1
|
Fairchild G, Sully K, Passamonti L, Staginnus M, Darekar A, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Toschi N. Neuroanatomical markers of familial risk in adolescents with conduct disorder and their unaffected relatives. Psychol Med 2023; 53:1721-1731. [PMID: 34607618 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721003202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported brain structure abnormalities in conduct disorder (CD), but it is unclear whether these neuroanatomical alterations mediate the effects of familial (genetic and environmental) risk for CD. We investigated brain structure in adolescents with CD and their unaffected relatives (URs) to identify neuroanatomical markers of familial risk for CD. METHODS Forty-one adolescents with CD, 24 URs of CD probands, and 38 healthy controls (aged 12-18), underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging. We performed surface-based morphometry analyses, testing for group differences in cortical volume, thickness, surface area, and folding. We also assessed the volume of key subcortical structures. RESULTS The CD and UR groups both displayed structural alterations (lower surface area and folding) in left inferior parietal cortex compared with controls. In contrast, CD participants showed lower insula and pars opercularis volume than controls, and lower surface area and folding in these regions than controls and URs. The URs showed greater folding in rostral anterior cingulate and inferior temporal cortex than controls and greater medial orbitofrontal folding than CD participants. The surface area and volume differences were not significant when controlling for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder comorbidity. There were no group differences in subcortical volumes. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that alterations in inferior parietal cortical structure partly mediate the effects of familial risk for CD. These structural changes merit investigation as candidate endophenotypes for CD. Neuroanatomical changes in medial orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortex differentiated between URs and the other groups, potentially reflecting neural mechanisms of resilience to CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate Sully
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Luca Passamonti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Angela Darekar
- Department of Medical Physics, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Nicola Toschi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Y, Huang X, Li S, Yue S, Liu J, Wu J. Secular Trend in the Incidence of Conduct Disorder in China from 1990 to 2019: A Joinpoint and Age-Period-Cohort Analysis. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2022; 43:e339-e346. [PMID: 35013066 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000001049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze the secular trends of conduct disorder (CD) incidence in China from 1990 to 2019 under the joinpoint analysis and the age-period-cohort framework. METHODS The sex-specific incidence rates of CD from 1990 to 2019 were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 database according to the age group. The joinpoint regression and the age-period-cohort model were conducted using the average annual percent changes and relative risks as size effects, respectively. RESULTS From 1990 to 2019, age-standardized rates (ASRs) of CD incidence showed an overall increasing trend in both sexes, and this variation trend was observed in almost all age groups. The annual sex-specific ASRs were lower in China than those worldwide but were rapidly growing. Age effects were the most significant risk factor for CD, with the highest risk in adolescents aged 10 to 14 years, followed by children aged 5 to 9 years, but a relatively lower risk in adolescents aged 15 to 19 years than in other age groups. However, period and cohort effects were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION CD incidence rates in China have been increasing in both sexes from 1990 to 2019. Further studies are necessary to explain the etiology of these increases and promote the early identification of individuals at risk for developing CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Wang
- Clinical Research Service Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Engineering Technology Research Center of Clinical Medical Big Data Cloud Service in Medical Consortium of West Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xueying Huang
- Clinical Research Service Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shasha Li
- Clinical Research Service Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Suru Yue
- Clinical Research Service Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Clinical Research Service Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jiayuan Wu
- Clinical Research Service Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Engineering Technology Research Center of Clinical Medical Big Data Cloud Service in Medical Consortium of West Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Grieve R, Panebianco L. Assessing the role of aggression, empathy, and self‐serving cognitive distortions in trait emotional manipulation. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-9536.2012.00059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Grieve
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia,
| | - Laura Panebianco
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Khan WU, Michelini G, Battaglia M. Twin studies of the covariation of pain with depression and anxiety: A systematic review and re-evaluation of critical needs. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 111:135-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
5
|
Rogers JC, Gonzalez-Madruga K, Kohls G, Baker RH, Clanton RL, Pauli R, Birch P, Chowdhury AI, Kirchner M, Andersson JLR, Smaragdi A, Puzzo I, Baumann S, Raschle NM, Fehlbaum LV, Menks WM, Steppan M, Stadler C, Konrad K, Freitag CM, Fairchild G, De Brito SA. White Matter Microstructure in Youths With Conduct Disorder: Effects of Sex and Variation in Callous Traits. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019; 58:1184-1196. [PMID: 31028899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to investigate white matter (WM) microstructure in youths with conduct disorder (CD) have reported disparate findings. We investigated WM alterations in a large sample of youths with CD, and examined the influence of sex and callous-unemotional (CU) traits. METHOD DTI data were acquired from 124 youths with CD (59 female) and 174 typically developing (TD) youths (103 female) 9 to 18 years of age. Tract-based spatial statistics tested for effects of diagnosis and sex-by-diagnosis interactions. Associations with CD symptoms, CU traits, a task measuring impulsivity, and the impact of comorbidity, and age- and puberty-related effects were examined. RESULTS Youths with CD exhibited higher axial diffusivity in the corpus callosum and lower radial diffusivity and mean diffusivity in the anterior thalamic radiation relative to TD youths. Female and male youths with CD exhibited opposite changes in the left hemisphere within the internal capsule, fornix, posterior thalamic radiation, and uncinate fasciculus. Within the CD group, CD symptoms and callous traits exerted opposing influences on corpus callosum axial diffusivity, with callous traits identified as the unique clinical feature predicting higher axial diffusivity and lower radial diffusivity within the corpus callosum and anterior thalamic radiation, respectively. In an exploratory analysis, corpus callosum axial diffusivity partially mediated the association between callous traits and impulsive responses to emotional faces. Results were not influenced by symptoms of comorbid disorders, and no age- or puberty-related interactions were observed. CONCLUSION WM alterations within the corpus callosum represent a reliable neuroimaging marker of CD. Sex and callous traits are important factors to consider when examining WM in CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gregor Kohls
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | - Ruth Pauli
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Alimul I Chowdhury
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK; Medical Physics Department, University Hospitals Birmingham, NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Marietta Kirchner
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Sarah Baumann
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kerstin Konrad
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Christine M Freitag
- University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gutman LM, Joshi H, Parsonage M, Schoon I. Gender-Specific Trajectories of Conduct Problems from Ages 3 to 11. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 46:1467-1480. [PMID: 29302830 PMCID: PMC6133010 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-017-0379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Gender-specific pathways of conduct problems (CP) from toddlerhood have received little attention. Using a nationally representative sample of UK children born in 2000–2001 (6458 boys and 6340 girls), the current study (a) identified subgroups of CP pathways separately for boys and girls from ages 3 to 11 and (b) examined early precursors (pregnancy to 9 months) of these trajectories. Group-based trajectory models identified four distinct trajectories for both boys and girls: each characterized as ‘low’; ‘early-onset, desisting’; ‘early-onset, persistent’ and ‘school-onset’. This suggests that the taxonomic framework developed to conceptualise childhood-onset CP among males is also applicable to females, though needing some revision to capture heterogeneity identified during early and middle childhood. We also found significant precursors of the different trajectory groups with some variation by gender. Early socioeconomic deprivation was a significant risk factor of the early-onset pathways among both genders, but played no significant role for ‘school-onset’. Childhood-onset trajectories of boys, but not girls, were predicted by parenting attitudes and behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather Joshi
- UCL Institute of Education, 20 Bedford Way, London, WC1H 0AL, UK
| | - Michael Parsonage
- Centre for Mental Health, 2d21, Technopark 90 London Rd, South Bank, London, SE1 6LN, UK
| | - Ingrid Schoon
- UCL Institute of Education, 20 Bedford Way, London, WC1H 0AL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Callous-unemotional traits, low cortisol reactivity and physical aggression in children: findings from the Wirral Child Health and Development Study. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:79. [PMID: 30741941 PMCID: PMC6370839 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Callous-unemotional (CU) traits are thought to confer risk for aggression via reduced amygdala responsivity to distress cues in others. Low cortisol reactivity is thought to confer risk for aggression via reduced arousal and this effect may be confined to boys. We tested the hypothesis that the association between childhood CU traits and aggression would be greatest in the absence of the inhibitory effects of cortisol reactivity, and that this effect would be sex dependent. Participants were 283 members of a stratified subsample within an epidemiological longitudinal cohort (WCHADS). Cortisol reactivity to a social stressor was assessed at 5 years. CU traits were reported by mothers at 5 years, and physical aggression by mothers and teachers at age 7. Results showed that CU traits were associated with elevated aggression at 7 years controlling for earlier aggression. There was no main effect of cortisol reactivity on regression. The association between CU traits and aggression was moderated by cortisol reactivity (p = .011) with a strong association between CU traits and aggression in the presence of low reactivity, and a small and non-significant association in the presence of high reactivity. This association was further moderated by child sex (p = .041) with the joint effect of high CU traits and low cortisol reactivity seen only in boys (p = .016). We report first evidence that a combined deficit in inhibitory processes associated with CU traits and low cortisol reactivity increases risk for childhood aggression, in a sex-dependent manner.
Collapse
|
8
|
Conduct disorder in adolescent females: current state of research and study design of the FemNAT-CD consortium. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 27:1077-1093. [PMID: 29948230 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-018-1172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Conduct disorder (CD) is a common and highly impairing psychiatric disorder of childhood and adolescence that frequently leads to poor physical and mental health outcomes in adulthood. The prevalence of CD is substantially higher in males than females, and partly due to this, most research on this condition has used all-male or predominantly male samples. Although the number of females exhibiting CD has increased in recent decades, the majority of studies on neurobiological measures, neurocognitive phenotypes, and treatments for CD have focused on male subjects only, despite strong evidence for sex differences in the aetiology and neurobiology of CD. Here, we selectively review the existing literature on CD and related phenotypes in females, focusing in particular on sex differences in CD symptoms, patterns of psychiatric comorbidity, and callous-unemotional personality traits. We also consider studies investigating the neurobiology of CD in females, with a focus on studies using genetic, structural and functional neuroimaging, psychophysiological, and neuroendocrinological methods. We end the article by providing an overview of the study design of the FemNAT-CD consortium, an interdisciplinary, multi-level and multi-site study that explicitly focuses on CD in females, but which is also investigating sex differences in the causes, developmental course, and neurobiological correlates of CD.
Collapse
|
9
|
Salvatore JE, Dick DM. Genetic influences on conduct disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 91:91-101. [PMID: 27350097 PMCID: PMC5183514 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Conduct disorder (CD) is a moderately heritable psychiatric disorder of childhood and adolescence characterized by aggression toward people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violation of rules. Genome-wide scans using linkage and association methods have identified a number of suggestive genomic regions that are pending replication. A small number of candidate genes (e.g., GABRA2, MAOA, SLC6A4, AVPR1A) are associated with CD related phenotypes across independent studies; however, failures to replicate also exist. Studies of gene-environment interplay show that CD genetic predispositions also contribute to selection into higher-risk environments, and that environmental factors can alter the importance of CD genetic factors and differentially methylate CD candidate genes. The field's understanding of CD etiology will benefit from larger, adequately powered studies in gene identification efforts; the incorporation of polygenic approaches in gene-environment interplay studies; attention to the mechanisms of risk from genes to brain to behavior; and the use of genetically informative data to test quasi-causal hypotheses about purported risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Salvatore
- Department of Psychology and the Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, VCU PO Box 842018, 806 West Franklin Street, Richmond, VA 23284-2018, USA.
| | - Danielle M Dick
- Department of Psychology, African American Studies, and Human & Molecular Genetics, VCU PO Box 842509, Richmond, VA 23284-2509, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Atherton OE, Zheng LR, Bleidorn W, Robins RW. The codevelopment of effortful control and school behavioral problems. J Pers Soc Psychol 2018; 117:659-673. [PMID: 30035568 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Effortful control refers to the propensity to regulate one's impulses and behaviors, to focus and shift attention easily, and to motivate the self toward a goal when there are competing desires. Although it seems likely that these capacities are relevant to successful functioning in the school context, there has been surprisingly little longitudinal research examining whether youth with poor effortful control are more likely to act out in the classroom, get suspended, and skip school. Conversely, there is even less research on whether youth who exhibit these school behavioral problems are more likely to decline over time in effortful control. We used multimethod data from a longitudinal study of Mexican-origin youth (N = 674), assessed biennially from 5th to 11th grade, to examine the codevelopment of effortful control and school behavioral problems. Bivariate latent growth curve models revealed a negative association between the trajectories of effortful control and school behavioral problems, indicating that steeper decreases in effortful control were related to steeper increases in school behavioral problems. Furthermore, this codevelopmental pattern was bidirectional; cross-lagged regression analyses showed that low effortful control was associated with relative increases in school behavioral problems, and school behavioral problems were associated with relative decreases in effortful control. Gender, nativity status, Mexican cultural values, and school-level antisocial behavior had concurrent associations with effortful control and school behavioral problems, but they did not moderate the codevelopmental pathways. We discuss the theoretical implications for personality development, as well as the practical implications for reducing school behavioral problems during adolescence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
|
11
|
Van Hulle CA, Waldman I, Lahey BB. Sex Differences in the Genetic and Environmental Influences on Self-Reported Non-aggressive and Aggressive Conduct Disorder Symptoms in Early and Middle Adolescence. Behav Genet 2018; 48:271-282. [PMID: 29948512 PMCID: PMC6051422 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-018-9907-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research into the etiology of conduct disorder (CD) has yet to yield a consensus on the existence of sex differences in underlying genetic and environmental influences. This may be partly due to the failure of many previous studies to make a distinction between non-aggressive and aggressive CD symptoms or test for potential developmental changes in sex differences in the etiology of conduct problems. To address these gaps, we fit a series of univariate and bivariate biometric sex-difference models to self-reported non-aggressive and aggressive CD symptoms in a community-based sample of twins (N = 1548, ages 9-17 year), grouped into ages 9-13 and 14-17 years. Relative model fit was evaluated using the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), which favors parsimony, and by Chi square difference tests. The univariate sex-scalar model provided the best fit to the data for both non-aggressive and aggressive CD symptoms at ages 9-13 and 14-17 years. Thus, the same genetic and environmental factors influenced CD symptoms in both sexes, but the total variability was lower in females than males. At both ages, the heritability of non-aggressive CD symptoms was lower than heritability of aggressive CD symptoms, and shared environmental effects were only observed for non-aggressive CD symptoms. However, estimates for genetic and environmental factors could be not be constrained to be equal across age groups for either CD subtype, suggesting substantive developmental changes in the relative influence of genetic and environmental factors on individual differences in CD symptoms. For both subtypes, the heritability was larger, and shared environmental effect smaller, in the older age group than the younger age group. A bivariate quantitative sex differences model provided the best fit to the data at ages 9-13 years. Covariation between non-aggressive and aggressive CD symptoms was due to overlapping shared and non-shared environmental factors in males and females but the overall covariation was greater in males than females. In contrast, at ages 14-17 years, the sex-scalar bivariate model provided the best fit to the data, and covariation between non-aggressive and aggressive CD symptoms was due to overlapping genetic and non-shared environmental factors. Thus, the etiology of self-reported conduct disorder varied substantially by symptom type and age. However, quantitative sex differences were only apparent when the covariation between the two subtypes was considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Van Hulle
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Irwin Waldman
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Benjamin B Lahey
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
South SC, Jarnecke AM, Vize CE. Sex differences in the Big Five model personality traits: A behavior genetics exploration. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
13
|
Genetic and environmental influences on conduct and antisocial personality problems in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018. [PMID: 28638947 PMCID: PMC6133103 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-017-1014-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Conduct problems in children and adolescents can predict antisocial personality disorder and related problems, such as crime and conviction. We sought an explanation for such predictions by performing a genetic longitudinal analysis. We estimated the effects of genetic, shared environmental, and unique environmental factors on variation in conduct problems measured at childhood and adolescence and antisocial personality problems measured at adulthood and on the covariation across ages. We also tested whether these estimates differed by sex. Longitudinal data were collected in the Netherlands Twin Register over a period of 27 years. Age appropriate and comparable measures of conduct and antisocial personality problems, assessed with the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment, were available for 9783 9-10-year-old, 6839 13-18-year-old, and 7909 19-65-year-old twin pairs, respectively; 5114 twins have two or more assessments. At all ages, men scored higher than women. There were no sex differences in the estimates of the genetic and environmental influences. During childhood, genetic and environmental factors shared by children in families explained 43 and 44% of the variance of conduct problems, with the remaining variance due to unique environment. During adolescence and adulthood, genetic and unique environmental factors equally explained the variation. Longitudinal correlations across age varied between 0.20 and 0.38 and were mainly due to stable genetic factors. We conclude that shared environment is mainly of importance during childhood, while genetic factors contribute to variation in conduct and antisocial personality problems at all ages, and also underlie its stability over age.
Collapse
|
14
|
Long E, Lönn S, Sundquist J, Sundquist K, Kendler K. A National Swedish Longitudinal Twin-Sibling Study of alcohol use disorders among males. Addiction 2017; 112:1378-1385. [PMID: 28345295 PMCID: PMC5645797 DOI: 10.1111/add.13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To examine whether genetic influences on the development of alcohol use disorders (AUD) among men during emerging adulthood through mid-adulthood are stable or dynamic. DESIGN A twin study modeling developmental changes in the genetic and environmental influences on AUD during three age periods (18-25, 26-33 and 33-41) as a Cholesky decomposition. SETTING Sweden. PARTICIPANTS Swedish male twin pairs (1532 monozygotic and 1940 dizygotic) and 66 033 full male sibling pairs born less than 2 years apart. MEASUREMENTS AUD was identified based on Swedish medical and legal registries. FINDINGS The best-fitting model included additive genetic and unique environmental factors, with no evidence for shared environmental factors. Although the total heritability was stable over time, there were two major genetic factors contributing to AUD risk, one beginning at ages 18-25 with a modest decline in importance over time [0.84; confidence interval (CI) = 0.83-0.88], and another of less impact beginning at ages 26-33 with a modest increase in importance by ages 33-41 (0.31; CI = 0.05-0.47). CONCLUSIONS The heritability of alcohol use disorders among Swedish men appears to be stable among three age periods: 18-25 years, 26-33 years, and 33-41 years. Two sets of genetic risk factors contribute to alcohol use disorders risk, with one originating during the ages 18-25 years and another coming online at 26-33 years, providing support for the developmentally dynamic hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E.C. Long
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA,Corresponding author: Elizabeth Long, Virginia Commonwealth University, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Box 980126, Richmond, VA 23298-0126 (USA);
| | - S.L. Lönn
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - J. Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - K. Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - K.S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Smaragdi A, Cornwell H, Toschi N, Riccelli R, Gonzalez-Madruga K, Wells A, Clanton R, Baker R, Rogers J, Martin-Key N, Puzzo I, Batchelor M, Sidlauskaite J, Bernhard A, Martinelli A, Kohls G, Konrad K, Baumann S, Raschle N, Stadler C, Freitag C, Sonuga-Barke EJS, De Brito S, Fairchild G. Sex Differences in the Relationship Between Conduct Disorder and Cortical Structure in Adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 56:703-712. [PMID: 28735700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have reported reduced cortical thickness and surface area and altered gyrification in frontal and temporal regions in adolescents with conduct disorder (CD). Although there is evidence that the clinical phenotype of CD differs between males and females, no studies have examined whether such sex differences extend to cortical and subcortical structure. METHOD As part of a European multisite study (FemNAT-CD), structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were collected from 48 female and 48 male participants with CD and from 104 sex-, age-, and pubertal-status-matched controls (14-18 years of age). Data were analyzed using surface-based morphometry, testing for effects of sex, diagnosis, and sex-by-diagnosis interactions, while controlling for age, IQ, scan site, and total gray matter volume. RESULTS CD was associated with cortical thinning and higher gyrification in ventromedial prefrontal cortex in both sexes. Males with CD showed lower, and females with CD showed higher, supramarginal gyrus cortical thickness compared with controls. Relative to controls, males with CD showed higher gyrification and surface area in superior frontal gyrus, whereas the opposite pattern was seen in females. There were no effects of diagnosis or sex-by-diagnosis interactions on subcortical volumes. Results are discussed with regard to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, depression, and substance abuse comorbidity, medication use, handedness, and CD age of onset. CONCLUSION We found both similarities and differences between males and females in CD-cortical structure associations. This initial evidence that the pathophysiological basis of CD may be partly sex-specific highlights the need to consider sex in future neuroimaging studies and suggests that males and females may require different treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Amy Wells
- University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Ignazio Puzzo
- West London Mental Health Trust, Broadmoor High Secure Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Gregor Kohls
- University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | - Nora Raschle
- Psychiatric University Clinics and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christina Stadler
- Psychiatric University Clinics and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li P, Becker JB, Heitzeg MM, McClellan ML, Reed BG, Zucker RA. Gender differences in the transmission of risk for antisocial behavior problems across generations. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177288. [PMID: 28505162 PMCID: PMC5432185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that children of alcohol use disorder (AUD) parents are more likely to develop alcohol problems as well as antisocial and other behavior problems. The purpose of this study was to examine gender discordance in the effect of early maternal and paternal influences on antisocial behaviors of boys and girls, as well as the environmental factors that moderate the parental effects. Specifically, we examined the effects of childhood and adulthood antisocial behavior of the parents on offspring antisocial behavior as young adults. We also examined whether mothers' and fathers' drinking problems when offspring were young children (6-8 years) affected offspring antisocial behavior as young adults (18-21 years). We evaluated 655 children from 339 families in the Michigan Longitudinal Study (MLS), a prospective study of AUD and non-AUD families. Path models were constructed in order to test for the parental contributions to offspring outcomes. We found that both mothers' and fathers' antisocial behavior contributed to the children's young adult antisocial behavior. Only mothers' drinking problems while their children were little had a significant effect on their sons' later drinking, but not on their daughters'. These different parental effects suggest that maternal and paternal influences may be mediated by different mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pin Li
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jill B. Becker
- Department of Psychology and the Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Mary M. Heitzeg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michele L. McClellan
- Department of History and the Residential College, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Beth Glover Reed
- School of Social Work and the Department of Women’s Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Zucker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mann FD, Engelhardt L, Briley DA, Grotzinger AD, Patterson MW, Tackett JL, Strathan DB, Heath A, Lynskey M, Slutske W, Martin NG, Tucker-Drob EM, Harden KP. Sensation seeking and impulsive traits as personality endophenotypes for antisocial behavior: Evidence from two independent samples. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017; 105:30-39. [PMID: 28824215 PMCID: PMC5560504 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sensation seeking and impulsivity are personality traits that are correlated with risk for antisocial behavior (ASB). This paper uses two independent samples of twins to (a) test the extent to which sensation seeking and impulsivity statistically mediate genetic influence on ASB, and (b) compare this to genetic influences accounted for by other personality traits. In Sample 1, delinquent behavior, as well as impulsivity, sensation seeking and Big Five personality traits, were measured in adolescent twins from the Texas Twin Project. In Sample 2, adult twins from the Australian Twin Registry responded to questionnaires that assessed individual differences in Eysenck's and Cloninger's personality dimensions, and a structured telephone interview that asked participants to retrospectively report DSM-defined symptoms of conduct disorder. Bivariate quantitative genetic models were used to identify genetic overlap between personality traits and ASB. Across both samples, novelty/sensation seeking and impulsive traits accounted for larger portions of genetic variance in ASB than other personality traits. We discuss whether sensation seeking and impulsive personality are causal endophenotypes for ASB, or merely index genetic liability for ASB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank D. Mann
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Laura Engelhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Daniel A. Briley
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Andrew D. Grotzinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Megan W. Patterson
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Tackett
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Dixie B. Strathan
- Faculty of Arts and Business, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Heath
- Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MI, United States
| | | | - Wendy Slutske
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, Queensland Institute of Medial Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elliot M. Tucker-Drob
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - K. Paige Harden
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sweeney S, MacBeth A. The effects of paternal depression on child and adolescent outcomes: A systematic review. J Affect Disord 2016; 205:44-59. [PMID: 27414953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paternal depression has been associated with suboptimal developmental outcomes in offspring. We sought to systematically review the research evidence from prospective studies for an association between paternal depression and child adolescent emotional and behavioral outcomes. We also reviewed potential mediators of this association and sources of methodological bias. METHODS A systematic review was conducted using the following databases: Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Google Scholar. Reference lists of the included papers were also searched. RESULTS Twenty-one studies were included in the review. