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Reus-García MM, Sánchez-Campusano R, Ledderose J, Dogbevia GK, Treviño M, Hasan MT, Gruart A, Delgado-García JM. The Claustrum is Involved in Cognitive Processes Related to the Classical Conditioning of Eyelid Responses in Behaving Rabbits. Cereb Cortex 2020; 31:281-300. [PMID: 32885230 PMCID: PMC7727357 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is assumed that the claustrum (CL) is involved in sensorimotor integration and cognitive processes. We recorded the firing activity of identified CL neurons during classical eyeblink conditioning in rabbits, using a delay paradigm in which a tone was presented as conditioned stimulus (CS), followed by a corneal air puff as unconditioned stimulus (US). Neurons were identified by their activation from motor (MC), cingulate (CC), and medial prefrontal (mPFC) cortices. CL neurons were rarely activated by single stimuli of any modality. In contrast, their firing was significantly modulated during the first sessions of paired CS/US presentations, but not in well-trained animals. Neuron firing rates did not correlate with the kinematics of conditioned responses (CRs). CL local field potentials (LFPs) changed their spectral power across learning and presented well-differentiated CL–mPFC/CL–MC network dynamics, as shown by crossfrequency spectral measurements. CL electrical stimulation did not evoke eyelid responses, even in trained animals. Silencing of synaptic transmission of CL neurons by the vINSIST method delayed the acquisition of CRs but did not affect their presentation rate. The CL plays an important role in the acquisition of associative learning, mostly in relation to the novelty of CS/US association, but not in the expression of CRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mar Reus-García
- Division of Neurosciences, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville 4103, Spain
| | | | - Julia Ledderose
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Godwin K Dogbevia
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.,Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Mario Treviño
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.,Laboratorio de Plasticidad Cortical y Aprendizaje Perceptual, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44130, México
| | - Mazahir T Hasan
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.,Laboratory of Memory Circuits, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa 48940, Spain.,Ikerbasque-Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
| | - Agnès Gruart
- Division of Neurosciences, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville 4103, Spain
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Zinchenko O, Arsalidou M. Brain responses to social norms: Meta-analyses of fMRI studies. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 39:955-970. [PMID: 29160930 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Social norms have a critical role in everyday decision-making, as frequent interaction with others regulates our behavior. Neuroimaging studies show that social-based and fairness-related decision-making activates an inconsistent set of areas, which sometimes includes the anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex, and others lateral prefrontal cortices. Social-based decision-making is complex and variability in findings may be driven by socio-cognitive activities related to social norms. To distinguish among social-cognitive activities related to social norms, we identified 36 eligible articles in the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) literature, which we separate into two categories (a) social norm representation and (b) norm violations. The majority of original articles (>60%) used tasks associated with fairness norms and decision-making, such as ultimatum game, dictator game, or prisoner's dilemma; the rest used tasks associated to violation of moral norms, such as scenarios and sentences of moral depravity ratings. Using quantitative meta-analyses, we report common and distinct brain areas that show concordance as a function of category. Specifically, concordance in ventromedial prefrontal regions is distinct to social norm representation processing, whereas concordance in right insula, dorsolateral prefrontal, and dorsal cingulate cortices is distinct to norm violation processing. We propose a neurocognitive model of social norms for healthy adults, which could help guide future research in social norm compliance and mechanisms of its enforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Zinchenko
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Marie Arsalidou
- Department of Psychology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Canada
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Sitte HH, Pifl C, Rajput AH, Hörtnagl H, Tong J, Lloyd GK, Kish SJ, Hornykiewicz O. Dopamine and noradrenaline, but not serotonin, in the human claustrum are greatly reduced in patients with Parkinson's disease: possible functional implications. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 45:192-197. [PMID: 27741357 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the human brain, the claustrum is a small subcortical telencephalic nucleus, situated between the insular cortex and the putamen. A plethora of neuroanatomical studies have shown the existence of dense, widespread, bidirectional and bilateral monosynaptic interconnections between the claustrum and most cortical areas. A rapidly growing body of experimental evidence points to the integrative role of claustrum in complex brain functions, from motor to cognitive. Here, we examined for the first time, the behaviour of the classical monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin in the claustrum of the normal autopsied human brain and of patients who died with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). We found in the normal claustrum substantial amounts of all three monoamine neurotransmitters, substantiating the existence of the respective brain stem afferents to the claustrum. In PD, the levels of dopamine and noradrenaline were greatly reduced by 93 and 81%, respectively. Serotonin levels remained unchanged. We propose that by virtue of their projections to the claustrum, the brain stem dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin systems interact directly with the cortico-claustro-cortical information processing mechanisms, by-passing their (parallel) routes via the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuits. We suggest that loss of dopamine and noradrenaline in the PD claustrum is critical in the aetiology of both the motor and the non-motor symptoms of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald H Sitte
