consequences for adult behavior, to eventually allow the design of better treatment strategies for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiane P Garcia
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Josefine S Witteveen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anthonieke Middelman
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Josephus A van Hulten
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J M Martens
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith R Homberg
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sharon M Kolk
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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14
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Klemann CJHM, Martens GJM, Sharma M, Martens MB, Isacson O, Gasser T, Visser JE, Poelmans G. Integrated molecular landscape of Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2017. [PMID: 28649614 PMCID: PMC5460267 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-017-0015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is caused by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Although a number of independent molecular pathways and processes have been associated with familial Parkinson’s disease, a common mechanism underlying especially sporadic Parkinson’s disease is still largely unknown. In order to gain further insight into the etiology of Parkinson’s disease, we here conducted genetic network and literature analyses to integrate the top-ranked findings from thirteen published genome-wide association studies of Parkinson’s disease (involving 13.094 cases and 47.148 controls) and other genes implicated in (familial) Parkinson’s disease, into a molecular interaction landscape. The molecular Parkinson’s disease landscape harbors four main biological processes—oxidative stress response, endosomal-lysosomal functioning, endoplasmic reticulum stress response, and immune response activation—that interact with each other and regulate dopaminergic neuron function and death, the pathological hallmark of Parkinson’s disease. Interestingly, lipids and lipoproteins are functionally involved in and influenced by all these processes, and affect dopaminergic neuron-specific signaling cascades. Furthermore, we validate the Parkinson’s disease -lipid relationship by genome-wide association studies data-based polygenic risk score analyses that indicate a shared genetic risk between lipid/lipoprotein traits and Parkinson’s disease. Taken together, our findings provide novel insights into the molecular pathways underlying the etiology of (sporadic) Parkinson’s disease and highlight a key role for lipids and lipoproteins in Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis, providing important clues for the development of disease-modifying treatments of Parkinson’s disease. Lipids and lipoproteins play a central role in four key biological processes underlying Parkinson’s disease (PD). Using bioinformatics and other extensive analyses of previously published data, Geert Poelmans, Cornelius Klemann and colleagues in The Netherlands, Germany and the USA have mapped the interactions of proteins that are encoded by genes associated with both familial and sporadic forms of PD. They identify the oxidative stress response, lysosomal function, endoplasmic reticulum stress response and immune response activation as the main mechanisms leading to the death of dopaminergic neurons. Lipid signaling is implicated in all four of these processes and the authors find a link between the levels of particular lipids and lipoproteins and the risk of PD. These findings suggest that compounds that regulate lipid or lipoprotein levels offer a potential new treatment strategy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J H M Klemann
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - G J M Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Sharma
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M B Martens
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - O Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA USA
| | - T Gasser
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - J E Visser
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - G Poelmans
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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15
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Klemann CJHM, Visser JE, Van Den Bosch L, Martens GJM, Poelmans G. Integrated molecular landscape of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis provides insights into disease etiology. Brain Pathol 2017; 28:203-211. [PMID: 28035716 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a severe, progressive and ultimately fatal motor neuron disease caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, but its underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. To gain insight into the etiology of ALS, we here conducted genetic network and literature analyses of the top-ranked findings from six genome-wide association studies of sporadic ALS (involving 3589 cases and 8577 controls) as well as genes implicated in ALS etiology through other evidence, including familial ALS candidate gene association studies. We integrated these findings into a molecular landscape of ALS that allowed the identification of three main processes that interact with each other and are crucial to maintain axonal functionality, especially of the long axons of motor neurons, i.e. (1) Rho-GTPase signaling; (2) signaling involving the three regulatory molecules estradiol, folate, and methionine; and (3) ribonucleoprotein granule functioning and axonal transport. Interestingly, estradiol signaling is functionally involved in all three cascades and as such an important mediator of the molecular ALS landscape. Furthermore, epidemiological findings together with an analysis of possible gender effects in our own cohort of sporadic ALS patients indicated that estradiol may be a protective factor, especially for bulbar-onset ALS. Taken together, our molecular landscape of ALS suggests that abnormalities within three interconnected molecular processes involved in the functioning and maintenance of motor neuron axons are important in the etiology of ALS. Moreover, estradiol appears to be an important modulator of the ALS landscape, providing important clues for the development of novel disease-modifying treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J H M Klemann
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J E Visser
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - L Van Den Bosch
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Experimental Neurology, KU Leuven and VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G J M Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - G Poelmans
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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16
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Olde Loohuis NFM, Nadif Kasri N, Glennon JC, van Bokhoven H, Hébert SS, Kaplan BB, Martens GJM, Aschrafi A. The schizophrenia risk gene MIR137 acts as a hippocampal gene network node orchestrating the expression of genes relevant to nervous system development and function. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 73:109-118. [PMID: 26925706 PMCID: PMC5002268 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are small regulatory molecules, which orchestrate neuronal development and plasticity through modulation of complex gene networks. MicroRNA-137 (miR-137) is a brain-enriched RNA with a critical role in regulating brain development and in mediating synaptic plasticity. Importantly, mutations in this miR are associated with the pathoetiology of schizophrenia (SZ), and there is a widespread assumption that disruptions in miR-137 expression lead to aberrant expression of gene regulatory networks associated with SZ. To systematically identify the mRNA targets for this miR, we performed miR-137 gain- and loss-of-function experiments in primary rat hippocampal neurons and profiled differentially expressed mRNAs through next-generation sequencing. We identified 500 genes that were bidirectionally activated or repressed in their expression by the modulation of miR-137 levels. Gene ontology analysis using two independent software resources suggested functions for these miR-137-regulated genes in neurodevelopmental processes, neuronal maturation processes and cell maintenance, all of which known to be critical for proper brain circuitry formation. Since many of the putative miR-137 targets identified here also have been previously shown to be associated with SZ, we propose that this miR acts as a critical gene network hub contributing to the pathophysiology of this neurodevelopmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikkie F M Olde Loohuis
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nael Nadif Kasri
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey C Glennon
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sébastien S Hébert
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, QC G1V4G2, Canada; Département de psychiatrie et neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Barry B Kaplan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gerard J M Martens
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Armaz Aschrafi
