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Li HX, Chen X, Wang ZH, Lu B, Liao YF, Li XY, Wang YW, Liu YS, Castellanos FX, Yan CG. Characterizing human spontaneous thoughts and its application in major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2024; 365:276-284. [PMID: 39147154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spontaneous thought is a universal, complex, and heterogeneous cognitive activity that significantly impacts mental activity and strongly correlates with mental disorders. METHODS Utilizing the think-aloud method, we captured spontaneous thoughts during rest from 38 diagnosed with depression, alongside 36 healthy controls and 137 healthy individuals. Through a comprehensive assessment of various dimensions of thought content, we compared thought content between individuals with depression and healthy controls, and between healthy women and men. Finally, we employed natural language processing (NLP) to develop regression models for multidimensional content assessment and a classification model to differentiate between individuals with and without depression. RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, individuals with depression had more internally oriented and less externally oriented spontaneous thoughts. They focused more on themselves and negative things, and less on positive things, experiencing higher levels of negative emotions and lower levels of positive emotions. Besides, we found that compared to healthy men, healthy women's spontaneous thoughts focus more on interoception, the self, past events, and negative events, and they experience higher levels of negative emotions. Meanwhile, we identified the potential application of the think-aloud method to collect spontaneous thoughts and integrate NLP in the field of depression. CONCLUSIONS This study offers direct insights into the stream of thought during individuals' resting state, revealing differences between individuals with depression and healthy controls, as well as sex differences in the content of spontaneous thoughts. It enhances our understanding of spontaneous thought and offers a new perspective for preventing, diagnosing, and treating depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Xian Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; International Big-Data Center for Depression Research, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Han Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; International Big-Data Center for Depression Research, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; International Big-Data Center for Depression Research, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Fan Liao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; International Big-Data Center for Depression Research, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Ying Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; International Big-Data Center for Depression Research, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Wei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; International Big-Data Center for Depression Research, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Song Liu
- Suzhou Guangji Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Francisco Xavier Castellanos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Robert I. Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Chao-Gan Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; International Big-Data Center for Depression Research, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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2
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Hinojosa JA, Guasch M, Montoro PR, Albert J, Fraga I, Ferré P. The bright side of words: Norms for 9000 Spanish words in seven discrete positive emotions. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:4909-4929. [PMID: 37749425 PMCID: PMC11289151 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, assumptions about the existence of a single construct of happiness that accounts for all positive emotions have been questioned. Instead, several discrete positive emotions with their own neurobiological and psychological mechanisms have been proposed. Of note, the effects of positive emotions on language processing are not yet properly understood. Here we provide a database for a large set of 9000 Spanish words scored by 3437 participants in the positive emotions of awe, contentment, amusement, excitement, serenity, relief, and pleasure. We also report significant correlations between discrete positive emotions and several affective (e.g., valence, arousal, happiness, negative discrete emotions) and lexico-semantic (e.g., frequency of use, familiarity, concreteness, age of acquisition) characteristics of words. Finally, we analyze differences between words conveying a single emotion ("pure" emotion words) and those denoting more than one emotion ("mixed" emotion words). This study will provide researchers a rich source of information to do research that contributes to expanding the current knowledge on the role of positive emotions in language. The norms are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21533571.v2.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Hinojosa
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Dpto. Psicología Experimental, Procesos Cognitivos y Logopedia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Nebrija en Cognición (CINC), Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marc Guasch
- Department of Psychology and CRAMC, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pedro R Montoro
- Departamento de Psicología Básica 1, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacobo Albert
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Fraga
- Cognitive Processes & Behaviour Research Group, Department of Social Psychology, Basic Psychology & Methodology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pilar Ferré
- Department of Psychology and CRAMC, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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3
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Schumer MC, Bertocci MA, Aslam HA, Graur S, Bebko G, Stiffler RS, Skeba AS, Brady TJ, Benjamin OE, Wang Y, Chase HW, Phillips ML. Patterns of Neural Network Functional Connectivity Associated With Mania/Hypomania and Depression Risk in 3 Independent Young Adult Samples. JAMA Psychiatry 2024; 81:167-177. [PMID: 37910117 PMCID: PMC10620679 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.4150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Importance Mania/hypomania is the pathognomonic feature of bipolar disorder (BD). Established, reliable neural markers denoting mania/hypomania risk to help with early risk detection and diagnosis and guide the targeting of pathophysiologically informed interventions are lacking. Objective To identify patterns of neural responses associated with lifetime mania/hypomania risk, the specificity of such neural responses to mania/hypomania risk vs depression risk, and the extent of replication of findings in 2 independent test samples. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study included 3 independent samples of young adults aged 18 to 30 years without BD or active substance use disorder within the past 3 months who were recruited from the community through advertising. Of 603 approached, 299 were ultimately included and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, from July 2014 to May 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures Activity and functional connectivity to approach-related emotions were examined using a region-of-interest mask supporting emotion processing and emotional regulation. The Mood Spectrum Self-Report assessed lifetime mania/hypomania risk and depression risk. In the discovery sample, elastic net regression models identified neural variables associated with mania/hypomania and depression risk; multivariable regression models identified the extent to which selected variables were significantly associated with each risk measure. Multivariable regression models then determined whether associations in the discovery sample replicated in both test samples. Results A total of 299 participants were included. The discovery sample included 114 individuals (mean [SD] age, 21.60 [1.91] years; 80 female and 34 male); test sample 1, 103 individuals (mean [SD] age, 21.57 [2.09] years; 30 male and 73 female); and test sample 2, 82 individuals (mean [SD] age, 23.43 [2.86] years; 48 female, 29 male, and 5 nonbinary). Associations between neuroimaging variables and Mood Spectrum Self-Report measures were consistent across all 3 samples. Bilateral amygdala-left amygdala functional connectivity and bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex-right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex functional connectivity were positively associated with mania/hypomania risk: discovery omnibus χ2 = 1671.7 (P < .001); test sample 1 omnibus χ2 = 1790.6 (P < .001); test sample 2 omnibus χ2 = 632.7 (P < .001). Bilateral amygdala-left amygdala functional connectivity and right caudate activity were positively associated and negatively associated with depression risk, respectively: discovery omnibus χ2 = 2566.2 (P < .001); test sample 1 omnibus χ2 = 2935.9 (P < .001); test sample 2 omnibus χ2 = 1004.5 (P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance In this study of young adults, greater interamygdala functional connectivity was associated with greater risk of both mania/hypomania and depression. By contrast, greater functional connectivity between ventral attention or salience and central executive networks and greater caudate deactivation were reliably associated with greater risk of mania/hypomania and depression, respectively. These replicated findings indicate promising neural markers distinguishing mania/hypomania-specific risk from depression-specific risk and may provide neural targets to guide and monitor interventions for mania/hypomania and depression in at-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya C. Schumer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michele A. Bertocci
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Haris A. Aslam
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Simona Graur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Genna Bebko
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Richelle S. Stiffler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexander S. Skeba
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tyler J. Brady
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Osasumwen E. Benjamin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Henry W. Chase
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mary L. Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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4
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Bennett D, Radulescu A, Zorowitz S, Felso V, Niv Y. Affect-congruent attention modulates generalized reward expectations. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011707. [PMID: 38127874 PMCID: PMC10781156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Positive and negative affective states are respectively associated with optimistic and pessimistic expectations regarding future reward. One mechanism that might underlie these affect-related expectation biases is attention to positive- versus negative-valence features (e.g., attending to the positive reviews of a restaurant versus its expensive price). Here we tested the effects of experimentally induced positive and negative affect on feature-based attention in 120 participants completing a compound-generalization task with eye-tracking. We found that participants' reward expectations for novel compound stimuli were modulated in an affect-congruent way: positive affect induction increased reward expectations for compounds, whereas negative affect induction decreased reward expectations. Computational modelling and eye-tracking analyses each revealed that these effects were driven by affect-congruent changes in participants' allocation of attention to high- versus low-value features of compounds. These results provide mechanistic insight into a process by which affect produces biases in generalized reward expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bennett
