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Reuman L, Thompson-Hollands J. Family accommodation in PTSD: Proposed considerations and distinctions from the established transdiagnostic literature. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2023; 30:453-464. [PMID: 38390036 PMCID: PMC10881198 DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Accommodation is widely documented and studied among internalizing disorders; however, the conceptualization and study of accommodation in the context of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is relatively nascent. PTSD entails many diagnostic criteria-including exposure to a distinct Criterion A event, emotional numbing, and anger-that may uniquely influence accommodation and merit special consideration. Our aim was to review the impact of accommodation in PTSD, compare and contrast accommodation in PTSD to other disorders with a strong empirical evidence base regarding accommodation, and highlight considerations unique to PTSD and associated implications for accommodation. We conclude by providing considerations for future research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Reuman
- VA Boston Healthcare System, National Center for PTSD, Boston, MA, USA
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Johanna Thompson-Hollands
- VA Boston Healthcare System, National Center for PTSD, Boston, MA, USA
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Drebing CE, Mamon D, Calixte RM, Tuval-Mashiach R, Patton B, Scoglio AAJ, Girouard C, Fukuda S, Gao W, Penk WE. Pilot outcomes of a filmmaking intervention designed to enhance treatment entry and social reintegration of veterans. Psychol Serv 2023; 20:585-595. [PMID: 35191722 PMCID: PMC10198373 DOI: 10.1037/ser0000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Military personnel transitioning to civilian life have reported significant challenges in reintegrating into civilian culture. Filmmaking has been used as a therapeutic intervention to enhance the community reintegration of veterans, but there are no published quantitative data documenting its impact. The present study provides outcome data on 40 veterans who participated in the I Was There (IWT) filmmaking workshop. This 3-day (20-hr) group intervention involved veterans working in small teams with a film coach, making short films designed to communicate some aspect of their experience during or after military service, and then creating a screening event to show their films to community members. The sample consisted of community-dwelling veterans who reported at least some mental health symptoms and who were not engaged in mental health treatment for those symptoms. Targeted outcomes included engagement in mental health care, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, and reported perception of community interest in their experience as veterans. Fifty-six percent of participants entered treatment within 4 months of participation. Significant decreases were noted in symptoms of PTSD at 1-month follow-up but not at the 4-month follow-up, while changes in depression were not statistically significant. Participation was related to increased perception of community interest in veterans' experience, and increased interest among community members who viewed the films. These data provide initial support for the conclusion that the IWT film workshop is a potentially effective tool for treatment engagement and for community reintegration among veterans. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E. Drebing
- The Social and Community Reintegration Research Program, Bedford VA Hospital
| | - Daria Mamon
- The Social and Community Reintegration Research Program, Bedford VA Hospital
| | - Rachelle M. Calixte
- The Social and Community Reintegration Research Program, Bedford VA Hospital
| | | | | | | | - Caitlin Girouard
- The Social and Community Reintegration Research Program, Bedford VA Hospital
| | - Seiya Fukuda
- The Social and Community Reintegration Research Program, Bedford VA Hospital
| | - Wenwu Gao
- The Social and Community Reintegration Research Program, Bedford VA Hospital
| | - Walter E. Penk
- The Social and Community Reintegration Research Program, Bedford VA Hospital
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3
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Hava D, Solomon Z, Dekel R. Predicting Depression Among Spouses of Ex-POWs: The Contribution of Exposure to Violence, Trauma, and Stress Through the Life Cycle. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:4832-4851. [PMID: 36062821 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221119523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The current longitudinal study focused on predicting depression among spouses of former Israeli war veterans (combat veterans or ex-prisoners of war [ex-POWs]). The research examined the direct and moderating role of secondary trauma related to their husbands' war-related experiences, stress related to being exposed to intimate partner violence in their relationship, being a second-generation Holocaust (SGH) survivor, and the effects of additional stressful life events (SLEs) since the end of the war. Wives of ex-POWs and combat veterans (N = 129) participated in two time measurements. Spouses of ex-POWs were found to be at higher risk of depression and psychological violence. Psychological violence was a risk factor for depression. The three-way interaction among psychological violence, being a SGH survivor, and experiencing SLEs was significant. In addition, experiencing earlier stressful events had a protective effect. The findings suggest that the association between early exposure and additive exposure through life is a complex iteration of factors and does not necessarily follow the vulnerability perspective.
