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Turner MJ, Costello N, Miller A, Wood AG. When not hitting your sales target is 'the end of the world': Examining the effects of rational emotive behaviour therapy on the irrational beliefs and emotional reactivity of UK-based sales professionals. Stress Health 2024:e3391. [PMID: 38414157 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, workplace wellbeing is a key priority for employers. Severe market and health conditions continue to bring inevitable problems that could be reduced with the application of psychological interventions to prevent mental and physical health issues, making this study a highly pertinent and valuable contribution to the field. This paper reports the effects of a rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) programme on the irrational beliefs and emotional reactivity of 56 office-based sales professionals located in the northwest region of the UK. A pre-test, post-test experimental design was utilised, and a mixed model ANOVA (repeated measures) was adopted to assess changes in mean differences concerning irrational beliefs and emotional reactivity at pre and post-test stages for the intervention group, in comparison to a control group. Results indicate that those in the REBT group reported significant reductions in irrational beliefs and emotional reactivity, whilst those in the control group reported no such changes. It is recommended that future research studies consider utilizing a mixed methods design and focus on a strategic collaboration of organisational and individual level interventions for improving the psychological wellbeing and performance of sales personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Turner
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - N Costello
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - A Miller
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - A G Wood
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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Grove AB, Green BA, Kaye SM, Sheerin CM. A Narrative Commentary on the Use of a Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy-Informed Group to Address Irrational Beliefs, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Comorbidities. Brain Sci 2024; 14:129. [PMID: 38391704 PMCID: PMC10886947 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Irrational beliefs of Demandingness, Catastrophizing, Low Frustration Tolerance, and Depreciation have demonstrated prevalence in disparate areas of life, including psychopathology, the military, politics, religion, and education. Individuals with mental health concerns, such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), endorse elevations in such thoughts compared to the general population. This commentary describes the rationale for focusing on irrational beliefs in efforts to address PTSD and presents the Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)-Informed Group for PTSD as a potential novel application of a well-established intervention. In support of these suggestions, we present a narrative review of the published work on irrational beliefs and REBT tenets as relevant for PTSD. We then introduce and describe the REBT-Informed Group intervention, summarize the prior preliminary research conducted by our group, and present some novel data from a re-analysis of this prior work. We end with commentary related to future directions of REBT approaches for PTSD to address limitations and expand the impact of the treatment to military and other Veteran or civilian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen B Grove
- Central Virginia Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, 1201 Broad Rock Blvd, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - Brooke A Green
- Central Virginia Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, 1201 Broad Rock Blvd, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - Savannah M Kaye
- Central Virginia Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, 1201 Broad Rock Blvd, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - Christina M Sheerin
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Tóth R, Turner MJ, Mannion J, Tóth L. The effectiveness of rational emotive behavior therapy ( REBT) and mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) on psychological, physiological and executive functions as a proxy for sports performance. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:442. [PMID: 38104142 PMCID: PMC10724889 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the current study, we conducted a comparative analysis involving three distinct groups: one receiving group-based rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), another undergoing a mindfulness-based intervention (MBI), and a third group serving as the control. The aim of the study was to explore the effectiveness of the two interventions on specific psychological (competitive anxiety, perfectionism, irrational beliefs), physiological (salivary cortisol levels), and neurocognitive (executive functions: working memory, inhibition, cognitive flexibility) functions in Hungarian junior ice hockey players. METHODS The participants consisted of 10 females and 36 males (NREBT=12, NMINDFULNESS=14, NCONTROL=20). We used questionnaires to assess competitive anxiety, perfectionism, and irrational beliefs. The components of executive functions were measured using a computerized testing system, while cortisol levels were examined through salivary samples. Prior to and after the interventions, each participant underwent all measurements, after which we conducted repeated measures ANOVA on our data. RESULTS We found REBT to be an effective intervention for the regulation of competitive anxiety, perfectionism, and irrational beliefs as well as for improving some components of executive functions (inhibition and cognitive flexibility). Mindfulness was found to improve athletes' processing speed and set-shifting abilities, which are related to cognitive flexibility and metacognitive processes. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we explore implications of these findings regarding how each approach is posited to enhance sports performance, using neurocognitive functions as a proxy. These findings are useful for further research and practical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renátó Tóth
- School of Doctoral Studies, Hungarian University of Sports Science, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Martin James Turner
- Faculty of Health and Education, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, England
| | - Joe Mannion
- Graduate School of Education and Psychology, Pepperdine University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - László Tóth
- Teacher Training Institute, Hungarian University of Sports Science, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Psychology and Sport Psychology, Hungarian University of Sport Science, Budapest, Hungary
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Urfa O, Aşçı FH. The effects of rational emotive behavior therapy and motivational interviewing on emotions, automatic thoughts, and perceived performance of elite female volleyball players. Psychol Sport Exerc 2023; 69:102497. [PMID: 37665932 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy intervention alone (REBT-A) or with motivational interviewing (REBT + MI) on the emotions, automatic thoughts, and perceived performance of elite female volleyball players. DESIGN and method: Single-case, staggered multiple-baseline AB and ABC designs were adapted in the study. Five female volleyball players participated in the study, of which three players participated in the REBT-A and two players participated in the REBT + MI. The athletes were competing in the national volleyball league (Mage = 28, SD = 5.52). All participants were elite athletes with at least ten years of sports experience. Three scores (T1, T2, T3) were calculated for the athletes' perceived performance, emotion, and automatic thoughts. T1 was the baseline score calculated before the sessions. T2 was calculated after the first two sessions (the first three sessions for REBT + MI) and T3 was calculated after the last three sessions. In the data analysis, percentage changes, effect size, and visual analyzes were used in the T1, T2, and T3 scores. RESULTS REBT-A and REBT + MI interventions increased perceived performance, positive emotions, and positive automatic thoughts, and decreased negative emotions and negative automatic thoughts. REBT + MI was more advantageous than REBT-A in increasing positive emotion, positive automatic thought, and perceived performance. CONCLUSIONS As a result, REBT alone or with motivational interviewing has a positive effect on perceived performance, emotions, and automatic thoughts, but REBT + MI has greater potential to increase positive constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Urfa
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education, Burdur, Turkey.