- Centre for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 13A, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Pifl
- Centre for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ali H Rajput
- Division of Neurology, Saskatchewan Movement Disorders Program, Saskatoon Health Region, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Heide Hörtnagl
- Department of Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Junchao Tong
- Human Brain Laboratory, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Stephen J Kish
- Human Brain Laboratory, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Oleh Hornykiewicz
- Centre for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Orman R. Claustrum: a case for directional, excitatory, intrinsic connectivity in the rat. J Physiol Sci 2015; 65:533-44. [PMID: 26329935 PMCID: PMC10717944 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-015-0391-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Claustrum, a gray matter structure that underlies the neocortex, is reciprocally connected with many neocortical and limbic cortical areas. This connectivity positions claustrum ideally for the integration or coordination of widespread cortical activity. In anatomical studies using multiple planes of section, claustrum has distinct subregions based on latexin immunohistochemistry, and an approximately rostro-caudal alignment of fusiform cells supporting a laminar intrinsic organization. Physiological studies of claustral connectivity in disinhibited brain slices demonstrate (1) intrinsic connectivity sufficient to generate spontaneous synchronized burst discharges, (2) activity spread within the oblique laminae that contained the principal cellular axis, and (3) segregation of activity as evidenced by the absence of spread within coronal planes. Activity spread depended on glutamatergic synaptic transmission, and activity restrictions did not depend on inhibitory circuits. We conclude that the claustrum has an intrinsic excitatory connectivity that is constrained in approximately rostro-caudal laminae, with minimal cross-communication between laminae. Further, claustrum has the intrinsic capability of generating synchronized population activity and facilitating its spread within laminae, a feature that may contribute to seizure generation and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Orman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC 31, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.
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Torgerson CM, Irimia A, Goh SYM, Van Horn JD. The DTI connectivity of the human claustrum. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:827-38. [PMID: 25339630 PMCID: PMC4324054 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The origin, structure, and function of the claustrum, as well as its role in neural computation, have remained a mystery since its discovery in the 17th century. Assessing the in vivo connectivity of the claustrum may bring forth useful insights with relevance to model the overall functionality of the claustrum itself. Using structural and diffusion tensor neuroimaging in N = 100 healthy subjects, we found that the claustrum has the highest connectivity in the brain by regional volume. Network theoretical analyses revealed that (a) the claustrum is a primary contributor to global brain network architecture, and that (b) significant connectivity dependencies exist between the claustrum, frontal lobe, and cingulate regions. These results illustrate that the claustrum is ideally located within the human central nervous system (CNS) connectome to serve as the putative "gate keeper" of neural information for consciousness awareness. Our findings support and underscore prior theoretical contributions about the involvement of the claustrum in higher cognitive function and its relevance in devastating neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carinna M. Torgerson
- The Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics (INI) and Laboratory of Neuro Imaging [LONI]Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Andrei Irimia
- The Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics (INI) and Laboratory of Neuro Imaging [LONI]Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - S. Y. Matthew Goh
- The Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics (INI) and Laboratory of Neuro Imaging [LONI]Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - John Darrell Van Horn
- The Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics (INI) and Laboratory of Neuro Imaging [LONI]Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
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Torgerson CM, Van Horn JD. A case study in connectomics: the history, mapping, and connectivity of the claustrum. Front Neuroinform 2014; 8:83. [PMID: 25426062 PMCID: PMC4227511 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2014.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The claustrum seems to have been waiting for the science of connectomics. Due to its tiny size, the structure has remained remarkably difficult to study until modern technological and mathematical advancements like graph theory, connectomics, diffusion tensor imaging, HARDI, and excitotoxic lesioning. That does not mean, however, that early methods allowed researchers to assess micro-connectomics. In fact, the claustrum is such an enigma that the only things known for certain about it are its histology, and that it is extraordinarily well connected. In this literature review, we provide background details on the claustrum and the history of its study in the human and in other animal species. By providing an explanation of the neuroimaging and histology methods have been undertaken to study the claustrum thus far—and the conclusions these studies have drawn—we illustrate this example of how the shift from micro-connectomics to macro-connectomics advances the field of neuroscience and improves our capacity to understand the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carinna M Torgerson