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Angela Radulescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sam Zorowitz
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Valkyrie Felso
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yael Niv
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
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5
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Gupta T, Osborne KJ, Nadig A, Haase CM, Mittal VA. Alterations in facial expressions in individuals at risk for psychosis: a facial electromyography approach using emotionally evocative film clips. Psychol Med 2023; 53:5829-5838. [PMID: 36285533 PMCID: PMC10130238 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722003087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Negative symptoms such as blunted facial expressivity are characteristic of schizophrenia. However, it is not well-understood if and what abnormalities are present in individuals at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis. METHODS This experimental study employed facial electromyography (left zygomaticus major and left corrugator supercilia) in a sample of CHR individuals (N = 34) and healthy controls (N = 32) to detect alterations in facial expressions in response to emotionally evocative film clips and to determine links with symptoms. RESULTS Findings revealed that the CHR group showed facial blunting manifested in reduced zygomatic activity in response to an excitement (but not amusement, fear, or sadness) film clip compared to controls. Reductions in zygomatic activity in the CHR group emerged in response to the emotionally evocative peak period of the excitement film clip. Lower zygomaticus activity during the excitement clip was related to anxiety while lower rates of change in zygomatic activity during the excitement video clip were related to higher psychosis risk conversion scores. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings inform vulnerability/disease driving mechanisms and biomarker and treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Gupta
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - K. Juston Osborne
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Ajay Nadig
- Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Claudia M. Haase
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Vijay A. Mittal
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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6
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Tiba AI, Trip S, Bora CH, Drugas M, Borz F, Miclăuş DC, Voss L, Iova SC, Pop S. Positive irrational beliefs are associated with hypomanic personality. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1053486. [PMID: 37020915 PMCID: PMC10067582 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1053486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary irrational beliefs, such as demanding about attaining personal goals, are a common trans-diagnostic factor involved in many emotional disorders. Although Bipolar Disorder (BPD) is a severe emotional disorder, little is known about the role of primary irrational beliefs in the risk of BPD. Given that the risk for mania is related to responses to positive rather than adverse events, we developed a measure of irrational beliefs in response to cues of positive events. This is the first study that examines the relationship between positive primary irrational beliefs and the risk of BPD. 119 participants completed an online survey including measures for the risk of BPD, irrational beliefs, positive irrational beliefs, mania-related cognitions, and mood measures (depressive and manic mood). Results revealed significant associations between the risk of BPD and positive primary irrational beliefs, irrational beliefs, positive generalization, and mood. Regression analyses revealed that positive primary irrational beliefs, such as demanding to attain significant goals in response to cues for positive events, uniquely predict the risk for BPD independently of mood, mania-related cognitions and irrational beliefs. These findings encourage the treatment approaches focused on restructuring primary irrational beliefs in response to positive situations to reduce the risk of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simona Trip
- Department of Psychology, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Carmen H. Bora
- Department of Psychology, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Marius Drugas
- Department of Psychology, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Feliciana Borz
- Department of Psychology, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | | | - Laura Voss
- Hull York Medical School, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Sorin C. Iova
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Simona Pop
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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7
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Mazidi M, Zarei M, Preece D, Gross JJ, Azizi A, Becerra R. Evaluating emotion regulation ability across negative and positive emotions: psychometric properties of the Perth Emotion Regulation Competency Inventory (PERCI) in American adults and Iranian adults and adolescents. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00050067.2022.2157239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Mazidi
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Majid Zarei
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - David Preece
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - James J. Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alireza Azizi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Rodrigo Becerra
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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8
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Li HX, Lu B, Wang YW, Li XY, Chen X, Yan CG. Neural representations of self-generated thought during think-aloud fMRI. Neuroimage 2023; 265:119775. [PMID: 36455761 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Is the brain at rest during the so-called resting state? Ongoing experiences in the resting state vary in unobserved and uncontrolled ways across time, individuals, and populations. However, the role of self-generated thoughts in resting-state fMRI remains largely unexplored. In this study, we collected real-time self-generated thoughts during "resting-state" fMRI scans via the think-aloud method (i.e., think-aloud fMRI), which required participants to report whatever they were currently thinking. We first investigated brain activation patterns during a think-aloud condition and found that significantly activated brain areas included all brain regions required for speech. We then calculated the relationship between divergence in thought content and brain activation during think-aloud and found that divergence in thought content was associated with many brain regions. Finally, we explored the neural representation of self-generated thoughts by performing representational similarity analysis (RSA) at three neural scales: a voxel-wise whole-brain searchlight level, a region-level whole-brain analysis using the Schaefer 400-parcels, and at the systems level using the Yeo seven-networks. We found that "resting-state" self-generated thoughts were distributed across a wide range of brain regions involving all seven Yeo networks. This study highlights the value of considering ongoing experiences during resting-state fMRI and providing preliminary methodological support for think-aloud fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Xian Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; International Big-Data Center for Depression Research, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; International Big-Data Center for Depression Research, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Wei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; International Big-Data Center for Depression Research, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Ying Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; International Big-Data Center for Depression Research, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; International Big-Data Center for Depression Research, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao-Gan Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; International Big-Data Center for Depression Research, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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9
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Positive moods are all alike? Differential affect amplification effects of 'elated' versus 'calm' mental imagery in young adults reporting hypomanic-like experiences. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:453. [PMID: 36261422 PMCID: PMC9581908 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02213-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive mood amplification is a hallmark of the bipolar disorder spectrum (BPDS). We need better understanding of cognitive mechanisms contributing to such elevated mood. Generation of vivid, emotionally compelling mental imagery is proposed to act as an 'emotional amplifier' in BPDS. We used a positive mental imagery generation paradigm to manipulate affect in a subclinical BPDS-relevant sample reporting high (n = 31) vs. low (n = 30) hypomanic-like experiences on the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ). Participants were randomized to an 'elated' or 'calm' mental imagery condition, rating their momentary affect four times across the experimental session. We hypothesized greater affect increase in the high (vs. low) MDQ group assigned to the elated (vs. calm) imagery generation condition. We further hypothesized that affect increase in the high MDQ group would be particularly apparent in the types of affect typically associated with (hypo)mania, i.e., suggestive of high activity levels. Mixed model and time-series analysis showed that for the high MDQ group, affect increased steeply and in a sustained manner over time in the 'elated' imagery condition, and more shallowly in 'calm'. The low-MDQ group did not show this amplification effect. Analysis of affect clusters showed high-MDQ mood amplification in the 'elated' imagery condition was most pronounced for active affective states. This experimental model of BPDS-relevant mood amplification shows evidence that positive mental imagery drives changes in affect in the high MDQ group in a targeted manner. Findings inform cognitive mechanisms of mood amplification, and spotlight prevention strategies targeting elated imagery, while potentially retaining calm imagery to preserve adaptive positive emotionality.
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10
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The meaning of momentary psychotic-like experiences in a non-clinical sample: A personality perspective. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267054. [PMID: 35443007 PMCID: PMC9020697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationships between Momentary Psychotic-Like Experiences (MPLEs) and HEXACO—complemented by the proneness to PLEs conceptualized as a basic personality trait (Disintegration), and a maladaptive trait (PID-5 Psychoticism)—were investigated in a prospective study that includes experience-sampling methodology (ESM). The main goal was to investigate whether MPLEs are better predicted by HEXACO or measures of the dispositional proneness to PLEs. A sample of 180 participants assessed MPLEs and affective states they experienced in the previous two hours, twice per day, with semi-randomly set assessment time-points, during seven days, by using ESM. Personality inventories were administered 1–2 months earlier. MPLEs were better predicted by the measures of dispositional tendencies toward PLEs than by the HEXACO, no matter whether it was broadly defined as the nine-faceted general tendency toward PLEs (Disintegration), or narrowly as three-faceted positive psychotic-like symptoms of maladaptive personality tendencies (PID-5—Psychoticism).