| | - F H Aşçı
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Fenerbahce University, Turkey
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Mansell PC, Turner MJ. The mediating role of proactive coping in the relationships between stress mindset, challenge appraisal tendencies, and psychological wellbeing. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1140790. [PMID: 37941750 PMCID: PMC10628836 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1140790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Stress is ubiquitous and how individuals view the nature of stress can influence psychological wellbeing. The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of proactive coping on the relationships between stress mindset and challenge appraisal tendencies and examine how this in turn related to psychological wellbeing. A secondary aim was to investigate if there were any differences in stress mindset between athletes and non-athletes. It was hypothesised that stress mindset would be indirectly positively associated with challenge appraisal tendencies through proactive coping, that a challenge appraisal tendency would positively relate to vitality, and that vitality would negatively relate to depressive symptoms. It was also hypothesised that athletes would possess more facilitative views of stress compared with non-athletes. Methods Two hundred and seven individuals (n = 101 athletes, n = 106 non-athletes, Mage = 22.76 years, SD = 4.94) completed an online questionnaire pack assessing stress mindset, proactive coping, challenge appraisal tendencies, vitality, and depressive symptoms. Results Using path analysis, the hypothesised model demonstrated a good fit to the data and the positive relationship between stress mindset and challenge appraisal tendencies was mediated by proactive coping. Challenge appraisal tendencies were positively associated with vitality, which was negatively associated with depressive symptoms. Athletes reported a significantly greater 'stress-is-enhancing' mindset, greater vitality, and fewer depressive symptoms than non-athletes. Conclusion Findings offer support for the role that stress mindset has in potentially influencing psychological wellbeing and offer the novel suggestion that this mechanism may operate through proactive coping and challenge appraisal tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. Mansell
- School of Health, Science and Wellbeing, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
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Grove AB, Sheerin CM, Wallace RE, Green BA, Minnich AH, Kurtz ED. The effect of a reduction in irrational beliefs on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety symptoms in a group treatment for post-9/11 Veterans. Mil Psychol 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37486709 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2023.2236924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has indicated that a Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)-Informed Group focused on changing irrational beliefs to address comorbid depression and anxiety (as well as anger and guilt) in a combat Veteran population diagnosed with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) demonstrated significant reductions in depression and PTSD symptoms at posttreatment. However, mechanisms of change associated with improvement have not been evaluated. REBT theory suggests that a decline in irrational beliefs predicts a decrease in PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptoms. This study aimed to test this tenet of REBT theory in a naturalistic treatment setting. Participants (N = 86) were post-9/11 combat Veterans, engaged in the REBT-Informed Group between October 2016 and February 2020. Results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that a reduction in irrational beliefs predicted notable decreases in PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptoms controlling for several covariates. This study extends previous research demonstrating the success of the REBT-Informed Group with combat Veterans and gives support to REBT theory regarding the effect of a decline in irrational beliefs. Future directions include replication of findings with Veterans who experienced military sexual trauma (MST), pre-9/11 Veterans, those at other military or Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centers, and civilians to determine generalizability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen B Grove
- Department of Mental Health, Central Virginia VA Health Care System, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Christina M Sheerin
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Rachel E Wallace
- Department of Mental Health, Central Virginia VA Health Care System, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Brooke A Green
- Department of Mental Health, Central Virginia VA Health Care System, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Angela H Minnich
- Department of Mental Health, Central Virginia VA Health Care System, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Erin D Kurtz
- Department of Mental Health, Central Virginia VA Health Care System, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Mental Health, VA St. Louis Health Care System, St. Louis, Missouri
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Everson K, Terjesen M. Irrational Beliefs Among Competitive High School Student Athletes: Are they General or Context-Driven? J Ration Emot Cogn Behav Ther 2023; 41:314-333. [PMID: 37304573 PMCID: PMC10107567 DOI: 10.1007/s10942-023-00504-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
While student-athletes strive for high performance both athletically and academically, understanding the role of beliefs as it relates to objective measures of performance has not been readily studied (Turner and Barker in J Appl Sport Psychol 25:131-147, 2013) and even less so among youth. This research examined if irrational beliefs that are context specific to performance settings (academic vs. athletic) are more predictive of academic and athletic performance than those more general irrational beliefs among 30 high-school student athlete basketball players. While both general and context-specific irrational beliefs were predictive of athletic performance as measured by performance analysis from game video footage and academic performance as measured by Grade Point Average, there were no differences in terms of their predictive ability. Implications for researchers and practitioners are provided to guide the scholarly research and applied implications regarding the role of specific beliefs as it relates to performance with this population.