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a devastating and highly prevalent neurodegenerative disease for which only symptomatic treatment is available. In order to develop a truly effective disease-modifying therapy, improvement of our current understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying PD pathogenesis and progression is crucial. For this purpose, standardization of research protocols and disease models is necessary. As human dopaminergic neurons, the cells mainly affected in PD, are difficult to obtain and maintain as primary cells, current PD research is mostly performed with permanently established neuronal cell models, in particular the neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y lineage. This cell line is frequently chosen because of its human origin, catecholaminergic (though not strictly dopaminergic) neuronal properties, and ease of maintenance. However, there is no consensus on many fundamental aspects that are associated with its use, such as the effects of culture media composition and of variations in differentiation protocols. Here we present the outcome of a systematic review of scientific articles that have used SH-SY5Y cells to explore PD. We describe the cell source, culture conditions, differentiation protocols, methods/approaches used to mimic PD and the preclinical validation of the SH-SY5Y findings by employing alternative cellular and animal models. Thus, this overview may help to standardize the use of the SH-SY5Y cell line in PD research and serve as a future user’s guide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Xicoy
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bé Wieringa
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J M Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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18
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Selten MM, Meyer F, Ba W, Vallès A, Maas DA, Negwer M, Eijsink VD, van Vugt RWM, van Hulten JA, van Bakel NHM, Roosen J, van der Linden RJ, Schubert D, Verheij MMM, Kasri NN, Martens GJM. Increased GABA B receptor signaling in a rat model for schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34240. [PMID: 27687783 PMCID: PMC5043235 DOI: 10.1038/srep34240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex disorder that affects cognitive function and has been linked, both in patients and animal models, to dysfunction of the GABAergic system. However, the pathophysiological consequences of this dysfunction are not well understood. Here, we examined the GABAergic system in an animal model displaying schizophrenia-relevant features, the apomorphine-susceptible (APO-SUS) rat and its phenotypic counterpart, the apomorphine-unsusceptible (APO-UNSUS) rat at postnatal day 20-22. We found changes in the expression of the GABA-synthesizing enzyme GAD67 specifically in the prelimbic- but not the infralimbic region of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), indicative of reduced inhibitory function in this region in APO-SUS rats. While we did not observe changes in basal synaptic transmission onto LII/III pyramidal cells in the mPFC of APO-SUS compared to APO-UNSUS rats, we report reduced paired-pulse ratios at longer inter-stimulus intervals. The GABAB receptor antagonist CGP 55845 abolished this reduction, indicating that the decreased paired-pulse ratio was caused by increased GABAB signaling. Consistently, we find an increased expression of the GABAB1 receptor subunit in APO-SUS rats. Our data provide physiological evidence for increased presynaptic GABAB signaling in the mPFC of APO-SUS rats, further supporting an important role for the GABAergic system in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn M. Selten
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Francisca Meyer
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Wei Ba
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Astrid Vallès
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neurosciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Dorien A. Maas
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Moritz Negwer
- Department of Language and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Vivian D. Eijsink
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ruben W. M. van Vugt
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Josephus A. van Hulten
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nick H. M. van Bakel
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Joey Roosen
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Robert J. van der Linden
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Schubert
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Michel M. M. Verheij
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nael Nadif Kasri
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard J. M. Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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19
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Witteveen JS, Willemsen MH, Dombroski TCD, van Bakel NHM, Nillesen WM, van Hulten JA, Jansen EJR, Verkaik D, Veenstra-Knol HE, van Ravenswaaij-Arts CMA, Wassink-Ruiter JSK, Vincent M, David A, Le Caignec C, Schieving J, Gilissen C, Foulds N, Rump P, Strom T, Cremer K, Zink AM, Engels H, de Munnik SA, Visser JE, Brunner HG, Martens GJM, Pfundt R, Kleefstra T, Kolk SM. Haploinsufficiency of MeCP2-interacting transcriptional co-repressor SIN3A causes mild intellectual disability by affecting the development of cortical integrity. Nat Genet 2016; 48:877-87. [PMID: 27399968 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Numerous genes are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders such as intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but their dysfunction is often poorly characterized. Here we identified dominant mutations in the gene encoding the transcriptional repressor and MeCP2 interactor switch-insensitive 3 family member A (SIN3A; chromosome 15q24.2) in individuals who, in addition to mild intellectual disability and ASD, share striking features, including facial dysmorphisms, microcephaly and short stature. This phenotype is highly related to that of individuals with atypical 15q24 microdeletions, linking SIN3A to this microdeletion syndrome. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed subtle abnormalities, including corpus callosum hypoplasia and ventriculomegaly. Intriguingly, in vivo functional knockdown of Sin3a led to reduced cortical neurogenesis, altered neuronal identity and aberrant corticocortical projections in the developing mouse brain. Together, our data establish that haploinsufficiency of SIN3A is associated with mild syndromic intellectual disability and that SIN3A can be considered to be a key transcriptional regulator of cortical brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine S Witteveen
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein H Willemsen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Thaís C D Dombroski
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nick H M van Bakel
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Willy M Nillesen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Josephus A van Hulten
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eric J R Jansen
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dave Verkaik
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hermine E Veenstra-Knol
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marie Vincent
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France
| | - Albert David
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France
| | - Cedric Le Caignec
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France.,Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM UMRS 957, Nantes, France
| | - Jolanda Schieving
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Gilissen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nicola Foulds
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Services, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK.,Department of Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Patrick Rump
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tim Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Kirsten Cremer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Hartmut Engels
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sonja A de Munnik
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jasper E Visser
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital Breda, Berda, the Netherlands
| | - Han G Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard J M Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rolph Pfundt
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tjitske Kleefstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sharon M Kolk
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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20
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Jansen EJR, Timal S, Ryan M, Ashikov A, van Scherpenzeel M, Graham LA, Mandel H, Hoischen A, Iancu TC, Raymond K, Steenbergen G, Gilissen C, Huijben K, van Bakel NHM, Maeda Y, Rodenburg RJ, Adamowicz M, Crushell E, Koenen H, Adams D, Vodopiutz J, Greber-Platzer S, Müller T, Dueckers G, Morava E, Sykut-Cegielska J, Martens GJM, Wevers RA, Niehues T, Huynen MA, Veltman JA, Stevens TH, Lefeber DJ. ATP6AP1 deficiency causes an immunodeficiency with hepatopathy, cognitive impairment and abnormal protein glycosylation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11600. [PMID: 27231034 PMCID: PMC4894975 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The V-ATPase is the main regulator of intra-organellar acidification. Assembly of this complex has extensively been studied in yeast, while limited knowledge exists for man. We identified 11 male patients with hemizygous missense mutations in ATP6AP1, encoding accessory protein Ac45 of the V-ATPase. Homology detection at the level of sequence profiles indicated Ac45 as the long-sought human homologue of yeast V-ATPase assembly factor Voa1. Processed wild-type Ac45, but not its disease mutants, restored V-ATPase-dependent growth in Voa1 mutant yeast. Patients display an immunodeficiency phenotype associated with hypogammaglobulinemia, hepatopathy and a spectrum of neurocognitive abnormalities. Ac45 in human brain is present as the common, processed ∼40-kDa form, while liver shows a 62-kDa intact protein, and B-cells a 50-kDa isoform. Our work unmasks Ac45 as the functional ortholog of yeast V-ATPase assembly factor Voa1 and reveals a novel link of tissue-specific V-ATPase assembly with immunoglobulin production and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. R. Jansen
