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Ahmed Y, Reddy M, Mederos J, McDermott KC, Varma DK, Ludwig CA, Ahmed IK, Khaderi KR. Democratizing Health Care in the Metaverse: How Video Games can Monitor Eye Conditions Using the Vision Performance Index: A Pilot Study. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2024; 4:100349. [PMID: 37869021 PMCID: PMC10587622 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2023.100349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Objective In a world where digital media is deeply engrained into our everyday lives, there lies an opportunity to leverage interactions with technology for health and wellness. The Vision Performance Index (VPI) leverages natural human-technology interaction to evaluate visual function using visual, cognitive, and motor psychometric data over 5 domains: field of view, accuracy, multitracking, endurance, and detection. The purpose of this study was to describe a novel method of evaluating holistic visual function through video game-derived VPI score data in patients with specific ocular pathology. Design Prospective comparative analysis. Participants Patients with dry eye, glaucoma, cataract, diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration, and healthy individuals. Methods The Vizzario Inc software development kit was integrated into 2 video game applications, Balloon Pop and Picture Perfect, which allowed for generation of VPI scores. Study participants were instructed to play rounds of each video game, from which a VPI score was compiled. Main Outcome Measures The primary outcome was VPI overall score in each comparison group. Vision Performance Index component, subcomponent scores, and psychophysical inputs were also compared. Results Vision Performance Index scores were generated from 93 patients with macular degeneration (n = 10), cataract (n = 10), DR (n = 15), dry eye (n = 15), glaucoma (n = 16), and no ocular disease (n = 27). The VPI overall score was not significantly different across comparison groups. The VPI subcomponent "reaction accuracy" score was significantly greater in DR patients (106 ± 13.2) versus controls (96.9 ± 11.5), P = 0.0220. The VPI subcomponent "color detection" score was significantly lower in patients with DR (96.8 ± 2.5; p=0.0217) and glaucoma (98.5 ± 6.3; P = 0.0093) compared with controls (101 ± 11). Psychophysical measures were statistically significantly different from controls: proportion correct (lower in DR, age-related macular degeneration), contrast errors (higher in cataract, DR), and saturation errors (higher in dry eye). Conclusions Vision Performance Index scores can be generated from interactions of an ocular disease population with video games. The VPI may offer utility in monitoring select ocular diseases through evaluation of subcomponent and psychophysical input scores; however, future larger-scale studies must evaluate the validity of this tool. Financial Disclosures Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Ahmed
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohan Reddy
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
- Vizzario, Inc, Venice, California
| | - Jacob Mederos
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
- Vizzario, Inc, Venice, California
| | - Kyle C. McDermott
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
- Vizzario, Inc, Venice, California
| | - Devesh K. Varma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Prism Eye Institute, Oakville, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cassie A. Ludwig
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Iqbal K. Ahmed
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Prism Eye Institute, Oakville, Ontario, Canada
- Moran Eye Centre, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Khizer R. Khaderi
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
- Vizzario, Inc, Venice, California
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Ribas MZ, Paticcié GF, Noleto FM, Ramanzini LG, Veras ADO, Dall'Oglio R, Filho LBDA, Martins da Silva JG, Lima MPP, Teixeira BE, Nunes de Sousa G, Alves AFC, Vieira Lima LMF, Sallem CC, Garcia TFM, Ponte de Oliveira IM, Rocha RSDC, Jucá MDS, Barroso ST, Claudino Dos Santos JC. Impact of dysexecutive syndrome in quality of life in Alzheimer disease: What we know now and where we are headed. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 86:101866. [PMID: 36709886 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common form of dementia that leads to multiple repercussions in the patient's life. This condition's clinical characteristics include loss of memory, temporal and spatial disorientation, language or executive dysfunction, and subsequent decline of social function. Dysexecutive syndrome (DS), the second most frequent neuropsychological dysfunction in AD, affects multiple brain areas and causes cognitive, behavioral, and emotional difficulties. We aimed to analyze the association between DS and AD and elucidate possible lack of evidence that may urge further research on this theme. Especially when dealing with such a disabling disease, where new findings can directly imply a better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Felipe Micelli Noleto
- Faculdade de Medicina, Centro Universitário Christus, UNICHRISTUS, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Arthur de Oliveira Veras
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato Dall'Oglio
- Faculdade Evangélica Mackenzie do Paraná (FEMPAR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Camilla Costa Sallem
- Faculdade de Medicina, Centro Universitário Christus, UNICHRISTUS, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Tulia Fernanda Meira Garcia
- Escola Multicampi de Ciências Médicas do RN, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (EMCM-UFRN), Caicó, RN, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mikaio de Sousa Jucá
- Faculdade de Medicina, Centro Universitário Christus, UNICHRISTUS, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Sarah Távora Barroso
- Faculdade de Medicina, Centro Universitário Christus, UNICHRISTUS, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Júlio César Claudino Dos Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina, Centro Universitário Christus, UNICHRISTUS, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Gaubert F, Borg C, Chainay H. Decision-Making in Alzheimer's Disease: The Role of Working Memory and Executive Functions in the Iowa Gambling Task and in Tasks Inspired by Everyday Situations. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 90:1793-1815. [PMID: 36336931 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) negatively impacts patients' ability to make advantageous decisions, i.e., a core ability contributing to the preservation of autonomy. OBJECTIVE The present study aims to analyze the changes that occur in the decision-making competence (DMC) in AD patients and to determine if these changes are related to the deterioration of executive functions and working memory. METHOD To this end, 20 patients with AD and 20 elderly control adults were assessed using executive, working memory, and DMC tasks. The latter comprised the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and a scenarios task based on situations inspired by everyday life and performed under conditions of risk and ambiguity. RESULTS Results revealed lower performances in AD patients than in elderly control adults for all the tasks assessing cognitive functions. The AD patients also made more strategy changes during the IGT. In the scenarios tasks, the two groups took as many ambiguous or risky decisions, but AD patients tended to take more risks in the context of gain than elderly control adults did. Switching and updating ability, as well as working memory, appeared to be involved in decisions in tasks inspired by everyday life, while inhibition was more related to the IGT performances. CONCLUSION Working memory and executive functions seem to be involved in decision-making, but in different ways in gambling and daily-life situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Gaubert
- Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs Laboratory, Lyon 2 University, Bron, France
| | - Céline Borg
- Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs Laboratory, Lyon 2 University, Bron, France.,University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Hôpital Nord, Saint-Etienne, France.,Psychology Faculty, Catholic University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition, University of Grenoble Alpes, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France
| | - Hanna Chainay
- Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs Laboratory, Lyon 2 University, Bron, France
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Abstract
Prior knowledge of relational structure allows people to quickly make sense of and respond to new experiences. When awareness of such structure is not necessary to support learning, however, it is unclear when and why individuals "spontaneously discover" an underlying relational schema. The present study examines the determinants of such discovery in discrimination-based transitive inference (TI), whereby people learn about a hierarchy of interrelated premises and are tested on their ability to draw inferences that bridge studied relations. Experiencing "chained" sequences of overlapping premises during training was predicted to facilitate the discovery of relational structure. Among individuals without prior knowledge of the hierarchy, chaining improved relational learning and was most likely to result in explicit awareness of the underlying relations between items. Observation of chained training sequences was also more effective than the self-generation of training sequences. These findings add to growing evidence that the temporal dynamics of training, including successive presentation of overlapping associations, are key to understanding spontaneous relational discovery during learning.