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Tiba AI, Trip S, Bora CH, Drugas M, Borz F, Miclăuş DC, Voss L, Iova SC, Pop S. Positive irrational beliefs are associated with hypomanic personality. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1053486. [PMID: 37020915 PMCID: PMC10067582 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1053486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary irrational beliefs, such as demanding about attaining personal goals, are a common trans-diagnostic factor involved in many emotional disorders. Although Bipolar Disorder (BPD) is a severe emotional disorder, little is known about the role of primary irrational beliefs in the risk of BPD. Given that the risk for mania is related to responses to positive rather than adverse events, we developed a measure of irrational beliefs in response to cues of positive events. This is the first study that examines the relationship between positive primary irrational beliefs and the risk of BPD. 119 participants completed an online survey including measures for the risk of BPD, irrational beliefs, positive irrational beliefs, mania-related cognitions, and mood measures (depressive and manic mood). Results revealed significant associations between the risk of BPD and positive primary irrational beliefs, irrational beliefs, positive generalization, and mood. Regression analyses revealed that positive primary irrational beliefs, such as demanding to attain significant goals in response to cues for positive events, uniquely predict the risk for BPD independently of mood, mania-related cognitions and irrational beliefs. These findings encourage the treatment approaches focused on restructuring primary irrational beliefs in response to positive situations to reduce the risk of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simona Trip
- Department of Psychology, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Carmen H. Bora
- Department of Psychology, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Marius Drugas
- Department of Psychology, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Feliciana Borz
- Department of Psychology, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | | | - Laura Voss
- Hull York Medical School, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Sorin C. Iova
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Simona Pop
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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Ede MO, Okeke CI, Adene F, Areji AC. Perceptions of Work Value and Ethical Practices Amongst Primary School Teachers, Demographics, Intervention, and Impact. Psychol Rep 2023; 126:380-410. [PMID: 34610775 DOI: 10.1177/00332941211043453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The rate of value decadence and degeneration of moral value as it applies to work ethic amongst teachers is worrisome, especially in Nigeria. This value decadence amongst Nigerian teachers could have been triggered off as a result of their false perceptions in placing demands. This study therefore investigated the effect of rational emotive occupational intervention on the perceptions of work value and ethical practices amongst teachers in primary schools in Nigeria. Randomized group control intervention was adopted with 168 primary school teachers selected as participants for this study. The participants were allocated to (treatment group: n = 84) and (waitlisted control group: n = 84). The participants in the treatment group received a 12-week program of activities (REBOI) whereas the waitlisted group received the conventional means of counseling. The results showed that rational emotive behavioural occupational intervention was significant in the work values of primary school teachers in Nigeria as measured by the Organizational Values Scale . Rational emotive occupational intervention was significant in the ethical sensitivity of primary school teachers in Nigeria as measured by the Ethical Sensitivity Scale. It was also found that rational emotive behavioral occupational intervention has significant long-term effects on work value and ethical practices among primary school teachers in Nigeria as measured by the Organizational Values Scale, Ethical Sensitivity Scale. Therefore, we conclude that rational emotive behavioral occupational intervention is effective in changing the false perceptions of work value and ethical practices among primary school teachers in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chinedu Ifedi Okeke
- School of Education Studies, Faculty of Education, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,Department of Philosophy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
| | - Friday Adene
- Department of Educational Foundations University of Nigeria, Nsukka.,Department of Philosophy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
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Ifelunni CO, Ede MO, Okeke CI. Rational emotive intervention for work-family conflict and female primary school teachers' well-being. Curr Psychol 2022; 42:1-14. [PMID: 36124047 PMCID: PMC9476453 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Globally, work and family conflict has been investigated by many researchers. Yet there is an increased prevalence of work-family conflict and its influence on the well-being of the female teaching population, especially Nigerian primary school teachers. This incidence has kept a good proportion of schoolteachers vulnerable to health problems as well as affected their wellbeing. This study evaluates the effect of rational emotive behaviour therapy on improving the well-being of female teachers with irrational behaviours arising from the work-family conflict. This is a randomized study. A total of 69 female primary school teachers in Enugu state Nigeria who met the criteria for inclusion were used as the study participants. Three self-report measures (Work-Family Conflict questionnaire, Multidimensional Health States Scale-Short Form, and Teacher Irrational Belief Scale) were used to collect data. Repeated measures with analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to determine the effects of the intervention. The findings of the study revealed that REBT had a significant effect on the well-being scores of Nigerian female primary school teachers with work-family conflict when compared to their counterparts in the no-intervention group at Time 2. In addition, the effect of REBT on improving well-being in female teachers with work-family conflict was significantly maintained at the follow-up measurements (Time 3). In conclusion, it is suggested that REBT is an effective intervention for moderating the effect of work-family conflict on the well-being of career female teachers. As such, cognitive behavioural therapists can further examine the effectiveness of REBT using other constructs and cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Odozi Ifelunni