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Institute of Neuroimaging and Informatics, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John D Van Horn
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Institute of Neuroimaging and Informatics, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Hatam M, Sheybanifar M, Nasimi A. Cardiovascular responses of the anterior claustrum; its mechanism; contribution of medial prefrontal cortex. Auton Neurosci 2013; 179:68-74. [PMID: 23962531 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The anterior claustrum (CLa) has bilateral connections with the areas involved in cardiovascular regulation, though its role in cardiovascular control is not yet understood. This study was performed to find the cardiovascular responsive region of the CLa by stimulating all parts of the CLa with l-glutamate, and to find the possible mechanisms mediating its responses in urethane-anesthetized rats. We also investigated the possible involvement of the medial prefrontal cortex in the cardiovascular responses of the CLa. The effect of microinjection of l-glutamate (50-100 nl, 0.25 M) was tested throughout the Cla and only in one area at 2.7 mm rostral to bregma, 1.8-2.0 midline and 4.5-5.6mm vertical, significant decreases in arterial pressure were elicited (-21.71±2.1 mmHg, P<0.001, t-test) with no significant change in heart rate. Administration (i.v.) of the muscarinic receptor blocker, atropine, had no effect on the change in mean arterial pressure in response to glutamate stimulation, suggesting that the parasympathetic system was not involved in this response. However, administration (i.v.) of the nicotinic receptor blocker, hexamethonium dichloride abolished the depressor response to glutamate, suggesting that CLa stimulation decreases sympathetic outflow to the cardiovascular system. In addition, microinjection of the reversible synaptic blocker, cobalt chloride, into the medial prefrontal cortex greatly attenuated the depressor response elicited by microinjection of glut into the CLa. Thus for the first time, we found the cardiovascular responsive region of the anterior claustrum. Also we showed that its response is mediated through the medial prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Hatam
- Dept. of Physiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Weible AP, Weiss C, Disterhoft JF. Connections of the caudal anterior cingulate cortex in rabbit: neural circuitry participating in the acquisition of trace eyeblink conditioning. Neuroscience 2007; 145:288-302. [PMID: 17224240 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Revised: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The caudal anterior cingulate cortex (cAC) is an essential component of the circuitry involved in acquisition of forebrain-dependent trace eyeblink conditioning. Lesions of the cAC prevent trace eyeblink conditioning [Weible AP, McEchron MD, Disterhoft JF (2000) Cortical involvement in acquisition and extinction of trace eyeblink conditioning. Behav Neurosci 114(6):1058-1067]. The patterns of activation of cAC neurons recorded in vivo suggest an attentional role for this structure early in training [Weible AP, Weiss C, Disterhoft JF (2003) Activity profiles of single neurons in caudal anterior cingulate cortex during trace eyeblink conditioning in the rabbit. J Neurophysiol 90(2):599-612]. The goal of the present study was to identify connections of the portion of the rabbit cAC previously demonstrated to be involved in trace eyeblink conditioning, using the neuronal tract tracer wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, to better understand how the cAC contributes to the process of associative learning. Reciprocal connections with the claustrum provide a route for the transfer of sensory information between the cAC and neocortical and allocortical regions also involved in learning. Connections with components of the basal forebrain cholinergic system are described, with relevance to the proposed attentional role of the cAC. Reciprocal and unidirectional connections were in evidence in multiple thalamic regions, including the medial dorsal nucleus, which have been implicated in a variety of conditioning paradigms. Anterograde connections with the caudate and lateral pontine nuclei provide access to forebrain motor and brainstem sensory circuitry, respectively. The relevance of these connections to acquisition of the trace conditioned reflex is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Weible
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Institute for Neuroscience, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Schreurs BG, Crum JM, Wang D, Smith-Bell CA. Conditioning-specific reflex modification of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) heart rate. Behav Neurosci 2006; 119:1484-95. [PMID: 16420153 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.119.6.1484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Conditioning-specific reflex modification (CRM) describes changes in rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) nictitating membrane responses (NMR) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) when the US is tested by itself after pairings of tone and electrodermal stimulation. Although CRM has been replicated, it is unclear whether it occurs in response systems other than that of the NMR. The authors report that CRM of rabbit heart rate (HR) can occur following HR conditioning. A US that elicits HR acceleration before conditioning can elicit HR deceleration after conditioning. The rabbits' electrocardiograms showed both HR conditioning and HR CRM were correlated with an increased PQ interval--an index of parasympathetic function mediated by the vagus. The data suggest conditioned HR deceleration can generalize from conditioned stimulus to US as a function of conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard G Schreurs
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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