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sharita Timal
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Margret Ryan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Angel Ashikov
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Monique van Scherpenzeel
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laurie A. Graham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Hanna Mandel
- Metabolic Unit, Rambam Health Care Center, Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion, 3109601 Haifa, Israel
| | - Alexander Hoischen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Theodore C. Iancu
- The Milman-David Biomedical Research Unit, 24 Hazevi Avenue, 34355 Haifa, Israel
| | - Kimiyo Raymond
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Gerry Steenbergen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Gilissen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Huijben
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nick H. M. van Bakel
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yusuke Maeda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Richard J. Rodenburg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders (NCMD), Radboud university medical center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maciej Adamowicz
- Protein Laboratory, Children's Memorial Health Institute, 04730 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ellen Crushell
- Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin 1, DC01 YC67, Ireland
| | - Hans Koenen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Darius Adams
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Pediatric Genetics and Metabolism Goryeb Children's Hospital, Morristown, New Jersey 07960, USA
| | - Julia Vodopiutz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Greber-Platzer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Müller
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gregor Dueckers
- HELIOS Kliniken Krefeld, Children's Hospital, Lutherplatz 40, 47805 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Eva Morava
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University Medical School, New Orleans, Los Angeles 70112, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical School of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboudumc, 6525GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gerard J. M. Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A. Wevers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Niehues
- HELIOS Kliniken Krefeld, Children's Hospital, Lutherplatz 40, 47805 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Martijn A. Huynen
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joris A. Veltman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H. Stevens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Dirk J. Lefeber
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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21
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Olde Loohuis NFM, Ba W, Stoerchel PH, Kos A, Jager A, Schratt G, Martens GJM, van Bokhoven H, Nadif Kasri N, Aschrafi A. MicroRNA-137 Controls AMPA-Receptor-Mediated Transmission and mGluR-Dependent LTD. Cell Rep 2015; 11:1876-84. [PMID: 26095359 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations affecting the levels of microRNA miR-137 are associated with intellectual disability and schizophrenia. However, the pathophysiological role of miR-137 remains poorly understood. Here, we describe a highly conserved miR-137-binding site within the mRNA encoding the GluA1 subunit of AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) and confirm that GluA1 is a direct target of miR-137. Postsynaptic downregulation of miR-137 at the CA3-CA1 hippocampal synapse selectively enhances AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission and converts silent synapses to active synapses. Conversely, miR-137 overexpression selectively reduces AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission and silences active synapses. In addition, we find that miR-137 is transiently upregulated in response to metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5), but not mGluR1 activation. Consequently, acute interference with miR-137 function impedes mGluR-LTD expression. Our findings suggest that miR-137 is a key factor in the control of synaptic efficacy and mGluR-dependent synaptic plasticity, supporting the notion that glutamatergic dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of miR-137-linked cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikkie F M Olde Loohuis
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Wei Ba
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter H Stoerchel
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Aron Kos
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Amanda Jager
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerhard Schratt
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gerard J M Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 HP Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nael Nadif Kasri
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Armaz Aschrafi
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 HP Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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22
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Olde Loohuis NFM, Kole K, Glennon JC, Karel P, Van der Borg G, Van Gemert Y, Van den Bosch D, Meinhardt J, Kos A, Shahabipour F, Tiesinga P, van Bokhoven H, Martens GJM, Kaplan BB, Homberg JR, Aschrafi A. Elevated microRNA-181c and microRNA-30d levels in the enlarged amygdala of the valproic acid rat model of autism. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 80:42-53. [PMID: 25986729 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders are severe neurodevelopmental disorders, marked by impairments in reciprocal social interaction, delays in early language and communication, and the presence of restrictive, repetitive and stereotyped behaviors. Accumulating evidence suggests that dysfunction of the amygdala may be partially responsible for the impairment of social behavior that is a hallmark feature of ASD. Our studies suggest that a valproic acid (VPA) rat model of ASD exhibits an enlargement of the amygdala as compared to controls rats, similar to that observed in adolescent ASD individuals. Since recent research suggests that altered neuronal development and morphology, as seen in ASD, may result from a common post-transcriptional process that is under tight regulation by microRNAs (miRs), we examined genome-wide transcriptomics expression in the amygdala of rats prenatally exposed to VPA, and detected elevated miR-181c and miR-30d expression levels as well as dysregulated expression of their cognate mRNA targets encoding proteins involved in neuronal system development. Furthermore, selective suppression of miR-181c function attenuates neurite outgrowth and branching, and results in reduced synaptic density in primary amygdalar neurons in vitro. Collectively, these results implicate the small non-coding miR-181c in neuronal morphology, and provide a framework of understanding how dysregulation of a neurodevelopmentally relevant miR in the amygdala may contribute to the pathophysiology of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F M Olde Loohuis
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - K Kole
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J C Glennon
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P Karel
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - G Van der Borg
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Y Van Gemert
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - D Van den Bosch
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Meinhardt
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Kos
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - F Shahabipour
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P Tiesinga
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - H van Bokhoven
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - G J M Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - B B Kaplan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - J R Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Aschrafi
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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23
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van Vugt RWM, Meyer F, van Hulten JA, Vernooij J, Cools AR, Verheij MMM, Martens GJM. Maternal care affects the phenotype of a rat model for schizophrenia. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:268. [PMID: 25157221 PMCID: PMC4128220 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder caused by an interplay between genetic and environmental factors, including early postnatal stressors. To explore this issue, we use two rat lines, apomorphine-susceptible (APO-SUS) rats that display schizophrenia-relevant features and their phenotypic counterpart, apomorphine-unsusceptible (APO-UNSUS) rats. These rat lines differ not only in their gnawing response to apomorphine, but also in their behavioral response to novelty (APO-SUS: high, APO-UNSUS: low). In this study, we examined the effects of early postnatal cross-fostering on maternal care and on the phenotypes of the cross-fostered APO-SUS and APO-UNSUS animals later in life. Cross-fostered APO-UNSUS animals showed decreased body weights as pups and decreased novelty-induced locomotor activity as adults (i.e., more extreme behavior), in accordance with the less appropriate maternal care provided by APO-SUS vs. their own APO-UNSUS mothers (i.e., the APO-SUS mother displayed less non-arched-back nursing and more self-grooming, and was more away from its nest). In contrast, cross-fostered APO-SUS animals showed increased body weights as pups and reduced apomorphine-induced gnawing later in life (i.e., normalization of their extreme behavior), in line with the more appropriate maternal care provided by APO-UNSUS relative to their own APO-SUS mothers (i.e., the APO-UNSUS mother displayed more non-arched-back nursing and similar self-grooming, and was not more away). Furthermore, we found that, in addition to arched-back nursing, non-arched-back nursing was an important feature of maternal care, and that cross-fostering APO-SUS mothers, but not cross-fostering APO-UNSUS mothers, displayed increased apomorphine-induced gnawing. Thus, cross-fostering not only causes early postnatal stress shaping the phenotypes of the cross-fostered animals later in life, but also affects the phenotypes of the cross-fostering mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben W M van Vugt