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Thompson-Hollands J, Rando AA, Stoycos SA, Meis LA, Iverson KM. Family Involvement in PTSD Treatment: Perspectives from a Nationwide Sample of Veterans Health Administration Clinicians. ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY IN MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2022; 49:1019-1030. [PMID: 35930084 PMCID: PMC9362012 DOI: 10.1007/s10488-022-01214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Social support is bidirectionally linked to symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Evidence suggests that family involvement in veterans' mental health treatment is desired by both veterans and family members, and that such involvement has the potential to improve treatment outcomes. However, rates of family involvement are low in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). We sought to understand VHA clinicians' perspectives on family involvement in PTSD treatment by conducting qualitative interviews with 31 providers at 10 VHA facilities across the U.S. The i-PARIHS framework was used to guide the interviews and analysis, and several major themes were identified. All clinicians reported that they at least occasionally offered family-inclusive sessions, and they frequently referenced both the influence of family behaviors or attitudes on veterans' functioning, and also how veterans' symptoms could cause tremendous disruption in the family. Clinicians' past experience with supervised family- or couple-based work strongly influenced their current comfort with family-inclusive sessions. Multiple potential avenues exist to support increased family involvement in PTSD treatment in VHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Thompson-Hollands
- Behavioral Science Division of the National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Sarah A Stoycos
- Behavioral Science Division of the National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura A Meis
- Center for Care Delivery and Outcomes Research, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Katherine M Iverson
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Women's Health Sciences Division of the National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
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5
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Zhen B, Yao B, Zhou X. Pandemic Exposure, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Conflict Behaviors, and Online Aggressive Behaviors Among College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Examining the Moderating Role of Gender. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:809173. [PMID: 35370842 PMCID: PMC8967964 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.809173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic impacts people's mental health and behaviors, but the influence mechanism between pandemic exposure, conflict behaviors, and online aggressive behaviors during the COVID-19 outbreak remains unclear. This study will address this gap. Data were collected from 1,153 college students in an online survey that included an pandemic experiences scale, a post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) scale, a conflict behaviors scale, and an online aggressive behaviors scale. Structural equation modeling and multi-group comparisons were used to analyze the data. Pandemic exposure positively predicted conflict and online aggressive behaviors through hyperarousal symptoms, and negatively predicted these behaviors through intrusive symptoms. The mediating roles of avoidance and negative alterations in cognition and mood symptoms in the relations between pandemic exposure and conflict behaviors and online aggressive behaviors were non-significant. Among male students, pandemic exposure directly predicted conflict and online aggressive behaviors, but for female students, pandemic exposure indirectly influenced these behaviors through intrusive and hyperarousal symptoms. The intrusive and hyperarousal symptoms play mediating roles in the relations between pandemic exposure and conflict behaviors and online aggressive behaviors. Gender plays a moderating role in the above mediating mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Zhen
- College of Educational Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Benxian Yao
- College of Educational Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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6
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Bachem R, Levin Y, Zerach G, Cloitre M, Solomon Z. The interpersonal implications of PTSD and complex PTSD: The role of disturbances in self-organization. J Affect Disord 2021; 290:149-156. [PMID: 34000567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the aftermath of trauma not only the primary traumatized survivors' mental health is affected but often also their significant others. The current study explores the specific associations of ICD-11 symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and disturbances in self organization (DSO) for secondary traumatic stress and dyadic adjustment among both spouses. METHODS Male Israeli veterans and their wives (N = 216) were assessed 30 years after the war. Primary PTSD/DSO symptoms of the veterans and secondary posttraumatic stress symptoms (secondary PTSS)/DSO of the wives were assessed. Actor Partner Independence Modelling (APIM) evaluated the differential effects of PTSD and DSO for trauma transmission and dyadic adjustment. RESULTS While veterans' primary PTSD only related to secondary PTSS of the wives, the veterans' DSO predicted the wives' secondary PTSS as well as DSO. Moreover, the APIM revealed that the primary and secondary DSO of both partners were associated with dyadic adjustment while their PTSD symptoms were not. LIMITATIONS The cross-sectional data did not allow to identify directional or causal effects and DSO symptoms were not assessed with an ICD-specific instrument as such scales did not exist at the time of data collection. CONCLUSIONS ICD-11 DSO symptoms seem to drive the transmission of posttraumatic stress among spouses to a more significant extent than PTSD symptoms. As DSO are also strongly implicated in decreased dyadic adjustment, they are valuable targets for couple therapy after one spouse experienced severe trauma, both in order to prevent interpersonal trauma transfer as well as to enhance dyadic adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Bachem
- Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Yafit Levin
- Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gadi Zerach
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Psychology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Marylene Cloitre
- National Center for PTSD Dissemination and Training Division, CA United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Zahava Solomon
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel; I-Core Research Center for Mass Trauma, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Bachem R, Levin Y, Solomon Z. Posttraumatic Stress and Sexual Satisfaction in Husbands and Wives: A Dyadic Analysis. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 49:1533-1543. [PMID: 32246223 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trauma survivors who suffer from posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) are known to experience impairments in sexual satisfaction. However, the negative effects of PTSS are not limited to the primary survivors, as they can lead to secondary PTSS in their spouses as well. The implications of secondary PTSS in the sexuality of couples remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate whether specific symptom clusters of PTSS (i.e., intrusions, hyperarousal, and avoidance) are implicated in the sexual satisfaction of couples. We assessed a sample of primarily exposed Israeli veterans from the Yom Kippur War and their wives who had been secondarily exposed (N = 191). The dyadic data were analyzed in an Actor-Partner Independence Model. When scrutinizing specific PTSS clusters, the husbands' avoidance related to their own sexual satisfaction. The wives' hyperarousal related to their own and their spouses' sexual satisfaction, whereas their intrusions were associated only with their husbands' sexual satisfaction. In conclusion, PTSS in one spouse is related to both spouses' sexual satisfaction; it is therefore recommended that clinicians adopt a dyadic approach when delivering interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Bachem
- I-Core Research Center for Mass Trauma, Tel Aviv University, Chaim Levanon 30, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Yafit Levin
- I-Core Research Center for Mass Trauma, Tel Aviv University, Chaim Levanon 30, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zahava Solomon