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Himi SA, Bühner M, Hilbert S. Advancing the Understanding of the Factor Structure of Executive Functioning. J Intell 2021; 9:jintelligence9010016. [PMID: 33809636 PMCID: PMC8006229 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence9010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been considerable debate and interest regarding the factor structure of executive functioning (EF). Therefore, the aim of the current study was to delve into this issue differently, by investigating EF and other cognitive constructs, such as working memory capacity (WMC), relational integration, and divided attention, which may contribute to EF. Here, we examined whether it is possible to provide evidence for a definite model of EF containing the components of updating, shifting, and inhibition. For this purpose, 202 young adults completed a battery of EF, three WMC tests, three relational integration tests, and two divided attention tests. A confirmatory factor analysis on all the cognitive abilities produced a five-factor structure, which included one factor predominately containing shifting tasks, the next factor containing two updating tasks, the third one predominately representing WMC, the fourth factor consisting of relational integration and antisaccade tasks, and finally, the last factor consisting of the divided attention and stop signal tasks. Lastly, a subsequent hierarchical model supported a higher-order factor, thereby representing general cognitive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samsad Afrin Himi
- Department of Psychology, Jagannath University, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh
- Psychological Methods and Assessment, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Leopoldstraße 13, 80802 Munich, Germany;
- Correspondence: (S.A.H.); (S.H.)
| | - Markus Bühner
- Psychological Methods and Assessment, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Leopoldstraße 13, 80802 Munich, Germany;
| | - Sven Hilbert
- Educational Science and Sport Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.A.H.); (S.H.)
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Gaubert F, Chainay H. Decision-Making Competence in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: A Review of the Literature. Neuropsychol Rev 2021; 31:267-287. [PMID: 33576942 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-020-09472-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Decision-making competence (DMC) appears to be influenced by the congruency between the characteristics of the individual, the task and the context. Indeed, the ability to make decisions seems to be highly sensitive to cognitive changes as observed, in particular, in the healthy elderly. Few studies have investigated these relations in pathological ageing. In this review, we focus on DMC in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the links its impairment could have with deficits in episodic memory, working memory, and executive functions. Decision-making under risk and under ambiguity appears to be impaired early in the progress of AD, with the deficit being greater during the later stages of the disease. In addition, some studies suggest that the impairment of DMC is exacerbated by deficits in other cognitive functions, in particular working memory and executive functions. This degradation in the ability to make decisions seriously affects the quality of life of patients and their relatives, since they frequently face important decisions, especially concerning healthcare, finance or accommodation. Thus, the growing incapacity to decide for themselves increases patients' and caregivers' stress and burden. The challenge for future studies is to determine how best to help patients and their families in the decisional process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Gaubert
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs, Université Lyon 2, 5 avenue Pierre Mendès France, 69676, Bron, France.
| | - Hanna Chainay
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs, Université Lyon 2, 5 avenue Pierre Mendès France, 69676, Bron, France
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7
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Holyoak KJ, Monti MM. Relational Integration in the Human Brain: A Review and Synthesis. J Cogn Neurosci 2020; 33:341-356. [PMID: 32762521 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Relational integration is required when multiple explicit representations of relations between entities must be jointly considered to make inferences. We provide an overview of the neural substrate of relational integration in humans and the processes that support it, focusing on work on analogical and deductive reasoning. In addition to neural evidence, we consider behavioral and computational work that has informed neural investigations of the representations of individual relations and of relational integration. In very general terms, evidence from neuroimaging, neuropsychological, and neuromodulatory studies points to a small set of regions (generally left lateralized) that appear to constitute key substrates for component processes of relational integration. These include posterior parietal cortex, implicated in the representation of first-order relations (e.g., A:B); rostrolateral pFC, apparently central in integrating first-order relations so as to generate and/or evaluate higher-order relations (e.g., A:B::C:D); dorsolateral pFC, involved in maintaining relations in working memory; and ventrolateral pFC, implicated in interference control (e.g., inhibiting salient information that competes with relevant relations). Recent work has begun to link computational models of relational representation and reasoning with patterns of neural activity within these brain areas.
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8
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Luzzi S, Baldinelli S, Ranaldi V, Fiori C, Plutino A, Fringuelli FM, Silvestrini M, Baggio G, Reverberi C. The neural bases of discourse semantic and pragmatic deficits in patients with frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Cortex 2020; 128:174-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Active transitive inference: When learner control facilitates integrative encoding. Cognition 2020; 200:104188. [PMID: 32240821 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research indicates that active control of learning improves episodic memory for material experienced during study. It is less clear how active learning impacts the integration of those experiences into flexible, generalizable knowledge. This study uses a novel active transitive inference task to investigate how people learn a relational hierarchy through active selection of premise pairs. Active control improved memory for studied premises as well as transitive inferences involving items that were never experienced together during study. Active learners also exhibited a systematic search preference, generating sequences of overlapping premises that may facilitate relational integration. Critically, however, advantages from active control were not universal: Only participants with higher working memory capacity benefited from the opportunity to select premise pairs during learning. These findings suggest that active control enhances integrative encoding of studied material, but only among individuals with sufficient cognitive resources.