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Francisca Meyer
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Josephus A van Hulten
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Vernooij
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Alexander R Cools
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Michel M M Verheij
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gerard J M Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
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24
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Vallès A, Granic I, De Weerd P, Martens GJM. Molecular correlates of cortical network modulation by long-term sensory experience in the adult rat barrel cortex. Learn Mem 2014; 21:305-10. [PMID: 25171421 PMCID: PMC4024621 DOI: 10.1101/lm.034827.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of cortical network connectivity is crucial for an adaptive response to experience. In the rat barrel cortex, long-term sensory stimulation induces cortical network modifications and neuronal response changes of which the molecular basis is unknown. Here, we show that long-term somatosensory stimulation by enriched environment up-regulates cortical expression of neuropeptide mRNAs and down-regulates immediate-early gene (IEG) mRNAs specifically in the barrel cortex, and not in other brain regions. The present data suggest a central role of neuropeptides in the fine-tuning of sensory cortical circuits by long-term experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Vallès
- Department of Neurocognition, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (Centre for Neuroscience), Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivica Granic
- Department of Neurocognition, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (Centre for Neuroscience), Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter De Weerd
- Department of Neurocognition, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (Centre for Neuroscience), Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J M Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (Centre for Neuroscience), Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Witteveen JS, Middelman A, van Hulten JA, Martens GJM, Homberg JR, Kolk SM. Lack of serotonin reuptake during brain development alters rostral raphe-prefrontal network formation. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:143. [PMID: 24109430 PMCID: PMC3790074 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides its "classical" neurotransmitter function, serotonin (5-HT) has been found to also act as a neurodevelopmental signal. During development, the 5-HT projection system, besides an external placental source, represents one of the earliest neurotransmitter systems to innervate the brain. One of the targets of the 5-HT projection system, originating in the brainstem raphe nuclei, is the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), an area involved in higher cognitive functions and important in the etiology of many neurodevelopmental disorders. Little is known, however, about the exact role of 5-HT and its signaling molecules in the formation of the raphe-prefrontal network. Using explant essays, we here studied the role of the 5-HT transporter (5-HTT), an important modulator of the 5-HT signal, in rostral raphe-prefrontal network formation. We found that the chemotrophic nature of the interaction between the origin (rostral raphe cluster) and a target (mPFC) of the 5-HT projection system was affected in rats lacking the 5-HTT (5-HTT(-/-)). While 5-HTT deficiency did not affect the dorsal raphe 5-HT-positive outgrowing neurites, the median raphe 5-HT neurites switched from a strong repulsive to an attractive interaction when co-cultured with the mPFC. Furthermore, the fasciculation of the mPFC outgrowing neurites was dependent on the amount of 5-HTT. In the mPFC of 5-HTT(-/-) pups, we observed clear differences in 5-HT innervation and the identity of a class of projection neurons of the mPFC. In the absence of the 5-HTT, the 5-HT innervation in all subareas of the early postnatal mPFC increased dramatically and the number of Satb2-positive callosal projection neurons was decreased. Together, these results suggest a 5-HTT dependency during early development of these brain areas and in the formation of the raphe-prefrontal network. The tremendous complexity of the 5-HT projection system and its role in several neurodevelopmental disorders highlights the need for further research in this largely unexplored area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine S Witteveen
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Tanaka S, Nakakura T, Jansen EJR, Unno K, Okada R, Suzuki M, Martens GJM, Kikuyama S. Angiogenesis in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland alters its structure and function. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 185:10-8. [PMID: 23376532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The pars distalis (PD) and the pars intermedia (PI) have the same embryonic origin, but their morphological and functional characteristics diverge during development. The PD is highly vascularized, whereas the highly innervated PI is essentially non-vascularized. Based on our previous finding that vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is involved in vascularization of the rat PD, attempt was made to generate transgenic Xenopus expressing VEGF-A specifically in the melanotrope cells of the PI as a model system for studying the significance of vascularization or avascularization for the functional differentiation of the pituitary. The PI of the transgenic frogs, examined after metamorphosis, were distinctly vascularized but poorly innervated. The experimentally induced vascularization in the PI resulted in a marked increase in tissue volume and a decrease in the expression of both alpha-melanophore-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and prohormone convertase 2, a cleavage enzyme essential for generating α-MSH. The transgenic animals had low plasma α-MSH concentrations and displayed incomplete adaptation to a black background. To our knowledge, this is the first report indicating that experimentally induced angiogenesis in the PI may bring about functional as well as structural alterations in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyasu Tanaka
- Integrated Bioscience Section, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
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Kos A, Loohuis NFO, Glennon JC, Celikel T, Martens GJM, Tiesinga PH, Aschrafi A. Recent developments in optical neuromodulation technologies. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 47:172-85. [PMID: 23065387 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8361-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of optogenetics technology facilitated widespread applications for interrogation of complex neural networks, such as activation of specific axonal pathways, previously found impossible with electrical stimulation. Consequently, within the short period of its application in neuroscience research, optogenetics has led to findings of significant importance both during normal brain function as well as in disease. Moreover, the optimization of optogenetics for in vivo studies has allowed the control of certain behavioral responses such as motility, reflex, and sensory responses, as well as more complex emotional and cognitive behaviors such as decision-making, reward seeking, and social behavior in freely moving animals. These studies have produced a wide variety of animal models that have resulted in fundamental findings and enhanced our understanding of the neural networks associated with behavior. The increasing number of opsins available for this technique enabled even broader regulation of neuronal activity. These advancements highlight the potential of this technique for future treatment of human diseases. Here, we provide an overview of the recent developments in the field of optogenetics technology that are relevant for a better understanding of several neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders and may pave the way for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron Kos
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 EZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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28