- Department of Educational Foundations, Faculty of Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Moses Onyemaechi Ede
- Department of Education Foundations, Faculty of Education, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Chinedu Ifedi Okeke
- Department of Education Foundations, Faculty of Education, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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Young P, Chow V, Haslam C, Wood A, Barker J. Can Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy ( REBT) and Mindfulness be Integrated Effectively within High Performance Settings? J Ration Emot Cogn Behav Ther 2022; 41:411-431. [PMID: 36035437 PMCID: PMC9396568 DOI: 10.1007/s10942-022-00475-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Our critical commentary explores the overlaps and divergences between Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) and contemporary mindfulness practice and considers whether the approaches could be integrated and applied effectively within two high performance settings in particular: sport and business. It highlights how REBT and mindfulness share similar philosophical positions on the causes of emotional disturbance, on the importance of acceptance, and on cultivating self-awareness to respond healthily and adaptively to adverse events. It also acknowledges diverenges relating to REBT and mindfulness' respective positions on judgement of thoughts, an emphasis on the present moment, and meditative practice. We observe that by cultivating metacognitive awareness-a capacity to impartially observe thinking-mindfulness may help individuals in high performance settings to see more clearly how their beliefs influence their emotional, cognitive, and behavioural outcomes. Mindfulness could thus potentially aid an individual's transition from intellectual insight to emotional rational insight within an REBT framework. Moreover, appropriately integrated mindfulness practice alongside REBT-based work may help individuals within high performance settings, and beyond, to cultivate a mindset that is grounded in the present, less distracted and more task focused, potentially enhancing performance outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Young
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Vivien Chow
- School of Architecture, Building and Civil Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Cheryl Haslam
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Andrew Wood
- Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Jamie Barker
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Michel-Kröhler A, Turner MJ. Link Between Irrational Beliefs and Important Markers of Mental Health in a German Sample of Athletes: Differences Between Gender, Sport-Type, and Performance Level. Front Psychol 2022; 13:918329. [PMID: 35941956 PMCID: PMC9356198 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.918329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, we conducted the first meaningful study of irrational beliefs (IBs) in a German sample of athletes. Moreover, we investigated associations between IBs and potential general as well as sport-specific markers of mental health in German athletes. As general markers, we considered psychological distress and wellbeing in addition to IBs, and as sport-specific markers, we considered anxiety, perfectionism, and athletic identity. To achieve this, our first step was to translate and validate a specific measure of irrational beliefs, namely the Irrational Performance Beliefs Inventory (iPBI). The iPBI is a performance-relevant measure that captures specific IB, taking into account the situational circumstances of the target population, namely operators in different performance context (academia, sports, business, medicine, etc.). Its theoretical basis is largely Ellis' work on rational and irrational beliefs. We developed a short and a long version of the iPBI, which both capture four core IBs (i.e., demandingness, awfulization, low frustration tolerance, and depreciation). Factorial validity was confirmed by a confirmatory factor analysis (comparative fit index = 0.92) with data from 234 athletes. Both versions of the newly developed iPBI showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha > 0.77) and retest reliability (intra-class correlation coefficients >0.71). Results of the correlational analyses indicated low positive relationships between IBs and athletes' psychological distress, and low negative relations between IBs and wellbeing. In terms of sport-specific markers, there were low to moderate correlations with IBs. This study also examined the differences in IBs between females and males, individual and team sport athletes, and across three different performance levels. Implications of these findings are discussed along with approaches for future research and applied work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Michel-Kröhler
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute for Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin J. Turner
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Education, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Ede MO, Okeke CI, Obiweluozo PE. Intervention for Treating Depression in Parents of Children with Intellectual Disability of Down's Syndrome: A Sample of Nigerian Parents. J Ration Emot Cogn Behav Ther 2022; 41:1-25. [PMID: 35891632 PMCID: PMC9302872 DOI: 10.1007/s10942-022-00471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A good number of parents of children with Down syndrome are prone to depressive disorders. The depressive feelings are attributed to negative perceptions of the situation, self, and the future. Given this, we explored the impact of the family health model of rational-emotive behavior therapy on depressive symptoms in parents of children with intellectual disability of Down syndrome in the COVID-19 pandemic era. This is a randomized pretest-posttest control group design that recruited 88 parents of children with intellectual disability of Down syndrome. We measured the depressive symptoms in parents at Time 1, Time 2, and Time 3 using the Beck depressive inventory and Hamilton depression rating scale. We adopted a family health model rational emotive behaviour therapy intervention in treating the depressive symptoms affecting the parents. The analysis of covariate results showed that at initial assessment there was no significant difference between the treatment group and comparison group at baseline evaluation of depressive symptoms in participants. At the posttest, it had a significant effect on the intervention on participants' depressive symptoms. Likewise, a follow-up result still shows that intervention had a significant effect on participants' depressive symptoms of participants. In conclusion, this study suggests that treatment variable accounted for the effect in decreasing depressive symptoms scores of participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Onyemaechi Ede