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10
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Norris RHC, Churilov L, Hannan AJ, Nithianantharajah J. Mutations in neuroligin-3 in male mice impact behavioral flexibility but not relational memory in a touchscreen test of visual transitive inference. Mol Autism 2019; 10:42. [PMID: 31827744 PMCID: PMC6889473 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-019-0292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction including disrupted behavioral flexibility is central to neurodevelopmental disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). A cognitive measure that assesses relational memory, and the ability to flexibly assimilate and transfer learned information is transitive inference. Transitive inference is highly conserved across vertebrates and disrupted in cognitive disorders. Here, we examined how mutations in the synaptic cell-adhesion molecule neuroligin-3 (Nlgn3) that have been documented in ASD impact relational memory and behavioral flexibility. We first refined a rodent touchscreen assay to measure visual transitive inference, then assessed two mouse models of Nlgn3 dysfunction (Nlgn3−/y and Nlgn3R451C). Deep analysis of touchscreen behavioral data at a trial level established we could measure trajectories in flexible responding and changes in processing speed as cognitive load increased. We show that gene mutations in Nlgn3 do not disrupt relational memory, but significantly impact flexible responding. Our study presents the first analysis of reaction times in a rodent transitive inference test, highlighting response latencies from the touchscreen system are useful indicators of processing demands or decision-making processes. These findings expand our understanding of how dysfunction of key components of synaptic signaling complexes impact distinct cognitive processes disrupted in neurodevelopmental disorders, and advance our approaches for dissecting rodent behavioral assays to provide greater insights into clinically relevant cognitive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca H C Norris
- 1Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria Australia
| | - Leonid Churilov
- 2Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 245 Burgundy St, Heidelberg, Victoria Australia.,3Department of Medicine - Austin Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, 245 Burgundy St, Heidelberg, Victoria Australia
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- 1Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria Australia.,4Florey Department of Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia.,5Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia
| | - Jess Nithianantharajah
- 1Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria Australia.,4Florey Department of Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia
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Kopp B, Maldonado N, Scheffels JF, Hendel M, Lange F. A Meta-Analysis of Relationships between Measures of Wisconsin Card Sorting and Intelligence. Brain Sci 2019; 9:E349. [PMID: 31795503 PMCID: PMC6956132 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9120349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) represents a widely utilized neuropsychological assessment technique for executive function. This meta-analysis examined the discriminant validity of the WCST for the assessment of mental shifting, considered as an essential subcomponent of executive functioning, against traditional psychometric intelligence tests. A systematic search was conducted, resulting in 72 neuropsychological samples for the meta-analysis of relationships between WCST scores and a variety of intelligence quotient (IQ) domains. The study revealed low to medium-sized correlations with IQ domains across all WCST scores that could be investigated. Verbal/crystallized IQ and performance/fluid IQ were indistinguishably associated with WCST scores. To conclude, the WCST assesses cognitive functions that might be partially separable from common conceptualizations of intelligence. More vigorous initiatives to validate putative indicators of executive function against intelligence are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Kopp
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (N.M.); (J.F.S.); (M.H.); (F.L.)
| | - Natasha Maldonado
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (N.M.); (J.F.S.); (M.H.); (F.L.)
| | - Jannik F. Scheffels
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (N.M.); (J.F.S.); (M.H.); (F.L.)
| | - Merle Hendel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (N.M.); (J.F.S.); (M.H.); (F.L.)
| | - Florian Lange
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (N.M.); (J.F.S.); (M.H.); (F.L.)
- Behavioral Engineering Research Group, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 69, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Byczewska-Konieczny K, Paleczna M, Mironiuk O. Simple verbal analogical reasoning and its predictors in old age. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2019; 27:693-709. [PMID: 31544623 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2019.1666968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Analogical reasoning - the ability to find a relation between two objects is often recognized as a core of cognition. This article presents two studies focused on the effect of aging on analogical reasoning, and potential mechanisms that explain individual differences between the performances of elderly adults in analogy tasks. In Study 1, the authors examined age-related differences in reasoning based on simple verbal analogical relations, A:B:: C:D type. Elderly participants (N = 25, Mage = 73.12) obtained significantly lower results than younger adults (N = 25, Mage = 21.12). In Study 2, authors concentrated on individual differences between elderly people (N = 95, Mage = 71.39) in the same type of analogical reasoning. Regression analysis confirmed the role of processing speed and age, but not of inhibitory control, working memory and education, as predictors of analogical reasoning in old age. Results of both studies are discussed in relation to the conclusions drawn from current research in the field of analogical reasoning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Paleczna
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University , Kraków, Poland
| | - Olga Mironiuk
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University , Kraków, Poland
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Svensson KA, Hao J, Bruns RF. Positive allosteric modulators of the dopamine D1 receptor: A new mechanism for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2019; 86:273-305. [PMID: 31378255 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine D1 receptor plays an important role in motor activity, reward, and cognition. Efforts to develop D1 agonists have been mixed due to poor drug-like properties, tachyphylaxis, and inverted U-shaped dose-response curves. Recently, positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) for the dopamine D1 receptor were discovered and initial pharmacological profiling has suggested that several of the above issues could be addressed with this mechanism. This paper presents an overview of key findings for DETQ (2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1-((1S,3R)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)ethan-1-one), which is currently the only D1 PAM for which published in vivo data is available. In vitro studies showed selective potentiation of the human D1 receptor without significant allosteric agonist effects. Due to a species difference in affinity for DETQ, transgenic mice expressing the human D1 receptor (hD1 mice) were used in vivo. In contrast to D1 agonists, DETQ increased locomotor activity over a wide dose-range without inverted U-shaped dose response or tachyphylaxis. DETQ also reversed hypo-activity in mice with dopamine depletion due to reserpine pretreatment, suggesting potential for treatment of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Potential pro-cognitive effects were supported by improved performance in the novel object recognition task, enhanced release of cortical acetylcholine and histamine, and increased phosphorylation of the AMPA receptor (GluR1) and the transcription factor CREB. In addition, DETQ enhanced wakefulness in EEG studies and decreased immobility in the forced-swim test. Together, these results provide support for potential utility of D1 PAMs in the treatment of several neuropsychiatric disorders. LY3154207, a close analog of DETQ, is currently in phase 2 clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell A Svensson
- Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - Junliang Hao
- Discovery Chemistry and Research Technologies, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Robert F Bruns
- Discovery Chemistry and Research Technologies, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Yoo SM, Lee JH. Antioxidative Effect of Phrymaleptostachyavar. Asiatica HARA Extract on the Neurotoxicity of Aluminum Sulfate, Environmental Pollutant. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2019.51.2.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Mi Yoo
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Jun-Hee Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sanbon Hospital, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, Sanbon, Korea
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15
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Groppell S, Soto-Ruiz KM, Flores B, Dawkins W, Smith I, Eagleman DM, Katz Y. A Rapid, Mobile Neurocognitive Screening Test to Aid in Identifying Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (BrainCheck): Cohort Study. JMIR Aging 2019; 2:e12615. [PMID: 31518280 PMCID: PMC6715071 DOI: 10.2196/12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The US population over the age of 65 is expected to double by the year 2050. Concordantly, the incidence of dementia is projected to increase. The subclinical stage of dementia begins years before signs and symptoms appear. Early detection of cognitive impairment and/or cognitive decline may allow for interventions to slow its progression. Furthermore, early detection may allow for implementation of care plans that may affect the quality of life of those affected and their caregivers. Objective We sought to determine the accuracy and validity of BrainCheck Memory as a diagnostic aid for age-related cognitive impairment, as compared against physician diagnosis and other commonly used neurocognitive screening tests, including the Saint Louis University Mental Status (SLUMS) exam, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Methods We tested 583 volunteers over the age of 49 from various community centers and living facilities in Houston, Texas. The volunteers were divided into five cohorts: a normative population and four comparison groups for the SLUMS exam, the MMSE, the MoCA, and physician diagnosis. Each comparison group completed their respective assessment and BrainCheck Memory. Results A total of 398 subjects were included in the normative population. A total of 84 participants were in the SLUMS exam cohort, 51 in the MMSE cohort, 35 in the MoCA cohort, and 18 in the physician cohort. BrainCheck Memory assessments were significantly correlated to the SLUMS exam, with coefficients ranging from .5 to .7. Correlation coefficients for the MMSE and BrainCheck and the MoCA and BrainCheck were also significant. Of the 18 subjects evaluated by a physician, 9 (50%) were healthy, 6 (33%) were moderately impaired, and 3 (17%) were severely impaired. A significant difference was found between the severely and moderately impaired subjects and the healthy subjects (P=.02). We derived a BrainCheck Memory composite score that showed stronger correlations with the standard assessments as compared to the individual BrainCheck assessments. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of this composite score found a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 94%. Conclusions BrainCheck Memory provides a sensitive and specific metric for age-related cognitive impairment in older adults, with the advantages of a mobile, digital, and easy-to-use test. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03608722; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03608722 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/76JLoYUGf)
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Groppell
- School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - David M Eagleman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Yael Katz
- BrainCheck Inc, Houston, TX, United States
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16
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A quantitative approach to neuropsychiatry: The why and the how. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 97:3-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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17
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Dymond S, Bennett M, Boyle S, Roche B, Schlund M. Related to Anxiety: Arbitrarily Applicable Relational Responding and Experimental Psychopathology Research on Fear and Avoidance. Perspect Behav Sci 2018; 41:189-213. [PMID: 32004365 PMCID: PMC6701705 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-017-0133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have an unparalleled ability to engage in arbitrarily applicable relational responding (AARR). One of the consequences of this ability to spontaneously combine and relate events from the past, present, and future may, in fact, be a propensity to suffer. For instance, maladaptive fear and avoidance of remote or derived threats may actually perpetuate anxiety. In this narrative review, we consider contemporary AARR research on fear and avoidance as it relates to anxiety. We first describe laboratory-based research on the emergent spread of fear- and avoidance-eliciting functions in humans. Next, we consider the validity of AARR research on fear and avoidance and address the therapeutic implications of the work. Finally, we outline challenges and opportunities for a greater synthesis between behavior analysis research on AARR and experimental psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Dymond
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP UK
- Department of Psychology, Reykjavík University, Menntavegur 1, Nauthólsvík, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Marc Bennett
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Lloyd Building, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sean Boyle
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Bryan Roche
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Michael Schlund
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Loeffler Building, Room 316, 121 Meyran Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
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18
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Seo EH, Kim H, Lee KH, Choo IH. Altered Executive Function in Pre-Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 54:933-940. [PMID: 27567814 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For the early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD), there is increasing interest in pre-mild cognitive impairment (pre-MCI). OBJECTIVE We explored the neuropsychological characteristics in a group of pre-MCI and cognitively normal (CN) elderly individuals, with the aim of providing measures sensitive to cognitive change in pre-MCI. METHODS We included 188 CN elderly and 77 individuals with pre-MCI. All participants underwent comprehensive clinical and neuropsychological assessment. We compared 17 cognitive tests between the CN and pre-MCI groups by using one-way ANOVAs with false discovery rate correction for multiple comparisons. Pearson's correlations were also obtained between episodic memory and executive function tests in the pre-MCI group. RESULTS The pre-MCI group showed significantly lower scores for visual immediate recall, fluency tests, and Stroop color naming in the color-word incongruent condition than the CN group (p < 0.05). Most of these executive function measures were significantly correlated with episodic memory (p < 0.05). There were no significant group-differences in other tests assessing attention, verbal memory, visuospatial ability, and language. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that poor executive function especially demanding inhibition and goal-directed behaviors within time limit could be the characteristics of the very early cognitive sign in the course of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hyun Seo
- National Research Center for Dementia, Gwangju, Korea.,Premedical Science, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hoowon Kim
- National Research Center for Dementia, Gwangju, Korea.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Chosun University/Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kun Ho Lee
- National Research Center for Dementia, Gwangju, Korea.,College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Il Han Choo
- National Research Center for Dementia, Gwangju, Korea.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Chosun University/Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
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19
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Andrews G, Bohadana GR. Does solving distant analogies facilitate relational integration? JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2017.1414223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Andrews
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Gal Rachel Bohadana
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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20
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Jung JY, Jung IJ, Jekal SJ. The Protective Effect of Lonicerae flos Extract on Cultured C6 Glioma Cells Damaged by Aluminum of Dementia Inducer. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2017.49.3.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jai-Yun Jung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Sanbon Hospital, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, Gunpo, Korea
| | - In-Ju Jung
- Department of Cosmetology, Dongshin University, Naju, Korea
| | - Seung-Joo Jekal
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Wonkwang Health Science University, Iksan, Korea
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21
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Temporal Relations and Intelligence: Correlating Relational Performance With Performance on the Wais-III. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03395638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Executive functions in patients with Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and cognitively healthy older adults. Exp Gerontol 2016; 83:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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23
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Noroozian M. Alzheimer's Disease: Prototype of Cognitive Deterioration, Valuable Lessons to Understand Human Cognition. Neurol Clin 2016; 34:69-131. [PMID: 26613996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is important for neurologists to become more familiar with neuropsychological evaluation for Alzheimer disease. The growth of this method in research, as an available, inexpensive, and noninvasive diagnostic approach, which can be administered even by non-specialist-trained examiners, makes this knowledge more necessary than ever. Such knowledge has a basic role in planning national programs in primary health care systems for prevention and early detection of Alzheimer disease. This is more crucial in developing countries, which have higher rates of dementia prevalence along with cardiovascular risk factors, lack of public knowledge about dementia, and limited social support. In addition compared to the neurological hard signs which are tangible and measurable, the concept of cognition seems to be more difficult for the neurologists to evaluate and for the students to understand. Dementia in general and Alzheimer's disease as the prototype of cognitive disorders specifically, play an important role to explore all domains of human cognition through its symptomatology and neuropsychological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Noroozian
- Memory and Behavioral Neurology Division, Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 606 South Kargar Avenue, Tehran 1333795914, Iran.