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Jansen EJR, van Bakel NHM, Olde Loohuis NFM, Hafmans TGM, Arentsen T, Coenen AJM, Scheenen WJJM, Martens GJM. Identification of domains within the V-ATPase accessory subunit Ac45 involved in V-ATPase transport and Ca2+-dependent exocytosis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:27537-46. [PMID: 22736765 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.356105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The vacuolar (H(+))-ATPase (V-ATPase) is crucial for maintenance of the acidic microenvironment in intracellular organelles, whereas its membrane-bound V(0)-sector is involved in Ca(2+)-dependent membrane fusion. In the secretory pathway, the V-ATPase is regulated by its type I transmembrane and V(0)-associated accessory subunit Ac45. To execute its function, the intact-Ac45 protein is proteolytically processed to cleaved-Ac45 thereby releasing its N-terminal domain. Here, we searched for the functional domains within Ac45 by analyzing a set of deletion mutants close to the in vivo situation, namely in transgenic Xenopus intermediate pituitary melanotrope cells. Intact-Ac45 was poorly processed and accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum of the transgenic melanotrope cells. In contrast, cleaved-Ac45 was efficiently transported through the secretory pathway, caused an accumulation of the V-ATPase at the plasma membrane and reduced dopaminergic inhibition of Ca(2+)-dependent peptide secretion. Surprisingly, removal of the C-tail from intact-Ac45 caused cellular phenotypes also found for cleaved-Ac45, whereas C-tail removal from cleaved-Ac45 still allowed its transport to the plasma membrane, but abolished V-ATPase recruitment into the secretory pathway and left dopaminergic inhibition of the cells unaffected. We conclude that domains located in the N- and C-terminal portions of the Ac45 protein direct its trafficking, V-ATPase recruitment and Ca(2+)-dependent-regulated exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J R Jansen
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Olde Loohuis NFM, Kos A, Martens GJM, Van Bokhoven H, Nadif Kasri N, Aschrafi A. MicroRNA networks direct neuronal development and plasticity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 69:89-102. [PMID: 21833581 PMCID: PMC3249201 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0788-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a class of small, non-coding RNAs that act as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. In neurons, the functions of individual miRNAs are just beginning to emerge, and recent studies have elucidated roles for neural miRNAs at various stages of neuronal development and maturation, including neurite outgrowth, dendritogenesis, and spine formation. Notably, miRNAs regulate mRNA translation locally in the axosomal and synaptodendritic compartments, and thereby contribute to the dynamic spatial organization of axonal and dendritic structures and their function. Given the critical role for miRNAs in regulating early brain development and in mediating synaptic plasticity later in life, it is tempting to speculate that the pathology of neurological disorders is affected by altered expression or functioning of miRNAs. Here we provide an overview of recently identified mechanisms of neuronal development and plasticity involving miRNAs, and the consequences of miRNA dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F M Olde Loohuis
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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30
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Chung S, Verheij MMM, Hesseling P, van Vugt RWM, Buell M, Belluzzi JD, Geyer MA, Martens GJM, Civelli O. The melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) system modulates behaviors associated with psychiatric disorders. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19286. [PMID: 21818251 PMCID: PMC3139593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficits in sensorimotor gating measured by prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle have been known as characteristics of patients with schizophrenia and related neuropsychiatric disorders. PPI disruption is thought to rely on the activity of the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system and is inhibited by most antipsychotic drugs. These drugs however act also at the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway and exert adverse locomotor responses. Finding a way to inhibit the mesocorticolimbic- without affecting the nigrostriatal-dopaminergic pathway may thus be beneficial to antipsychotic therapies. The melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) system has been shown to modulate dopamine-related responses. Its receptor (MCH1R) is expressed at high levels in the mesocorticolimbic and not in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways. Interestingly a genomic linkage study revealed significant associations between schizophrenia and markers located in the MCH1R gene locus. We hypothesize that the MCH system can selectively modulate the behavior associated with the mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway. Using mice, we found that central administration of MCH potentiates apomorphine-induced PPI deficits. Using congenic rat lines that differ in their responses to PPI, we found that the rats that are susceptible to apomorphine (APO-SUS rats) and exhibit PPI deficits display higher MCH mRNA expression in the lateral hypothalamic region and that blocking the MCH system reverses their PPI deficits. On the other hand, in mice and rats, activation or inactivation of the MCH system does not affect stereotyped behaviors, dopamine-related responses that depend on the activity of the nigrostriatal pathway. Furthermore MCH does not affect dizocilpine-induced PPI deficit, a glutamate related response. Thus, our data present the MCH system as a regulator of sensorimotor gating, and provide a new rationale to understand the etiologies of schizophrenia and related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjae Chung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Michel M. M. Verheij
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, and Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Hesseling
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, and Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben W. M. van Vugt
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, and Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mahalah Buell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - James D. Belluzzi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gerard J. M. Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, and Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier Civelli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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van Loo KMJ, Martens GJM. Genetic and environmental factors in complex neurodevelopmental disorders. Curr Genomics 2011; 8:429-44. [PMID: 19412416 PMCID: PMC2647153 DOI: 10.2174/138920207783591717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex neurodevelopmental disorders, such as schizophrenia, autism, attention deficit (hyperactivity) disorder, (manic) depressive illness and addiction, are thought to result from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Association studies on candidate genes and genome-wide linkage analyses have identified many susceptibility chromosomal regions and genes, but considerable efforts to replicate association have been surprisingly often disappointing. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the genetic contribution to complex neurodevelopmental disorders, focusing on the findings from association and linkage studies. Furthermore, the contribution of the interaction of the genetic with environmental and epigenetic factors to the aetiology of complex neurodevelopmental disorders as well as suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M J van Loo
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Neuroscience, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Schijndel JEV, Martens GJM. Gene expression profiling in rodent models for schizophrenia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2011; 8:382-93. [PMID: 21629445 PMCID: PMC3080594 DOI: 10.2174/157015910793358132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex neurodevelopmental disorder schizophrenia is thought to be induced by an interaction between predisposing genes and environmental stressors. In order to get a better insight into the aetiology of this complex disorder, animal models have been developed. In this review, we summarize mRNA expression profiling studies on neurodevelopmental, pharmacological and genetic animal models for schizophrenia. We discuss parallels and contradictions among these studies, and propose strategies for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Van Schijndel
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience & Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Kuribara M, van Bakel NHM, Ramekers D, de Gouw D, Neijts R, Roubos EW, Scheenen WJJM, Martens GJM, Jenks BG. Gene expression profiling of pituitary melanotrope cells during their physiological activation. J Cell Physiol 2011; 227:288-96. [PMID: 21412779 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary melanotrope cells of the amphibian Xenopus laevis are responsible for the production of the pigment-dispersing peptide α-melanophore-stimulating hormone, which allows the animal to adapt its skin color to its environment. During adaptation to a dark background the melanotrope cells undergo remarkable changes characterized by dramatic increases in cell size and secretory activity. In this study we performed microarray mRNA expression profiling to identify genes important to melanotrope activation and growth. We show a strong increase in the expression of the immediate early gene (IEG) c-Fos and of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene (BDNF). Furthermore, we demonstrate the involvement of another IEG in the adaptation process, Nur77, and conclude from in vitro experiments that the expression of both c-Fos and Nur77 are partially regulated by the adenylyl cyclase system and calcium ions. In addition, we found a steady up-regulation of Ras-like product during the adaptation process, possibly evoked by BDNF/TrkB signaling. Finally, the gene encoding the 105-kDa heat shock protein HSPh1 was transiently up-regulated in the course of black-background adaptation and a gene product homologous to ferritin (ferritin-like product) was >100-fold up-regulated in fully black-adapted animals. We suggest that these latter two genes are induced in response to cellular stress and that they may be involved in changing the mode of mRNA translation required to meet the increased demand for de novo protein synthesis. Together, our results show that microarray analysis is a valuable approach to identify the genes responsible for generating coordinated responses in physiologically activated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Kuribara
- Department of Cellular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Moons T, Claes S, Martens GJM, Peuskens J, Van Loo KMJ, Van Schijndel JE, De Hert M, van Winkel R. Clock genes and body composition in patients with schizophrenia under treatment with antipsychotic drugs. Schizophr Res 2011; 125:187-93. [PMID: 21050724 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In the healthy population, several pathways are known to exert an effect on basal metabolic factors. Previous studies have found associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms in clock genes or downstream hormone receptors such as the leptin receptor (LEPR) or glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) and obesity in the healthy population, but this association remains to be examined in patients with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotics. OBJECTIVE To assess anthropomorphic parameters in patients taking second-generation antipsychotics (SGA) as a function of nine polymorphisms in three core genes of the clock pathway, and two genes of downstream hormone receptors. METHODS Clinical parameters were evaluated in 261 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Polymorphisms in LEPR, MC3R, NR3C1, PER2 and SDC3 were genotyped. In order to control for multiple testing, permutation tests were used to generate corrected empirical p-values using the Max(T) procedure in PLINK. RESULTS A significant effect of the rs6196 polymorphism in the NR3C1 on weight (β=-4.18; SE=2.02; p=0.018), BMI (β=-1.88; SE=0.64; p=0.004), waist (β=-5.77; SE=1.75; p=0.001) and waist/hip ratio (β=-0.03; SE=0.012; p=0.009) was found. Permutation tests confirmed the findings for BMI (p=0.037) and waist (p=0.024). Carriers of the G allele consistently displayed better parameters than patients with the wild type allele. A weak effect of rs4949184 in SDC3 on BMI was found, but this did not sustain permutation testing (β=-1.27; SE=0.58; p=0.030, p=0.270 after permutations). CONCLUSION Variations in genes implicated in circadian regulation or its related downstream pathways may be important in the regulation of antropomorphic parameters in patients with schizophrenia during long-term treatment with SGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Moons
- University Psychiatric Centre Catholic University Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Strating JRPM, Bouw G, Hafmans TGM, Martens GJM. p24 Proteins from the same subfamily are functionally nonredundant. Biochimie 2010; 93:528-32. [PMID: 21118709 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The p24 proteins function in early secretory pathway transport processes, but their exact role is unclear. In physiologically activated Xenopus melanotrope cells, a representative of each p24 subfamily (p24α(3), -β(1), -γ(3), -δ(2)) is upregulated coordinately with the major melanotrope cargo, proopiomelanocortin (POMC), whereas two other p24s (p24γ(2) and -δ(1)) are also expressed, but not coordinately with POMC. Using melanotrope-specific transgene expression, we here find that the roles of both p24γ(2) and p24δ(1) in the transport, glycosylation, sulphation and cleavage of POMC are different from those of their upregulated subfamily relatives (p24γ(3) and p24δ(2), respectively). Thus, even p24 proteins from the same subfamily have distinct functions in secretory cargo biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen R P M Strating
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), 282 Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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van Schijndel JE, van Zweeden M, van Loo KMJ, Lubbers LJ, Pesman GJ, Sweep FCGJ, Martens GJM. Dopamine susceptibility of APO-SUS rats is not per se coupled to HPA-axis activity. Physiol Behav 2010; 102:121-5. [PMID: 21034754 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A synergistic relationship is thought to exist between hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and dopamine neurotransmission. To test whether a high response to dopamine indeed implies a hyperactive HPA-axis, we here used Wistar rats that were selected twice independently (original and replicate lines) for a high or low susceptibility to the dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine (so-called APO-SUS and APO-UNSUS rats, respectively). The APO-SUS rats from the original line displayed a hyperactive HPA-axis in that higher basal and stress-induced adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels, and lower basal free-corticosterone levels were observed than those found in the original APO-UNSUS rats. In contrast, the activity of the HPA-axis in the APO-SUS rats from the replicate line did not differ from that in the replicate APO-UNSUS rats. Thus, in the APO-SUS/APO-UNSUS rat model the level of HPA-axis activity is not necessarily causally linked to dopamine responsiveness, implying that a hyperactive HPA-axis is not a prerequisite for a high dopaminergic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E van Schijndel
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience & Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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37
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Jansen EJR, Hafmans TGM, Martens GJM. V-ATPase-mediated granular acidification is regulated by the V-ATPase accessory subunit Ac45 in POMC-producing cells. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:3330-9. [PMID: 20702583 PMCID: PMC2947469 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-04-0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the V-ATPase, the proton pump mediating intraorganellar acidification, is still elusive. We find that excess of the neuroendocrine V-ATPase accessory subunit Ac45 reduces the intragranular pH and consequently disturbs prohormone convertase activation and prohormone processing. Thus, Ac45 represents the first V-ATPase regulator. The vacuolar (H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) is an important proton pump, and multiple critical cell-biological processes depend on the proton gradient provided by the pump. Yet, the mechanism underlying the control of the V-ATPase is still elusive but has been hypothesized to involve an accessory subunit of the pump. Here we studied as a candidate V-ATPase regulator the neuroendocrine V-ATPase accessory subunit Ac45. We transgenically manipulated the expression levels of the Ac45 protein specifically in Xenopus intermediate pituitary melanotrope cells and analyzed in detail the functioning of the transgenic cells. We found in the transgenic melanotrope cells the following: i) significantly increased granular acidification; ii) reduced sensitivity for a V-ATPase-specific inhibitor; iii) enhanced early processing of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) by prohormone convertase PC1; iv) reduced, neutral pH–dependent cleavage of the PC2 chaperone 7B2; v) reduced 7B2-proPC2 dissociation and consequently reduced proPC2 maturation; vi) decreased levels of mature PC2 and consequently reduced late POMC processing. Together, our results show that the V-ATPase accessory subunit Ac45 represents the first regulator of the proton pump and controls V-ATPase-mediated granular acidification that is necessary for efficient prohormone processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J R Jansen
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Devreese B, Sergeant K, Van Bakel NHM, Debyser G, Van Beeumen J, Martens GJM, Van Herp F. A proteome map of the pituitary melanotrope cell activated by black-background adaptation ofXenopus laevis. Proteomics 2010; 10:574-80. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Jansen EJR, van Bakel NHM, Coenen AJM, van Dooren SH, van Lith HAM, Martens GJM. An isoform of the vacuolar (H(+))-ATPase accessory subunit Ac45. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 67:629-40. [PMID: 19946730 PMCID: PMC2812417 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0200-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The vacuolar (H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) is the main regulator of intraorganellar pH and in neuroendocrine cells is controlled by its accessory subunit, Ac45. Here, we report the discovery of the first isoform of a V-ATPase accessory subunit, namely an Ac45-like protein, denoted Ac45LP. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a lineage-dependent evolutionary history: Ac45 is absent in birds, and Ac45LP is absent in placental mammals, whereas all other tetrapod species contain both genes. In contrast to Ac45, Ac45LP is not proteolytically cleaved, a prerequisite for proper Ac45 routing. Intriguingly, Xenopus Ac45LP mRNA was expressed in developing neural tissue and in neural crest cells. In adult Xenopus, Ac45 mRNA is widely expressed mostly in neuroendocrine tissues, while Ac45LP mRNA expression was found to be restricted to the kidney and the lung. This novel Ac45LP may provide additional possibilities for V-ATPase regulation during neurodevelopment as well as in kidney and lung cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J R Jansen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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van Loo KMJ, van Schijndel JE, van Zweeden M, van Manen D, Trip MD, Petersen DC, Schuitemaker H, Hayes VM, Martens GJM. Correlation between HIV-1 seropositivity and prevalence of a gamma-secretase polymorphism in two distinct ethnic populations. J Med Virol 2009; 81:1847-51. [PMID: 19774691 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection may be influenced by host genetics. Recent findings with a Wistar rat model raised the possibility that the gamma-secretase pathway may be associated with an individual's susceptibility to infection. A functional single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the gamma-secretase component APH1B (Phe217Leu; rs1047552) was therefore analyzed for association with HIV-1 infection. The SNP showed a tendency for association with HIV-1 infection in a Xhosa indigenous South African Bantu study (P = 0.087), and associated significantly in a Caucasian Dutch study (P = 0.049). Together, the results suggest a role for the gamma-secretase pathway in susceptibility to HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M J van Loo