- Education Foundations, Faculty of Education, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Chinedu Ifedi Okeke
- Education Foundations, Faculty of Education, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Patience E. Obiweluozo
- Department of Educational Foundations, Faculty of Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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David OA, Cîmpean A, Costescu C, DiGiuseppe R, Doyle K, Hickey M, David D. Effectiveness of Outpatient Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Over One Decade. Am J Psychother 2021; 74:157-164. [PMID: 34325525 DOI: 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this article was to explore the effectiveness of rational emotive and cognitive-behavioral therapy (REBT) in a clinical setting. METHODS This study included 349 patients of the Albert Ellis Institute who sought psychotherapy from 2007 to 2016. Analyses were conducted by using the intent-to-treat principle, and outcomes were measured after three sessions of therapy (to measure early response) and at the end of 20 sessions. Outcome Questionnaire-45 was used to measure patient functioning. RESULTS Patients reported significant improvements in their functioning after participating in REBT, with a medium effect size for early response after three sessions of psychotherapy and at the end of the 20 sessions. CONCLUSIONS The authors' findings documented that REBT can be effectively transported from a research setting to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana A David
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania (O. A. David, Cîmpean, Costescu, D. David).,Department of Psychology, St. John's University, New York City (DiGiuseppe).,Albert Ellis Institute, New York City (DiGiuseppe, Doyle, Hickey)
| | - Alina Cîmpean
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania (O. A. David, Cîmpean, Costescu, D. David).,Department of Psychology, St. John's University, New York City (DiGiuseppe).,Albert Ellis Institute, New York City (DiGiuseppe, Doyle, Hickey)
| | - Cristina Costescu
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania (O. A. David, Cîmpean, Costescu, D. David).,Department of Psychology, St. John's University, New York City (DiGiuseppe).,Albert Ellis Institute, New York City (DiGiuseppe, Doyle, Hickey)
| | - Raymond DiGiuseppe
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania (O. A. David, Cîmpean, Costescu, D. David).,Department of Psychology, St. John's University, New York City (DiGiuseppe).,Albert Ellis Institute, New York City (DiGiuseppe, Doyle, Hickey)
| | - Kristene Doyle
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania (O. A. David, Cîmpean, Costescu, D. David).,Department of Psychology, St. John's University, New York City (DiGiuseppe).,Albert Ellis Institute, New York City (DiGiuseppe, Doyle, Hickey)
| | - Michael Hickey
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania (O. A. David, Cîmpean, Costescu, D. David).,Department of Psychology, St. John's University, New York City (DiGiuseppe).,Albert Ellis Institute, New York City (DiGiuseppe, Doyle, Hickey)
| | - Daniel David
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania (O. A. David, Cîmpean, Costescu, D. David).,Department of Psychology, St. John's University, New York City (DiGiuseppe).,Albert Ellis Institute, New York City (DiGiuseppe, Doyle, Hickey)
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15
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Grove AB, Kurtz ED, Wallace RE, Sheerin CM, Scott SM. Effectiveness of a Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy ( REBT)-Informed Group for Post-9/11 Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Mil Psychol 2021; 33:217-227. [PMID: 34334948 PMCID: PMC8324018 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2021.1897496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Various treatments aimed for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been developed for veterans, but many are not formatted for use in groups, do not address common psychiatric comorbidities, and include inherent barriers (e.g., substantial time commitment). This program evaluation study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a five-session treatment, a Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)-Informed Group focused on changing irrational beliefs to address comorbid depression and anxiety (as well as anger and guilt) among post-9/11 veterans with PTSD. Participants (n = 47) completing the REBT-Informed Group demonstrated significant reductions at posttreatment in depression and PTSD symptoms. Compared to veterans in a ten-session treatment-as-usual group (n = 47), there was no significant difference in PTSD symptom improvement despite the reduction in number of sessions. The study demonstrates that a five-week group treatment for PTSD comorbid with depression or anxiety in post-9/11 veterans - a therapy that may be uniquely suited to a military or veteran population, but potentially generalizable to civilians as well - can lead to significant reductions in depression and PTSD symptoms. Future directions include development of a manual for dissemination and replication of findings of the REBT-Informed Group to other military or Veterans Affairs medical centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen B. Grove
- Department of Mental Health, Central Virginia VA Health Care System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Erin D. Kurtz
- Department of Mental Health, Central Virginia VA Health Care System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Primary Care Service Line, VA St. Louis Health Care System, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rachel E. Wallace
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Christina M. Sheerin
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Sarah M. Scott
- Department of Mental Health, Central Virginia VA Health Care System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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16