- I-Core Research Center for Mass Trauma, Tel Aviv University, Chaim Levanon 30, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Caska-Wallace CM, Smith TW, Renshaw KD, Allen SN. Standardized Assessment of Relationship Functioning in Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans with PTSD. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 31:373-383. [PMID: 33716400 PMCID: PMC7953828 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2019.1645536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is associated with difficulties in intimate relationships, with most prior research examining associations with continuous, single-dimension, and often-unstandardized measures of general relationship quality or aggression. Standardized, well-normed assessments that include multiple couple problem areas could provide more precise information about the presence and specific nature of clinically significant concerns in patient care settings. This investigation aimed to replicate findings regarding increased difficulties in relationship functioning among Operations Enduring and Iraqi Freedom Veterans with PTSD and their romantic partners, specifically using a standardized assessment that permits identification of cases of clinically significant general couple distress and difficulties across multiple problem areas. We compared 32 male Veterans with PTSD and 33 without PTSD, and their romantic partners on reports of several problem areas using the revised Marital Satisfaction Inventory (MSI-R). All participants underwent structured diagnostic interviewing. PTSD couples reported clinically significant levels of relationship distress several times more frequently than comparison couples, both for general distress and across all specific problem areas (e.g., aggressive behavior, quality of leisure time together, sexual functioning, conflicts about finances and child rearing). The most notable problem areas for PTSD couples were affective and problem-solving communication. These results replicate associations of PTSD with general couple discord and multiple specific areas of couple difficulties and extend them by documenting the clinical severity of these problems. Mental health providers may consider incorporating standardized couple assessments into their evaluations of Veterans' functioning. Couples therapies may consider using such measures to prioritize targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Caska-Wallace
- Mental Health Service, VA Puget Sound Health Care System - Seattle Division and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
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9
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Shoval-Zuckerman Y, Dekel R, Cohen G, Levi O. Adjustment profiles of Yom Kippur war veterans seeking delayed help from the IDF. Int Rev Psychiatry 2019; 31:3-13. [PMID: 31074663 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2019.1601072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The most common stress reactions following combat are post-traumatic stress reactions. These responses have a great impact on quality-of-life and can damage victims' personal, familial, and social functioning. However, of the people who develop PTSD, only a few request psychological help. The first aim of the research was, therefore, to examine the long-term adjustment patterns of Yom Kippur War veterans who sought help only after a period of more than 30 years. The second aim was to classify the participants according to a common symptom profile. The participant sample consisted of 195 Yom Kippur War veterans who went through a process of assessment and evaluation via intake interviews conducted between 2006 and 2012, when they came to the Combat Stress Reaction (CSR) unit. Data were collected from the participants' files. The findings indicated that, by the time they arrived at the CSR Unit, 90.8% of the participants were experiencing PTSD. The findings support the argument that delayed onset of PTSD without a background history of symptoms is rare, and indicate that most people who seek help report that their low-level symptoms intensified over the years until these symptoms developed into clinically meaningful PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Dekel
- a School of Social Work , Bar Ilan University , Ramat Gan , Israel
| | - Gad Cohen
- b Mental Health Division, Medical Corps , IDF , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Ofir Levi
- c Bob Shapell School of Social Work , Tel-Aviv University , Tel-Aviv , Israel
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10
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Posttraumatic stress disorder and relationship functioning: A comprehensive review and organizational framework. Clin Psychol Rev 2018; 65:152-162. [PMID: 30205286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with impairments in relationship functioning. Beyond the abundance of research that has demonstrated this basic link, more recent research has begun to explore possible mediators and moderators of this association. The present paper reviews and synthesizes existing literature in the context of an overarching organizational framework of potential ways in which PTSD impacts relationship functioning. The framework organizes findings in terms of specific elements of PTSD and comorbid conditions, mediators (factors that are posited to explain or account for the association), and moderators (factors that are posited to alter the strength of the association). Specific symptoms of PTSD, comorbid symptoms, and many of the potential mediators explored have extensive overlap, raising questions of possible tautology and redundancy in findings. Some findings suggest that non-specific symptoms, such as depression or anger, account for more variance in relationship impairments than trauma-specific symptoms, such as re-experiencing. Moderators, which are characterized as individual, relational, or environmental in nature, have been the subject of far less research in comparison to other factors. Recommendations for future research and clinical implications of the findings reviewed are also presented.
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Bachem R, Levin Y, Zhou X, Zerach G, Solomon Z. The Role of Parental Posttraumatic Stress, Marital Adjustment, and Dyadic Self-Disclosure in Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma: A Family System Approach. JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY 2018; 44:543-555. [PMID: 28869760 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Research indicates that posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) induced by war trauma may be transmitted to veterans' wives and offspring (secondary traumatic stress; STS). However, the interplay between family members' characteristics has not been accounted for in such processes. Taking a family systems perspective, we examine the contributions of fathers' PTSS, mothers' STS, marital adjustment, and self-disclosure of both parents to offspring's STS and test whether marital quality applies as a mechanism of parent-child transmission. Combat veterans and former prisoners of war (N = 123), their spouses, and adult offspring were investigated in a multiple-step mediation analysis. The results highlight the mother's crucial role in trauma transmission and suggest that strengthening the marital relationship may buffer the transmission of fathers' PTSS to offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Bachem
- University of Tel Aviv
- I-Core Research Center for Mass Trauma
| | - Yafit Levin
- University of Tel Aviv
- I-Core Research Center for Mass Trauma
| | - Xiao Zhou
- University of Tel Aviv
- I-Core Research Center for Mass Trauma
| | | | - Zahava Solomon
- University of Tel Aviv
- I-Core Research Center for Mass Trauma
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Lester P, Rauch P, Loucks L, Sornborger J, Ohye B, Karnik NS. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Military-Connected Families: The Relevance of a Family-Centered Approach. FOCUS: JOURNAL OF LIFE LONG LEARNING IN PSYCHIATRY 2017; 15:420-428. [PMID: 31975873 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.20170027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, military service in the United States has been linked to a range of behavioral health and physical injuries in a significant number of the almost three million service members who have returned from wartime deployment. These injuries have occurred in the larger context of wartime military service, which is characterized by an array of stressors that have been associated with increased risk for behavioral health problems not only for service members but also for their family members. For the past 15 years, military-connected (defined as active-duty, reserve component, and veteran) family members have shared their own experiences of military service, including multiple deployments in the context of danger, high operational stress within their communities, and living with the physical and behavioral health injuries and ongoing care needs of a loved one. This article provides an overview of the evolving research on the specific impact of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other war zone-related behavioral health problems among families in the context of contemporary warfare, as well as research on the impact of family adjustment on veteran recovery and care. We propose an empirically supported, family-centered framework to inform a continuum of prevention and care for veterans with PTSD and their families. Gaps in the current continuum of behavioral health services for veterans with PTSD are identified, as well as efforts underway to develop trauma-informed, family-centered screening, prevention, and treatment approaches. Future research recommendations are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Lester