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11
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Wang Q, Wei X, Dang R, Zhu F, Yin S, Hu B. An Eye Tracking and Event-Related Potentials Study With Visual Stimuli for Adolescents Emotional Issues. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:933793. [PMID: 35845451 PMCID: PMC9282230 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.933793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological issues are common among adolescents, which have a significant impact on their growth and development. However, the underlying neural mechanisms of viewing visual stimuli in adolescents are poorly understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study applied the Chinese version of the DSM-V self-assessment scales to evaluate 73 adolescents' psychological characteristics for depressive and manic emotional issues. Combined with eye-tracking and event-related potential (ERP), we explored the characteristics of their visual attention and neural processing mechanisms while freely viewing positive, dysphoric, threatening and neutral visual stimuli. RESULTS Compared to controls, adolescents with depressive emotional tendencies showed more concentrated looking behavior with fixation distribution index than the controls, while adolescents with manic emotional tendencies showed no such trait. ERP data revealed individuals with depressive tendencies showed lower arousal levels toward emotional stimuli in the early stage of cognitive processing (N1 amplitude decreased) and with prolonged reaction time (N1 latency increased) than the control group. We found no significant difference between the manic group and the control group. Furthermore, the depression severity scores of the individuals with depressive tendencies were negatively correlated with the total fixation time toward positive stimuli, were negatively correlated with the fixation distribution index toward threatening stimuli, and were positively correlated with the mean N1 amplitudes while viewing dysphoric stimuli. Also, for the individuals with depressive tendencies, there was a positive correlation between the mean N1 amplitudes and the fixation time on the area of interest (AOI) while viewing dysphoric stimuli. For the individuals with manic tendencies, the manic severity scores of the individuals with manic tendencies were positively correlated with the total fixation time toward the positive stimuli. However, no significant correlations were found between the manic severity scores and N1 amplitudes, and between N1 amplitudes and eye-tracking output variables. CONCLUSION This study proposes the application of eye-tracking and ERP to provide better biological evidence to alter the neural processing of emotional stimuli for adolescents with emotional issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging Technology, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Spectroscopy of Xi'an, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaojie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging Technology, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Spectroscopy of Xi'an, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruochen Dang
- Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging Technology, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Spectroscopy of Xi'an, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Feiyu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging Technology, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Spectroscopy of Xi'an, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Shaokang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging Technology, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Spectroscopy of Xi'an, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Bingliang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging Technology, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Spectroscopy of Xi'an, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
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12
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Exploring self-generated thoughts in a resting state with natural language processing. Behav Res Methods 2021; 54:1725-1743. [PMID: 34647279 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-021-01710-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study seeks to examine individuals' stream of thought in real time. Specifically, we asked participants to speak their thoughts freely out loud during a typical resting-state condition. We first examined the feasibility and reliability of the method and found that the oral reporting method did not significantly change the frequency or content characteristics of self-generated thoughts; moreover, its test-retest reliability was high. Based on methodological feasibility, we combined natural language processing (NLP) with the Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers (BERT) model to directly quantify thought content. We analyzed the divergence of self-generated thought content and expressions of sadness and empirically verified the validity and behavioral significance of the metrics calculated by BERT. Furthermore, we found that reflection and brooding could be differentiated by detecting the divergence of self-generated thought content and expressions of sadness, thus deepening our understanding of rumination and depression and providing a way to distinguish adaptive from maladaptive rumination. Finally, this study provides a new framework to examine self-generated thoughts in a resting state with NLP, extending research on the continuous content of instant self-generated thoughts with applicability to resting-state functional brain imaging.
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13
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Attentional Processing of Threat in Bipolar Disorder: Going Beyond Mood-Congruency. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-021-09905-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Contractor AA, Banducci AN, Weiss NH. Critical considerations for the positive memory-posttraumatic stress disorder model. Clin Psychol Psychother 2021; 29:81-91. [PMID: 33870586 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) includes changes in processes such as encoding and retrieval for both traumatic and positive memories. However, most work has predominantly focused on traumatic memories. Thus, Contractor and colleagues proposed a Positive Memory-PTSD model, which highlighted potential benefits associated with and mechanisms underlying positive memory retrieval/processing among individuals reporting PTSD symptoms. To enhance research on and clinical impacts of this model, the current review provides critical considerations for the Positive Memory-PTSD model. Drawing from emerging research and clinical observations, we (i) clarify that the model addresses specific versus overgeneral positive memories; (ii) underscore the importance of considering the heterogeneity in, and transitionary nature of, affect processes following positive memory retrieval; and (iii) highlight the rationale for considering trauma type/count and co-occurring conditions, as potential moderators of relations between positive memory processing and PTSD. Hereby, we provide an updated Positive Memory-PTSD model and implications for positive memory interventions drawing from this model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne N Banducci
- The National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole H Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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15
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Sauer-Zavala S, Southward MW, Semcho SA. Integrating and differentiating personality and psychopathology in cognitive behavioral therapy. J Pers 2020; 90:89-102. [PMID: 33070346 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A large body of literature supports the strong association between personality features and psychopathology. This research has, however, had little influence on day-to-day therapeutic practice, particularly in cognitive behavioral approaches that have traditionally focused on addressing the symptoms of categorically defined diagnoses. Indeed, there are few CBT protocols aimed at altering the personality features. Recently, however, the CBT literature has displayed an increased focus on identifying alternative higher-order, dimensional mechanisms that may underscore the development and maintenance of broad classes of psychopathology (e.g., aversive reactivity to emotions, reward sensitivity, and performance expectancies). There is ample evidence linking these processes to DSM disorder severity; however, they may also represent a functional link between the personality domains and the disorder symptoms organized beneath them. The functional mechanisms through which an individual's personality confers risk for psychopathology may be naturally amenable to cognitive behavioral elements, and targeting these processes in treatment has the potential to address both disorder symptoms and underlying personality vulnerabilities. Thus, the identification of intermediate functional mechanisms may help bridge the gap between personality science and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen A Semcho
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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16
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Gruber J, Maclaine E, Avard E, Purcell J, Cooper G, Tobias M, Earls H, Wieland L, Bothe E, Boggio P, Palermo R. Associations between hypomania proneness and attentional bias to happy, but not angry or fearful, faces in emerging adults. Cogn Emot 2020; 35:207-213. [PMID: 32883181 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2020.1810638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mania, the core feature of bipolar disorder, is associated with heightened and positive emotion responding. Yet, little is known about the underlying cognitive processes that may contribute to heightened positive emotionality observed. Additionally, while previous research has investigated positive emotion biases in non-clinical samples, few if any, account for subthreshold clinical symptoms or traits, which have reliably assessed psychopathological risk. The present study compared continuous scores on a widely used self-report measure of hypomania proneness (HPS-48) with a dot-probe task to investigate attentional biases for happy, angry, fearful, and neutral faces among 66 college student participants. Results suggested that hypomania proneness was positively associated with attentional bias towards happy, but not angry or fearful faces. Results remained robust when controlling for positive affect and did not appear to be affected by negative affect or current symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Findings provide insight into potential behavioural markers that co-occur with heightened positive emotional responding and hypomania in emerging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Gruber
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ellen Maclaine
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Eleni Avard
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - John Purcell
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Gaia Cooper
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Margaret Tobias
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Holly Earls
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Lara Wieland
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ellen Bothe
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Paulo Boggio
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory and Developmental Disorders Program Center for Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Romina Palermo
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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17
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Bigot M, Alonso M, Houenou J, Sarrazin S, Dargél AA, Lledo PM, Henry C. An emotional-response model of bipolar disorders integrating recent findings on amygdala circuits. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 118:358-366. [PMID: 32739421 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Because of our classification system limitations for defining psychiatric disorders and understanding their physiopathology, a new research area based on dimensions has emerged. It consists of exploring domains derived from fundamental behavioral components linked to neurobiological systems. Emotional processing is among the most affected dimensions in bipolar disorders (BD), but is excluded from the definition criteria. The purpose of this review is to synthesize the emotional responses disruption during the different phases of BD, using intensity and valence as the two key characteristics of emotions. We integrate those emotional disruptions into an original, emotion-based model contrasting with the current diagnostic frame built on mood. Emotional processing is underpinned by cortico-limbic circuits involving the amygdala. Recent publications showed the crucial role of the amygdala in emotional processes triggered by stimuli of negative, but also positive valence. We show how these neuroscience data can provide physiological basis for emotional disturbances observed in BD. We conclude with translational perspectives to improve the current knowledge about neural substrates underlying altered emotional responses characterizing BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Bigot
- Perception and Memory Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571, CNRS, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Collège doctoral, Paris, France
| | - Mariana Alonso
- Perception and Memory Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Josselin Houenou
- Université Paris-Est, INSERM, U955, Créteil, France; NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Samuel Sarrazin
- Université Paris-Est, INSERM, U955, Créteil, France; NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Aroldo A Dargél
- Perception and Memory Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Lledo
- Perception and Memory Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Henry
- Perception and Memory Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571, CNRS, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Psychiatry, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Paris, France.