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour and Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen 6525 GA , The Netherlands
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Van Schijndel JE, Van Zweeden M, Van Loo KMJ, Martens GJM. Gene expression profiling in brain regions of a rat model displaying schizophrenia-related features. Behav Brain Res 2009; 207:476-9. [PMID: 19896980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Animal models allow insights into complex neurodevelopmental disorders. Apomorphine-susceptible rats (so-called APO-SUS rats) provide a model that displays a complex phenotype with schizophrenia-related features and together with its phenotypic counterpart (APO-UNSUS rats) has been independently generated twice (original and replicate rat lines). To understand the molecular basis underlying this phenotype, we here performed mRNA expression profiling in various APO-SUS and APO-UNSUS rat brain regions. The expression of only the previously reported Aph-1b and the newly discovered KCnIP1 (a member of the potassium channel-interacting protein family that is known to modulate neuronal channel activity) was significantly different in the APO-SUS and APO-UNSUS rats from both the original and replicate rat lines. Thus, KCnIP1 may constitute a novel candidate gene playing a role in the complex phenotype of the APO-SUS/APO-UNSUS rat model and further studies on this gene are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Van Schijndel
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour & Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, RT282, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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van Schijndel JE, van Loo KMJ, van Zweeden M, Djurovic S, Andreassen OA, Hansen T, Werge T, Kallunki P, Pedersen JT, Martens GJM. Three-cohort targeted gene screening reveals a non-synonymous TRKA polymorphism associated with schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2009; 43:1195-9. [PMID: 19435634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that is thought to be induced by an interaction between predisposing genes and environmental stressors. To identify predisposing genetic factors, we performed a targeted (mostly neurodevelopmental) gene approach involving the screening of 396 selected non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in three independent Caucasian schizophrenia case-control cohorts (USA, Denmark and Norway). A meta-analysis revealed ten non-synonymous SNPs that were nominally associated with schizophrenia, nine of which have not been previously linked to the disorder. Risk alleles are in TRKA (rs6336), BARD1 (rs28997576), LAMA5 (rs3810548), DKK2 (rs7037102), NOD2 (rs2066844) and RELN (rs2229860), whereas protective alleles are in NOD2 (rs2066845), NRG1 (rs10503929), ADAM7 (rs13259668) and TNR (rs859427). Following correction for multiple testing, the most attractive candidate for further study concerns SNP rs6336 (q=0.12) that causes the substitution of an evolutionarily highly conserved amino acid residue in the kinase domain of the neurodevelopmentally important receptor TRKA. Thus, TRKA signaling may represent a novel susceptibility pathway for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E van Schijndel
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, NCMLS RT282, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Scheenen WJJM, Jansen EJR, Roubos EW, Martens GJM. Using transgenic animal models in neuroendocrine research: lessons from Xenopus laevis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1163:296-307. [PMID: 19456351 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic animals are commonly employed to explore the function of individual proteins. Transgenic animal models include the mouse, the zebrafish, and the South African clawed toad Xenopus laevis. In contrast to mice and zebrafish, with Xenopus transgenesis DNA integration is mostly achieved in the one-cell stage. Moreover, Xenopus (as well as zebrafish) eggs are relatively large, the embryos are transparent, a large offspring is generated, and maintenance of the offspring is easy. In our transgenic studies in Xenopus, we focus on the well-characterized neuroendocrine melanotrope cells of the pituitary pars intermedia that are regulated during the process of adaptation of Xenopus to a changing environment. When the animal is placed on a black background, the melanotrope cells produce and process large amounts of the prohormone proopiomelanocortin (POMC). We apply stable melanotrope-specific transgenesis that is achieved by mixing a Xenopus POMC-promoter/transgene construct with sperm nuclei and injecting this mixture into unfertilized eggs. Since in the melanotrope cells the POMC promoter is much more active in black-adapted animals, the level of transgene expression can be manipulated by placing the animal on either a black or a white background. In this paper we review the possibilities of the Xenopus melanotrope-specific transgenic approach. Following a brief overview of the functioning of Xenopus melanotrope cells, stable melanotrope-specific transgenesis is discussed and our transgenic studies on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and secretory pathway components are described as examples of the transgenic approach in a physiological context and close to the in vivo situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J J M Scheenen
- Department of Cellular Animal Physiology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radbound University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Strating JRPM, Martens GJM. Incomplete posttranslational prohormone modifications in hyperactive neuroendocrine cells. BMC Cell Biol 2009; 10:35. [PMID: 19422674 PMCID: PMC2689178 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-10-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In black-background-adapted Xenopus laevis, the intermediate pituitary melanotrope cells are hyperactive, producing large amounts of their major secretory cargo proopiomelanocortin (POMC, representing ~80% of all newly synthesised proteins), whereas in white-adapted frogs these cells are only basally active. Here we explored in the hyperactive and basally active melanotrope cells the capacity for posttranslational POMC processing events in the secretory pathway. RESULTS We found that the hyperactive cells produced mainly non-complex N-glycosylated POMC, whereas in the basally active cells POMC was mostly complex N-glycosylated. Furthermore, the relative level of POMC sulphation was ~5.5-fold lower in the hyperactive than in the basally active cells. When the cargo load in the secretory pathway of the hyperactive cells was pharmacologically reduced, the relative amount of complex glycosylated POMC markedly increased. CONCLUSION Collectively, our data show that the secretory pathway in hyperactive neuroendocrine secretory cells lacks the capacity to fully comply with the high demands for complex glycosylation and sulphation of the overload of secretory cargo. Thus, a hyperactive secretory cell may run short in providing an output of correctly modified biological signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen R P M Strating
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Kudo H, Liu J, Jansen EJR, Ozawa A, Panula P, Martens GJM, Lindberg I. Identification of proSAAS homologs in lower vertebrates: conservation of hydrophobic helices and convertase-inhibiting sequences. Endocrinology 2009; 150:1393-9. [PMID: 18948394 PMCID: PMC2654743 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The prohormone convertases (PCs) 1/3 and 2 accomplish the major proteolytic cleavage events in neuroendocrine tissues; each of these convertases has a small associated binding protein that inhibits convertase action in the secretory pathway. The proSAAS protein binds to PC1/3, whereas the 7B2 protein binds to PC2. However, both convertase-binding proteins are more widely expressed than their cognate enzymes, suggesting that they may perform other functions as well. All known mammalian proSAASs are over 85% conserved; thus, identifying functionally important segments has been impossible. Here, we report the first identification of nonmammalian proSAAS molecules, from Xenopus and zebrafish (Danio rerio). Although these two proteins show an overall amino acid sequence identity of only 29 and 30% with mouse proSAAS, two 14-16 residue hydrophobic segments (predicted to form alpha-helices) and two, nine through 11 residue sequences containing basic convertase cleavage sites are highly conserved; therefore, these sequences may be of functional importance. Confidence that these nonmammalian molecules represent authentic proSAAS is supported by the finding that both inhibit mouse PC1/3 with nanomolar inhibition constants; human furin was not inhibited. In vitro, the two proteins were cleaved by PC2 and furin to three or more peptide products. Both zebrafish and Xenopus proSAAS exhibited neural and endocrine distributions, as assessed by in situ and PCR experiments, respectively. In summary, the identification of proSAAS molecules in lower vertebrates provides clues as to functional regions within this widely expressed neuroendocrine protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kudo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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van Loo KMJ, Dejaegere T, van Zweeden M, van Schijndel JE, Wijmenga C, Trip MD, Martens GJM. Male-specific association between a gamma-secretase polymorphism and premature coronary atherosclerosis. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3662. [PMID: 18987747 PMCID: PMC2573958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a common multifactorial disease resulting from an interaction between susceptibility genes and environmental factors. The causative genes that contribute to atherosclerosis are elusive. Based on recent findings with a Wistar rat model, we speculated that the gamma-secretase pathway may be associated with atherosclerosis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We have tested for association of premature coronary atherosclerosis with a non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the gamma-secretase component APH1B (Phe217Leu; rs1047552), a SNP previously linked to Alzheimer's disease. Analysis of a Dutch Caucasian cohort (780 cases; 1414 controls) showed a higher prevalence of the risk allele in the patients (odds ratio (OR) = 1.35), albeit not statistically different from the control population. Intriguingly, after gender stratification, the difference was significant in males (OR = 1.63; p = 0.033), but not in females (OR = 0.50; p = 0.20). Since Phe217Leu-mutated APH1B showed reduced gamma-secretase activity in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, the genetic variation is likely functional. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that, in a male-specific manner, disturbed gamma-secretase signalling may play a role in the susceptibility for premature coronary atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. J. van Loo
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Dejaegere
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martine van Zweeden
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica E. van Schijndel
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- The Complex Genetics Section, Department of Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke D. Trip
- Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J. M. Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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van Herp F, van Bakel NHM, Coenen AJM, Sergeant K, Devreese B, Martens GJM. Physiological manipulation of cellular activity tunes protein and ultrastructural profiles in a neuroendocrine cell. J Endocrinol 2008; 198:607-16. [PMID: 18577564 DOI: 10.1677/joe-08-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To study in vivo the dynamics of the biosynthetic and secretory processes in a neuroendocrine cell, we use the proopiomelanocortin-producing intermediate pituitary melanotrope cells of Xenopus laevis. The activity of these cells can be simply manipulated by adapting the animal to a white or a black background, resulting in inactive and hyperactive cells respectively. Here, we applied differential display proteomics and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) to examine the changes in architecture accompanying the gradual transition of the inactive to the hyperactive melanotrope cells. The proteomic analysis showed differential expression of neuroendocrine secretory proteins, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident chaperones, and housekeeping and metabolic proteins. The FESEM study revealed changes in the ultrastructure of the ER and Golgi and the number of secretory granules. We conclude that activation of neuroendocrine cells tunes their molecular machineries and organelles to become professional secretors.
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Affiliation(s)
- François van Herp
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Center for Neuroscience, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Jansen EJR, Scheenen WJJM, Hafmans TGM, Martens GJM. Accessory subunit Ac45 controls the V-ATPase in the regulated secretory pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta 2008; 1783:2301-10. [PMID: 18657579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The vacuolar (H(+))-ATPase (V-ATPase) is crucial for multiple processes within the eukaryotic cell, including membrane transport and neurotransmitter secretion. How the V-ATPase is regulated, e.g. by an accessory subunit, remains elusive. Here we explored the role of the neuroendocrine V-ATPase accessory subunit Ac45 via its transgenic expression specifically in the Xenopus intermediate pituitary melanotrope cell model. The Ac45-transgene product did not affect the levels of the prohormone proopiomelanocortin nor of V-ATPase subunits, but rather caused an accumulation of the V-ATPase at the plasma membrane. Furthermore, a higher abundance of secretory granules, protrusions of the plasma membrane and an increased Ca(2+)-dependent secretion efficiency were observed in the Ac45-transgenic cells. We conclude that in neuroendocrine cells Ac45 guides the V-ATPase through the secretory pathway, thereby regulating the V-ATPase-mediated process of Ca(2+)-dependent peptide secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J R Jansen
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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van Loo KMJ, Martens GJM. Identification of genetic and epigenetic variations in a rat model for neurodevelopmental disorders. Behav Genet 2008; 37:697-705. [PMID: 17899354 PMCID: PMC2039802 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-007-9164-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A combination of genetic variations, epimutations and environmental factors may be involved in the etiology of complex neurodevelopmental disorders like schizophrenia. To study such disorders, we use apomorphine-unsusceptible (APO-UNSUS) Wistar rats and their phenotypic counterpart apomorphine-susceptible (APO-SUS) rats that display a complex phenotype remarkably similar to that of schizophrenic patients. As the molecular basis of the APO-SUS/UNSUS rat model, we recently identified a genomic rearrangement of the Aph-1b gene. Here, we discovered between the two rat lines differences other than the Aph-1b gene defect, including a remarkable cluster of genetic variations, two variants corresponding to topoisomerase II-based recombination hot spots and an epigenetic (DNA methylation) difference in cerebellum and (hypo)thalamic but not hippocampal genomic DNA. Furthermore, genetic variations were found to correlate with the degree of apomorphine susceptibility in unselected Wistar rats. Together, the results show that a number of genetic and epigenetic differences exist between the APO-SUS and -UNSUS rat genomes, raising the possibility that in addition to the Aph-1b gene defect the newly identified variations may also contribute to the complex APO-SUS phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. J. van Loo
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS) & Institute for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, 282 RT, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, Nijmegen, 6525 GA The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J. M. Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS) & Institute for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, 282 RT, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, Nijmegen, 6525 GA The Netherlands
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Strating JRPM, Bouw G, Hafmans TGM, Martens GJM. Disparate effects of p24alpha and p24delta on secretory protein transport and processing. PLoS One 2007; 2:e704. [PMID: 17684551 PMCID: PMC1933603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The p24 family is thought to be somehow involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi protein transport. A subset of the p24 proteins (p24α3, -β1, -γ3 and -δ2) is upregulated when Xenopus laevis intermediate pituitary melanotrope cells are physiologically activated to produce vast amounts of their major secretory cargo, the prohormone proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Methodology/Principal Findings Here we find that transgene expression of p24α3 or p24δ2 specifically in the Xenopus melanotrope cells in both cases causes an effective displacement of the endogenous p24 proteins, resulting in severely distorted p24 systems and disparate melanotrope cell phenotypes. Transgene expression of p24α3 greatly reduces POMC transport and leads to accumulation of the prohormone in large, ER-localized electron-dense structures, whereas p24δ2-transgenesis does not influence the overall ultrastructure of the cells nor POMC transport and cleavage, but affects the Golgi-based processes of POMC glycomaturation and sulfation. Conclusions/Significance Transgenic expression of two distinct p24 family members has disparate effects on secretory pathway functioning, illustrating the specificity and non-redundancy of our transgenic approach. We conclude that members of the p24 family furnish subcompartments of the secretory pathway with specific sets of machinery cargo to provide the proper microenvironments for efficient and correct secretory protein transport and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen R. P. M. Strating
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Institute for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Bouw
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Institute for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo G. M. Hafmans
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Institute for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J. M. Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Institute for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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