- Dr. Lester is with the Nathanson Family Resilience Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Dr. Rauch is with the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. Dr. Loucks is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. Dr. Sornborger is with Operation Mend, UCLA Health. Dr. Ohye is with the Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Dr. Karnik is with the Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago
| | - Paula Rauch
- Dr. Lester is with the Nathanson Family Resilience Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Dr. Rauch is with the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. Dr. Loucks is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. Dr. Sornborger is with Operation Mend, UCLA Health. Dr. Ohye is with the Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Dr. Karnik is with the Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago
| | - Laura Loucks
- Dr. Lester is with the Nathanson Family Resilience Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Dr. Rauch is with the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. Dr. Loucks is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. Dr. Sornborger is with Operation Mend, UCLA Health. Dr. Ohye is with the Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Dr. Karnik is with the Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago
| | - Jo Sornborger
- Dr. Lester is with the Nathanson Family Resilience Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Dr. Rauch is with the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. Dr. Loucks is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. Dr. Sornborger is with Operation Mend, UCLA Health. Dr. Ohye is with the Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Dr. Karnik is with the Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago
| | - Bonnie Ohye
- Dr. Lester is with the Nathanson Family Resilience Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Dr. Rauch is with the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. Dr. Loucks is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. Dr. Sornborger is with Operation Mend, UCLA Health. Dr. Ohye is with the Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Dr. Karnik is with the Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago
| | - Niranjin S Karnik
- Dr. Lester is with the Nathanson Family Resilience Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Dr. Rauch is with the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. Dr. Loucks is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. Dr. Sornborger is with Operation Mend, UCLA Health. Dr. Ohye is with the Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Dr. Karnik is with the Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago
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13
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Vest BM, Heavey SC, Homish DL, Homish GG. Marital Satisfaction, Family Support, and Pre-Deployment Resiliency Factors Related to Mental Health Outcomes for Reserve and National Guard Soldiers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 5:313-323. [PMID: 30505630 DOI: 10.1080/21635781.2017.1343694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between resiliency factors and mental health outcomes among US Army Reserve and National Guard soldiers. Our results demonstrate that higher marital satisfaction is significantly associated with lower anger, depression, anxiety, and PTSD. Importantly, our results provide evidence that among the assessed resiliency factors (pre-deployment preparation, unit social support, martial satisfaction and family support), marital satisfaction has the strongest evidence for promoting resiliency. Future research should develop interventions that can be provided jointly to the soldier and his partner to facilitate stronger relationships and promote improved mental health and reintegration post-deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie M Vest
- Department of Family Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo NY
| | - Sarah Cercone Heavey
- Department of Community Health & Health Behavior, University at Buffalo, Buffalo NY
| | - D Lynn Homish
- Department of Community Health & Health Behavior, University at Buffalo, Buffalo NY
| | - Gregory G Homish
- Department of Family Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo NY.,Department of Community Health & Health Behavior, University at Buffalo, Buffalo NY
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14
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The Impact of Refugee Mothers’ Trauma, Posttraumatic Stress, and Depression on Their Children’s Adjustment. J Immigr Minor Health 2017; 20:271-282. [DOI: 10.1007/s10903-017-0624-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Zhou X, Levin Y, Stein JY, Zerach G, Solomon Z. Couple Forgiveness and its Moderating Role in the Intergenerational Transmission of Veterans' Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms. JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY 2017; 43:410-421. [PMID: 27859442 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the moderating effect couple forgiveness (as perceived by the wives/mothers) may have on the intergenerational transmission of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) among families of combat veterans and former prisoners of war (ex-POWs). The sample included 123 (79 ex-POWs and 44 control combatants) Israeli father-mother-adult offspring triads. Self-report measures were administered at 2008 to veterans, at 2010-2011 to wives, and at 2013-2014 to offspring. The findings indicated that ex-POWs' PTSS were positively related to their offspring's PTSS, while couple forgiveness buffered this effect, particularly, and detrimentally, when couple forgiveness was low. These findings imply that apprehending the quality of the forgiving atmosphere within the marital relationship may be important for understanding the apparatus of intergenerational transmissions of trauma.
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Zerach G, Kanat-Maymon Y. The Role of Fathers’ Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Dyadic Adjustment in the Intergeneration Transmission of Captivity Trauma. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2017.1310497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gadi Zerach
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Yaniv Kanat-Maymon
- The School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, Herzliya, Israel
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Knobloch-Fedders LM, Caska-Wallace C, Smith TW, Renshaw K. Battling on the Home Front: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Conflict Behavior Among Military Couples. Behav Ther 2017; 48:247-261. [PMID: 28270334 PMCID: PMC5345247 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated interpersonal behavior differences among male military service members with and without PTSD and their female partners. Couples (N = 64) completed a 17-minute videotaped conflict discussion, and their interaction behavior was coded using the circumplex-based Structural Analysis of Social Behavior model (SASB; Benjamin, 1979, 1987, 2000). Within couples, the behavior of partners was very similar. Compared to military couples without PTSD, couples with PTSD displayed more interpersonal hostility and control. Couples with PTSD also exhibited more sulking, blaming, and controlling behavior, and less affirming and connecting behavior, than couples without PTSD. Results advance our understanding of the relational impacts of PTSD on military service members and their partners, and underscore the value of couple-based interventions for PTSD in the context of relationship distress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine Caska-Wallace
- Mental Health Service, VA Puget Sound Health Care System – Seattle Division Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