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18
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McKee K, Russell M, Mennis J, Mason M, Neale M. Emotion regulation dynamics predict substance use in high-risk adolescents. Addict Behav 2020; 106:106374. [PMID: 32151894 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Emotional factors such as stress and anxiety contribute to risk of substance use in adolescents. Descriptive measures of within-person affect variability are often used to predict morbidity, but indices derived from theoretical models may provide more interpretable alternatives. A continuous-time state-space model of emotion regulation as closed-loop feedback control was used to estimate the homeostatic tendency of affect in each of 94 adolescent participants. The resulting indices of emotion regulation were then compared to within-person affect sum score means and standard deviations in predicting total counts of nicotine, alcohol, and cannabis use. Model-based emotion regulation was significantly associated with lower frequencies of nicotine, alcohol, and cannabis use, while mean negative affect sum score was associated with higher frequencies. Model comparisons revealed that while model-based predictors and descriptive statistics explained similar amounts of variance in substance use, the explained variance proportions were independent between the approaches. The greatest predictive value was achieved by a combined model with both sets of affect indices. We conclude that theoretically defined and model-estimated individual characteristics may serve an important role in conceptualizing and predicting substance use behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin McKee
- Virginia Commonwealth University, United States.
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19
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Gray JM, Tully EC. Cognitive reappraisal moderates the quadratic association between heart rate variability and negative affectivity. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13584. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jackson M. Gray
- Department of Psychology Georgia State University Atlanta GA USA
| | - Erin C. Tully
- Department of Psychology Georgia State University Atlanta GA USA
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20
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Gruber J, Villanueva C, Burr E, Purcell JR, Karoly H. Understanding and Taking Stock of Positive Emotion Disturbance. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2020; 14:e12515. [PMID: 37636238 PMCID: PMC10456988 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The prevailing view on positive emotions is that they correlate with and confer psychological health benefits for the individual, including improved social, physical and cognitive functioning. Yet an emerging wave of scientific work suggests that positive emotions are also related to a range of suboptimal psychological health outcomes, especially when the intensity, duration, or context do not optimize the individual's goals or meet current environmental demands. This paper provides an overview of the 'other side' of positive emotion, by describing and reviewing evidence supporting the emerging field of Positive Emotion Disturbance (PED). We review relevant emotion processes and key themes of PED and apply this framework to example emotional disorders, and discuss implications for psychological change and future research agendas.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Gruber
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
| | - Cynthia Villanueva
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
| | - Emily Burr
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
| | - John R. Purcell
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University
| | - Hollis Karoly
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
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21
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Mathersul DC, Ruscio AM. Forecasting the Future, Remembering the Past: Misrepresentations of Daily Emotional Experience in Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-019-10048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Fredrick JW, Parsons EM, Sarfan LD, Dreyer-Oren S, Luebbe AM. Examining the Relation Between Adolescent Social Anxiety and Positive Affect Regulation: Self-Report vs. Observation. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2019; 50:764-775. [PMID: 30835018 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-019-00881-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Social anxiety symptomatology is associated with disruptions in positive affect, though no study has examined deficits in responses to positive affect related to adolescent social anxiety symptoms. The present study tested whether adolescents' self-reported and observed social anxiety symptoms were uniquely associated with specific responses to positive affect. Moreover, we examined whether adolescent gender moderated these relations. Ninety adolescents (ages 11 to 18, Mage = 14.26, SD = 2.03; girls = 62%; white = 79%) completed self-report measures, participated in a social stressor task, and engaged in two positively-valenced interaction tasks with their female caregivers. Adolescent self-reported social anxiety symptoms were not uniquely associated with responses to positive affect. However, observed social anxiety symptoms were uniquely related to greater self-reported inhibiting positive affect responses and fewer observed positive affect maximizing behaviors. These findings highlight the need to examine self-reported and observed social anxiety symptoms in understanding associated disruptions in positive affect regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Fredrick
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, 90 N. Patterson Avenue, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA.
| | - E Marie Parsons
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, 90 N. Patterson Avenue, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Laurel D Sarfan
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, 90 N. Patterson Avenue, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Sarah Dreyer-Oren
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, 90 N. Patterson Avenue, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Aaron M Luebbe
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, 90 N. Patterson Avenue, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
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23
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Khazanov GK, Ruscio AM, Forbes CN. The Positive Valence Systems Scale: Development and Validation. Assessment 2019; 27:1045-1069. [PMID: 31416336 DOI: 10.1177/1073191119869836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We present the Positive Valence Systems Scale (PVSS), a measure of the National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria Positive Valence Systems domain. An initial long form of the scale (45 items) providing a broad assessment of the domain was distilled into a short form (21 items) measuring responses to a wide range of rewards (Food, Physical Touch, Outdoors, Positive Feedback, Social Interactions, Hobbies, and Goals). Across three diverse samples, the PVSS-21 demonstrated strong internal consistency, retest reliability, and factorial validity. It was more strongly related to reward than punishment sensitivity, positive than negative affect, and depression than anxiety. PVSS-21 scores discriminated depressed from nondepressed individuals and predicted anhedonia severity even when controlling for depression status. Hobbies emerged as the strongest predictor of clinical outcomes and the best differentiator of depressed and nondepressed individuals. Results highlight the potential of the PVSS for advancing understanding of reward-related abnormalities in depression and other disorders.
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24
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Weiss NH, Darosh AG, Contractor AA, Schick MM, Dixon-Gordon KL. Confirmatory validation of the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Positive. J Clin Psychol 2019; 75:1267-1287. [PMID: 30816999 PMCID: PMC6559843 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Emotion dysregulation is a transdiagnostic factor central to the etiology and treatment of various clinical difficulties. Yet, research in this area has focused almost exclusively on emotion dysregulation stemming from negative emotions. The current study confirmed the factor structure of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Positive (DERS-P) and further examined its reliability and validity. METHOD Participants in Study 1 were 229 college students (M age = 19.37 years; 66.8% female; 67.2% White). Participants in Study 2 were 353 trauma-exposed community individuals ( M age = 35.77 years; 57.8% female; 71.2% White). RESULTS Findings supported the three-factor structure of the DERS-P. Mean levels of the DERS-P scales demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity and differentiated individuals with (vs. without) probable posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, alcohol use, and drug use disorders. CONCLUSIONS Findings provide additional support for the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the DERS-P, thereby adding to its clinical utility.
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25
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Sewart AR, Zbozinek TD, Hammen C, Zinbarg RE, Mineka S, Craske MG. Positive Affect as a Buffer between Chronic Stress and Symptom Severity of Emotional Disorders. Clin Psychol Sci 2019; 7:914-927. [PMID: 31632843 DOI: 10.1177/2167702619834576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Research has demonstrated that stressors play a critical role in the development of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), and major depressive disorder (MDD). Separately, deficits in positive affect (PA) have been identified in GAD, SAD, and MDD. While previous research has linked the buffering effects of PA in chronic illness, such effects have yet to be investigated for chronic stressors and emotional disorder-related symptom severity. The purpose of the present study was to examine PA as a moderator of chronic interpersonal and non-interpersonal stress on GAD, SAD, and MDD symptom severity. Using a multilevel statistical approach with a sample of adolescents and young adults (N=463), PA was found to significantly moderate the relationship between chronic interpersonal stress and symptom severity for MDD and SAD. Findings suggest that in times of chronic interpersonal stress, higher PA may serve as a buffer from development of SAD and MDD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Sewart
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Tomislav D Zbozinek
- California Institute of Technology, Humanities and Social Sciences, 1200 E. California Blvd., MC 228-77, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Constance Hammen
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA.,California Institute of Technology, Humanities and Social Sciences, 1200 E. California Blvd., MC 228-77, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.,Northwestern University, Department of Psychology, 2029 Sheridan Road, Swift Hall 102, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Richard E Zinbarg
- Northwestern University, Department of Psychology, 2029 Sheridan Road, Swift Hall 102, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Susan Mineka
- Northwestern University, Department of Psychology, 2029 Sheridan Road, Swift Hall 102, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Michelle G Craske
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
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26
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Man V, Gruber J, Glahn DC, Cunningham WA. Altered amygdala circuits underlying valence processing among manic and depressed phases in bipolar adults. J Affect Disord 2019; 245:394-402. [PMID: 30423467 PMCID: PMC6351166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruptions in affective processing characterize mood disorders, yet the neural mechanisms underlying internal state dependency in affective processes are not well understood. The present work presents a pilot investigation into state dependency among neural circuits known to be involved in processing affective information, by examining acute manic and depressive mood phases in adults with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. METHODS The present study probed affective processes with a well-validated passive picture-viewing task amongst acutely manic (n = 8) or acutely depressed (bipolar depression: n = 11; major depression: n = 15) mood-disordered adults during functional magnetic resonance imaging . RESULTS Beta-series correlation analyses seeded from the amygdala revealed distinct neural circuits distinguished across current mood state rather than diagnostic boundaries. We delineated an amygdala-striatum pathway that distinguished depressed from manic mood phase, rather than between diagnostic boundaries, in processing valenced information. Specifically, we found differences in this neural response to negative, but not positive, images across clinical mood states. LIMITATIONS As a preliminary investigation of state-dependent affective processes, the current investigation is predominantly limited by the small sample size. While it provides direction and generates hypotheses for further work, future studies need to replicate and expand the reported effects with larger samples. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the conditions under which mood state-dependent affective processes cut cross traditional diagnostic boundaries, speaking to recent advances in transdiagnostic disease mechanisms, and can guide future work examining the neural mechanisms driving symptomatology in affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Man
- University of Toronto, Department of Psychology, 100 St. George Street, M5S 3G3 Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - June Gruber
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience
| | - David C. Glahn
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry,Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center
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27
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Preece DA, Becerra R, Robinson K, Dandy J, Allan A. Measuring emotion regulation ability across negative and positive emotions: The Perth Emotion Regulation Competency Inventory (PERCI). PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Weiss NH, Darosh AG, Contractor AA, Forkus SR, Dixon-Gordon KL, Sullivan TP. Heterogeneity in emotion regulation difficulties among women victims of domestic violence: A latent profile analysis. J Affect Disord 2018; 239:192-200. [PMID: 30014959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research over the past two decades supports emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic factor related to the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of a wide range of psychiatric difficulties and risky behaviors. However, prior investigations are limited by their focus on difficulties regulating negative (but not positive) emotions. Further, research has not accounted for the heterogeneity in difficulties regulating emotions. METHODS Participants were 210 female victims of domestic violence (DV; M age = 36.14, 48.6% African American) who completed measures assessing emotion regulation (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale; Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale - Positive), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale), depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale), alcohol misuse (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test) and drug misuse (Drug Abuse Screening Test). Latent profile analysis was utilized to identify subgroups of DV-victimized women who were similar in endorsed difficulties in regulating negative and positive emotions. Differences in psychiatric difficulties (i.e., PTSD and depressive symptom severity) and risky behaviors (i.e., alcohol and drug misuse) were examined across these classes. RESULTS Three classes of DV-victimized women differentiated by levels of difficulties regulating negative and positive emotions were identified. Greater psychiatric difficulties were found among classes defined by higher levels of difficulties regulating emotions, regardless of emotion valence. Risky behaviors were more prevalent among the class defined by higher levels of difficulties regulating both negative and positive emotions. LIMITATIONS Although results add to the literature on difficulties regulating emotions and their correlates, findings must be interpreted in light of limitations present including use of a cross-sectional and correlation design, reliance on self-report measures, and assessment of a select sample of women victims of DV. CONCLUSIONS Results highlight the potential importance of tailoring interventions accounting for the heterogeneity in negative and positive emotion regulation dimensions among DV-victimized women.