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Turner MJ, Wood AG, Boatwright D, Chadha N, Jones JK, Bennett R. Assessing beliefs about emotion generation and change: The conceptualisation, development, and validation of the Cognitive Mediation Beliefs Questionnaire (CMBQ). Psychother Res 2021; 31:932-949. [PMID: 33464169 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2020.1871524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to regulate emotions is important for human function and health. That emotion regulation can be achieved through cognitive change is predicated on the notion of cognitive mediation. However, the extent to which individuals believe that their emotions are cognitively mediated (C-M), or in contrast, that their emotions occur via stimulus-response (S-R), is underexplored, and whether C-M and S-R beliefs shape emotion reactivity is not yet known. Research that addresses these empirical needs could inform emotion regulation interventions such as cognitive behavioural therapies (CBTs). The current paper reports the development and initial validity testing of the cognitive mediation beliefs questionnaire (CMBQ). Five studies report the factor structure, the construct and criterion validity, and the test-retest reliability of the CMBQ. The CMBQ was found to have a correlated two-factor structure (C-M change beliefs, and S-R generation beliefs). Higher C-M change beliefs and lower S-R generation beliefs were related to greater emotion regulation, greater thought control ability, higher positive mental health, and lower emotion reactivity. The CMBQ also demonstrated acceptable test-retest reliability. Initial testing indicates that the CMBQ is a valid and reliable questionnaire for psychometric use in adult populations, including those with a diagnosed mental health condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Turner
- Faculty of Heath, Psychology, and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew G Wood
- Faculty of Heath, Psychology, and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Daniel Boatwright
- Life Sciences and Education, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - Nanaki Chadha
- Life Sciences and Education, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - Jennifer K Jones
- Faculty of Heath, Psychology, and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard Bennett
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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17
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Trait boredom is associated with several internalizing and externalizing problems. Addressing existing research gaps in the field, the present study investigated the map of cognitive processes for boredom, based on the rational emotive behaviour therapy model (REBT). AIMS The general aim of the study was to investigate the organization of irrational and rational evaluative cognitions related to boredom, and the association between boredom and depression symptoms and state/trait anxiety. METHODS The 233 participants (84% women) completed online scales of evaluative cognitions, trait boredom, trait/state anxiety and depression. Multiple mediation models via the SPSS extension PROCESS were employed. RESULTS The REBT psychopathology and psychological health models were partially confirmed, as the evaluative primary cognitions predicted positively and significantly the secondary ones in both cases. Low frustration tolerance (LFT) and global evaluations (GE), and frustration tolerance (FT), respectively, had significant effects. We found a positive significant association between boredom proneness and the negative dysfunctional emotions investigated. CONCLUSIONS Both results offer further support for the hierarchy of cognitions and the distinction between the level of irrationality and rationality in REBT. This is the first attempt to assess a cognitive map of boredom, underlining the importance of (L)FT in relation to boredom. The significance of GE in boredom suggests that people might see themselves responsible, or even blame themselves, others or life itself while bored. The associations of boredom with anxiety and depression are relevant, as its role in those contexts is not yet fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion Milea
- Doctoral School 'Evidence Based Psychological Assessment and Interventions', Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- The International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Roxana A I Cardoş
- The International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, Republicii Street 37, 400015, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daniel David
- The International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, Republicii Street 37, 400015, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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18
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Frolli A, Ricci MC, Tortorelli FA, Cavallaro A, Valenzano L, Rega A, Operto FF, Corrivetti G. Emotional Education in Early Onset Schizophrenia and Asperger's Syndrome. Behav Sci (Basel) 2020; 10:E131. [PMID: 32872431 DOI: 10.3390/bs10090131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aim to verify how emotional training can improve empathy and theory of mind (ToM) in patients diagnosed with early onset schizophrenia and Asperger's syndrome. The study design includes 100 subjects divided into two experimental groups and two control groups. The two experimental groups followed a rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) protocol. The two control groups instead underwent cognitive behavioral psychotherapy training. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied to analyze the difference between the Asperger's syndrome (AS) and early onset schizophrenia (EOS) groups, pre and post training. Our analysis shows that the AS group improved post emotional training but only when emotions were internalized, as demonstrated by the improvement of the scores in the post-treatment eye test (ET) but not in the emotional quotient (EQ) test. The EOS group instead showed post-training improvement, not only concerning skills leading to internalizing emotions but also in empathy, as demonstrated by the improvement of EQ and Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ) test scores. These scores remained lower than in the control group. Finally, our findings reveal that the value of the treatment was more considerable for the EOS group than for the AS group due to the improvement in first- and second-order ToM skills and an improvement of empathic skills in the first group, followed by the group comprising AS subjects. In the AS group, the treatment only favored the enhancement of first-order ToM skills; however, this improved quality of life and social adaptation.
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19
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate psychometrics benefit from assessing given constructs within specifically defined contexts. The assessment of context-specific irrational beliefs as put forth in rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT), under the three basic psychological needs described in self-determination theory (SDT), represents a new path for research. Under the umbrella of 'positive psychology', a new scale for adolescents combining REBT and SDT is the first step towards conceptualizing irrational beliefs within the three basic psychological needs. The integration of REBT and SDT would provide a more fully integrated view of adolescent mental health, and as such could provide a more cost-effective approach for preventing cognitive, emotive and behavioural disturbances in young people. AIMS The main aim of this paper is to outline the development and validation of the Rational Emotive Self Determination Scale for Adolescents (RESD-A), which measures irrational beliefs about the three basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence and relatedness). METHOD To achieve this main study aim, we report the results of four studies that test the factor structure, internal consistency, construct, predictive validity, and test-re-test reliability of the 51-item RESD-A, within samples of Turkish adolescents. RESULTS Data analyses confirmed the theoretical expectations and yielded promising results for the validity and reliability of the RESD-A. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that assessment of irrational beliefs in the context of autonomy, competence and relatedness is possible and valuable for the treatment of adolescents.
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20
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Chadha NJ, Turner MJ, Slater MJ. Investigating Irrational Beliefs, Cognitive Appraisals, Challenge and Threat, and Affective States in Golfers Approaching Competitive Situations. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2295. [PMID: 31649600 PMCID: PMC6795749 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
On approach to competitive situations, affective states (emotions and anxiety) occur through the complex interaction of cognitive antecedents. Researchers have intimated that irrational beliefs might play an important role in the relationship between cognitive appraisals and affective states, but has ignored challenge and threat. In the current research, we examine the interaction between cognitive appraisals, irrational beliefs, and challenge and threat to predict golfers' pre-competitive affective states. We adopted a cross-sectional atemporal design to examine how golfers approached two different competitive situations: imagined imminent golf competition (phase 1), and actual future golf competition (phase 2). Path analysis revealed how cognitive appraisals, irrational beliefs, and challenge and threat interact to predict affective states among golfers. Serial atemporal multiple mediation analysis indicated that the relationships between cognitive appraisals and affective states were mediated by irrational beliefs and challenge and threat. Further, some differences were revealed between phase 1 and phase 2 in the serial multiple atemporal mediation results with regard to challenge. That is, at phase 1 no significant serial mediation was found for any affective outcomes, but at phase 2 significant serial mediation was found for all affective states, showing that irrational beliefs and challenge serial mediated the associations between cognitive appraisals and affective states. The finding that mediation and bivariate associations differed across phase 1 and phase 2 is echoed in the phase 1-phase 2 tests of differences. The current research makes a theoretical advancement by elucidating in more detail the complex interaction between cognitive antecedents and mediators of affective states. Specifically, the inclusion of challenge and threat alongside irrational beliefs and cognitive appraisals is an important theoretical advancement that builds on work inside of sport literature (e.g., Dixon et al., 2016) and outside of sport literature (e.g., David et al., 2002, 2005), as this constellation of theoretically related antecedents of affective states has not been examined together in the extant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanaki J. Chadha
- Life Sciences and Education, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
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21
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Abstract
The irrational performance beliefs inventory (iPBI) was developed to measure irrational beliefs within performance domains such as sport, academia, business, and the military. Past research indicates that the iPBI has good construct, concurrent, and predictive validity, but the test-retest reliability of the iPBI has not yet been examined. Therefore, in the present study the iPBI was administered to university sport and exercise students (n = 160) and academy soccer athletes (n = 75) at three-time points. Time point two occurred 7 days after time point one, and time point three occurred 21 days after time point two. In addition, social desirability was also measured. Repeated-measures MANCOVAs, intra-class coefficients, and Pearson's (r) correlations demonstrate that the iPBI has good test-retest reliability, with iPBI scores remaining stable across the three-time points. Pearson's correlation coefficients revealed no relationships between the iPBI and social desirability, indicating that the iPBI is not highly susceptible to response bias. The results are discussed with reference to the continued usage and development of the iPBI, and future research recommendations relating to the investigation of irrational performance beliefs are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Turner
- a School of Life Sciences , Staffordshire University , Stoke on Trent , UK
| | - M J Slater
- a School of Life Sciences , Staffordshire University , Stoke on Trent , UK
| | - J Dixon
- a School of Life Sciences , Staffordshire University , Stoke on Trent , UK
| | - A Miller
- a School of Life Sciences , Staffordshire University , Stoke on Trent , UK
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22
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David D, Cotet C, Matu S, Mogoase C, Stefan S. 50 years of rational-emotive and cognitive-behavioral therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychol 2017; 74:304-318. [PMID: 28898411 PMCID: PMC5836900 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), introduced by Albert Ellis in the late 1950s, is one of the main pillars of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Existing reviews on REBT are overdue by 10 years or more. We aimed to summarize the effectiveness and efficacy of REBT since its beginnings and investigate the alleged mechanisms of change. METHOD Systematic search identified 84 articles, out of which 68 provided data for between-group analyses and 39 for within-group analyses. RESULTS We found a medium effect size of REBT compared to other interventions on outcomes (d = 0.58) and on irrational beliefs (d = 0.70), at posttest. For the within-group analyses, we obtained medium effects for both outcomes (d = 0.56) and irrational beliefs (d = 0.61). Several significant moderators emerged. CONCLUSION REBT is a sound psychological intervention. Directions for future studies are outlined, stemming from the limitations of existing ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel David
- Babeş-Bolyai University, Departament of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy and International Institute for Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health.,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Carmen Cotet
- Babeş-Bolyai University, Departament of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy and International Institute for Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health
| | - Silviu Matu
- Babeş-Bolyai University, Departament of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy and International Institute for Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health
| | - Cristina Mogoase
- Babeş-Bolyai University, Departament of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy and International Institute for Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health
| | - Simona Stefan
- Babeş-Bolyai University, Departament of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy and International Institute for Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health
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23
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Sælid GA, Nordahl HM. Rational emotive behaviour therapy in high schools to educate in mental health and empower youth health. A randomized controlled study of a brief intervention. Cogn Behav Ther 2016; 46:196-210. [PMID: 27791532 DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2016.1233453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) is effective in reducing distress in several target groups. No other study has tested the mental health effects on adolescents in a high school setting while expanding a Cognitive Behaviour-based therapy, REBT, into the concept of mental health literacy. The format of the ABC model, which is an important element of REBT, functioned as a working manual in and between three sessions. This study tested whether knowledge and practical use of the ABC model increased self-esteem and hope, and reduced symptoms of anxiety and depression, and dysfunctional thinking. Sixty-two high school students with subclinical levels of anxiety and depression were randomly allocated into three groups; three individual REBT sessions, or three individual attentional placebo (ATP) sessions or no sessions (control). However, dysfunctional thinking, self-esteem and hope were not measured in the control group. Repeated measures with ANOVA and t-tests were conducted. Both REBT and ATP significantly reduced symptoms of anxiety and depression, but only REBT was significantly different from the control group at the six-month follow-up. Only REBT significantly reduced dysfunctional thinking, and both REBT and ATP significantly increased self-esteem and hope. REBT had both an immediate and a long-term effect. The findings show the potential positive effects of educating well-documented psychological techniques as ordinary education in school. Further research might contribute to decide whether or not to change the school system by enclosing mental health literacy classes for all students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gry Anette Sælid
- a Domain for Mental and Physical Health , Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo , Norway.,b Department of Psychology , The Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Hans M Nordahl
- b Department of Psychology , The Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway.,c Department of Neuroscience , The Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway
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Turner MJ. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy ( REBT), Irrational and Rational Beliefs, and the Mental Health of Athletes. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1423. [PMID: 27703441 PMCID: PMC5028385 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is proposed as a potentially important framework for the understanding and promotion of mental health in athletes. Cognitive-behavioral approaches predominate in the provision of sport psychology, and often form the backbone of psychological skills training for performance enhancement and maintenance. But far from being solely performance-focused, the cognitive-behavioral approach to sport psychology can restore, promote, and maintain mental health. This review article presents REBT (Ellis, 1957), the original cognitive behavioral therapy, as a valuable approach to addressing mental health issues in sport. REBT holds that it is not events that directly cause emotions and behaviors. Rather, it is one's beliefs about the events that lead to emotional and behavioral reactivity. Further, REBT distinguishes between rational and irrational beliefs, and suggests that in response to failure, maltreatment, and misfortune, people can react with either healthy or unhealthy emotional and behavioral responses. The extant research indicates that irrational beliefs lead to unhealthy negative emotions, a range of pathological conditions, and a host of maladaptive behaviors that undermine mental health. Therefore, REBT proposes a process for the reduction of irrational beliefs and the promotion of rational beliefs. The use of REBT in sport is seldom reported in literature, but research is growing. This review article proposes three important areas of investigation that will aid the understanding of irrational beliefs and the application of REBT within sport. These areas are: (1) the influence of irrational beliefs and REBT on the mental health of athletes, (2) the influence of irrational beliefs and REBT on athletic performance, (3) the origins and development of irrational beliefs in athletes. Each area is discussed in turn, offering a critical and progressive review of the literature as well as highlighting research deficits, and recommendations to address each of the three areas of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Turner
- Centre for Sport, Health and Exercise Research, Staffordshire University Stoke-on-Trent, UK
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