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Sparrow K, Kwan J, Howard L, Fear N, MacManus D. Systematic review of mental health disorders and intimate partner violence victimisation among military populations. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2017; 52:1059-1080. [PMID: 28748307 PMCID: PMC5581819 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-017-1423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is growing awareness of the problem of intimate partner violence (IPV) among military populations. IPV victimisation has been shown to be associated with mental disorder. A better understanding of the link between IPV and mental disorder is needed to inform service development to meet the needs of military families. We aimed to systematically review the literature on the association between IPV victimisation and mental health disorders among military personnel. METHODS Searches of four electronic databases (Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, and Web of Science) were supplemented by reference list screening. Heterogeneity among studies precluded a meta-analysis. RESULTS Thirteen studies were included. There was stronger evidence for an association between IPV and depression/alcohol problems than between IPV and PTSD. An association between IPV and mental health problems was more frequently found among veterans compared to active duty personnel. However, the link between IPV and alcohol misuse was more consistently found among active duty samples. Finally, among active duty personnel psychological IPV was more consistently associated with depression/alcohol problems than physical/sexual IPV. The review highlighted the lack of research on male IPV victimisation in the military. CONCLUSIONS There is evidence that the burden of mental health need may be significant among military personnel who are victims of IPV. The influence of attitudes towards gender in the military on research in this area is discussed. Further research is needed to inform development of services and policy to reduce IPV victimisation and the mental health consequences among military personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Sparrow
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences Department, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, PO23, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Jamie Kwan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Weston Education Centre, 10 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RJ UK
| | - Louise Howard
- David Goldberg Centre, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Nicola Fear
- King’s Centre for Military Health Research, King’s College London, Weston Education Centre, 10 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RJ UK
| | - Deirdre MacManus
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences Department, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO23, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
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Zerach G, Solomon Z. Indirect Exposure to Captivity Details Is Not Related to Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Among the Spouses and Offspring of Former Prisoners of War. J Trauma Stress 2016; 29:530-536. [PMID: 27870527 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Indirect exposure to the aversive details of the primary victim's traumatic event(s) has been introduced in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) as a new event criterion (Criterion A4). However, this new criterion has been criticized for its significant emphasis on the exposure to trauma "details" or trauma narrative. This study assessed the associations between reported exposure to details about captivity and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) among 2 groups of family members of former prisoners of war (ex-POWs): spouses (n = 115) and adult offspring (n = 78). Results show that in both groups exposure to details regarding captivity was not significantly related to the severity of total PTSS and specifically, high levels of exposure to captivity details were related to lower avoidance symptoms among ex-POWs' spouses. Among offspring, exposure to paternal behaviors stemming from the fathers' posttraumatic stress disorder was related to PTSS, above and beyond negative life events, quality of relationship with the father, and exposure to captivity details (R2 = .34). These results suggest that behavioral displays of the fathers' posttraumatic symptoms, rather than the recounting of trauma-related details, is related to PTSS among ex-POWs' offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadi Zerach
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Zahava Solomon
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work and I-Core Research Center for Mass Trauma, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Birkley EL, Eckhardt CI, Dykstra RE. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms, Intimate Partner Violence, and Relationship Functioning: A Meta-Analytic Review. J Trauma Stress 2016; 29:397-405. [PMID: 27644053 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis was the first study of which we are aware to investigate the association between Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) PTSD symptom clusters and parent, child, family, and marital/partner functioning problems (e.g., intimate partner violence [IPV] and intimacy). Of the 23 studies that met inclusion criteria, the sample was predominantly male (83.8%), Caucasian (65.0%), and from the military (98.9%). The average age was 43.65 years old (SD = 6.27); the average sample size was 397.4 (SD = 416.9; total N = 9,935). PTSD symptom clusters were assessed primarily by self-report (87.0%), with 8.7% using a rating by a clinician. We used fixed analysis following Fisher's r to z transformation and an unbiased weighing and summing of effect sizes within samples and across studies. We found a small association between hyperarousal and IPV (z = .20). We also found two moderate associations for the emotional numbing and avoidance symptom clusters: (a) with parent, child, and family functioning (z = .32, z = .28, respectively); and (b) with intimacy problems (z = .35, z = .42, respectively). We found two large associations for emotional numbing: marital and parent problems (z = .47) and parent, child, and family functioning problems (z = .32, respectively). Our findings suggested that treatments aim to lessen the effect on those who have close relationships with the individual with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Birkley
- Trauma Recovery Center, Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Rita E Dykstra
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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Mental Health Difficulties and Help-Seeking Beliefs within a Sample of Female Partners of UK Veterans Diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5080068. [PMID: 27490576 PMCID: PMC4999788 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5080068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the UK there is a paucity of research about the needs of partners who are supporting ex-service personnel with mental health difficulties. In this study, we surveyed the mental health needs and barriers to help-seeking within a sample of partners of UK veterans who had been diagnosed with PTSD. Our sample included 100 participants. Forty-five percent met criteria for alcohol problems, 39% for depression, 37% for generalised anxiety disorder and 17% for symptoms of probable PTSD. Participants who met case criteria for depression, anxiety and problems with alcohol were more likely to report a greater number of help-seeking barriers. Participants who were experiencing mental health difficulties were more likely to endorse barriers connected to stigmatising beliefs than those associated with practical issues around accessing mental health services. The evidence presented suggests there may be a considerable burden of mental illness within this population. It would seem prudent to conduct further work to understand how best to address this clinical need.
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Klaw EL, Demers AL, Da Silva N. Predicting Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence Among Post-9/11 College Student Veterans. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2016; 31:572-597. [PMID: 25389195 DOI: 10.1177/0886260514556102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The current conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq present unique risk factors for military personnel that increase the likelihood of psychological distress and concomitant consequences related to trauma. Several studies have found that the stress brought about by financial difficulties, unemployment, and the need to renegotiate roles and responsibilities with spouses following discharge increases the likelihood of relationship strain and even intimate partner violence in the veteran population. This study was undertaken to determine the challenges related to maintaining healthy relationships for college student veterans who have served in the armed forces since September 11, 2001. Psychological distress, substance use, and hypermasculine attitudes were explored as risk factors for intimate violence. Social support was found to be a protective buffer against psychological aggression. However, approximately a third of college student veterans reported low social support along with symptoms of distress, placing them at elevated risk of partner abuse. The current article explores models for predicting risk of perpetrating aggression in college student veterans and concludes that culturally tailored programs and services are needed.
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Zerach G, Kanat-Maymon Y, Aloni R, Solomon Z. The role of fathers' psychopathology in the intergenerational transmission of captivity trauma: A twenty three-year longitudinal study. J Affect Disord 2016; 190:84-92. [PMID: 26480215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aversive impact of combat and parents' combat-induced posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on young children has been examined in a few studies. However, the long-term toll of war captivity on the secondary traumatization (ST) of adult offspring remains unknown. This study aimed to assess the longitudinal associations between former prisoners of war (ex-POWs), PTSD, depressive symptoms and their adult offsprings ST. METHOD A sample of 134 Israeli father-child dyads (80 ex-POWs dyads and a comparison group of 44 veterans'dyads) completed self-report measures. The fathers participated in three waves of measurements following the Yom Kippur War (T1: 1991, T2: 2003, and T3: 2008), while the offspring took part in T4 (2013). RESULTS Offspring of ex-POWs with PTSD at T3 reported more ST symptoms than offspring of ex-POWs without PTSD and controls. Ex-POWs' PTSD hyper-arousal symptom cluster at T3 was positively related to offsprings ST avoidance symptom cluster. Offspring of ex-POWs with chronic and delayed PTSD trajectories reported more ST symptoms than offspring of ex-POWS and controls with resilient trajectories. Ex-POWs' PTSD and depression symptoms at T1, T2 and T3 mediated the link between war captivity (groups) and offsprings ST in T4. LIMITATIONS The use of self-report measures that did not cover the entire span of 40 years since the war, might may bias the results. CONCLUSIONS The intergenerational transmission of captivity related trauma following the Yom Kippur War was exemplified. ST symptoms among ex-POWs' adult offspring are closely related to their father' PTSD and related depressive symptom comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadi Zerach
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
| | - Yaniv Kanat-Maymon
- The School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Roy Aloni
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, I-Core Research Center for Mass Trauma, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zahava Solomon
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, I-Core Research Center for Mass Trauma, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Zerach G, Solomon Z. A Relational Model for the Intergenerational Transmission of Captivity Trauma: A 23-Year Longitudinal Study. Psychiatry 2016; 79:297-316. [PMID: 27880620 DOI: 10.1080/00332747.2016.1142775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aversive, long-term toll of war captivity and fathers' combat-induced posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on adult offspring's secondary traumatization (ST) has been recently exemplified. However, the study of potential mechanisms of the intergenerational transmission of trauma to offspring is still lacking. This prospective study aimed to assess the role of fathers' PTSD symptoms (PTSS), paternal parenting, and adult offspring's attachment insecurities in adult offspring's PTSS. METHOD A sample of 124 Israeli father-child dyads (80 ex-POW dyads and a comparison group of 44 veteran dyads) completed self-report measures. The fathers participated in three waves of measurements following the Yom Kippur War (T1: 1991, T2: 2003, T3: 2008), while the offspring took part in T4 (2013). RESULTS Offspring of ex-POWs with PTSD at T3 reported more PTSS and higher levels of attachment insecurities than offspring of ex-POWs without PTSD and controls at T4. Fathers' proximity to the children and sensitivity to the children's needs were negatively related. Offspring's attachment insecurities were positively related to offspring's PTSS. Importantly, serial multiple mediation model results show that war captivity increased the level of the fathers' PTSD at T2 and T3, which in turn decreased the level of the fathers' parenting at T3, and thereby increased the level of offspring's attachment avoidance at T4, which by its own merit was related to higher levels of adult offspring's PTSS. CONCLUSIONS The mechanisms of the intergenerational transmission of captivity-related trauma of veterans' PTSD and paternal parenting, through offspring's attachment insecurities and offspring's PTSS, was exemplified.
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Trevillion K, Williamson E, Thandi G, Borschmann R, Oram S, Howard LM. A systematic review of mental disorders and perpetration of domestic violence among military populations. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2015; 50:1329-46. [PMID: 26169988 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-015-1084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Military populations may experience more severe forms of domestic violence than the general population. Although mental disorders are associated with domestic violence perpetration among the general population, it is not clear whether this is the case for military populations. This review aimed to establish the prevalence and odds of domestic violence perpetration among male and female military personnel with mental disorders. METHODS Systematic review: searches of eleven electronic databases were supplemented by hand searches, reference screening, citation tracking and expert recommendations. RESULTS Ten studies were included; nine reporting on partner violence and one on violence against an adult family member. Median prevalence estimates were calculated for partner violence perpetration among male military personnel with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); estimates on other disorders were not possible due to lack of data. 27.5 % of men with PTSD reported past year physical violence perpetration against a partner and 91.0 % reported past year psychological violence perpetration against a partner. Due to limited data, no median estimates could be calculated for female military personnel. Data from individual papers indicate increased odds of past year partner violence perpetration among male and female military personnel with depression; inconsistent findings were reported for risk of partner violence perpetration among male and female military personnel with PTSD. CONCLUSIONS There is some evidence that mental disorders among military personnel are associated with past year domestic violence perpetration, though current data cannot confirm direction of causality. Research is needed to inform the development of interventions targeted to reduce domestic violence perpetration among military personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylee Trevillion
- Section of Women's Mental Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, PO31 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Emma Williamson
- Centre for Gender and Violence Research, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, 8 Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TZ, UK.
| | - Gursimran Thandi
- Academic Department of Military Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 10 Cutcombe Road, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RJ, UK.
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Centre for Mental Health, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Melbourne, 3010, Australia. .,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, 3052, Australia.
| | - Sian Oram
- Section of Women's Mental Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, PO31 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Louise M Howard
- Section of Women's Mental Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, PO31 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
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Blow AJ, Curtis AF, Wittenborn AK, Gorman L. Relationship Problems and Military Related PTSD: The Case for Using Emotionally Focused Therapy for Couples. CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10591-015-9345-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Leifker FR, White KH, Blandon AY, Marshall AD. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms impact the emotional experience of intimacy during couple discussions. J Anxiety Disord 2015; 29:119-27. [PMID: 25553521 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We examined the impact of PTSD symptom severity on emotional reactions to one's own and one's partner's intimacy behaviors. Heterosexual, community couples in which at least one partner reported elevated symptoms of PTSD were video-recorded discussing a relationship problem and self-reported their emotions immediately before and after the discussion. Each partner's intimacy behaviors were coded. Actor-Partner Interdependence Models indicate that, among those with greater PTSD symptom severity, partners' caring, understanding, and validation were associated with increased negative emotions, particularly fear. Among those with greater PTSD severity, provision of caring was associated with decreased anger, guilt, and sadness. Therefore, the receipt of intimacy was associated with increased negative emotions among individuals with elevated PTSD symptoms while provision of intimacy was associated with decreased negative emotions. Existing treatments for PTSD should consider the emotional context of provision and receipt of intimacy to more fully address relationship problems among couples dealing with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feea R Leifker
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, 140 Moore Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Kaitlin Hanley White
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, 140 Moore Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Alysia Y Blandon
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, 140 Moore Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Amy D Marshall
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, 140 Moore Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
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Abstract
The deployment of US military personnel to recent conflicts has been a significant stressor for their families; yet, we know relatively little about the long-term family effects of these deployments. Using data from prior military service eras, we review our current understanding of the long-term functioning and needs of military families. These data suggest that overseas deployment, exposure to combat, experiencing or participating in violence during war deployment, service member injury or disability, and combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) all have profound impacts on the functioning of military families. We offer several recommendations to address these impacts such as the provision of family-centered, trauma-informed resources to families of veterans with PTSD and veterans who experienced high levels of combat and war violence. Recent efforts to address the needs of caregivers of veterans should be evaluated and expanded, as necessary. We should also help military families plan for predictable life events likely to challenge their resilience and coping capacities. Future research should focus on the following: factors that mediate the relationship between PTSD, war atrocities, caregiver burden, and family dysfunction; effective family-centered interventions that can be scaled-up to meet the needs of a dispersed population; and system-level innovations necessary to ensure adequate access to these interventions.