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24
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Hansell NK, Halford GS, Andrews G, Shum DHK, Harris SE, Davies G, Franic S, Christoforou A, Zietsch B, Painter J, Medland SE, Ehli EA, Davies GE, Steen VM, Lundervold AJ, Reinvang I, Montgomery GW, Espeseth T, Hulshoff Pol HE, Starr JM, Martin NG, Le Hellard S, Boomsma DI, Deary IJ, Wright MJ. Genetic basis of a cognitive complexity metric. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123886. [PMID: 25860228 PMCID: PMC4393228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Relational complexity (RC) is a metric reflecting capacity limitation in relational processing. It plays a crucial role in higher cognitive processes and is an endophenotype for several disorders. However, the genetic underpinnings of complex relational processing have not been investigated. Using the classical twin model, we estimated the heritability of RC and genetic overlap with intelligence (IQ), reasoning, and working memory in a twin and sibling sample aged 15-29 years (N = 787). Further, in an exploratory search for genetic loci contributing to RC, we examined associated genetic markers and genes in our Discovery sample and selected loci for replication in four independent samples (ALSPAC, LBC1936, NTR, NCNG), followed by meta-analysis (N>6500) at the single marker level. Twin modelling showed RC is highly heritable (67%), has considerable genetic overlap with IQ (59%), and is a major component of genetic covariation between reasoning and working memory (72%). At the molecular level, we found preliminary support for four single-marker loci (one in the gene DGKB), and at a gene-based level for the NPS gene, having influence on cognition. These results indicate that genetic sources influencing relational processing are a key component of the genetic architecture of broader cognitive abilities. Further, they suggest a genetic cascade, whereby genetic factors influencing capacity limitation in relational processing have a flow-on effect to more complex cognitive traits, including reasoning and working memory, and ultimately, IQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narelle K. Hansell
- Neuroimaging Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Graeme S. Halford
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt Campus, Brisbane, Australia
- Behavioural Basis of Health Program, Griffith Health Institute and School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Glenda Andrews
- Behavioural Basis of Health Program, Griffith Health Institute and School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Australia
| | - David H. K. Shum
- Behavioural Basis of Health Program, Griffith Health Institute and School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah E. Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sanja Franic
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Christoforou
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research and the Norwegian Center for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Brendan Zietsch
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jodie Painter
- Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Erik A. Ehli
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Avera McKennan Hospital & University Health Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Gareth E. Davies
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Avera McKennan Hospital & University Health Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Vidar M. Steen
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research and the Norwegian Center for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Astri J. Lundervold
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Research on Aging and Dementia, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ivar Reinvang
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Grant W. Montgomery
- Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Center for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT) and the K.G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - John M. Starr
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research and the Norwegian Center for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret J. Wright
- Neuroimaging Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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25
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da Silva RAPC. Sleep disturbances and mild cognitive impairment: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 8:36-41. [PMID: 26483941 PMCID: PMC4608881 DOI: 10.1016/j.slsci.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mild cognitive impaired (MCI) is viewed as a transitional stage from normal to dementia. The aim of this study is analyze the sleep disturbances in subjects diagnosed as carries MCI. METHODS A review of the literature was conducted in order to document sleeps problems in the context of MCI. RESULTS Among the studies that compares the prevalence of sleep disturbances between subjects with MCI and those with normal cognition demonstrated that night time behaviors are more common in MCI patients (18.3-45.5%) than in normal population (10.9-23.3%). CONCLUSIONS Sleep disturbance is prevalent and predictive of cognitive decline in older people and in those with neurodegenerative disorders. The sleep problems have to be identified and treat to preserve the cognition and the MCI subjects with sleep disturbances have to be follow more closely to identify the initial signs of dementia.
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Sleep influences the severity of memory disruption in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: results from sleep self-assessment and continuous activity monitoring. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2015; 24:325-33. [PMID: 20592579 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0b013e3181e30846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is important for declarative memory consolidation in healthy adults. Sleep disruptions are typical in Alzheimer disease, but whether they contribute to memory impairment is unknown. Sleep has not been formally examined in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), which is characterized by declarative-memory deficits without dementia and can signify prodromal Alzheimer disease. We studied 10 aMCI patients and 10 controls over 2 weeks using daily sleep surveys, wrist-worn activity sensors, and daily recognition tests. Recognition was impaired and more variable in aMCI patients, whereas sleep was similar across groups. However, lower recognition of items learned the previous day was associated with lower subjective sleep quality in aMCI patients. This correlation was not present for information learned the same day and thus did not reflect nonspecific effects of poor sleep on memory. These results indicate that inadequate memory consolidation in aMCI patients is related to declines in subjective sleep indices. Furthermore, participants with greater across-night sleep variability exhibited lower scores on a standardized recall test taken prior to the 2-week protocol, suggesting that consistent sleep across nights also contributes to successful memory. Physiological analyses are needed to further specify which aspects of sleep in neurological disorders impact memory function and consolidation.