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29
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Abstract
Film clips are widely used in emotion research due to their relatively high ecological validity. Although researchers have established various film clip sets for different cultures, the few that exist related to Chinese culture do not adequately address positive emotions. The main purposes of the present study were to establish a standardised database of Chinese emotional film clips that could elicit more categories of reported positive emotions compared to the existing databases and to expand the available film clips that can be used as neutral materials. Two experiments were conducted to construct the database. In experiment 1, 111 film clips were selected from more than one thousand Chinese movies for preliminary screening. After 315 participants viewed and evaluated these film clips, 39 excerpts were selected for further validation. In experiment 2, 147 participants watched and rated these 39 film clips, as well as another 8 excerpts chosen from the existing databases, to compare their validity. Eventually, 22 film excerpts that successfully evoked three positive emotions (joy, amusement, and tenderness), four negative emotions (moral disgust, anger, fear, and sadness), and neutrality formed the standardised database of Chinese emotional film clips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ge
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,b Department of Psychology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhen Zhao
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,b Department of Psychology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,b Department of Psychology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Rebecca J Houston
- c Department of Psychology , Health and Addictions Research Center, Rochester Institute of Technology , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Jinjing Song
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,b Department of Psychology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
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Maher JP, Ra CK, Leventhal AM, Hedeker D, Huh J, Chou CP, Dunton GF. Mean level of positive affect moderates associations between volatility in positive affect, mental health, and alcohol consumption among mothers. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 127:639-649. [PMID: 30221951 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Affective volatility (i.e., variability) is typically conceptualized as a marker of poor mental and behavioral health. The current research challenges this notion. Among individuals who typically experience low positive affect (PA), vacillation between bouts of joy and marked anhedonia may be associated with better behavioral health relative to a restricted range of PA experience. We therefore tested the hypothesis that mean levels of PA captured via an 8-day intensive repeated Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) would moderate the association of EMA-measured PA variability with behavioral health measured at intake among working mothers (N = 202) with young children-a population at risk for experiencing repeated stress- and reward-induced PA changes. Mixed-effects location scale modeling parsed variance in PA mean and variability, which were used in subject-level regression models of associations with depressive symptoms, anxiety, and alcohol use. PA mean moderated the associations of PA variability with depressive symptoms (Interaction: β = .20, p = .02) and alcohol consumption frequency (Interaction: β = .22, p = .02). PA variability and depressive symptom and alcohol consumption levels were positively associated at higher PA mean levels, whereas PA variability was inversely associated with depressive symptom and alcohol consumption at low mean PA. PA Mean × Variability Interactions were not significant for anxiety and binge drinking. We conclude that (a) intensive longitudinal modeling of Affect Mean × Variability Interaction effects may provide incremental information in psychopathology research; (b) PA volatility does not unilaterally indicate poor behavioral health; and (c) a nuanced perspective on the role of PA volatility may benefit clinical services for working mothers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chaelin K Ra
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago
| | - Jimi Huh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Chih-Ping Chou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California
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Fredrick JW, Mancini KJ, Luebbe AM. Maternal enhancing responses to adolescents’ positive affect: Associations with adolescents’ positive affect regulation and depression. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Broch-Due I, Kjærstad HL, Kessing LV, Miskowiak K. Subtle behavioural responses during negative emotion reactivity and down-regulation in bipolar disorder: A facial expression and eye-tracking study. Psychiatry Res 2018; 266:152-159. [PMID: 29864615 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal processing of emotional information and regulation are core trait-related features of bipolar disorder (BD) but evidence from behavioural studies is conflicting. This study aimed to investigate trait-related abnormalities in emotional reactivity and regulation in BD using novel sensitive behavioural measures including facial expressions and eye movements. Fifteen patients with BD in full or partial remission and 16 healthy controls (HCs) were given a computerised task in which they were instructed to 'react to' unpleasant and neutral pictures or 'dampen' their emotional response to aversive pictures. Participants rated their emotional response after each picture block, and eye-movements and facial expressions were recorded. Patients generally gazed less at unpleasant and neutral pictures during emotion processing and regulation. During emotional reactivity, patients exhibited stronger facial expressions to neutral pictures, a lack of facial expressions to unpleasant pictures, and more surprised facial expressions to both neutral and unpleasant pictures compared to HCs. The results point to subtle abnormalities in visual gaze patterns and facial displays of emotion between patients with BD during emotion processing and regulation. Aberrant eye-movements and facial displays could provide a more sensitive measure of emotional reactivity in BD than traditional behavioural measures, which could aid future diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Broch-Due
- The Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Center (CADIC), Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen 2100, and Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Oester Farimagsgade 2A, Copenhagen 1353, Denmark
| | - Hanne Lie Kjærstad
- The Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Center (CADIC), Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen 2100, and Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Oester Farimagsgade 2A, Copenhagen 1353, Denmark
| | - Lars Vedel Kessing
- The Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Center (CADIC), Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen 2100, and Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Oester Farimagsgade 2A, Copenhagen 1353, Denmark
| | - Kamilla Miskowiak
- The Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Center (CADIC), Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen 2100, and Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Oester Farimagsgade 2A, Copenhagen 1353, Denmark.
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Ruiz-Padial E, Ibáñez-Molina AJ. Fractal dimension of EEG signals and heart dynamics in discrete emotional states. Biol Psychol 2018; 137:42-48. [PMID: 29966695 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we explored the fractal dimension (FD; a measure of signal complexity) of 28 EEG channels with positive and negative emotional states. The EEG of participants and their ECG were registered while watching short video clips that induced fear, disgust, humour, or neutral emotions. In order to better understand the nature of these emotions, the Higuchi FD of EEG segments and the heart rate variability (HRV) of the ECG associated with each emotion were obtained. Our results exhibited similar patterns of results with both measures. Humour elicited the highest FD scores in most EEG channels and the highest HRV, while fear, among all emotions, produced the lowest scores in both measures. These results may contribute to the understanding of the relationship between cortical and heart dynamics and their role on emotion perception.
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Purcell JR, Lohani M, Musket C, Hay AC, Isaacowitz DM, Gruber J. Lack of emotional gaze preferences using eye-tracking in remitted bipolar I disorder. Int J Bipolar Disord 2018; 6:15. [PMID: 29968068 PMCID: PMC6161987 DOI: 10.1186/s40345-018-0123-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder is associated with heightened and persistent positive emotion (Gruber in Curr Dir Psychol Sci 20:217-221, 2011; Johnson in Clin Psychol Rev 25:241-262, 2005). Yet little is known about information processing biases that may influence these patterns of emotion responding. METHODS The current study adopted eye-tracking methodology as a continuous measure of sustained overt attention to monitor gaze preferences during passive viewing of positive, negative, and neutral standardized photo stimuli among remitted bipolar adults and healthy controls. Percentage fixation durations were recorded for predetermined areas of interest across the entire image presentation, and exploratory analyses were conducted to examine early versus late temporal phases of image processing. RESULTS Results suggest that the bipolar and healthy control groups did not differ in patterns of attention bias. CONCLUSIONS Findings provide insight into apparently intact attention processing despite disrupted emotional responding in bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Purcell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th St., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Monika Lohani
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, 201 Presidents Circle, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Christie Musket
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 210 South Bouquet St, #4209, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Aleena C Hay
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 648 Beacon St., 6th Floor, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Derek M Isaacowitz
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - June Gruber
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 345 UCB, Muenzinger D321C, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
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McEvoy PM, Hyett MP, Ehring T, Johnson SL, Samtani S, Anderson R, Moulds ML. Transdiagnostic assessment of repetitive negative thinking and responses to positive affect: Structure and predictive utility for depression, anxiety, and mania symptoms. J Affect Disord 2018; 232:375-384. [PMID: 29510356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repetitive negative thinking (RNT) is a cognitive process that is repetitive, passive, relatively uncontrollable, and focused on negative content, and is elevated in emotional disorders including depression and anxiety disorders. Repetitive positive thinking is associated with bipolar disorder symptoms. The unique contributions of positive versus negative repetitive thinking to emotional symptoms are unknown. The first aim of this study was to use confirmatory factor analyses to evaluate the psychometrics of two transdiagnostic measures of RNT, the Repetitive Thinking Questionnaire (RTQ-10) and Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ), and a measure of repetitive positive thinking, the Responses to Positive Affect (RPA) Questionnaire. The second aim was to determine incremental predictive utility of these measures. METHOD All measures were administered to a sample of 2088 undergraduate students from the Netherlands (n = 992), Australia (n = 698), and America (n = 398). RESULTS Unidimensional, bifactor, and three-factor models were supported for the RTQ-10, PTQ, and RPA, respectively. A common factor measured by all PTQ items explained most variance in PTQ scores suggesting that this measure is essentially unidimensional. The RNT factor of the RTQ-10 demonstrated the strongest predictive utility, although the PTQ was also uniquely although weakly associated with anxiety, depression, and mania symptoms. The RPA dampening factor uniquely predicted anxiety and depression symptoms, suggesting that this scale is a separable process to RNT as measured by the RTQ-10 and PTQ. LIMITATIONS Findings were cross-sectional and need to be replicated in clinical samples. CONCLUSIONS Transdiagnostic measures of RNT are essentially unidimensional, whereas RPA is multidimensional. RNT and RPA have unique predictive utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M McEvoy
- Centre for Clinical Interventions, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Matthew P Hyett
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Sheri L Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Suraj Samtani
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Anderson
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michelle L Moulds
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Increased sensitivity to positive social stimuli in monozygotic twins at risk of bipolar vs. unipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2018; 232:212-218. [PMID: 29499503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities in affective cognition are putative endophenotypes for bipolar and unipolar disorders but it is unclear whether some abnormalities are disorder-specific. We therefore investigated affective cognition in monozygotic twins at familial risk of bipolar disorder relative to those at risk of unipolar disorder and to low-risk twins. METHODS Seventy monozygotic twins with a co-twin history of bipolar disorder (n = 11), of unipolar disorder (n = 38) or without co-twin history of affective disorder (n = 21) were included. Variables of interest were recognition of and vigilance to emotional faces, emotional reactivity and -regulation in social scenarios and non-affective cognition. RESULTS Twins at familial risk of bipolar disorder showed increased recognition of low to moderate intensity of happy facial expressions relative to both unipolar disorder high-risk twins and low-risk twins. Bipolar disorder high-risk twins also displayed supraliminal attentional avoidance of happy faces compared with unipolar disorder high-risk twins and greater emotional reactivity in positive and neutral social scenarios and less reactivity in negative social scenarios than low-risk twins. In contrast with our hypothesis, there was no negative bias in unipolar disorder high-risk twins. There were no differences between the groups in demographic characteristics or non-affective cognition. LIMITATIONS The modest sample size limited the statistical power of the study. CONCLUSIONS Increased sensitivity and reactivity to positive social stimuli may be a neurocognitive endophenotype that is specific for bipolar disorder. If replicated in larger samples, this 'positive endophenotype' could potentially aid future diagnostic differentiation between unipolar and bipolar disorder.
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Wazen GLL, Gregório ML, Kemp AH, Godoy MFD. Heart rate variability in patients with bipolar disorder: From mania to euthymia. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 99:33-38. [PMID: 29407285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar Disorder (BD) is characterized by the occurrence of mania alternating with euthymia. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of BD on the autonomic nervous system, as indicated by heart rate variability (HRV). The study was registered in the Clinical Trials Registration (NCT01272518). Nineteen hospitalized, male patients (age: 34.0 ± 12.3 years) with type I BD were assessed during mania and at discharge on euthymia. HRV data were collected during 20- minutes in supine position at rest, on spontaneous breathing, using the Polar RS 800 CX frequencymeter. HRV measures included variables in time, frequency and non-linear domains. Psychiatric conditions were evaluated by the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and the Bech-Rafaelsen mania scale (BRMS). Time domain measures of RMSSD (Cohen's d = 0.668) and pNN50 (Cohen's d = 0.688) increased from first to second assessments. The high-frequency component (HFms2) also increased (Cohen's d = 0.586), while the LF/HF ratio decreased (Cohen's d = 0.785). Non-linear domain measures including the SD1 component (Cohen's d = 0.668), and the SD1/SD2 ratio (Cohen's d = 1.2934) extracted from the Poincare plot analysis increased from first to second assessment. The variables Lmean (Cohen's d = 0.9627), Lmax (Cohen's d = 1.2164), REC% (Cohen's d = 1.0595) and EntShannon (Cohen's d = 1.0607) were higher in mania. By contrast, ApEn (Cohen's d = 0.995) and EntSample (Cohen's d = 1.189) were less during mania, all reflecting ANS improvement. Findings are interpreted in the context of recently published models relating to neurovisceral integration across the continuum of time, and the implications for the future health and wellbeing of patients are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Luiz Lopes Wazen
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology of São José do Rio Preto Medical School, Famerp, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Michele Lima Gregório
- Transdisciplinary Nucleus for Chaos and Complexity Studies (NUTECC), São José do Rio Preto Medical School, Famerp, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrew Haddon Kemp
- Department of Psychology, College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Moacir Fernandes de Godoy
- Transdisciplinary Nucleus for Chaos and Complexity Studies (NUTECC), São José do Rio Preto Medical School, Famerp, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery of São José do Rio Preto Medical School, Famerp, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Major Depressive Disorder and Emotion-Related Impulsivity: Are Both Related to Cognitive Inhibition? COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-017-9885-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zhu Q, Wang J, Fan H, Ma G, Zhang B, Shen C, Wang W. Blink reflex under external emotional-stimuli in bipolar I and II disorders. Psychiatry Res 2018; 259:520-525. [PMID: 29156424 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder types I (BD I) and II (BD II) might present different cortico-brainstem circuit dysfunctions under external emotions, which might be reflected by the blink reflex. We therefore invited 32 BD I and 23 BD II patients, and 46 healthy volunteers to answer the Mood Disorder Questionnaire, the Hypomania Checklist-32, and the Plutchik - van Praag Depression inventory, and to undergo the blink reflex test under external emotions (emotional pictures plus sounds) of Disgust, Erotica, Fear, Happiness, and Sadness. Compared to healthy controls, BD I showed prolonged R2/R2' latencies under most emotions, and their PVP scores were negatively correlated with the areas under curve (AUCs) of R2 and R2' under Erotica; and BD II showed reduced R2/R2' AUCs under all emotions. Moreover, R2' AUCs under Disgust, Fear, and Happiness were significantly reduced in BD II than those in BD I. Our results have shown that, irrespective of patients' on-going affective states, the R2/R2' components were delayed in BD I but suppressed in BD II under most external emotions. Our study provides some hints to distinguish the two types of bipolar disorder, referring to the cortico-brainstem circuit dysfunctions under external emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisha Zhu
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry/School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry/School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongying Fan
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry/School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guorong Ma
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry/School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingren Zhang
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry/School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chanchan Shen
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry/School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry/School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Cohen JN, Taylor Dryman M, Morrison AS, Gilbert KE, Heimberg RG, Gruber J. Positive and Negative Affect as Links Between Social Anxiety and Depression: Predicting Concurrent and Prospective Mood Symptoms in Unipolar and Bipolar Mood Disorders. Behav Ther 2017; 48:820-833. [PMID: 29029678 PMCID: PMC6028186 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The co-occurrence of social anxiety and depression is associated with increased functional impairment and a more severe course of illness. Social anxiety disorder is unique among the anxiety disorders in sharing an affective profile with depression, characterized by low levels of positive affect (PA) and high levels of negative affect (NA). Yet it remains unclear how this shared affective profile contributes to the covariation of social anxiety and depressive symptoms. We examined whether self-reported PA and NA accounted for unique variance in the association between social anxiety and depressive symptoms across three groups (individuals with remitted bipolar disorder, type I [BD; n = 32], individuals with remitted major depressive disorder [MDD; n = 31], and nonpsychiatric controls [n = 30]) at baseline and follow-ups of 6 and 12 months. Low levels of PA, but not NA, accounted for unique variance in both concurrent and prospective associations between social anxiety and depression in the BD group; in contrast, high levels of NA, but not PA, accounted for unique variance in concurrent and prospective associations between social anxiety and depression in the MDD group. Limitations include that social anxiety and PA/NA were assessed concurrently and all measurement was self-report. Few individuals with MDD/BD met current diagnostic criteria for social anxiety disorder. There was some attrition at follow-up assessments. Results suggest that affective mechanisms may contribute to the high rates of co-occurrence of social anxiety and depression in both MDD and BD. Implications of the differential role of PA and NA in the relationship between social anxiety and depression in MDD and BD and considerations for treatment are discussed.