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Zerach G, Aloni R. Secondary traumatization among former prisoners of wars' adult children: the mediating role of parental bonding. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2014; 28:162-78. [DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2014.923097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Renshaw KD, Allen ES, Carter SP, Markman HJ, Stanley SM. Partners' attributions for service members' symptoms of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Behav Ther 2014; 45:187-98. [PMID: 24491194 PMCID: PMC4221160 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The association of service members' combat-related PTSD with partners' distress is weaker when spouses/partners believe that service members experienced more traumatic events during deployment. Also, when simultaneously examining partners' perceptions of all PTSD symptoms, perceptions of reexperiencing symptoms (the symptoms most obviously connected to traumatic events) are significantly negatively related to distress in partners. These findings are consistent with the notion that partners may be less distressed if they make external, rather than internal, attributions for service members' symptoms. The present study explicitly tests this possibility. Civilian wives of active duty service members completed measures regarding their own marital satisfaction, their perceptions of service members' combat exposure during deployments, their perceptions of service members' symptoms of PTSD, and their attributions for those symptoms. External attributions were significantly positively associated with perceptions of combat exposure (rp=.31) and reexperiencing symptoms (β=.33) and significantly negatively associated with perceptions of numbing/withdrawal symptoms (rp=-.22). In contrast, internal attributions were significantly negatively associated with perceptions of reexperiencing symptoms (β=-.18) and significantly positively associated with perceptions of numbing/withdrawal symptoms (β=.46). Internal attributions significantly moderated the negative association of PTSD symptoms with marital satisfaction, such that the association strengthened as internal attributions increased. These findings are the first explicit support for an attributional understanding of distress in partners of combat veterans. Interventions that alter partners' attributions may improve marital functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah P. Carter
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
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Duax JM, Bohnert KM, Rauch SAM, Defever AM. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, levels of social support, and emotional hiding in returning veterans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 51:571-8. [DOI: 10.1682/jrrd.2012.12.0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M. Duax
- Department of Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kipling M. Bohnert
- Department of Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sheila A. M. Rauch
- Department of Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Andrew M. Defever
- Department of Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI
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Anastario MP, Hallum-Montes R, Reyes E, Manzanero R, Chun H. Toward a social theory of sexual risk behavior among men in the Armed Services: understanding the military occupational habitus. Cult Med Psychiatry 2013; 37:737-55. [PMID: 24101537 DOI: 10.1007/s11013-013-9335-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, military personnel have been recognized as a population at elevated risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV; however, it is not well understood how the military occupation itself is implicated in the production of sexual risk behavior. Using qualitative and quantitative data collected from the Belize Defense Force (BDF), we employed a grounded theoretical framework and the Bourdieusian concept of the field and habitus to clarify how the military occupation is implicated in structuring aspects of sexual risk behaviors among personnel. We focus results on in-depth qualitative interviews conducted with 15 male-identified BDF personnel. We identify and describe how two field elements, namely operational tempo and ongoing exposure to occupational hazards, are occupationally specific field elements implicated in the production of sexual risk behavior through the mediating matrix of the military class habitus. Our findings demonstrate a conceptual clarity regarding the institutional field and habitus through which military personnel make sense of and act on the risk of bodily harm with regard to their own sexual behaviors. We conclude by outlining our theoretical concept so that it can be directly applied in public health efforts in order to leverage military occupational field elements for the purpose of HIV and STI prevention.
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Hoyt T, Renshaw K, Pasupathi M. Disclosure of Combat Events by Afghanistan and Iraq War Veterans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/21635781.2013.827960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Campbell SB, Renshaw KD. PTSD symptoms, disclosure, and relationship distress: explorations of mediation and associations over time. J Anxiety Disord 2013; 27:494-502. [PMID: 23917126 PMCID: PMC8628599 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Emotional numbing symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are negatively associated with relationship satisfaction in combat veterans and their romantic partners. Many speculate that one mechanism of this association may be decreased disclosure by veterans, but previous studies lacked appropriate data to test this hypothesis. In a sample of 224 OIF/OEF-era National Guard service members (SMs) and 214 of their romantic partners, we measured SMs' PTSD symptoms. Four to six months later, we assessed both partners' reports of SMs' emotional disclosure and both partners' relationship satisfaction (83 SMs and 91 partners completed Time 2). In a path analysis, SMs' emotional numbing was negatively associated with their later relationship satisfaction. Furthermore, SMs' emotional numbing was negatively associated with both partners' reports of SMs' emotional disclosure. Finally, SMs' emotional numbing exerted significant or nearly significant indirect effects on both partners' relationship satisfaction via decreased emotional disclosure. The findings demonstrated the importance of accounting for both partners' perceptions when studying couple functioning in the context of PTSD or treating PTSD via conjoint intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B. Campbell
- Corresponding author at: Department of Psychology, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive MSN 3F5, Fairfax, VA 22030-4444, United States. Tel.: +1 917 306 5786; fax: +1 703 993 1359. (S.B. Campbell)
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Clark AA, Owens GP. Attachment, personality characteristics, and posttraumatic stress disorder in U.S. veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan. J Trauma Stress 2012; 25:657-64. [PMID: 23225032 DOI: 10.1002/jts.21760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
U.S. veterans of Iraq and/or Afghanistan (N = 116) completed an Internet survey with questions related to attachment style in intimate relationships, personality factors, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Participants completed the PTSD Checklist-Military, Experiences in Close Relationships Scale-Short Form, and the International Personality Item Pool Big Five Short Form Questionnaire. Most participants were male and Caucasian. Hierarchical linear regression analysis results indicated that emotional stability (β = -.46, p < .001) and attachment avoidance (β = .20, p < .05) were associated with PTSD symptom severity (adjusted R(2) = .63). An interaction between conscientiousness and attachment anxiety was found (β = -.26, p < .001; ΔR(2) = .06), with secure attachment moderating the relationship between conscientiousness and PTSD symptom severity. Results of this study indicate that emotional stability, conscientiousness, and secure relationship attachment styles (low attachment anxiety and avoidance) are important for postcombat mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison A Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0900, USA.
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Renshaw KD, Caska CM. Relationship distress in partners of combat veterans: the role of partners' perceptions of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Behav Ther 2012; 43:416-26. [PMID: 22440076 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Partners of combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder report elevated relationship and psychological distress, but little is known about the mechanisms by which such distress develops. In two separate samples, we examined partners' perceptions of veterans' PTSD symptoms, with a specific focus on the simultaneous associations of partners' distress with their perceptions of veterans' reexperiencing, withdrawal/numbing, and hyperarousal symptom clusters. The first sample consisted of 258 partners of Operation Enduring- and Iraqi Freedom-era veterans who completed questionnaires. The second sample consisted of 465 partners of Vietnam-era veterans who completed interviews as part of the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. In both samples, path analyses revealed that, when examined simultaneously, partners' perceptions of withdrawal/numbing symptoms were associated with greater distress, but perceptions of reexperiencing symptoms were unrelated to psychological distress and significantly associated with lower levels of relationship distress. Given the cross-sectional nature of the data in both samples, there are multiple plausible interpretations of the results. However, the pattern is consistent with an attributional model of partner distress, whereby partners are less distressed when symptoms are more overtly related to an uncontrollable mental illness. Potential clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith D Renshaw
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MSN 3F5, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
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Makin-Byrd K, Bonn-Miller MO, Drescher K, Timko C. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity predicts aggression after treatment. J Anxiety Disord 2012; 26:337-42. [PMID: 22197340 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relation between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity and aggression (verbal, psychological, and physical aggression) in a longitudinal dataset. Participants were 175 males in PTSD residential treatment who were assessed at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and at 4-month follow-up. Post-treatment PTSD severity predicted aggression at post-treatment and 4-month follow-up, adjusting for age, pre-treatment PTSD severity, and pre-treatment aggression. When examining the relation between aggression and specific PTSD symptom clusters, post-treatment Reexperiencing, Avoidance/Numbing and Hyperarousal symptoms predicted aggression at posttreatment and 4-month follow-up. These results support the hypothesis that post-treatment PTSD severity may be an important marker of post-treatment aggression risk and may offer unique information important to clinicians and patients focused on the development and maintenance of adaptive, non-aggressive relationships after intensive PTSD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Makin-Byrd
- Center for Health Care Evaluation, 152-MPD, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States.
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Tuval-Mashiach R, Dekel R. Preparedness, Ideology, and Subsequent Distress: Examining a Case of Forced Relocation. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2011.578026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Renshaw KD, Allen ES, Rhoades GK, Blais RK, Markman HJ, Stanley SM. Distress in spouses of service members with symptoms of combat-related PTSD: secondary traumatic stress or general psychological distress? JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2011; 25:461-9. [PMID: 21639635 PMCID: PMC3156850 DOI: 10.1037/a0023994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is linked with elevated psychological distress in service members'/veterans' spouses. Researchers use a variety of terms to describe this distress, and recently, secondary traumatic stress and secondary traumatic stress disorder (STS/STSD) have become increasingly commonly used. Although STS/STSD connotes a specific set of symptoms that are linked to service members'/veterans' symptoms, researchers often use general measures of distress or generically worded measures of PTSD symptoms to assess STS/STSD. To determine how often scores on such measures appear to be an accurate reflection of STS/STSD, we examined responses to a measure of PTSD symptoms in 190 wives of male service members with elevated levels of PTSD symptoms. Wives rated their own PTSD symptoms, and then answered questions about their attributions for the symptoms they endorsed. Fewer than 20% of wives who endorsed symptoms on the PTSD measure attributed these symptoms completely to their husbands' military experiences. Moreover, compared with wives who attributed symptoms only to events in their own lives, wives who attributed symptoms completely or partially to their husbands' military experiences had a greater overlap between some of their responses on the PTSD measure and their responses to a measure of general psychological distress. These results suggest that most wives of service members/veterans with PTSD experience generic psychological distress that is not conceptually consistent with STS/STSD, although a subset does appear to endorse a reaction consistent with this construct. Implications of these findings for intervention and research with this vulnerable population are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith D Renshaw
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030-4444, USA.
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Zerach G, Anat BD, Solomon Z, Heruti R. Posttraumatic Symptoms, Marital Intimacy, Dyadic Adjustment, and Sexual Satisfaction among Ex-Prisoners of War. J Sex Med 2010; 7:2739-49. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over a million children and their families have now experienced the stress of the deployment of a family member during the recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Whereas there is an extensive clinical literature about the developmental challenges facing children and issues of family adjustment, there is a lack of systematic research. This review summarizes the findings of recent publications. RECENT FINDINGS Some veterans develop posttraumatic stress disorder as a consequence of their experiences. This condition drives many of the adverse changes in the families of returning veterans through the effects on intimacy and nurturance in their families of withdrawal, numbing and irritability that are components of posttraumatic stress disorder. There is the more general challenge that all families and children face when a partner/parent deploys of role ambiguity consequent on anxiety that is provoked by the threat that deployed family members experience. A study of Kuwaiti military showed that mothers' anxiety had the greatest impact on the children of deployed fathers, although absence of posttraumatic stress disorder in mothers could mitigate the effects of their fathers' posttraumatic stress disorder. Intervention programs are described, but there is a poverty of their evaluation. SUMMARY A substantial advantage of focusing on family adjustment is that it can facilitate access to mental healthcare for veterans while assisting families' positive adaptation.
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Greenberg N, Wessely S. The dangers of inflation: memories of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2009; 194:479-80. [PMID: 19478283 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.063586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
People who suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are likely to find that their quality of life is substantially impaired. However, unlike other diagnoses, in order for clinicians to make a diagnosis of PTSD people have to be able to accurately recall the details of a traumatic incident. Yet recent evidence suggests that recall of such incidents is often unreliable. Clinicians should therefore exercise caution to avoid making inaccurate diagnoses.
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