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27
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Andrews G, Halford GS, Chappell M, Maujean A, Shum DHK. Planning following stroke: a relational complexity approach using the tower of london. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:1032. [PMID: 25566042 PMCID: PMC4274981 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Planning on the 4-disk version of the Tower of London (TOL4) was examined in stroke patients and unimpaired controls. Overall TOL4 solution scores indicated impaired planning in the frontal stroke but not non-frontal stroke patients. Consistent with the claim that processing the relations between current states, intermediate states, and goal states is a key process in planning, the domain-general relational complexity metric was a good indicator of the experienced difficulty of TOL4 problems. The relational complexity metric shared variance with task-specific metrics of moves to solution and search depth. Frontal stroke patients showed impaired planning compared to controls on problems at all three complexity levels, but at only two of the three levels of moves to solution, search depth and goal ambiguity. Non-frontal stroke patients showed impaired planning only on the most difficult quaternary-relational and high search depth problems. An independent measure of relational processing (viz., Latin square task) predicted TOL4 solution scores after controlling for stroke status and location, and executive processing (Trail Making Test). The findings suggest that planning involves a domain-general capacity for relational processing that depends on the frontal brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Andrews
- Behavioural Basis of Health Program, Griffith Health Institute, School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University , Gold Coast, QLD , Australia
| | - Graeme S Halford
- Behavioural Basis of Health Program, Griffith Health Institute, School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - Mark Chappell
- Behavioural Basis of Health Program, Griffith Health Institute, School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - Annick Maujean
- Centre for National Research on Disability and Rehabilitation Medicine (CONROD), Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University , Meadowbrook, QLD , Australia
| | - David H K Shum
- Behavioural Basis of Health Program, Griffith Health Institute, School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
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28
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Feng X, Peng L, Chang-Quan L, Yi L, Hong L. Relational complexity modulates activity in the prefrontal cortex during numerical inductive reasoning: an fMRI study. Biol Psychol 2014; 101:61-8. [PMID: 24995915 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most previous studies investigating relational reasoning have used visuo-spatial materials. This fMRI study aimed to determine how relational complexity affects brain activity during inductive reasoning, using numerical materials. Three numerical relational levels of the number series completion task were adopted for use: 0-relational (e.g., "23 23 23"), 1-relational ("32 30 28") and 2-relational ("12 13 15") problems. The fMRI results revealed that the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) showed enhanced activity associated with relational complexity. Bilateral inferior parietal lobule (IPL) activity was greater during the 1- and 2-relational level problems than during the 0-relational level problems. In addition, the left fronto-polar cortex (FPC) showed selective activity during the 2-relational level problems. The bilateral DLPFC may be involved in the process of hypothesis generation, whereas the bilateral IPL may be sensitive to calculation demands. Moreover, the sensitivity of the left FPC to the multiple relational problems may be related to the integration of numerical relations. The present study extends our knowledge of the prefrontal activity pattern underlying numerical relational processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Feng
- Department of Teacher Education, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041004, China; Key laboratory for Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Li Peng
- Research Centre for Brain Function and Psychological Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Long Chang-Quan
- Key laboratory for Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lei Yi
- Research Centre for Brain Function and Psychological Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Li Hong
- Research Centre for Brain Function and Psychological Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Key laboratory for Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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McFarquhar M, Elliott R, McKie S, Thomas E, Downey D, Mekli K, Toth ZG, Anderson IM, Deakin JFW, Juhasz G. TOMM40 rs2075650 may represent a new candidate gene for vulnerability to major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:1743-53. [PMID: 24549102 PMCID: PMC4023148 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that depression is a risk factor for dementia; however, the relationship between the two conditions is not fully understood. A novel gene (TOMM40) has been consistently associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), but has received no attention in depression. We conducted a three-level cross-sectional study to investigate the association of the TOMM40 rs2075650 SNP with depression. We recruited a community sample of 1220 participants (571 controls, 649 lifetime depression) to complete a psychiatric background questionnaire, the Brief Symptom Inventory, and Big Five Inventory at Level-1, 243 (102 controls, 97 remitted, 44 currently depressed) to complete a face-to-face clinical interview and neuropsychological testing at Level-2 and 58 (33 controls, 25 remitted) to complete an emotional face-processing task during fMRI at Level-3. Our results indicated that the TOMM40 rs2075650 G allele was a significant risk factor for lifetime depression (p = 0.00006) and, in depressed subjects, was a significant predictor of low extraversion (p = 0.009). Currently depressed risk allele carriers showed subtle executive dysfunction (p = 0.004) and decreased positive memory bias (p = 0.021) together with reduced activity in the posterior (p(FWE) = 0.045) and anterior (p(FWE) = 0.041) cingulate during sad face emotion processing. Our results suggest that TOMM40 rs2075650 may be a risk factor for the development of depression characterized by reduced extraversion, impaired executive function, and decreased positive emotional recall, and reduced top-down cortical control during sad emotion processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn McFarquhar
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, School of Community Based Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rebecca Elliott
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, School of Community Based Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Shane McKie
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, School of Community Based Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Emma Thomas
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, School of Community Based Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Darragh Downey
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, School of Community Based Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Krisztina Mekli
- Cathie Marsh Centre for Census and Survey Research, School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Zoltan G Toth
- Kalman Kando Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Obuda University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ian M Anderson
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, School of Community Based Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - JF William Deakin
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, School of Community Based Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Gabriella Juhasz
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, School of Community Based Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK,Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, and MTA-SE, Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary,Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, School of Community Based Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, G.907 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK, Tel: +44 161 275 6915, Fax: +44 161 275 7429, E-mail:
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Executive functions in clinical and preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2013; 169:695-708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Kalenzaga S, Clarys D. Self-referential processing in Alzheimer's disease: two different ways of processing self-knowledge? J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2013; 35:455-71. [PMID: 23631426 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2013.789485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two previous studies showed that self-reference encoding had no effect on Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients' recollective experience when it was compared to other-reference encoding, whereas it did have an effect when it was compared to semantic processing, but only for emotional trait adjectives. In the present study, the performance of 22 AD patients was compared with that of 21 normal controls on a task involving recognition of emotional versus neutral adjective traits following self-reference versus other-reference encoding, using the remember/know/guess paradigm. Results showed that although AD patients had a positive explicit view of themselves, their self became salient for negative adjective traits only. We concluded that there might exist two ways of processing self-referential knowledge in human cognition: one explicit and the other more implicit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Kalenzaga
- UMR-CNRS 6234 Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.
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32
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Andrews G, Halford GS, Shum D, Maujean A, Chappell M, Birney D. Relational processing following stroke. Brain Cogn 2013; 81:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Koscik TR, Tranel D. The human ventromedial prefrontal cortex is critical for transitive inference. J Cogn Neurosci 2012; 24:1191-204. [PMID: 22288395 PMCID: PMC3626083 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that the ventromedial pFC (vmPFC) is critical for making transitive inferences (e.g., the logical operation that if A > B and B > C, then A > C). To test this, participants with focal vmPFC damage, brain-damaged comparison participants, and neurologically normal participants completed a transitive inference task consisting an ordered set of arbitrary patterns. Participants first learned through trial-and-error the relationships of the patterns (e.g., Pattern A > Pattern B, Pattern B > Pattern C). After initial learning, participants were presented with novel pairings, some of which required transitive inference (e.g., Pattern A > Pattern C from the relationship above). We observed that vmPFC damage led to a specific deficit in transitive inference, suggesting that an intact vmPFC is necessary for making normal transitive inferences. Given the usefulness of transitivity in inferring social relationships, this deficit may be one of the basic features of social conduct problems associated with vmPFC damage.
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Abstract
Neuropsychological assessment has featured prominently over the past 30 years in the characterization of dementia associated with Alzheimer disease (AD). Clinical neuropsychological methods have identified the earliest, most definitive cognitive and behavioral symptoms of illness, contributing to the identification, staging, and tracking of disease. With increasing public awareness of dementia, disease detection has moved to earlier stages of illness, at a time when deficits are both behaviorally and pathologically selective. For reasons that are not well understood, early AD pathology frequently targets large-scale neuroanatomical networks for episodic memory before other networks that subserve language, attention, executive functions, and visuospatial abilities. This chapter reviews the pathognomonic neuropsychological features of AD dementia and how these differ from "normal," age-related cognitive decline and from other neurodegenerative diseases that cause dementia, including cortical Lewy body disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, and cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Weintraub
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center (CNADC), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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35
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Montgomery KS, Simmons RK, Edwards G, Nicolle MM, Gluck MA, Myers CE, Bizon JL. Novel age-dependent learning deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease: implications for translational research. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 32:1273-85. [PMID: 19720431 PMCID: PMC4334376 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Computational modeling predicts that the hippocampus plays an important role in the ability to apply previously learned information to novel problems and situations (referred to as the ability to generalize information or simply as 'transfer learning'). These predictions have been tested in humans using a computer-based task on which individuals with hippocampal damage are able to learn a series of complex discriminations with two stimulus features (shape and color), but are impaired in their ability to transfer this information to newly configured problems in which one of the features is altered. This deficit occurs despite the fact that the feature predictive of the reward (the relevant information) is not changed. The goal of the current study was to develop a mouse analog of transfer learning and to determine if this new task was sensitive to pathological changes in a mouse model of AD. We describe a task in which mice were able to learn a series of concurrent discriminations that contained two stimulus features (odor and digging media) and could transfer this learned information to new problems in which the irrelevant feature in each discrimination pair was altered. Moreover, we report age-dependent deficits specific to transfer learning in APP+PS1 mice relative to non-transgenic littermates. The robust impairment in transfer learning may be more sensitive to AD-like pathology than traditional cognitive assessments in that no deficits were observed in the APP+PS1 mice on the widely used Morris water maze task. These data describe a novel and sensitive paradigm to evaluate mnemonic decline in AD mouse models that has unique translational advantages over standard species-specific cognitive assessments (e.g., water maze for rodent and delayed paragraph recall for humans).
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Affiliation(s)
- K. S. Montgomery
- Behavioral and Cellular Neuroscience, Dept. Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4235, , , ,
| | - R. K. Simmons
- Behavioral and Cellular Neuroscience, Dept. Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4235, , , ,
| | - G. Edwards
- Behavioral and Cellular Neuroscience, Dept. Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4235, , , ,
| | - M. M. Nicolle
- Internal Medicine Gerontology and Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157,
| | - M. A. Gluck
- Center for Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102-1896,
| | - C. E. Myers
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 08854-8020,
| | - J. L. Bizon
- Behavioral and Cellular Neuroscience, Dept. Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4235, , , ,
- Faculty of Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4235
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36
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Irish M, Lawlor BA, O'Mara SM, Coen RF. Impaired capacity for autonoetic reliving during autobiographical event recall in mild Alzheimer's disease. Cortex 2011; 47:236-49. [PMID: 20153463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Belief-based and analytic processing in transitive inference depends on premise integration difficulty. Mem Cognit 2010; 38:928-40. [DOI: 10.3758/mc.38.7.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Nishi H, Sawamoto N, Namiki C, Yoshida H, Dinh HDT, Ishizu K, Hashikawa K, Fukuyama H. Correlation between cognitive deficits and glucose hypometabolism in mild cognitive impairment. J Neuroimaging 2010; 20:29-36. [PMID: 19018949 DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6569.2008.00328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), poor performances on delayed recall and executive function are risk factors of progression to dementia. The aim of the present study was to clarify neural correlates of these neuropsychological deficits. METHODS Thirty patients with amnestic MCI and 15 control subjects underwent neuropsychological tests including three-word delayed recall, visual delayed recall of Rey complex figure (RCF), and two-relational reasoning of Raven's colored progressive matrices (RCPM) with a (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-position emission tomography (PET) measurement of resting state. We evaluated a relationship between performance of neuropsychological tests and regional cerebral glucose metabolism using voxel-based analysis. RESULTS Poor performance in three-word delayed recall was related to glucose hypometabolism in the right medial temporal, right prefrontal, and left superior parietal cortices. The deficit in visual delayed recall of RCF correlated positively with hypometabolism in the bilateral posterior cingulate. The impairment in two-relational reasoning was associated with hypometabolism in the right prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that hypometabolism in the right medial temporal cortex, right prefrontal cortex, left superior parietal cortex, and bilateral posterior cingulate reflects impairments in delayed recall while hypometabolism in the right prefrontal cortex mirrors deficits in executive function in MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Nishi
- Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Shogoin, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Krawczyk DC, Hanten G, Wilde EA, Li X, Schnelle KP, Merkley TL, Vasquez AC, Cook LG, McClelland M, Chapman SB, Levin HS. Deficits in analogical reasoning in adolescents with traumatic brain injury. Front Hum Neurosci 2010; 4. [PMID: 20844604 PMCID: PMC2938978 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2010.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) exhibit deficits in executive control, which may impact their reasoning abilities. Analogical reasoning requires working memory and inhibitory abilities. In this study, we tested adolescents with moderate to severe TBI and typically developing (TD) controls on a set of picture analogy problems. Three factors were varied: complexity (number of relations in the problems), distraction (distractor item present or absent), and animacy (living or non-living items in the problems). We found that TD adolescents performed significantly better overall than TBI adolescents. There was also an age effect present in the TBI group where older participants performed better than younger ones. This age effect was not observed in the TD group. Performance was affected by complexity and distraction. Further, TBI participants exhibited lower performance with distractors present than TD participants. The reasoning deficits exhibited by the TBI participants were correlated with measures of executive function that required working memory updating, attention, and attentional screening. Using MRI-derived measures of cortical thickness, correlations were carried out between task accuracy and cortical thickness. The TD adolescents showed negative correlations between thickness and task accuracy in frontal and temporal regions consistent with cortical maturation in these regions. This study demonstrates that adolescent TBI results in impairments in analogical reasoning ability. Further, TBI youth have difficulty effectively screening out distraction, which may lead to failures in comprehension of the relations among items in visual scenes. Lastly, TBI youth fail to show robust cortical–behavior correlations as observed in TD individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Krawczyk
- Center for Brain Health, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas TX, USA
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Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the major causes of dementia. The pathogenesis of the disease is not entirely understood, but the amyloid β peptide (Aβ) and the formation of senile plaques seem to play pivotal roles. Oligomerization of the Aβ is thought to trigger a cascade of events, including oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity and inflammation. The kynurenine (KYN) pathway is the major route for the metabolism of the essential amino acid tryptophan. Some of the metabolites of this pathway, such as 3-hydroxykynurenine and quinolinic acid, are known to have neurotoxic properties, whereas others, such as kynurenic acid, are putative neuroprotectants. Among other routes, the KYN pathway has been shown to be involved in AD pathogenesis, and connections to other known mechanisms have also been demonstrated. Oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity and the neuroinflammation involved in AD pathogenesis have been revealed to be connected to the KYN pathway. Intervention at these key steps may serve as the aim of potential therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsigmond Tamas Kincses