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Duarte J, Pinto-Gouveia J. Positive affect and parasympathetic activity: Evidence for a quadratic relationship between feeling safe and content and heart rate variability. Psychiatry Res 2017; 257:284-289. [PMID: 28783577 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED There has been an increased interest in the study of underlying autonomic correlates of emotions. This study tests the hypothesis that high levels of high-frequency heart rate variability (HF HRV) are associated with positive emotions. In addition, we hypothesize that this association will differ according to the type of positive emotion. Also, based on recent findings, we tested the hypothesis that this relationship would be nonlinear. Resting-state HRV was collected and self-report measures of different positive emotions were administered to a sample of 124 volunteers. RESULTS Results suggested that there was a quadratic relationship between high-frequency heart rate variability and positive emotions associated with safeness and contentment, but not with positive emotions associated with excitement or lack of arousal. Our data suggests that different positive emotions may be characterized by qualitatively distinct profiles of autonomic activation. Also, given the role of positive emotions in social affiliation, and particularly positive emotions associated with a quiescence motivational state, results are interpreted in light of theoretical accounts that highlight the importance of vagal regulation for social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Duarte
- Cognitive-Behavioural Centre for Research and Intervention (CINEICC), University of Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - José Pinto-Gouveia
- Cognitive-Behavioural Centre for Research and Intervention (CINEICC), University of Coimbra, Portugal
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From psychological moments to mortality: A multidisciplinary synthesis on heart rate variability spanning the continuum of time. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:547-567. [PMID: 28888535 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) indexes functioning of the vagus nerve, arguably the most important nerve in the human body. The Neurovisceral Integration Model has provided a structural framework for understanding brain-body integration, highlighting the role of the vagus in adaptation to the environment. In the present paper, we emphasise a temporal framework in which HRV may be considered a missing, structural link between psychological moments and mortality, a proposal we label as Neurovisceral Integration Across a Continuum of Time (or NIACT). This new framework places neurovisceral integration on a dimension of time, highlighting implications for lifespan development and healthy aging, and helping to bridge the gap between clearly demarcated disciplines such as psychology and epidemiology. The NIACT provides a novel framework, which conceptualizes how everyday psychological moments both affect and are affected by the vagus in ways that have long-term effects on mortality risk. We further emphasize that a longitudinal approach to understanding change in vagal function over time may yield novel scientific insights and important public health outcomes.
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Feiss A, Johnson SL, Peckham A, Blair J. Valence specific response reversal deficits and risk for mania. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-017-9633-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Schönfelder S, Langer J, Schneider EE, Wessa M. Mania risk is characterized by an aberrant optimistic update bias for positive life events. J Affect Disord 2017; 218:313-321. [PMID: 28482278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early cognitive models of mania posit that a cognitive triad consisting of unrealistically optimistic beliefs about the self, world and future may predispose vulnerable individuals to develop manic symptoms. Hypomanic personality traits (HYP) pose such a vulnerability factor in the etiopathogenesis of mania. METHODS To test the cognitive tenet of overly optimistic views of the future, 24 individuals with high-HYP and 24 age- and sex-matched controls (low-HYP) performed a belief update paradigm, during which they estimated their personal chances to experience future positive and negative life events. Afterwards, they were presented with the statistical likelihood of each event occurring to a peer living in the same socio-cultural environment and given the chance to adjust their initial estimates. RESULTS High-HYP individuals exhibited an asymmetric belief revision for positive events, reflected by an exaggerated incorporation of better-than-expected and an impaired integration of worse-than-expected information, relative to their low-HYP control counterparts. The strength of this optimistic update bias was linked to the trait sensitivity of the behavioral approach system. Furthermore, high-HYP individuals demonstrated a more optimistic initial prediction bias, characterized by greater overestimations of their likelihood to experience positive events, and reported enhanced trait optimism. LIMITATIONS The cross-sectional study relied on an extreme-group design to define mania risk. CONCLUSIONS Due to the crucial role of future-oriented beliefs in guiding decision-making and goal-directed behavior, this optimistic update bias for positive events may cognitively underpin the mania-typical engagement in highly pleasurable activities despite warnings for harmful consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schönfelder
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute for Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Johanna Langer
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute for Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Section for Pediatric Oncology, Haematology and Haemostaseology, University Medicine Mainz, Germany
| | - Eva Elisa Schneider
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute for Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michèle Wessa
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute for Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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45
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Zhu Q, Wang J, Shen C, Fan H, Zhang B, Ma G, Lu Y, Wang W. Inhibitory brainstem reflexes under external emotional-stimuli in bipolar I and II disorders. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:224. [PMID: 28629452 PMCID: PMC5477268 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1390-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder types I (BD I) and II (BD II) might present different dysfunctions of the cortex and brainstem, as reflected by the second exteroceptive suppression period of temporalis muscle activity (ES2) under different stimuli of external emotions. METHODS This study included 30 BD I and 20 BD II patients, and 40 healthy volunteers. All participants were invited to answer the Mood Disorder Questionnaire, the Hypomania Checklist-32, and the Plutchik-van Praag Depression inventory, as well as to undergo the ES2 test under external emotional-stimuli (emotional pictures plus sounds) of Disgust, Erotica, Fear, Happiness, and Sadness. RESULTS The scale scores were elevated in both patient groups, but were not correlated with ES2 parameters. Compared to healthy controls, BD I showed prolonged ES2 latency under Erotica, and their perceived happiness and sadness intensities were negatively correlated with the respective ES2 durations, while BD II showed prolonged ES2 latencies under Disgust and Happiness, and shortened ES2 durations under Disgust, Happiness and Sadness. Moreover, ES2 duration under Sadness was significantly shorter in BD II than that in BD I. CONCLUSIONS The cortico-brainstem inhibitory dysfunctions in BD I and BD II was different, and this difference was independent of the patient's ongoing emotions. Our study thus provides some hints to distinguish the two types of bipolar disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisha Zhu
- 0000 0000 8744 8924grid.268505.cDepartment of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry/ School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- 0000 0000 8744 8924grid.268505.cDepartment of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry/ School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Chanchan Shen
- 0000 0000 8744 8924grid.268505.cDepartment of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry/ School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Hongying Fan
- 0000 0000 8744 8924grid.268505.cDepartment of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry/ School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Bingren Zhang
- 0000 0000 8744 8924grid.268505.cDepartment of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry/ School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Guorong Ma
- 0000 0000 8744 8924grid.268505.cDepartment of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry/ School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Yanxia Lu
- 0000 0000 8744 8924grid.268505.cDepartment of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry/ School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry/ School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
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Thompson RJ, Spectre A, S. Insel P, Mennin D, Gotlib IH, Gruber J. Positive and Negative Affective Forecasting in Remitted Individuals with Bipolar I Disorder, and Major Depressive Disorder, and Healthy Controls. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-017-9840-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Responses to Positive Affect in Daily Life: Positive Rumination and Dampening Moderate the Association Between Daily Events and Depressive Symptoms. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-017-9593-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Tay L, Pawelski JO, Keith MG. The role of the arts and humanities in human flourishing: A conceptual model. THE JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2017.1279207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Tay
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - James O. Pawelski
- Positive Psychology Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Melissa G. Keith
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Hoerger M, Chapman B, Duberstein P. Realistic affective forecasting: The role of personality. Cogn Emot 2016; 30:1304-16. [PMID: 26212463 PMCID: PMC5223734 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2015.1061481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Affective forecasting often drives decision-making. Although affective forecasting research has often focused on identifying sources of error at the event level, the present investigation draws upon the "realistic paradigm" in seeking to identify factors that similarly influence predicted and actual emotions, explaining their concordance across individuals. We hypothesised that the personality traits neuroticism and extraversion would account for variation in both predicted and actual emotional reactions to a wide array of stimuli and events (football games, an election, Valentine's Day, birthdays, happy/sad film clips, and an intrusive interview). As hypothesised, individuals who were more introverted and neurotic anticipated, correctly, that they would experience relatively more unpleasant emotional reactions, and those who were more extraverted and less neurotic anticipated, correctly, that they would experience relatively more pleasant emotional reactions. Personality explained 30% of the concordance between predicted and actual emotional reactions. Findings suggest three purported personality processes implicated in affective forecasting, highlight the importance of individual-differences research in this domain, and call for more research on realistic affective forecasts.
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50
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Green DM, Strange D, Lindsay DS, Takarangi MKT. Trauma-related versus positive involuntary thoughts with and without meta-awareness. Conscious Cogn 2016; 46:163-172. [PMID: 27723512 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deanne M Green
- Flinders University, School of Psychology, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, 5001 SA, Australia
| | - Deryn Strange
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, CUNY, Department of Psychology, 445 West 59th St, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - D Stephen Lindsay
- University of Victoria, Department of Psychology, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, B.C. V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Melanie K T Takarangi
- Flinders University, School of Psychology, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, 5001 SA, Australia.
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