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Wang C, Wang J, Wu X, Liu T, Wang F, Zhou H, Chen C, Shi L, Ma L, Liu T, Li C. Comprehensive review on sexual dimorphism to improve scalp acupuncture in nervous system disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14447. [PMID: 37665197 PMCID: PMC10805401 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the development of modern medicine, the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) combined with western medicine began to be produced and applied. Scalp acupuncture (SA) as a Chinese medicine based on neurological theory, has a great advantage compared with TCM in the treatment of nervous system diseases. METHOD In this paper, we analyze the physiological and pathological manifestations of sexual dimorphism (SD) to illustrate the necessity of SD treatment. In addition, we review the factors that can affect SD and analyze in physiological structure, function, and pathological neurons. Diseases (pathological basis, pathological manifestations, and incidence) and factors leading to gender differences, which to analyze the possibility of gender differences in SA. RESULT Furthermore, we creatively a new insight of SD-SA and provide the complete SD treatment cases on the basis of the existing SA in different kinds of diseases including stroke, migraine, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and depression. CONCLUSION In summary, we believe that it is feasible to improve the clinical effectiveness of SA, which is able to promote the development of SA, and then provides an actionable evidence for the promotion of precision medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojie Wang
- Department of First Clinical Medical CollegeHeilongjiang University of Chinese MedicineHeilongjiangChina
| | - Jiening Wang
- Department of RehabilitationShanghai Seventh People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xubo Wu
- Department of RehabilitationShanghai Seventh People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
- School of Rehabilitation ScienceShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of BioengineeringImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Feng Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese MedicineHarbinChina
| | - Huanxia Zhou
- Department of RehabilitationShanghai Seventh People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Chen Chen
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese MedicineHarbinChina
| | - Lijuan Shi
- School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lin Ma
- First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese MedicineHarbinChina
| | - Tiantian Liu
- Department of RehabilitationShanghai Seventh People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Cancheng Li
- School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijingChina
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Knaus TA, Kamps J, Foundas AL, Tager-Flusberg H. Atypical PT anatomy in children with autism spectrum disorder with expressive language deficits. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 12:1419-1430. [PMID: 29260380 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-017-9795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in communication are a core feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), however, structural language abilities are highly variable, ranging from minimally verbal to superior linguistic skills. Differences in the anatomy of cortical language regions, including anterior and posterior areas, have been found in ASD. It remains unclear, however, if anatomical differences distinguish individuals with impaired expressive language from those without such deficits. In addition, anatomical differences have not been explored in children with extremely low expressive language. This study included 34 boys with ASD, 7-11 years old, including an expressive language impaired group (n = 17) and an average-high language group (n = 17). The language impaired group was subdivided into a low (n = 9) and extremely low (n = 8) language subgroup for exploratory analyses to determine whether children with ASD with extremely low expressive language abilities exhibit distinct anatomy. Gray matter volume of the pars triangularis, pars opercularis, and planum temporale (PT) were measured on MRIs. PT volume was smaller in the ASD group with expressive language impairment relative to those without language deficits. The right PT volume was also positively correlated with language scores. The exploratory analyses revealed differences in the left PT, with smaller volume in the extremely low language subgroup, relative to the average and moderately low language groups. Results suggest that smaller PT volumes in both hemispheres are associated with severe language impairments in ASD. The PT may therefore, be a biomarker of language outcome in young children with ASD, with more studies of PT anatomy necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey A Knaus
- Brain and Behavior Program at Children's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - New Orleans, 1542 Tulane Avenue, 7th Floor, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - Jodi Kamps
- Department of Psychology, Children's Hospital, 200 Henry Clay Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Anne L Foundas
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University, 2007 Percival Stern Hall, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Helen Tager-Flusberg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 100 Cummington Mall, Room 170E, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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Backes FT, Pegoraro SP, Costa VP, Mota HB. Caracterização das estratégias de reparo incomuns utilizadas por um grupo de crianças com desvio fonológico. REVISTA CEFAC 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-18462013005000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVO: caracterizar e analisar o uso das estratégias de reparo incomuns por crianças com desvio fonológico e relacionar a sua utilização com as variáveis faixa etária e sexo; e com as variáveis linguísticas grau do desvio, estrutura silábica, classe de sons e posição na palavra. MÉTODOS: os dados são provenientes do banco de dados do Centro de Estudos de Linguagem e Fala da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, todos os sujeitos apresentam Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido autorizando o uso dos dados em pesquisas. Foram selecionados os dados de 178 sujeitos que apresentaram diagnóstico de desvio fonológico e idade entre 4:0-7:11. Foram analisados os resultados da primeira avaliação fonológica da criança. RESULTADOS: houve significância estatística na relação entre a utilização ou não de estratégias de reparo incomuns na amostra estudada, predominando a não utilização. Foi significante a relação entre a utilização de tais estratégias e a faixa etária, com predomínio na faixa de 5:0-5:11, e o grau do desvio, com maior ocorrência no desvio moderadamente-grave. A relação entre as classes de sons também foi significante, predominando a classe das fricativas. Observou-se ocorrência de estratégias de reparo incomuns apenas na posição de onset, sendo a estrutura consoante vogal a única encontrada no estudo. CONCLUSÃO: verificou-se que as estratégias de reparo incomuns são pouco utilizadas por crianças com desvio fonológico. Além disso, encontrou-se relação significante entre a utilização de estratégias de reparo incomuns e as variáveis faixa etária, grau do desvio fonológico e classes de sons.
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Joseph RM, Fricker Z, Fenoglio A, Lindgren KA, Knaus TA, Tager-Flusberg H. Structural asymmetries of language-related gray and white matter and their relationship to language function in young children with ASD. Brain Imaging Behav 2014; 8:60-72. [PMID: 23888326 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-013-9245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are highly variable in their language abilities, but the neural bases of these individual differences are poorly understood. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography were used to examine asymmetries in language-related gray- and white-matter and their relationships to language ability in a sample of 20 children with ASD, aged 4-7 years, and a reference sample of 20 typically developing (TD) children, aged 6-11 years. Children with ASD did not differ significantly from TD children in gray matter asymmetries, but were significantly less left-lateralized than TD children in the volume and radial diffusivity (RD) of the arcuate fasciculus (AF). They did not differ in the fractional anisotropy (FA) or the mean or axial diffusivity of the AF. Within the ASD group, exploratory analyses revealed that decreased leftward/increased rightward asymmetry of pars opercularis was associated with higher language ability and bilaterally increased FA and decreased RD of the AF. In conclusion, children with ASD exhibited atypical asymmetry in language-related white-matter structure as well as an atypical pattern of brain-language relationships that suggest that they may meet language milestones and acquire normal language via a different neurodevelopmental trajectory from TD children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Joseph
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St., L-816, Boston, MA, 02118, USA,
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Ruigrok ANV, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Lai MC, Baron-Cohen S, Lombardo MV, Tait RJ, Suckling J. A meta-analysis of sex differences in human brain structure. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 39:34-50. [PMID: 24374381 PMCID: PMC3969295 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 637] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This is the first meta-analysis of sex differences in the typical human brain. Regional sex differences overlap with areas implicated in psychiatric conditions. The amygdala, hippocampus, planum temporale and insula display sex differences. On average, males have larger brain volumes than females. Most articles providing sex differences in volume are in the ‘mature’ category.
The prevalence, age of onset, and symptomatology of many neuropsychiatric conditions differ between males and females. To understand the causes and consequences of sex differences it is important to establish where they occur in the human brain. We report the first meta-analysis of typical sex differences on global brain volume, a descriptive account of the breakdown of studies of each compartmental volume by six age categories, and whole-brain voxel-wise meta-analyses on brain volume and density. Gaussian-process regression coordinate-based meta-analysis was used to examine sex differences in voxel-based regional volume and density. On average, males have larger total brain volumes than females. Examination of the breakdown of studies providing total volumes by age categories indicated a bias towards the 18–59 year-old category. Regional sex differences in volume and tissue density include the amygdala, hippocampus and insula, areas known to be implicated in sex-biased neuropsychiatric conditions. Together, these results suggest candidate regions for investigating the asymmetric effect that sex has on the developing brain, and for understanding sex-biased neurological and psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber N V Ruigrok
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge CB2 8AH, United Kingdom.
| | - Gholamreza Salimi-Khorshidi
- Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Meng-Chuan Lai
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge CB2 8AH, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Jen-Ai Road Section 1, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge CB2 8AH, United Kingdom; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Elizabeth House, Fulbourn Hospital, Cambridge CB21 5EF, United Kingdom
| | - Michael V Lombardo
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge CB2 8AH, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Roger J Tait
- Brain Mapping Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SP, United Kingdom; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - John Suckling
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Elizabeth House, Fulbourn Hospital, Cambridge CB21 5EF, United Kingdom; Brain Mapping Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SP, United Kingdom; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
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Lyn H, Pierre P, Bennett AJ, Fears S, Woods R, Hopkins WD. Planum temporale grey matter asymmetries in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), vervet (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus), rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and bonnet (Macaca radiata) monkeys. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:2004-12. [PMID: 21447349 PMCID: PMC3151738 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Brain asymmetries, particularly asymmetries within regions associated with language, have been suggested as a key difference between humans and our nearest ancestors. These regions include the planum temporale (PT) - the bank of tissue that lies posterior to Heschl's gyrus and encompasses Wernicke's area, an important brain region involved in language and speech in the human brain. In the human brain, both the surface area and the grey matter volume of the PT are larger in the left compared to right hemisphere, particularly among right-handed individuals. Here we compared the grey matter volume and asymmetry of the PT in chimpanzees and three other species of nonhuman primate in two Genera including vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus), rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata). We show that the three monkey species do not show population-level asymmetries in this region whereas the chimpanzees do, suggesting that the evolutionary brain development that gave rise to PT asymmetry occurred after our split with the monkey species, but before our split with the chimpanzees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Lyn
- Department of Psychology, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, GA 30030
| | - Peter Pierre
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Allyson J. Bennett
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Scott Fears
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Roger Woods
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - William D. Hopkins
- Department of Psychology, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, GA 30030
- Division of Cognitive and Developmental Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30322
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Dias RF, Melo RM, Mezzomo CL, Mota HB. Extralinguistic variables, gender and age, in the self-awareness of speech impairment. PRO-FONO : REVISTA DE ATUALIZACAO CIENTIFICA 2011; 22:439-44. [PMID: 21271096 DOI: 10.1590/s0104-56872010000400013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-awareness of speech impairment according to the following extralinguistic variables: gender and age. AIM To examine the influence of gender and age on the self-awareness of speech impairment. METHOD Participants were 24 children with the diagnosis of phonological disorder, 15 boys and 9 girls, with ages ranging between 5:0 and 7:7 years. For this group the assessment of self-awareness of speech impairment was performed. RESULTS Results indicated that 45.83% of the subjects presented self-awareness of speech impairment. There were no significant statistical differences between the studied extralinguistic variables and the self-awareness of speech impairment. However, a higher self-awareness of speech impairment was observed for six-year-old male children. CONCLUSION Children with phonological disorder can be self-aware of speech impairment; gender and age are not important factors for the development of this ability.
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van den Brink D, Van Berkum JJA, Bastiaansen MCM, Tesink CMJY, Kos M, Buitelaar JK, Hagoort P. Empathy matters: ERP evidence for inter-individual differences in social language processing. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2010; 7:173-83. [PMID: 21148175 PMCID: PMC3277364 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsq094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When an adult claims he cannot sleep without his teddy bear, people tend to react surprised. Language interpretation is, thus, influenced by social context, such as who the speaker is. The present study reveals inter-individual differences in brain reactivity to social aspects of language. Whereas women showed brain reactivity when stereotype-based inferences about a speaker conflicted with the content of the message, men did not. This sex difference in social information processing can be explained by a specific cognitive trait, one's ability to empathize. Individuals who empathize to a greater degree revealed larger N400 effects (as well as a larger increase in γ-band power) to socially relevant information. These results indicate that individuals with high-empathizing skills are able to rapidly integrate information about the speaker with the content of the message, as they make use of voice-based inferences about the speaker to process language in a top-down manner. Alternatively, individuals with lower empathizing skills did not use information about social stereotypes in implicit sentence comprehension, but rather took a more bottom-up approach to the processing of these social pragmatic sentences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle van den Brink
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, NL-6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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9
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Knaus TA, Silver AM, Kennedy M, Lindgren KA, Dominick KC, Siegel J, Tager-Flusberg H. Language laterality in autism spectrum disorder and typical controls: a functional, volumetric, and diffusion tensor MRI study. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2010; 112:113-20. [PMID: 20031197 PMCID: PMC2822339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Language and communication deficits are among the core features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Reduced or reversed asymmetry of language has been found in a number of disorders, including ASD. Studies of healthy adults have found an association between language laterality and anatomical measures but this has not been systematically investigated in ASD. The goal of this study was to examine differences in gray matter volume of perisylvian language regions, connections between language regions, and language abilities in individuals with typical left lateralized language compared to those with atypical (bilateral or right) asymmetry of language functions. Fourteen adolescent boys with ASD and 20 typically developing adolescent boys participated, including equal numbers of left- and right-handed individuals in each group. Participants with typical left lateralized language activation had smaller frontal language region volume and higher fractional anisotropy of the arcuate fasciculus compared to the group with atypical language laterality, across both ASD and control participants. The group with typical language asymmetry included the most right-handed controls and fewest left-handers with ASD. Atypical language laterality was more prevalent in the ASD than control group. These findings support an association between laterality of language function and language region anatomy. They also suggest anatomical differences may be more associated with variation in language laterality than specifically with ASD. Language laterality therefore may provide a novel way of subdividing samples, resulting in more homogenous groups for research into genetic and neurocognitive foundations of developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey A. Knaus
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew M. Silver
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Meaghan Kennedy
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Kristen A. Lindgren
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Kelli C. Dominick
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Jeremy Siegel
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Helen Tager-Flusberg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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Hopkins WD, Nir TM. Planum temporale surface area and grey matter asymmetries in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): the effect of handedness and comparison with findings in humans. Behav Brain Res 2009; 208:436-43. [PMID: 20035802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The planum temporale (PT) is the bank of tissue that lies posterior to Heschl's gyrus and is considered a key brain region involved in language and speech in the human brain. In the human brain, both the surface area and grey matter volume of the PT is larger in the left compared to right hemisphere in approximately 2/3rds of individuals, particularly among right-handed individuals. Here we examined whether chimpanzees show asymmetries in the PT for grey matter volume and surface area in a sample of 103 chimpanzees from magnetic resonance images. The results indicated that, overall, the chimpanzees showed population-level leftward asymmetries for both surface area and grey matter volumes. Furthermore, chimpanzees that prefer to gesture with their right-handed had significantly greater leftward grey matter asymmetries compared to ambiguously- and left-handed apes. When compared to previously published data in humans, the direction and magnitude of PT grey matter asymmetries were similar between humans and apes; however, for the surface area measures, the human showed more pronounced leftward asymmetries. These results suggest that leftward asymmetries in the PT were present in the common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Hopkins
- Department of Psychology, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, GA 30030, USA.
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Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Simon G, Crivello F, Jobard G, Zago L, Perchey G, Hervé PY, Joliot M, Petit L, Mellet E, Mazoyer B. Effect of Familial Sinistrality on Planum Temporale Surface and Brain Tissue Asymmetries. Cereb Cortex 2009; 20:1476-85. [PMID: 19846471 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhp209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer
- Centre d'Imagerie-Neurosciences et Applications aux Pathologies UMR6232 CNRS, CEA, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen, France.
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Chiarello C, Welcome SE, Halderman LK, Towler S, Julagay J, Otto R, Leonard CM. A large-scale investigation of lateralization in cortical anatomy and word reading: are there sex differences? Neuropsychology 2009; 23:210-22. [PMID: 19254094 PMCID: PMC3086359 DOI: 10.1037/a0014265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The authors report findings of a large-scale, multitask investigation of sex differences in both structural asymmetries and lateralization of word reading. Two hundred participants were tested in eight divided visual field lexical tasks, and each received a structural magnetic resonance imaging scan. The authors examined whether there was evidence for sex differences in overall measures of neuroanatomical and behavioral lateralization, in specific language tasks and brain regions, and in variation in asymmetry within and across tasks and brain regions. There was very little evidence for sex differences on any behavioral measure. The few indications of sex differences in the current report accounted for 2% or less of the individual variation in asymmetry and could not be replicated in independent subsamples. No sex differences were observed in the asymmetry of structures in Broca's and Wernicke's areas such as pars triangularis, pars opercularis, the planum temporale, planum parietale, or Heschl's gyrus. There were also no sex differences in the variability of neuroanatomical asymmetries within or between brain regions. However, a significant relationship between planum temporale and behavioral asymmetry was restricted to men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Chiarello
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Wallentin M. Putative sex differences in verbal abilities and language cortex: a critical review. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2009; 108:175-83. [PMID: 18722007 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This review brings together evidence from a diverse field of methods for investigating sex differences in language processing. Differences are found in certain language-related deficits, such as stuttering, dyslexia, autism and schizophrenia. Common to these is that language problems may follow from, rather than cause the deficit. Large studies have been conducted on sex differences in verbal abilities within the normal population, and a careful reading of the results suggests that differences in language proficiency do not exist. Early differences in language acquisition show a slight advantage for girls, but this gradually disappears. A difference in language lateralization of brain structure and function in adults has also been suggested, perhaps following size differences in the corpus callosum. Neither of these claims is substantiated by evidence. In addition, overall results from studies on regional grey matter distribution using voxel-based morphometry, indicate no consistent differences between males and females in language-related cortical regions. Language function in Wada tests, aphasia, and in normal ageing also fails to show sex differentiation.
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Moura SRS, Mezzomo CL, Cielo CA. Phonemic awareness stimulation and its effects regarding the variable gender. PRO-FONO : REVISTA DE ATUALIZACAO CIENTIFICA 2009; 21:51-6. [PMID: 19360259 DOI: 10.1590/s0104-56872009000100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phonemic awareness stimulation and the comparison of its effects between genders. AIM To determine the possible gain in performance in tasks involving phonemic awareness skills in boys and girls, following the development of a program to stimulate phonemic awareness. METHOD Participants were 18 boys and 18 girls, all with typical language development, in their second grade of Elementary Education. The study involved three steps. The first and third steps consisted of an auditory screening, speech and language assessments and the assessment of phonemic awareness skills, through the Phonological Awareness Tasks Protocol. The second step involved the planning of the phonological awareness stimulation program and its application in the classroom. RESULTS Boys and girls presented an improvement in their performance in all of the phonological awareness tasks after the application of the stimulation program; this improvement was statistically significant. Regarding the influence of gender, it was observed that prior to the application of the stimulation program, there was a significant difference between boys and girls in the task involving the detection of a phoneme in the last position. After stimulation, this difference remained significant in the same task, and was also statistically significant for the tasks of phonemic segmentation of words with six phonemes and phoneme reversion of words with two or three phonemes. CONCLUSION It is observed that girls performed better in the majority of the phonemic awareness tasks, and that the program was effective in stimulating these tasks.
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Leonard CM, Towler S, Welcome S, Halderman LK, Otto R, Eckert MA, Chiarello C. Size matters: cerebral volume influences sex differences in neuroanatomy. Cereb Cortex 2008; 18:2920-31. [PMID: 18440950 PMCID: PMC2583156 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological and behavioral differences between the sexes range from obvious to subtle or nonexistent. Neuroanatomical differences are particularly controversial, perhaps due to the implication that they might account for behavioral differences. In this sample of 200 men and women, large effect sizes (Cohen's d > 0.8) were found for sex differences in total cerebral gray and white matter, cerebellum, and gray matter proportion (women had a higher proportion of gray matter). The only one of these sex differences that survived adjustment for the effect of cerebral volume was gray matter proportion. Individual differences in cerebral volume accounted for 21% of the difference in gray matter proportion, while sex accounted for an additional 4%. The relative size of the corpus callosum was 5% larger in women, but this difference was completely explained by a negative relationship between relative callosal size and cerebral volume. In agreement with Jancke et al., individuals with higher cerebral volume tended to have smaller corpora callosa. There were few sex differences in the size of structures in Broca's and Wernicke's area. We conclude that individual differences in brain volume, in both men and women, account for apparent sex differences in relative size.
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Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by language and communication impairments, social impairments, and repetitive behaviors or restricted interests. Previous studies of semantic functions have found differences in semantic processing and differences in the activation of the language network in adults with ASD compared to controls. The goal of this study is to examine semantic functions in adolescents with ASD compared to typically developing adolescents. We utilized fMRI with a reading version of a response-naming task to investigate activation in 12 right-handed adolescent boys with ASD and 12 typically developing boys. Both groups performed the task at ceiling levels. Boys with ASD had significantly stronger activation than controls in Broca's area, which was less left lateralized in ASD individuals. Controls had a significant correlation between frontal and temporal language area activation in the left hemisphere, whereas ASD adolescents did not. Direct group comparisons revealed additional regions activated in the ASD group relative to the control group. These results suggest differences in semantic organization, approaches to the semantic task, or efficiency in semantic processing in ASD adolescents relative to typically developing adolescents.
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Abdul-Kareem IA, Sluming V. Heschl gyrus and its included primary auditory cortex: structural MRI studies in healthy and diseased subjects. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 28:287-99. [PMID: 18666141 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.21445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that the Heschl gyrus (HG) is a crucial brain structure as it contains the primary auditory cortex (PAC), relatively few structural MRI studies have concentrated upon it. We propose that this may be attributed in part to the considerable variability of this structure and, most importantly, to the lack of unified criteria for defining the extent of the PAC along the MRI-determined landmarks of the HG, which ultimately affects the reliability and reproducibility of these studies. This review highlights three aspects: first, the standard and variant anatomy of the HG and PAC with particular focus on MRI definition of these regions; second, the importance of studying the HG and PAC in health and disease using structural MRI; and, third, the problem of MRI localization of the PAC. The scientific community should be aware that the HG and its included PAC are not synonyms. Additionally, owing to the great complexity and variability of these regions, future MRI studies should be cautious when using single brain-based atlas or maps generated by simply averaging across individuals to localize these regions. Instead, and while waiting for future in vivo microstructural localization of the PAC, the use of probabilistic and functional maps is advantageous but not without shortcomings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihssan A Abdul-Kareem
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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Sex differences in handedness, asymmetry of the Planum Temporale and functional language lateralization. Brain Res 2008; 1206:76-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gannon PJ, Kheck N, Hof PR. Leftward interhemispheric asymmetry of macaque monkey temporal lobe language area homolog is evident at the cytoarchitectural, but not gross anatomic level. Brain Res 2008; 1199:62-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Narr KL, Bilder RM, Luders E, Thompson PM, Woods RP, Robinson D, Szeszko PR, Dimtcheva T, Gurbani M, Toga AW. Asymmetries of cortical shape: Effects of handedness, sex and schizophrenia. Neuroimage 2006; 34:939-48. [PMID: 17166743 PMCID: PMC3299195 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Some evidence suggests that sex, handedness and disease processes associated with schizophrenia affect the magnitude and/or direction of structural brain asymmetries. There are mixed findings, however, on how these factors influence cerebral torque, when torque is assessed with linear or volumetric measurements. We obtained MRI data from 67 healthy (30 males, 10 non-dextrals) and 84 schizophrenia subjects (60 males; 16 non-dextrals) and applied cortical pattern matching to spatially relate and compare differences in the surface morphology of the two cerebral hemispheres at high spatial resolution. Asymmetry indices, computed at thousands of matched hemispheric locations, were used to examine effects of sex, handedness and schizophrenia on hemispheric shape asymmetries while controlling for age and the other factors. Highly significant and discriminative right-frontal and left parietal-occipital surface expansions and protrusions (petalias) were mapped within groups. Although hemispheric shape asymmetries appeared less pronounced within female non-dextrals, asymmetry indices were not shown to differ significantly across sex, hand preference or diagnosis, or to reveal interactions of handedness with sex or diagnosis. Our 3D maps of spatially detailed anterior and posterior hemispheric shape asymmetries reflect subtle geometric distortions in hemispheric surface morphology that cannot be characterized with 2D or volumetric methods. Inter-individual variations in hemispheric torque appear minimally influenced by sex, dextrality or disease status. Biological factors driving language dominance or other lateralized brain functions dissociable from handedness, may more closely relate to hemispheric shape asymmetries, while the lateralization of other discrete brain regions may be more influenced by sexually dimorphic factors or by schizophrenia pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Narr
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, Division of Brain Mapping, UCLA School of Medicine, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA.
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Eckert MA, Leonard CM, Possing ET, Binder JR. Uncoupled leftward asymmetries for planum morphology and functional language processing. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2006; 98:102-11. [PMID: 16697453 PMCID: PMC1661833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Revised: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 04/02/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Explanations for left hemisphere language laterality have often focused on hemispheric structural asymmetry of the planum temporale. We examined the association between an index of language laterality and brain morphology in 99 normal adults whose degree of laterality was established using a functional MRI single-word comprehension task. The index of language laterality was derived from the difference in volume of activation between the left and right hemispheres. Planum temporale and brain volume measures were made using structural MRI scans, blind to the functional data. Although both planum temporale asymmetry (t(1,99) = 6.86, p < .001) and language laterality (t(1,99) = 15.26, p < .001) were significantly left hemisphere biased, there was not a significant association between these variables (r(99) = .01,ns). Brain volume, a control variable for the planum temporale analyses, was related to language laterality in a multiple regression (beta = -.30, t = -2.25, p < .05). Individuals with small brains were more likely to demonstrate strong left hemisphere language laterality. These results suggest that language laterality is a multidimensional construct with complex neurological origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Eckert
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, USA.
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