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Hungary
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Ostreicher ML, Moses SN, Rosenbaum RS, Ryan JD. Prior Experience Supports New Learning of Relations in Aging. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2009; 65B:32-41. [DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbp081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Plancher G, Guyard A, Nicolas S, Piolino P. Mechanisms underlying the production of false memories for famous people's names in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia 2009; 47:2527-36. [PMID: 19410586 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that the occurrence of false memories increases with aging, but the results remain inconsistent concerning Alzheimer's disease (AD). Moreover, the mechanisms underlying the production of false memories are still unclear. Using an experimental episodic memory test with material based on the names of famous people in a procedure derived from the DRM paradigm [Roediger, H. L., III, & McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 21, 803-814], we examined correct and false recall and recognition in 30 young adults, 40 healthy older adults, and 30 patients with AD. Moreover, we evaluated the relationships between false memory performance, correct episodic memory performance, and a set of neuropsychological assessments evaluating the semantic memory and executive functions. The results clearly indicated that correct recall and recognition performance decreased with the subjects' age, but it decreased even more with AD. In addition, semantically related false recalls and false recognitions increased with age but not with dementia. On the contrary, non-semantically related false recalls and false recognitions increased with AD. Finally, the regression analyses showed that executive functions mediated related false memories and episodic memory mediated related and unrelated false memories in aging. Moreover, executive functions predicted related and unrelated false memories in AD, and episodic and semantic memory predicted semantically related and unrelated false memories in AD. In conclusion, the results obtained are consistent with the current constructive models of memory suggesting that false memory creation depends on different cognitive functions and, consequently, that the impairments of these functions influence the production of false memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaën Plancher
- CNRS UMR 8189, Laboratoire Psychologie et Neurosciences Cognitives, Université Paris Descartes, Boulogne Billancourt, France
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44
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Green AE, Kraemer DJM, Fugelsang JA, Gray JR, Dunbar KN. Connecting Long Distance: Semantic Distance in Analogical Reasoning Modulates Frontopolar Cortex Activity. Cereb Cortex 2009; 20:70-6. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhp081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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45
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Abstract
Neuropsychological studies show that cognitive deficits associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) are distinct from age-associated cognitive decline. Quantitative and qualitative differences are apparent across many cognitive domains, but are especially obvious in episodic memory (particularly delayed recall), semantic knowledge, and some aspects of executive functions. The qualitatively distinct pattern of deficits is less salient in very old AD patients than in younger AD patients. Although decline in episodic memory is usually the earliest cognitive change that occurs prior to the development of the AD dementia syndrome, asymmetry in cognitive abilities may also occur in this "preclinical" phase of the disease and predict imminent dementia. Discrete patterns of cognitive deficits occur in AD and several neuropathologically distinct age-associated neurodegenerative disorders. Knowledge of these differences helps to clinically distinguish among various causes of dementia and provides useful models for understanding brain-behavior relationships that mediate cognitive abilities affected in various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Salmon
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA.
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Amanzio M, Geminiani G, Leotta D, Cappa S. Metaphor comprehension in Alzheimer's disease: novelty matters. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2008; 107:1-10. [PMID: 17897706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The comprehension of non-literal language was investigated in 20 probable Alzheimer's disease (pAD) patients by comparing their performance to that of 20 matched control subjects. pAD patients were unimpaired in the comprehension of conventional metaphors and idioms. However, their performance was significantly lower in the case of non-conventional (novel) metaphor comprehension. This ability was not related to global cognitive deterioration or to deficits in the cognitive domains of attention, memory and language comprehension. On the other hand, the impairment in verbal reasoning appeared to be relevant for both novel and conventional metaphor comprehension. The relationship between novel metaphor comprehension and performance in the visual-spatial planning task of the Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS) suggests that executive impairment, possibly related to prefrontal dysfunction, may be responsible for the pAD patients' poor performance in novel metaphor comprehension. The present findings suggest a role of the prefrontal cortex in novel metaphor comprehension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Amanzio
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Via Verdi 10, 10123 Torino, Italy.
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Impaired relational organization of propositions, but intact transitive inference, in aging: Implications for understanding underlying neural integrity. Neuropsychologia 2008; 47:338-53. [PMID: 18824183 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The ability to perform relational proposition-based reasoning was assessed in younger and older adults using the transitive inference task in which subjects learned a series of premise pairs (A>B, B>C, C>D, D>E, E>F) and were asked to make inference judgments (B?D, B?E, C?E). Learning of premise pairs was related to subsequent inference performance and conscious awareness of the stimulus hierarchy (A>B>C>D>E>F). Despite extended training, age-related deficits were observed for response times, accurate learning of the premise pairs, making inference judgments, and articulating the hierarchy. When performance for younger and older adults was examined with respect to whether they were subsequently considered aware of the hierarchy, older and younger adults still significantly differed on their accuracy for studied premise pairs, but performance between the age groups was similar for the inference pairs. Successful transitive inference performance is contingent upon the relational organization of propositions within memory and such processes are impaired in aging, potentially leading to disruptions in conscious access to the stimulus hierarchy. Such findings, in concert with previous neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies, implicate an age-related deficit in the functioning of frontal and medial temporal lobe structures, with particular emphasis on the hippocampus.
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Kroger JK, Nystrom LE, Cohen JD, Johnson-Laird PN. Distinct neural substrates for deductive and mathematical processing. Brain Res 2008; 1243:86-103. [PMID: 18760263 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.07.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to clarify how deductive reasoning is accomplished, an fMRI study was performed to observe the neural substrates of logical reasoning and mathematical calculation. Participants viewed a problem statement and three premises, and then either a conclusion or a mathematical formula. They had to indicate whether the conclusion followed from the premises, or to solve the mathematical formula. Language areas of the brain (Broca's and Wernicke's area) responded as the premises and the conclusion were read, but solution of the problems was then carried out by non-language areas. Regions in right prefrontal cortex and inferior parietal lobe were more active for reasoning than for calculation, whereas regions in left prefrontal cortex and superior parietal lobe were more active for calculation than for reasoning. In reasoning, only those problems calling for a search for counterexamples to conclusions recruited right frontal pole. These results have important implications for understanding how higher cognition, including deduction, is implemented in the brain. Different sorts of thinking recruit separate neural substrates, and logical reasoning goes beyond linguistic regions of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Kroger
- Department of Psychology, New Mexico State University, 220 Science Hall, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
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Krawczyk DC, Morrison RG, Viskontas I, Holyoak KJ, Chow TW, Mendez MF, Miller BL, Knowlton BJ. Distraction during relational reasoning: The role of prefrontal cortex in interference control. Neuropsychologia 2008; 46:2020-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 12/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractIn our target article, we argued that there is a profound functional discontinuity between the cognitive abilities of modern humans and those of all other extant species. Unsurprisingly, our hypothesis elicited a wide range of responses from commentators. After responding to the commentaries, we conclude that our hypothesis lies closer to Darwin's views on the matter than to those of many of our contemporaries.
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