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Gimenez PV, Salomón T, Peltzer RI, Cremonte M, Conde K. The Role of Personalized Normative Feedback in the Efficacy of Brief Intervention Among Argentinian University Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Subst Use Misuse 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38919022 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2024.2369165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Background: Personalized Normative Feedback (PNF) aims to modify misperceptions about peer consumption that influence one's drinking. PNF is usually a component in Brief Interventions delivered to university students. Despite this, whether PNF contributes to improving the effect of brief interventions is unclear. Objectives: This randomized controlled trial aimed to determine the role of PNF as an active ingredient in a face-to-face motivational brief intervention. Results: Participants were students from an Argentinian university (n=806; M=20.14; SD=3.17; 63.2% women) who presented at least one binge drinking episode in the last 12 months. Students were randomly assigned to 1) a Brief Intervention, 2) a Brief Intervention with PNF, or 3) an evaluation-only control group. The follow-up was three months later. After controlling sex and age, General Linear Models showed that both the brief intervention and the brief intervention with PNF reduced the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption, binge drinking, and alcohol problems compared to the control condition. No differences were found between the brief intervention and the brief intervention with PNF. Also, treating eight students with brief intervention and 10 with brief intervention with PNF was necessary to benefit one student. Conclusions: In conclusion, this study demonstrates that brief intervention reduces alcohol consumption among Latin American university students and that PNF might not be an active ingredient of its effectiveness in this population. However, PNF could benefit students with specific characteristics, like those who overestimate their peers' drinking, highlighting the need to study moderators of effectiveness further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Victoria Gimenez
- Institute of Basic, Applied Psychology and Technology (IPSIBAT), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Tomás Salomón
- Institute of Basic, Applied Psychology and Technology (IPSIBAT), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Raquel Inés Peltzer
- Institute of Basic, Applied Psychology and Technology (IPSIBAT), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Mariana Cremonte
- Institute of Basic, Applied Psychology and Technology (IPSIBAT), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Karina Conde
- Institute of Basic, Applied Psychology and Technology (IPSIBAT), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Balán IC, Marone RO, Barreda V, Naar S, Wang Y. Integration of an Electronic Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment Program Into an HIV Testing Program to Reduce Substance Use and HIV Risk Behavior Among Men Who Have Sex With Men: Protocol for Intervention Development and a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2024; 13:e56683. [PMID: 38483463 PMCID: PMC10979339 DOI: 10.2196/56683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionally affected by HIV and drug and alcohol use; however, few effective HIV prevention interventions for MSM who use substances exist. Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment is an early intervention for non-treatment-seeking individuals with problematic substance use and for timely referral to treatment for those with substance use disorders. Electronic screening and brief interventions (e-SBIs) reduce implementation challenges. An e-SBI tailored for MSM at the time of HIV testing might be particularly opportune to strengthen their motivation to reduce substance use and HIV risk behavior. OBJECTIVE This study aims to develop a tailored e-SBI program to reduce substance use and HIV risk behavior among MSM seeking HIV testing at Nexo Asociación Civil, our community partners in Argentina (primary); assess the feasibility and acceptability of integrating the e-SBI into the Nexo HIV testing program (primary); assess the feasibility and acceptability of implementing an adapted Men's Health Project (MHP) at Nexo (secondary); and finally, explore preliminary findings on substance use and sexual risk reduction outcomes (exploratory). METHODS This mixed methods study has 2 stages. During stage 1 (development), we will use the User Centered Rapid App Design process consisting of focus groups (n=16), individual interviews (n=24), and a pilot deployment of the e-SBI (n=50) to iteratively develop the e-SBI. Quantitative and qualitative assessments at each step will inform the revision of the e-SBI. Furthermore, we will use the assessment, decision, administration, production, topic experts, integration, training, testing framework to adapt MHP. During stage 2 (pilot randomized controlled trial [RCT]), we will randomize 200 MSM coming to Nexo for HIV testing. They will complete a baseline assessment and then their assigned intervention (e-SBI vs screening only) and will be followed-up for 6 months. We will also conduct in-depth interviews with up to 45 participants: 15 participants from either study condition who entered or completed MHP or other substance abuse treatment and 15 from each arm who met the criteria for MHP but did not request it. RESULTS The study began recruitment in October 2022, and the stage-1 pilot study is near completion. Preliminary findings from stage 1 show high e-SBI acceptability. Data analysis of the stage-1 pilot is now beginning. The stage-2 pilot RCT will be launched in March 2024, with all data collection completed by May 2025. CONCLUSIONS This study will allow us to assess the acceptability and feasibility of e-SBI implementation during HIV testing encounters. We will also build the necessary research infrastructure for a subsequent RCT to assess the efficacy of e-SBIs in reducing substance use and HIV sexual risk behavior among MSM in this setting. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05542914; https://tinyurl.com/yyjj64dm. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/56683.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván C Balán
- Center for Translational Behavioral Science, Department of Behavioral Science and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | | | | | - Sylvie Naar
- Center for Translational Behavioral Science, Department of Behavioral Science and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Yuxia Wang
- Center for Translational Behavioral Science, Department of Behavioral Science and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States
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Magill M, Walthers J, Figuereo V, Torres L, Montanez Z, Jackson K, Colby SM, Lee CS. The role of the relational context and therapists' technical behaviors in brief motivational interviewing sessions for heavy alcohol consumption: Findings from a sample of Latinx adults. J Subst Abuse Treat 2023; 144:108898. [PMID: 36270197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Motivational interviewing (MI) theory and process research highlights the role of therapist technical and relational behaviors in predicting client in-session statements for or against behavior change (i.e., change and sustain talk, respectively). These client statements, in turn, have been shown to predict intervention outcomes. The current study examines sequential associations between therapist behaviors and client change and sustain talk in a sample of Latinx individuals who engage in heavy alcohol consumption. DATA Data are from a completed randomized clinical trial of a culturally adapted (CAMI) versus unadapted MI targeting alcohol use and consequences among Latinx individuals. METHOD The study collected observational coding data with the Motivational Interviewing Skill Code (MISC 2.5, i.e., therapist behaviors and global ratings) and the Client Language Assessment - Proximal/Distal (CLA-PD, i.e., client language). Frequentist and Bayesian sequential analyses examined the relationship among nine different categories of therapist behaviors and three different categories of client language (i.e., change talk, sustain talk, neutral). We examined odds ratios and conditional probabilities for the direction, magnitude, and significance of the association between the use of MI technical behaviors and subsequent client statements about change. The study compared these same transitional associations between low/average (i.e., <4) and high (i.e., ≥4) MI Spirit sessions. RESULTS The pattern of results was replicated across both analytic frameworks. Questions and reflections about change talk versus sustain talk versus neutral statements showed greater odds of predicting the intended client response (i.e., change talk, sustain talk, neutral, respectively) compared to other possible client responses. Conditional probabilities for these transitions were high, ranging from 0.55 to.88. The magnitude of certain technical transitions significantly differed between low/average and high MI Spirit sessions. CONCLUSIONS Analyses supported the hypothesized associations between therapist use of technical MI behaviors and client change language within this Latinx sample. Analyses of MI Spirit as a moderator of these transitions showed partial support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Magill
- Brown University School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, United States of America.
| | - Justin Walthers
- Brown University School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, United States of America
| | - Victor Figuereo
- University of Pittsburgh School of Social Work, United States of America
| | | | | | - Kristina Jackson
- Brown University School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, United States of America
| | - Suzanne M Colby
- Brown University School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, United States of America
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Mbilinyi LF, Neighbors C, Walker DD, Segar K, Walton TO, Roffman RA, Zegree J, Urion W. What's In It for Me? Motivating the Untreated Abuser to Consider Treatment. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2022; 38:333-346. [PMID: 35261436 PMCID: PMC8893979 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-022-00375-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents findings of a second trial evaluating telephone-based motivational enhancement therapy (MET) to motivate untreated and unadjudicated men who abuse their intimate partners to explore treatment options. Participants' perceptions of how their abuse is negatively affecting them personally are a highlight of the paper. One hundred forty-one adult men were recruited through social marketing and randomly assigned to the intervention (MET) or comparison (Mail) group. The MET condition consisted of two feedback sessions guided by a personalized feedback report on participants' intimate partner violence (IPV) and substance use. The Mail condition included a mailed educational brochure on IPV and substance use. Results supported the likely effectiveness of MET in short-term reduction of IPV behavior, marijuana use, and increasing motivation for treatment seeking particularly for participants who reported more adverse consequences of IPV to themselves. Findings emphasize the importance of including a focus in interventions on IPV's impact on the abusers themselves. The study's virtual participation and success in reaching and retaining a diverse population of male abusers can contribute to transformative justice and communities looking for alternative early interventions for men of color prior to encountering the criminal justice system.
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Engagement With Personalized Feedback for Emotional Distress Among College Students at Elevated Suicide Risk. Behav Ther 2022; 53:365-375. [PMID: 35227410 PMCID: PMC8894794 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Depression and suicidal ideation have substantially increased among college students, yet many students with clinically significant symptoms do not perceive their distress as warranting mental health services. Personalized feedback (PF) interventions deliver objective data, often electronically, comparing an individual's reported symptoms or behaviors to a group norm. Several studies have shown promise for PF interventions in the context of mood and depression, yet little is known regarding how, and for whom, mood-focused PF interventions might be best deployed. The primary aim of this study was to examine the sociodemographic, clinical, and treatment-seeking factors associated with reviewing PF reports on emotional distress among college students (N = 1,673) screening positive for elevated suicide risk and not receiving mental health treatment. Results indicated that PF engagement was greatest among those with higher depression scores, and those reporting privacy/stigma concerns as barriers to treatment. Sexual minority students were more likely to review their PF than heterosexual students. Taken together, PF interventions may be a useful tool for engaging those with greater clinical acuity, and those hesitant to seek in-person care. Further research is warranted to examine the circumstances in which PF interventions might be used in isolation, or as part of a multitiered intervention strategy.
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Joramo I, Solem S, Romundstad B, Nordahl HM. Change talk and sustain talk in treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A secondary analysis of cognitive behavioral therapy and metacognitive therapy in adult outpatients. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2021; 72:101650. [PMID: 33667828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2021.101650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Measures of patient motivation have proven elusive, showing inconsistent results in relation to psychotherapy outcome. How patients talk about change is an alternative measure of motivation, with potential value in predicting treatment outcome. This study had two aims: (1) to examine if change talk and sustain talk (including its subcategories) predicted reduction in worry levels at post-treatment and 2-year follow-up, and (2) if there were differences between the cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and metacognitive therapy (MCT) conditions with respect to change talk. METHODS This study investigated 24 patients receiving CBT and 27 patients receiving MCT for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and coded patients' utterances in sessions 1 and 4. RESULTS Change talk was significantly associated with lower worry levels at post-treatment and 2-year follow-up, beyond initial worry severity and treatment condition. Change talk in session 4, and reduction in sustain talk from session 1 to 4, was positively associated with improvement, whilst sustain talk in session 4 showed a negative relationship. More specifically, commitment statements in session 1 and expressing signs of taking steps at session 4 were associated with reduction in worry levels. Moreover, patients in the MCT condition argued more both for and against change during session 1, but not session 4. LIMITATIONS The sample size was relatively small. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that change talk sustain talk could be important in the treatment of GAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isak Joramo
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stian Solem
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Bendik Romundstad
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hans M Nordahl
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Yokotani K. A Change Talk Model for Abstinence Based on Web-Based Anonymous Gambler Chat Meeting Data by Using an Automatic Change Talk Classifier: Development Study. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e24088. [PMID: 34152282 PMCID: PMC8277414 DOI: 10.2196/24088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Change and sustain talks (negative and positive comments) on gambling have been relevant for determining gamblers' outcomes but they have not been used to clarify the abstinence process in anonymous gambler meetings. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop a change talk model for abstinence based on data extracted from web-based anonymous gambler chat meetings by using an automatic change talk classifier. METHODS This study used registry data from the internet. The author accessed web-based anonymous gambler chat meetings in Japan and sampled 1.63 million utterances (two-sentence texts) from 267 abstinent gamblers who have remained abstinent for at least three years and 1625 nonabstinent gamblers. The change talk classifier in this study automatically classified gamblers' utterances into change and sustain talks. RESULTS Abstinent gamblers showed higher proportions of change talks and lower probability of sustain talks compared with nonabstinent gamblers. The change talk model for abstinence, involving change and sustain talks, classified abstinent and nonabstinent gamblers through the use of a support vector machine with a radial basis kernel function. The model also indicated individual evaluation scores for abstinence and the ideal proportion of change talks for all participants according to their previous utterances. CONCLUSIONS Abstinence likelihood among gamblers can be increased by providing personalized evaluation values and indicating the optimal proportion of change talks. Moreover, this may help to prevent severe mental, social, and financial problems caused by the gambling disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yokotani
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Tokushima University, Tokushima-shi, Japan
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Billingsley BE, Steinberg ML. Motivational Interviewing Produces Change Talk in Smokers with Serious Mental Illness. J Dual Diagn 2021; 17:151-158. [PMID: 33725471 PMCID: PMC9514377 DOI: 10.1080/15504263.2021.1896826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Change talk, or client language that is consistent with making a behavioral change, has been found to improve the efficacy of motivational interviewing (MI). It is not known, however, if change talk helps to explain MI's effect on instigating a quit attempt in smokers with serious mental illness. Methods: We measured change talk in smokers with a serious mental illness (SMI) randomized to receive either a single session adaptation of motivational interviewing or an interactive education intervention. We evaluated relationships between treatment condition, proportion of change talk, and study outcomes of quit attempts and willingness to follow up on treatment provider referrals. Results: Participants receiving the adaptation of motivational interviewing had higher proportions of change talk than participants in the interactive education condition. However, total proportion of change talk did not mediate the relationship between treatment and outcome, nor did it predict making a quit attempt or following up on a referral to contact a treatment provider. Conclusions: Our study found that motivational interviewing has the same change talk augmenting effect in individuals with SMI as those without SMI. Given that anhedonia, negative affect, and depressive symptoms are a major part of serious mental illnesses, it is encouraging that MI can generate change talk in this population. Future smoking cessation intervention trials with larger samples should investigate whether greater amounts of change talk lead to increased quit attempts in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Billingsley
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Marc L Steinberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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Steindl SR, Tellegen CL, Filus A, Seppälä E, Doty JR, Kirby JN. The Compassion Motivation and Action Scales: a self-report measure of compassionate and self-compassionate behaviours. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00050067.2021.1893110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley R. Steindl
- Compassionate Mind Research Group, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cassandra L. Tellegen
- Compassionate Mind Research Group, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ania Filus
- The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emma Seppälä
- The Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James R. Doty
- The Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James N. Kirby
- Compassionate Mind Research Group, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- The Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Balán IC, Giguere R, Lentz C, Kutner BA, Kajura-Manyindo C, Byogero R, Asiimwe FB, Makala Y, Jambaya J, Khanyile N, Chetty D, Soto-Torres L, Mayo A, Mgodi NM, Palanee-Phillips T, Baeten JM. Client-Centered Adherence Counseling with Adherence Measurement Feedback to Support Use of the Dapivirine Ring in MTN-025 (The HOPE Study). AIDS Behav 2021; 25:447-458. [PMID: 32833192 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-020-03011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fostering adherence and open communication about adherence challenges is key to harnessing the potential of biomedical HIV prevention products. We describe the counseling intervention and objective adherence measure feedback process implemented to support adherence to the dapivirine vaginal ring among participants in four sub-Saharan countries and present findings on the counselors' likeability and acceptability of the intervention. Most counselors (N = 42; 86%) liked Options counseling "very much" and during in-depth interviews (N = 22), reported that the intervention reshaped their adherence counselling approach by emphasizing understanding participants' experiences using the ring, which facilitated open discussion of adherence challenges. Counselors found that reframing residual drug level (RDL) discussions from the "adherence" to "protection" perspective encouraged adherence among consistent users and facilitated decisions to switch to a different HIV prevention approach among infrequent users. Among counselors, 24% said participants "liked it very much" while 26% said that participants "liked it a little" possibly due to two main complaints: perceived repetitiousness of sessions and variability in the RDL assay, which at times resulted in unexpected low RDLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván C Balán
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 15, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Rebecca Giguere
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 15, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Cody Lentz
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 15, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Bryan A Kutner
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 15, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Clare Kajura-Manyindo
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 15, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Counseling, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA
- Department of Social Sciences, Essex County College, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Rose Byogero
- Makerere University - Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration CRS, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Florence Biira Asiimwe
- Makerere University - Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration CRS, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Yvonne Makala
- University of North Carolina Lilongwe Clinical Research Site, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Jane Jambaya
- University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Zengeza Clinical Trials Unit, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Nombuso Khanyile
- South African Medical Research Council Tongaat Clinical Trials Unit, Durban, South Africa
| | - Diane Chetty
- CAPRISA Clinical Trials Unit for AIDS/Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Durban, South Africa
| | - Lydia Soto-Torres
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Nyaradzo M Mgodi
- University of Zimbabwe - University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Thesla Palanee-Phillips
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jared M Baeten
- Departments of Global Health, Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV requires strict regimen adherence. Motivational interviewing (MI) can improve ART adherence. MI process studies have rarely focussed on ART adherence. Such studies may facilitate MI modifications to improve outcomes. This study employed a single group pre and post-test design with 62 adults with HIV (16 female; mean age 40 years). Therapist use of MI-consistent (MICO) methods, MI spirit, and client change and sustain talk were coded from an MI session. Relationships were assessed with ART schedule adherence. MICO methods positively correlated with change and sustain talk and were negatively associated with proportion of change talk. No variables were associated with ART adherence change. Mediation analysis did not support the MI model of change. This may be due to the fact that ART adherence is determined by both motivational and non-motivational factors. It may also be that bidirectional relationships exist between therapist and client speech.
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Di Bartolomeo AA, Shukla S, Westra HA, Shekarak Ghashghaei N, Olson DA. Rolling with resistance: A client language analysis of deliberate practice in continuing education for psychotherapists. COUNSELLING & PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/capr.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Serena Shukla
- Department of Psychology York University Toronto ON Canada
| | | | | | - David A. Olson
- Department of Psychology York University Toronto ON Canada
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Balán IC, Lentz C, Giguere R, Mayo AJ, Rael CT, Soto-Torres L, Palanee-Phillips T, Mgodi NM, Hillier S, Baeten JM. Implementation of a fidelity monitoring process to assess delivery of an evidence-based adherence counseling intervention in a multi-site biomedical HIV prevention study. AIDS Care 2020; 32:1082-1091. [PMID: 31899954 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2019.1709614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) trials often implement counseling to support product adherence. Counseling fidelity can vary significantly across providers and time. Fidelity monitoring can ensure that counseling is delivered as designed. We describe the process, feasibility, and outcomes of monitoring Options counseling fidelity in an open-label study of the dapivirine vaginal ring MTN-025/HOPE. After initial training, 63 counselors from 14 sites in Sub-Sahara Africa audio-recorded counseling sessions with study participants. Sessions were rated by a New York-based team that included bilingual emigres from the study countries. Completed session rating forms were sent to counselors to provide feedback and counseling difficulties were discussed during monthly calls. Of 1456 study participants, 85.7% consented to at least one session, and 20% to all sessions, being audio-recorded. Among 9926 study visits in which Options was expected to occur, 5366 (54.1%) Options sessions were audio-recorded, of which 1238 (23.1%) were reviewed; 1039 (83.9%) were rated as "good" or "fair." Eleven counselors who failed to consistently deliver the intervention were reassigned to back-up status. This study demonstrates the feasibility and benefits of monitoring counseling fidelity using audio-recordings in a multi-site, multi-language, multi-country PrEP trial. Given the investment necessary to conduct such trials, providing counseling oversight is highly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván C Balán
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies at New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cody Lentz
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies at New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Giguere
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies at New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Christine Tagliaferri Rael
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies at New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lydia Soto-Torres
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of AIDS, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Thesla Palanee-Phillips
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nyaradzo M Mgodi
- University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Sharon Hillier
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh and Magee-Women's Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jared M Baeten
- Departments of Global Health, Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies at New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Walker R, Staton M, Victor G, Smith K, Godlaski T. Fidelity in Evidence-based Practices in Jail Settings. FEDERAL PROBATION 2019; 83:45-51. [PMID: 34552275 PMCID: PMC8455082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
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Walthers J, Janssen T, Mastroleo NR, Hoadley A, Barnett NP, Colby SM, Magill M. A Sequential Analysis of Clinician Skills and Client Change Statements in a Brief Motivational Intervention for Young Adult Heavy Drinking. Behav Ther 2019; 50:732-742. [PMID: 31208683 PMCID: PMC6582982 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examined sequential relationships between clinician skills and client statements about behavior change in a randomized clinical trial comparing a brief motivational intervention (BMI) to a relaxation training control condition (REL) in a sample of heavy drinking young adults. Clinician and client interactions (N = 167) were assessed according to two established observational rating systems. Sequential analyses examined the transitional associations between clinicians' use of MI-eliciting skills (i.e., questions and reflections), MI-supportive skills (e.g., affirmations, emphasize client autonomy, statements of support), MI-inconsistent skills (e.g., confrontations, unsolicited advice), and subsequent client statements about behavior change (i.e., change talk or sustain talk). In both conditions, clinicians' use of MI-elicitation skills operated in a manner that was largely consistent (100% in BMI; 84% in REL) with the directional relationships proposed by MI theory (i.e., The Technical Hypothesis). More detailed analyses of the BMI condition showed clinician skills were related to statements about behavior change somewhat differently in drinking compared to coping discussions. While elicitations of change talk were associated with increased odds of their intended response (i.e., distal drinking and proximal coping change talk), elicitations of proximal coping sustain talk were associated with higher odds of proximal change talk. MI-supportive skills were also associated with increased odds of proximal change talk, and instances of proximal sustain talk were rare in the sample. This fine-grained analysis presents sequential transitions to client change and sustain talk with greater classification specificity than has been previously reported. Such efforts have the potential to advance our understanding of the function of MI skills in promoting client discussions about drinking (i.e., evoking) and coping (i.e., planning) behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Janssen
- Brown University, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies
| | | | - Ariel Hoadley
- Brown University, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies
| | | | | | - Molly Magill
- Brown University, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies.
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16
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Kitzmann J, Ratka‐Krueger P, Vach K, Woelber JP. The impact of motivational interviewing on communication of patients undergoing periodontal therapy. J Clin Periodontol 2019; 46:740-750. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kitzmann
- Private Practice Hamburg Germany
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Petra Ratka‐Krueger
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Kirstin Vach
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics Medical Center – University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Johan P. Woelber
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
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Borsari B, Hopkins LB, Manuel JK, Apodaca TR, Mastroleo NR, Jackson KM, Magill M, Norona JC, Carey KB. Improvement in therapist skills over sessions in brief motivational interventions predicts client language and alcohol use outcomes. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2019; 33:484-494. [PMID: 31144825 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Brief motivational interventions (BMIs) are widely used and efficacious interventions that address alcohol misuse in mandated college students. Consistent with motivational interviewing (MI; Miller & Rollnick, 2013) theory, within-therapist improvements in MI-consistent (MICO) skills over time-that is, as a therapist gains skill through repeated practice-may be associated with concurrent increases in client change language and subsequent changes in behavior. This study examined how therapist skill changed over time and whether within-therapist improvement in MICO skills impacted in-session client change language and subsequent alcohol-related outcomes. BMI sessions (N = 228) from 2 randomized clinical trials that had led to significant reductions in alcohol use and alcohol-related problems in mandated student drinkers were coded using the Motivational Interviewing Skills Code 2.0 (Miller, Moyers, Ernst, & Amrhein, 2003). In both studies, the BMI consisted of a single 45- to 60-min session. Analyses examined session-by-session changes in therapist MICO skills, client change language, and alcohol use outcomes. Therapist MICO skills improved over time, and there were significant increases in client change language and decreases in client discussion of topics other than personal alcohol use. Among relatively heavy-drinking clients, those treated by a more experienced therapist demonstrated greater reductions in alcohol use; however, this association was not mediated by client change language. Increased experience conducting BMIs improved therapist MICO skills over time, which in turn increased the focus on personal alcohol use during the session. However, it remains unclear how client language predicts behavior change following a BMI. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Janssen T, Magill M, Mastroleo NR, Laws MB, Howe CJ, Walthers JW, Monti PM, Kahler CW. The role of therapist MI skill and client change talk class membership predicting dual alcohol and sex risk outcomes. J Clin Psychol 2019; 75:1527-1543. [PMID: 31034619 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the technical model of motivational interviewing (MI) in a dual-outcome intervention (i.e., alcohol, sexual risk; N = 164; 57% female). METHOD We identified latent classes of client change statements, based on the proportion of change talk (CT) over the session. We then examined whether outcomes were related to CT class, and whether the relations between MI skill and outcomes varied by CT class. RESULTS We found three classes of alcohol-CT and two classes of sexual risk-CT. While CT class membership did not predict outcomes directly, greater therapist MI-consistent skill was associated with fewer heavy drinking days in the increasing alcohol-CT class. For sexual risk outcomes, therapist MI-consistent skill was associated with reduced odds of condomless sex for the low sexual risk-CT class. CONCLUSIONS The relation of therapist MI consistency to outcomes appears to be a function of client CT during the session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Janssen
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Molly Magill
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Nadine R Mastroleo
- Community Research and Action, Binghamton University College of Community and Public Affairs, Binghamton, New York
| | - M Barton Laws
- Department of Health Services, Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research, Policy and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Chanelle J Howe
- Department of Epidemiology, Centers for Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Justin W Walthers
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Peter M Monti
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Christopher W Kahler
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
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Magill M, Janssen T, Mastroleo N, Hoadley A, Walthers J, Barnett N, Colby S. Motivational interviewing technical process and moderated relational process with underage young adult heavy drinkers. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2019; 33:128-138. [PMID: 30640505 PMCID: PMC6405317 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study tested technical and relational processes hypothesized to explain the therapeutic benefit of an efficacious brief motivational interview (BMI). A randomized controlled trial compared the efficacy of a BMI to an attention-matched control (i.e., relaxation training [REL]) for reducing heavy alcohol consumption and associated negative consequences. Participants were underage, past-month heavy drinkers recruited from community settings (N = 167; ages 17-20; 62% female; 59% White). Data were collected on session recordings, using established motivational interviewing process measures. Statistical analyses followed 3 steps. First, a latent class model determined the optimal class solution for characterizing proportion change talk means within BMI and REL. Next, the probability of proportion change talk class membership was examined as a mediator and then as a moderated mediator of BMI efficacy. The latent class model yielded a 3-class solution, including a low-increasing proportion change talk class (n = 61), a moderate-increasing proportion change talk class (n = 97), and a nonlinear proportion change talk class (n = 7). Across the outcomes examined, membership in the moderate-increasing class rather than the low-increasing class mediated BMI effects on alcohol-related consequences at 6 weeks. Mediation tests for consequences at 3 months and heavy drinking were nonsignificant. Moderated mediation results for therapist empathy and MI Spirit were nonsignificant. Findings suggest that moderate increases in prochange statements, relative to anti- or neutral-change statements, help explain BMI effects on reducing alcohol-related negative consequences soon after intervention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Magill
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - Tim Janssen
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - Nadine Mastroleo
- Department of Community and Public Affairs, Binghamton University
| | - Ariel Hoadley
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | | | - Nancy Barnett
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - Suzanne Colby
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
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Berman AH, Lindqvist H, Källmén H, Durbeej N, Hermansson U, Forsberg L. Counselor and Drug Detox Inpatient Verbal Behaviors in a Single Session of Motivational Interviewing and Subsequent Substance Use-Related Patient Outcomes. Int J Ment Health Addict 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-017-9866-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Magill M, Hallgren KA. Mechanisms of behavior change in motivational interviewing: do we understand how MI works? Curr Opin Psychol 2018; 30:1-5. [PMID: 30677627 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This work provides an overview of Motivational Interviewing (MI) theory, the nature of the evidence for its mechanisms of action, and considers future directions. There are three hypotheses purported to explain how MI works: The Technical Hypothesis, the Relational Hypothesis, and the Conflict Resolution Hypothesis. In contrast to the latter two hypotheses, the Technical Hypothesis has received the most empirical attention in the MI process literature. Research shows that clinician technical skills in MI are well-defined, they relate to the intended client mechanisms (i.e. change talk and sustain talk), but the evidence supporting client mechanisms as predictors of subsequent changes to behavior is less conclusive. Future research and clinical implications are briefly considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Magill
- Brown University, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Providence, RI 02912, United States.
| | - Kevin A Hallgren
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
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22
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Poulin LE, Button ML, Westra HA, Constantino MJ, Antony MM. The predictive capacity of self-reported motivation vs. early observed motivational language in cognitive behavioural therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Cogn Behav Ther 2018; 48:369-384. [PMID: 30239259 DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2018.1517390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Client motivation to change is often considered a key factor in psychotherapy. To date, research on this client construct has largely relied on self-report, which is prone to response bias and ceiling effects. Moreover, self-reported motivation has been inconsistently related to treatment outcome. Early observed client in-session language may be a more valid measure of initial motivation and thus a promising predictor of outcome. The predictive ability of motivational factors has been examined in addiction treatment but has been limited in other populations. Addressing this lack, the present study investigated 85 clients undergoing cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) alone and CBT infused with motivational interviewing (MI-CBT) for severe generalized anxiety disorder. There were two aims: (1) to compare the predictive capacity of motivational language vs. two self-report measures of motivation on worry reduction and (2) to examine the influence of treatment condition on motivational language. Findings indicated that motivational language explained up to 35% of outcome variance, event 1-year post-treatment. Self-reported motivation did not predict treatment outcome. Moreover, MI-CBT was associated with a significant decrease in the most detrimental type of motivational language compared to CBT alone. These findings support the importance of attending to in-session motivational language in CBT and learning to respond to these markers using motivational interviewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Poulin
- a Department of Psychology, York University , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Melissa L Button
- a Department of Psychology, York University , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Henny A Westra
- a Department of Psychology, York University , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Michael J Constantino
- b Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts , Amherst , MA , USA
| | - Martin M Antony
- c Department of Psychology, Ryerson University , Toronto , ON , Canada
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Kuerbis A, Houser J, Amrhein P, Treloar Padovano H, Morgenstern J. The relationship between in-session commitment language and daily self-reported commitment to reduce or abstain from drinking. J Subst Abuse Treat 2018; 91:69-75. [PMID: 29910016 PMCID: PMC6245546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motivational interviewing is hypothesized to operate by enhancing a client's internal motivation to change. Past research operationalizes this process by measuring in-session statements for change (i.e., change talk), yet relationships between change talk and other measures of motivation have yet to be substantiated. This study tested whether in-session change talk predicted subsequent reports of commitment to abstain or moderate drinking assessed via ecological momentary assessment (EMA), and explored each of their contributions to drinking outcomes. METHOD Secondary data analysis was performed on data from 48 study participants who received therapy within a randomized controlled trial testing mechanisms of actions of MI. Multilevel models were used to test whether in-session commitment statements (strength, frequency, and slope of strength) made in two therapy sessions predicted subsequent daily reports of commitment to abstain or not drink heavily and drinking (21 days of data) in the weeks following each respective session. RESULTS A weak, negative relationship between in-session commitment and average daily commitment to abstain emerged. No relationship between in-session statements and average daily commitment to not drink heavily emerged. Only EMA commitment predicted drinking outcome. Post hoc analyses demonstrate a moderating impact of EMA commitment to abstain on in-session commitment strength: low pre-treatment commitment to abstain and increasing commitment strength across a session yielded the greatest drink reduction. CONCLUSION In-session change talk and EMA commitment may represent distinct aspects of motivation, yet their interaction appears important to treatment prognoses. Commitment to abstain may be important for treatment selection and successful drink reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Kuerbis
- Silberman School of Social Work, Hunter College, City University of New York, 2180 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10035, United States.
| | - Jessica Houser
- Northwell Health, 1010 Northern Blvd. Suite 311, Great Neck, NY 11021, United States.
| | - Paul Amrhein
- Montclair University, 1 Normal Avenue, Montclair, NJ 07043, United States.
| | - Hayley Treloar Padovano
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, BOX G-S121-4, Providence, RI 02912, United States.
| | - Jon Morgenstern
- Northwell Health, 1010 Northern Blvd. Suite 311, Great Neck, NY 11021, United States.
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Magill M, Bernstein MH, Hoadley A, Borsari B, Apodaca TR, Gaume J, Tonigan JS. Do what you say and say what you are going to do: A preliminary meta-analysis of client change and sustain talk subtypes in motivational interviewing. Psychother Res 2018; 29:860-869. [PMID: 29954290 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2018.1490973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This meta-analysis examines the predictive validity of client change language subtypes in motivational interviewing (MI) sessions addressing addictive behavior change. Method: A systematic review identified k = 13 primary studies, contributing 16 MI conditions (N = 1556). The pooled correlation coefficient was used to assess the significance, direction, and strength of seven language subtypes (i.e., reason, desire, need, ability, commitment, taking steps, and other) by three valences (i.e., frequency positive or change talk, frequency negative or sustain talk, and proportion change talk) and their relationship to subsequent engagement in addictive behavior. Results: For frequency measures, more sustain talk related to reason, desire, ability, and other were associated with more addictive behavior at follow up. Other change talk was associated with MI outcomes but in an unexpected direction (i.e., more addictive behavior). Proportion measures showed more proportion change talk-reason and -other statements were associated with less addictive behavior at follow up. Sensitivity analyses indicated some heterogeneity and instability of effect sizes, but no evidence of publication bias. Conclusions: This preliminary meta-analysis suggests that aggregate measures of change and sustain talk are comprised of statement subtypes that are not equally meaningful in predicting outcome following MI for addictive behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Magill
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Michael H Bernstein
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ariel Hoadley
- School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Brian Borsari
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health System and Department of Psychiatry, University of San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Timothy R Apodaca
- Children's Mercy Kansas City, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MI, USA
| | | | - J Scott Tonigan
- Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Implementing Motivational Interviewing (MI) in primary care settings has been problematic due in part to persistent gaps in knowledge. Examples include poor understanding of how to effectively train persons to conduct MI, or of which aspects of MI-related communication are associated with better outcomes for patients. This review describes how recent research findings addressing the knowledge gaps support a growing role for MI in primary care. RECENT FINDINGS Two trials of MI training combined classroom time with ongoing coaching and feedback, resulting in enhanced MI ability relative to a control arm where PCPs received minimal or no MI training. A third MI training trial excluded coaching and feedback, failing to increase use of MI. Adding to a growing list of behavioral health-related problems for which MI training has shown some effectiveness, a trial of training PCPs to use MI with depressed patients was associated with significantly improved depressive symptoms. Moreover, aspects of the PCPs' MI-related language and patients' arguments for positive behavior changes, "change talk," appeared to explain the positive effects of MI training on depression outcome. MI-training approaches have improved such that PCPs and possibly other clinic staff may want to consider MI training as a way to more effectively support their patients as they address behavioral health-related problems (e.g., tobacco use). MI training should focus on eliciting "change talk" from patients. Researchers and funding agencies might collaborate to continue closing knowledge gaps in the MI literature.
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Brown M, Masterson C, Latchford G, Tober G. Therapist–Client Interactions in Motivational Interviewing: The Effect of Therapists’ Utterances on Client Change Talk. Alcohol Alcohol 2018; 53:408-411. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agy027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Brown
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ciara Masterson
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Gary Latchford
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Gillian Tober
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Houck JM, Manuel JK, Moyers TB. Short- and Long-Term Effects of Within-Session Client Speech on Drinking Outcomes in the COMBINE Study. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2018; 79:217-222. [PMID: 29553348 PMCID: PMC6019773 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2018.79.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is evidence of a causal chain in motivational interviewing (MI) involving counselor MI-consistent skills, client change language, and outcomes. MI was a key component of the combined behavioral intervention in the Combined Pharmacotherapies and Behavioral Interventions for Alcohol Dependence (COMBINE) Study. Participants in COMBINE were treatment-seeking and medication-seeking, and were required to maintain a period of abstinence before enrollment. Counselors were closely monitored and were temporarily removed from the study for remediation and supervision if their performance fell below threshold. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the MI causal chain among initial-session combined behavioral intervention audio recordings in this unique sample of highly motivated clients and highly monitored counselors. METHOD Session 1 audio recordings (N = 254, 73.5% men) were evaluated using the Motivational Interviewing Skill Code Version 2.0 with good interrater reliability. Counselor speech was measured using a summary measure of MI-consistent behavior. Client change language was assessed, using change talk and sustain talk. The outcome measure of drinks per week was computed using the COMBINE data set. RESULTS Higher sustain talk was significantly associated with increased drinking during treatment, whereas higher change talk was significantly associated with decreased drinking at the 1-year follow-up. In addition, there were significant indirect effects linking counselor behavior, client speech, and drinking both during treatment and at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS Results supported the posited causal chain for MI. Despite somewhat lower variability of counselor behavior and use of a coding instrument that did not capture directional counselor behaviors, counselor behavior, client speech, and drinking outcomes were clearly linked in this unique sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon M. Houck
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Jennifer K. Manuel
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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28
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O’Rourke HP, MacKinnon DP. Reasons for Testing Mediation in the Absence of an Intervention Effect: A Research Imperative in Prevention and Intervention Research. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2018; 79:171-181. [PMID: 29553343 PMCID: PMC6019768 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2018.79.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mediation models are used in prevention and intervention research to assess the mechanisms by which interventions influence outcomes. However, researchers may not investigate mediators in the absence of intervention effects on the primary outcome variable. There is emerging evidence that in some situations, tests of mediated effects can be statistically significant when the total intervention effect is not statistically significant. In addition, there are important conceptual and practical reasons for investigating mediation when the intervention effect is nonsignificant. METHOD This article discusses the conditions under which mediation may be present when an intervention effect does not have a statistically significant effect and why mediation should always be considered important. RESULTS Mediation may be present in the following conditions: when the total and mediated effects are equal in value, when the mediated and direct effects have opposing signs, when mediated effects are equal across single and multiple-mediator models, and when specific mediated effects have opposing signs. Mediation should be conducted in every study because it provides the opportunity to test known and replicable mediators, to use mediators as an intervention manipulation check, and to address action and conceptual theory in intervention models. CONCLUSIONS Mediators are central to intervention programs, and mediators should be investigated for the valuable information they provide about the success or failure of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly P. O’Rourke
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona,Correspondence may be sent to Holly P. O’Rourke at the T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Box 873701, Tempe, AZ 85287-3701, or via email at:
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Exploration of treatment matching of problem drinker characteristics to motivational interviewing and non-directive client-centered psychotherapy. J Subst Abuse Treat 2018; 86:9-16. [PMID: 29415857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a known effective intervention for alcohol use disorder (AUD). MI's mechanisms of action remain inconsistently substantiated, and research in this area has been reliant on identifying relationships through strength of association rather than experimental manipulation of active ingredients. In two previous studies, a pilot and a larger replication study, we disaggregated MI into its hypothesized active ingredients by creating three conditions: MI, Spirit Only MI (SOMI, in which evocation of change talk was proscribed), and a non-therapy condition (NTC). Results from both studies yielded equivalent findings across all three conditions. In the current analyses, data from both studies were combined to test five participant characteristics as moderators of MI's component parts: 1) severity of baseline drinking, 2) severe AUD (met 6 or more criteria), 3) baseline self-efficacy to moderate drinking, 4) mean daily confidence to resist heavy drinking in the week prior to treatment initiation, and 5) depression. There were no significant findings related to baseline drinking, severe AUD, or baseline self-efficacy. Confidence yielded a significant interaction effect. When participants had high baseline confidence, drinking for those in MI increased compared to those in SOMI. Depression also yielded a significant moderating effect such that in the context of higher depressive symptoms, receipt of either therapy reduced drinking relative to NTC. Results are discussed in light of existing literature on MOBC with MI and the potential role exploring ambivalence may play for participants with particular characteristics.
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30
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Magill M, Apodaca TR, Borsari B, Gaume J, Hoadley A, Gordon REF, Tonigan JS, Moyers T. A meta-analysis of motivational interviewing process: Technical, relational, and conditional process models of change. J Consult Clin Psychol 2018; 86:140-157. [PMID: 29265832 PMCID: PMC5958907 DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the present meta-analysis, we test the technical and relational hypotheses of Motivational Interviewing (MI) efficacy. We also propose an a priori conditional process model where heterogeneity of technical path effect sizes should be explained by interpersonal/relational (i.e., empathy, MI Spirit) and intrapersonal (i.e., client treatment seeking status) moderators. METHOD A systematic review identified k = 58 reports, describing 36 primary studies and 40 effect sizes (N = 3,025 participants). Statistical methods calculated the inverse variance-weighted pooled correlation coefficient for the therapist to client and the client to outcome paths across multiple target behaviors (i.e., alcohol use, other drug use, other behavior change). RESULTS Therapist MI-consistent skills were correlated with more client change talk (r = .55, p < .001) as well as more sustain talk (r = .40, p < .001). MI-inconsistent skills were correlated with more sustain talk (r = .16, p < .001), but not change talk. When these indicators were combined into proportions, as recommended in the Motivational Interviewing Skill Code, the overall technical hypothesis was supported. Specifically, proportion MI consistency was related to higher proportion change talk (r = .11, p = .004) and higher proportion change talk was related to reductions in risk behavior at follow up (r = -.16, p < .001). When tested as two independent effects, client change talk was not significant, but sustain talk was positively associated with worse outcome (r = .19, p < .001). Finally, the relational hypothesis was not supported, but heterogeneity in technical hypothesis path effect sizes was partially explained by inter- and intrapersonal moderators. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis provides additional support for the technical hypothesis of MI efficacy; future research on the relational hypothesis should occur in the field rather than in the context of clinical trials. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Magill
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - Timothy R Apodaca
- Children's Mercy Kansas City, University of Missouri- Kansas City School of Medicine
| | | | - Jacques Gaume
- Department of Community Health and Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital
| | - Ariel Hoadley
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
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Osilla KC, Watkins KE, D'Amico EJ, McCullough CM, Ober AJ. Effects of motivational interviewing fidelity on substance use treatment engagement in primary care. J Subst Abuse Treat 2018; 87:64-69. [PMID: 29471928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Primary care (PC) may be an opportune setting to engage patients with opioid and alcohol use disorders (OAUDs) in treatment. We examined whether motivational interviewing (MI) fidelity was associated with engagement in primary care-based OAUD treatment in an integrated behavioral health setting. METHODS We coded 42 first session therapy recordings and examined whether therapist MI global ratings and behavior counts were associated with patient engagement, defined as the patient receiving one shot of extended-release injectable naltrexone or any combination of at least two additional behavioral therapy, sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone prescriptions, or OAUD-related medical visits within 30days of their initial behavioral therapy visit. RESULTS Autonomy/support global ratings were higher in the non-engaged group (OR=0.28, 95%CI: 0.09-0.93; p=0.037). No other MI fidelity ratings were significantly associated with engagement. CONCLUSION We did not find positive associations between MI fidelity and engagement in primary care-based OAUD treatment. More research with larger samples is needed to examine how providing autonomy/support to patients who are not ready to change may affect engagement. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Training providers to strategically use MI to reinforce change as opposed to the status quo is needed. This may be especially important in primary care where patients may not be specifically seeking help for their OAUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chan Osilla
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Allison J Ober
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138, USA
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Borsari B, Apodaca TR, Jackson KM, Fernandez A, Mastroleo NR, Magill M, Barnett NP, Carey KB. Trajectories of in-session change language in brief motivational interventions with mandated college students. J Consult Clin Psychol 2017; 86:158-168. [PMID: 29172594 DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brief motivational interventions (BMIs) are currently the most efficacious individual intervention for mandated college students. However, little is known about how BMIs facilitate client language in relation to subsequent changes in alcohol use and problems in mandated student samples. METHOD The current study used the Motivational Interviewing Skills Code (MISC 2.0; Miller, Moyers, Ernst, & Amrhein, 2003) to code BMI sessions (N = 252) from 2 randomized clinical trials that led to significant reductions in alcohol use and alcohol-related problems in mandated student drinkers. A proportion of change language was calculated for each decile (1st to 10th) of the BMI sessions. RESULTS Latent class analyses of in-session speech indicated that there were 3 distinct trajectories of change language over the course of the session: high (n = 59), increasing (n = 122), and low (n = 71). Members of the high trajectory group showed higher rates of alcohol-related problems prior to the BMI and members of the low trajectory group were more likely to be male. Six months following the BMI, members of the high and low trajectory groups demonstrated significant reductions in alcohol use and problems, and members of the increasing trajectory group only reduced alcohol-related problems. CONCLUSIONS Associations among the 3 trajectories of client change language and subsequent reductions in alcohol use and problems partially supported the technical hypothesis of MI efficacy. Client factors as well as the nature of the discussion of personalized feedback may determine the link between in-session client language and subsequent behavior change. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Borsari
- Mental Health Service, San Francisco VA Medical Center
| | | | | | - Anne Fernandez
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University
| | | | - Molly Magill
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University
| | - Nancy P Barnett
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University
| | - Kate B Carey
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University
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Morgenstern J, Kuerbis A, Houser J, Levak S, Amrhein P, Shao S, McKay JR. Dismantling motivational interviewing: Effects on initiation of behavior change among problem drinkers seeking treatment. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2017; 31:751-762. [PMID: 28956934 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Motivational interviewing (MI) is an efficacious treatment for alcohol use disorders. MI is thought to enhance motivation via a combination of 2 therapeutic strategies or active ingredients: 1 relational and 1 directional. The primary aim of this study was to examine MI's hypothesized active ingredients using a dismantling design. Problem drinkers (N = 139) seeking treatment were randomized to 1 of 3 conditions: MI, relational MI without the directional elements labeled spirit-only MI (SOMI), or a nontherapy control condition and followed for 8 weeks. Those assigned to MI or SOMI received 4 sessions of treatment over 8 weeks. All participants significantly reduced their drinking by Week 8, but reductions were equivalent across conditions. The hypothesis that baseline motivation would significantly moderate condition effects on outcome was generally not supported. Failure to find support for MI's hypothesized active ingredients is discussed in the context of the strengths and limitations of the study design. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexis Kuerbis
- Silberman School of Social Work, Hunter College, City University of New York
| | | | | | - Paul Amrhein
- Psychology Department, Montclair State University
| | | | - James R McKay
- Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania Treatment Research Institute Center on the Continuum of Care in the Addictions, University of Pennsylvania
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Rodriguez M, Walters ST, Houck JM, Ortiz JA, Taxman FS. The language of change among criminal justice clients: Counselor language, client language, and client substance use outcomes. J Clin Psychol 2017; 74:626-636. [PMID: 28940435 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Counselor and client language have been identified as mechanisms of change in motivational interviewing (MI) counseling sessions. This study evaluated whether language patterns exhibited during MI sessions with substance users in the community would also be found during MI sessions with substance users in the criminal justice system. METHOD Forty audio recordings of MI sessions with substance-using probationers were coded and analyzed sequentially using the Motivational Interviewing Skills Code (MISC) 2.5. Analyses examined the relationship between counselor and client language, and the relationship between client language and client substance use after 2 months. RESULTS Counselor MI inconsistent language was associated with decreased change talk (lnOR = - 0.76, p < .05) though not with increased sustain talk. Both sustain talk (b = - 4.591, t = - 18.634 p < .001) and MI inconsistent language MIIN (b = - 4.419, t = - 19.886, p < .001) were positively associated with substance use at 2 months. Sustain talk early in the session (i.e., during deciles 1 and 2) was significantly greater among clients who reported using substances at 2 months, compared to clients who did not use substances. CONCLUSION These findings are broadly consistent with previous literature documenting the association between counselor language, client language, and client outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott T Walters
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Ft. Worth, TX, USA
| | - Jon M Houck
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Pace BT, Dembe A, Soma CS, Baldwin SA, Atkins DC, Imel ZE. A multivariate meta-analysis of motivational interviewing process and outcome. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2017; 31:524-533. [PMID: 28639815 PMCID: PMC6039097 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Motivational interviewing (MI) theory proposes a process whereby a set of therapist behaviors has direct effects on client outcomes and indirect effects through in-session processes (e.g., client change talk). Despite clear empirical support for the efficacy of MI across settings, the results of studies evaluating proposed links between MI process and outcome have been less clear. In the present study, we used a series of multivariate meta-analyses to test whether there are differential relationships between specific MI-consistent and MI-inconsistent therapist behaviors, MI therapist global ratings, client change language, and clinical outcomes. Based on 19 primary studies (N = 2,614), we found a significant relationship between MI-consistent therapist behaviors and greater client change talk, as well as greater client sustain talk. Higher therapist global ratings (empathy and MI spirit) were significantly related to increased MI-consistent behaviors, decreased MI-inconsistent behaviors, increased client change talk, yet also increased client sustain talk. Therapist global ratings were not significantly related to clinical outcomes. Client sustain talk was a significant predictor of worse clinical outcomes, while client change talk was unrelated to outcome. Variability within the correlations indicated that MI-consistent and MI-inconsistent therapist behaviors were differentially related to therapist global ratings of empathy and MI spirit. Similar to past research, present findings provide equivocal support for hypothesized MI process outcome relationships. Clinical implications and future areas of MI mechanism research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. Pace
- Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Brian T. Pace, University of Utah, Department of Educational Psychology, 1721 Campus Center Dr., SAEC 3220, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-9255,
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Sayegh CS, Huey SJ, Barnett E, Spruijt-Metz D. Motivational Interviewing to prevent dropout from an education and employment program for young adults: A randomized controlled trial. J Adolesc 2017; 58:1-11. [PMID: 28458078 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the efficacy of Motivational Interviewing for improving retention at a "second chance" program in the United States for unemployed young adults who had not graduated high school (ages 18-24; 60% male). We investigated how Motivational Interviewing effects might be mediated by change talk (i.e., arguments for change) and moderated by preference for consistency (PFC). Participants (N = 100) were randomly assigned to (1) Motivational Interviewing designed to elicit change talk, (2) placebo counseling designed not to elicit change talk, or (3) no additional treatment. Motivational Interviewing sessions increased change talk, but did not increase program retention or diploma earning. PFC was a significant moderator of Motivational Interviewing's impact on program retention; Motivational Interviewing was most effective at increasing 8 week retention for high PFC participants, and least effective for low PFC participants. These results suggest that Motivational Interviewing could be a useful tool for improving retention in education and employment programs, but clinicians should be attentive to how participant characteristics might enhance or diminish Motivational Interviewing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin S Sayegh
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, USA.
| | - Stanley J Huey
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, USA; Department of American Studies and Ethnicity, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Elizabeth Barnett
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Donna Spruijt-Metz
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
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Moyers TB, Houck J, Glynn LH, Hallgren KA, Manuel JK. A randomized controlled trial to influence client language in substance use disorder treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 172:43-50. [PMID: 28122270 PMCID: PMC5539943 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Client language is hypothesized to be a mechanism of action in motivational interviewing (MI). Despite the association of change and sustain talk with substance treatment outcomes, it not known whether providers can intentionally influence this language as hypothesized. OBJECTIVE This is a randomized controlled trial to investigate whether substance use providers can be trained to influence client language. METHODS Treatment providers specializing in substance use disorders (n=190) were randomly assigned to standard training in MI (MI-AU) or training emphasizing an influence of client language (MI-LEAF). Treatment sessions with actual clients were evaluated 3, 6 and 12 months after training by masked raters. Frequencies of client change and sustain talk were the outcome variables. RESULTS Sustain talk, but not change talk, was significantly lower in clients whose providers had received the specialized training (b=-0.175, SE=0.087, p=0.046, CI[-0.348 to 0.002], d=-0.325). Mediation analyses supported a causal chain between a) training, b) providers' attempts to minimize sustain talk in treatment sessions via directive reflective listening and c) client sustain talk in the treatment session (κ2=0.0833, bootstrap SE=0.0394, 95% CI [0.0148, 0.1691]). CONCLUSIONS With specialized training, providers can reduce the amount of opposition language their clients offer when considering a change in their substance use. Demonstrating that client language is under partial control of the provider supports the feasibility of clinical trials to investigate the impact of shaping client language on treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa B Moyers
- Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions, MSC11 6280, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
| | - Jon Houck
- Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions, MSC11 6280, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
| | - Lisa H Glynn
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Department of Anesthesiology, 1660 S Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, United States.
| | - Kevin A Hallgren
- University of Washington Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
| | - Jennifer K Manuel
- San Francisco VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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Lindqvist H, Forsberg L, Enebrink P, Andersson G, Rosendahl I. The relationship between counselors' technical skills, clients' in-session verbal responses, and outcome in smoking cessation treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat 2017; 77:141-149. [PMID: 28245946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The technical component of Motivational Interviewing (MI) posits that client language mediates the relationship between counselor techniques and subsequent client behavioral outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine this hypothesized technical component of MI in smoking cessation treatment in more depth. METHOD Secondary analysis of 106 first treatment sessions, derived from the Swedish National Tobacco Quitline, and previously rated using the Motivational Interviewing Sequential Code for Observing Process Exchanges (MI-SCOPE) Coder's Manual and the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity code (MITI) Manual, version 3.1. The outcome measure was self-reported 6-month continuous abstinence at 12-month follow-up. RESULTS Sequential analyses indicated that clients were significantly more likely than expected by chance to argue for change (change talk) following MI-consistent behaviors and questions and reflections favoring change. Conversely, clients were more likely to argue against change (sustain talk) following questions and reflections favoring status-quo. Parallel mediation analysis revealed that a counselor technique (reflections of client sustain talk) had an indirect effect on smoking outcome at follow-up through client language mediators. CONCLUSIONS The study makes a significant contribution to our understanding of how MI works in smoking cessation treatment and adds further empirical support for the hypothesized technical component in MI. The results emphasize the importance of counselors avoiding unintentional reinforcement of sustain talk and underline the need for a greater emphasis on the direction of questions and reflections in MI trainings and fidelity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Lindqvist
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Pia Enebrink
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerhard Andersson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ingvar Rosendahl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Smith DC, Ureche DJ, Davis JP, Walters ST. Motivational Interviewing With and Without Normative Feedback for Adolescents With Substance Use Problems: A Preliminary Study. Subst Abus 2016; 36:350-8. [PMID: 25551562 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2014.988838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many adolescents in need of substance use disorder treatments never engage in treatment. Further, the most promising interventions that could be adapted to target treatment engagement often use normative feedback (NF) despite concerns about its appropriateness for adolescents. This preliminary study will inform a larger trial designed to isolate whether NF is an inert, helpful, or harmful active ingredient within pretreatment motivational interviewing (MI) interventions designed to increase treatment engagement. METHODS Adolescents (N = 48) presenting for treatment intake assessments were randomized to receive MI (n = 22) or MI+NF (n = 26) immediately following their assessments. Three-month outcomes included the percentage of youth engaged in treatment, the percentage of youth reporting past-month binge drinking, and the percentage of days of abstinence. RESULTS Treatments were delivered with high fidelity, and a high proportion of eligible participants were recruited and retained in this study. Participants significantly increased their percentage of days of abstinence by approximately 10% at follow-up (d = .32, P =.03), with no significant differences between groups. Fifty-five percent of youth in MI and 41.7% of youth in MI+NF engaged in treatment (odds ratio [OR] = .60, nonsignificant; 95% confidence interval, CI [0.136-2.68]). CONCLUSIONS Larger trials should test whether NF is an active ingredient in adolescent MI interventions, and should also determine the mechanisms through which MI+NF may produce effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Smith
- a School of Social Work , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois , USA
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40
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Romano M, Arambasic J, Peters L. Therapist and Client Interactions in Motivational Interviewing for Social Anxiety Disorder. J Clin Psychol 2016; 73:829-847. [PMID: 27797402 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study is to assess the bidirectional associations between therapist and client speech during a treatment based on motivational interviewing (MI) for social anxiety disorder. METHOD Participants were 85 adults diagnosed with social anxiety who received MI prior to entering cognitive behavioral therapy. MI sessions were sequentially coded using the Motivational Interviewing Skill Code 2.5. RESULTS Therapist MI-consistent behaviors, including open questions as well as positive and negative reflections, were more likely to be followed by client change exploration (change talk and counter-change talk). Therapist MI-inconsistent behaviors were more likely to precede client neutral language. Client language was also found to influence therapist likelihood of responding in an MI-consistent manner. CONCLUSION The findings support the first step of the MI causal model in the context of social anxiety and direct future research into the effect of therapist and client behaviors on MI treatment outcome.
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Osilla KC, Ortiz JA, Miles JNV, Pedersen ER, Houck JM, D'Amico EJ. How group factors affect adolescent change talk and substance use outcomes: implications for motivational interviewing training. J Couns Psychol 2016; 62:79-86. [PMID: 25602608 DOI: 10.1037/cou0000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Clients who verbalize statements arguing for change (change talk [CT]) in psychotherapy are more likely to decrease alcohol and other drug use (AOD) compared with clients who voice statements in opposition of change (sustain talk [ST]). Little is known about how CT and ST are expressed in groups in which adolescents may vary in their AOD use severity and readiness to change. First, we examined how session content was associated with CT/ST, and then we looked at whether different subtypes of CT/ST were associated with subsequent AOD outcomes 3 months later. Audio recordings (N = 129 sessions) of a 6-session group motivational interviewing (MI) intervention, Free Talk, were coded. Session content was not associated with CT; however, some session content was associated with higher percentages of ST (e.g., normative feedback). Subtypes of CT (Commitment and Reason) were associated with improved AOD outcomes, whereas Ability subtype remarks were related to increased marijuana use, intentions, and consequences. Findings offer helpful guidance for clinical training and narrow in on the type of CT to try to elicit in Group MI sessions. Regardless of session content, adolescents can benefit from hearing CT during the group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Alexis Ortiz
- Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions, University of New Mexico
| | | | | | - Jon M Houck
- Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions, University of New Mexico
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Lee CS, Colby SM, Magill M, Almeida J, Tavares T, Rohsenow DJ. A randomized controlled trial of culturally adapted motivational interviewing for Hispanic heavy drinkers: Theory of adaptation and study protocol. Contemp Clin Trials 2016; 50:193-200. [PMID: 27565832 PMCID: PMC5063031 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The NIH Strategic Plan prioritizes health disparities research for socially disadvantaged Hispanics, to reduce the disproportionate burden of alcohol-related negative consequences compared to other racial/ethnic groups. Cultural adaptation of evidence-based treatments, such as motivational interviewing (MI), can improve access and response to alcohol treatment. However, the lack of rigorous clinical trials designed to test the efficacy and theoretical underpinnings of cultural adaptation has made proof of concept difficult. OBJECTIVE The CAMI2 (Culturally Adapted Motivational Interviewing) study design and its theoretical model, is described to illustrate how MI adapted to social and cultural factors (CAMI) can be discriminated against non-adapted MI. METHODS AND DESIGN CAMI2, a large, 12month randomized prospective trial, examines the efficacy of CAMI and MI among heavy drinking Hispanics recruited from the community (n=257). Outcomes are reductions in heavy drinking days (Time Line Follow-Back) and negative consequences of drinking among Hispanics (Drinkers Inventory of Consequences). A second aim examines perceived acculturation stress as a moderator of treatment outcomes in the CAMI condition. SUMMARY The CAMI2 study design protocol is presented and the theory of adaptation is presented. Findings from the trial described may yield important recommendations on the science of cultural adaptation and improve MI dissemination to Hispanics with alcohol risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S Lee
- Department of Applied Psychology, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Suzanne M Colby
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Molly Magill
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Joanna Almeida
- Simmons College, School of Social Work, 300 The Fenway, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tonya Tavares
- Department of Applied Psychology, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Damaris J Rohsenow
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main St., Providence, RI 02912, USA; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 830 Chalkstone Avenue, Providence, RI 02908, USA
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Östlund AS, Wadensten B, Häggström E, Lindqvist H, Kristofferzon ML. Primary care nurses' communication and its influence on patient talk during motivational interviewing. J Adv Nurs 2016; 72:2844-2856. [DOI: 10.1111/jan.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Sofi Östlund
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences; Uppsala University; Sweden
- Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies; University of Gävle; Sweden
| | - Barbro Wadensten
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences; Uppsala University; Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Häggström
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences; Uppsala University; Sweden
- Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies; University of Gävle; Sweden
| | - Helena Lindqvist
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience; MIC Lab; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Marja-Leena Kristofferzon
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences; Uppsala University; Sweden
- Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies; University of Gävle; Sweden
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Advances in Motivational Interviewing for Pediatric Obesity: Results of the Brief Motivational Interviewing to Reduce Body Mass Index Trial and Future Directions. Pediatr Clin North Am 2016; 63:539-62. [PMID: 27261549 PMCID: PMC6754172 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rates of childhood obesity in the United States remain at historic highs. The pediatric primary care office represents an important yet underused setting to intervene with families. One factor contributing to underuse of the primary care setting is lack of effective available interventions. One evidence-based method to help engage and motivate patients is motivational interviewing, a client-centered and goal-oriented style of counseling used extensively to increase autonomous motivation and modify health behaviors. This article summarizes the methods and results from a large trial implemented in primary care pediatric office and concludes with recommendations for improving the intervention and increasing its dissemination.
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Moyers TB, Rowell LN, Manuel JK, Ernst D, Houck JM. The Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity Code (MITI 4): Rationale, Preliminary Reliability and Validity. J Subst Abuse Treat 2016; 65:36-42. [PMID: 26874558 PMCID: PMC5539964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity code has been revised to address new evidence-based elements of motivational interviewing (MI). This new version (MITI 4) includes new global ratings to assess clinician's attention to client language, increased rigor in assessing autonomy support and client choice, and items to evaluate the use of persuasion when giving information and advice. METHOD Four undergraduate, non-professional raters were trained in the MITI and used it to review 50 audiotapes of clinicians conducting MI in actual treatments sessions. Both kappa and intraclass correlation indices were calculated for all coders, for the best rater pair and for a 20% randomly selected sample from the best rater pair. RESULTS Reliability across raters, with the exception of Emphasize Autonomy and % Complex Reflections, were in the good to excellent range. Reliability estimates decrease when smaller samples are used and when fewer raters contribute. CONCLUSION The advantages and drawbacks of this revision are discussed including implications for research and clinical applications. The MITI 4.0 represents a reliable method for assessing the integrity of MI including both the technical and relational components of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa B Moyers
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Lauren N Rowell
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | | | - Denise Ernst
- Denise Ernst Training and Consulting, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jon M Houck
- Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Apodaca TR, Borsari B, Jackson KM, Magill M, Longabaugh R, Mastroleo NR, Barnett NP. Sustain talk predicts poorer outcomes among mandated college student drinkers receiving a brief motivational intervention. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2016; 28:631-8. [PMID: 25222170 DOI: 10.1037/a0037296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Within-session client language that represents a movement toward behavior change (change talk) has been linked to better treatment outcomes in the literature on motivational interviewing (MI). There has been somewhat less study of the impact of client language against change (sustain talk) on outcomes following an MI session. This study examined the role of both client change talk and sustain talk, as well as therapist language, occurring during a brief motivational intervention (BMI) session with college students who had violated college alcohol policy (N = 92). Audiotapes of these sessions were coded using a therapy process coding system. A series of hierarchical regressions were used to examine the relationships among therapist MI-consistent and MI-inconsistent language, client change talk and sustain talk, as well as global measures of relational variables, and drinking outcomes. Contrary to prior research, sustain talk, but not change talk, predicted poorer alcohol use outcomes following the BMI at 3- and 12-month follow-up assessments. Higher levels of client self-exploration during the session also predicted improved drinking outcomes. Therapist measures of MI-consistent and MI-inconsistent language, and global measures of therapist acceptance and MI spirit were unrelated to client drinking outcomes. Results suggest that client sustain talk and self-exploration during the session play an important role in determining drinking outcomes among mandated college students receiving a BMI addressing alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Borsari
- Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | - Kristina M Jackson
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - Molly Magill
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | | | - Nadine R Mastroleo
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - Nancy P Barnett
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
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Has Motivational Interviewing Fallen into its Own Premature Focus Trap? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COUNSELLING 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10447-016-9262-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Carpenter KM, Amrhein PC, Bold KW, Mishlen K, Levin FR, Raby WN, Evans SM, Foltin RW, Nunes EV. Derived relations moderate the association between changes in the strength of commitment language and cocaine treatment response. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2016; 24:77-89. [PMID: 26914460 PMCID: PMC7289513 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The psycholinguistic analysis of client-counselor interactions indicates that how individuals talk about their substance use is associated with treatment outcome. However, the processes by which client speech influences out-of-session behaviors have not been clearly delineated. This study investigated the relationships between deriving relations-a key behavioral process by which language and cognition may come to influence behavior, shifts in the strength of client talk in favor of change, and treatment outcome among 75 cocaine-dependent participants (23% Female). Participants were trained to relate cocaine words, nonsense syllables, and negative-consequence words and were then assessed for a derived relation of equivalence before starting treatment. The DARN-C coding system was used to quantify the strength of participant speech during an early cognitive behavior therapy counseling session. Cocaine use during treatment was the outcome of interest. The analyses (a) characterized the process of deriving relations among individuals seeking help for their misuse of cocaine, (b) tested the relationships between shifts in the strength of participants' speech in favor of change and treatment outcome, and (c) tested if deriving equivalence relations moderated the relationship between shifts in the strength of in-session speech and treatment response. Results indicated that a minority of participants derived equivalence relations, however increases in the strength of commitment language predicted less cocaine use during treatment only among those who did. The findings suggest deriving relations may be an important process by which changes in the strength of commitment language comes to influence substance use.
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Within-Provider Variability in Motivational Interviewing Integrity for Three Years after MI Training: Does Time Heal? J Subst Abuse Treat 2016; 65:74-82. [PMID: 27016875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study examined variability in Motivational Interviewing (MI) integrity among 15 providers for three years following training. Data come from an effectiveness trial in which providers were trained to deliver brief single-session MI interventions. Each session was audio-recorded and coded for MI integrity using the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity (MITI) 3.1.1 rating system. Within-provider variation in MI integrity was large, especially for behavior count scores (e.g., open questions, complex reflections) and only slightly smaller for global session scores of MI Spirit and Empathy. Within-provider variability was in most cases larger than between-provider variability and there was no evidence that providers improved appreciably over time. These findings raise concerns about the quality of MI being delivered in large-scale implementation efforts and have implications for the monitoring and training of higher quality MI.
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Magill M, R Apodaca T, Karno M, Gaume J, Durst A, Walthers J, L Stout R, DiClemente C. Reliability and Validity of an Observational Measure of Client Decision-Making: The Client Language Assessment - Proximal/Distal (CLA-PD). J Subst Abuse Treat 2016; 63:10-7. [PMID: 26898715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OVERVIEW The Client Language Assessment - Proximal/Distal (CLA-PD) is a language rating system for measuring client decision-making in interventions that target a specified behavior change (e.g., alcohol or other drug use). In the CLA-PD, there are five dimensions of change language (Reason, Ability, Commitment, Taking Steps, Other) adapted from the client portion of the Motivational Interviewing Skill Code (MISC). For the CLA-PD, language codes are sub-divided to discriminate statements regarding the primary, or target behavior change (distal change) from the intermediate coping activities (proximal change) that are prescribed to facilitate that target behavior change. The goal of the CLA-PD is to allow for higher specificity than existing client language measures, when process studies consider interventions that are multi-session and skill-based (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy). METHOD Three raters received 40 hours of training on the use of the CLA-PD. The data were a sample of therapy session audio-files from a completed clinical trial (N=126), which enabled examination of client language across four sessions (i.e., first three and final attended) of three evidence-based alcohol interventions (cognitive behavioral therapy, twelve-step facilitation therapy, motivational enhancement therapy). RESULTS Inter-rater reliability results for summary scores showed "excellent" reliability for the measure. Specifically, two-way mixed intraclass coefficients ranged from .83 to .95. Internal consistency reliability showed alphas across sessions that ranged from "fair" to "good" (α=.74-.84). In convergent and discriminant validity analyses using data independently measured with MISC-based ratings, the pattern of results was as would be expected. Specifically, convergent correlations, by valence (i.e., change and sustain talk), between CLA-PD Distal and MISC-based language scores were moderate (r=.46-.55, p<.001) while discriminant correlations by valence for CLA-PD Proximal and MISC-based language scores were small (r=.22-.24, p<.05). Finally, proportion Change Talk Proximal predicted subsequent session coping behaviors (i.e., processes of change) as well as 3-month Alcoholics Anonymous involvement and attendance (ps<.05-.005), but not 3-month alcohol abstinence self-efficacy. Further, analyses of criterion predictive validity showed that proportion Change Talk Distal predicted 3- and 12-month drinking frequency and quantity measures (ps<.05-.005). CONCLUSIONS When behavior change treatments are multi-session and/or skill-based, the present analyses suggest the CLA-PD is a promising, psychometrically sound observational rating measure of client verbalized decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Magill
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Timothy R Apodaca
- Children's Mercy Kansas City, USA; University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, USA
| | - Mitchell Karno
- Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jacques Gaume
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ayla Durst
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Justin Walthers
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Robert L Stout
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Providence, RI, USA
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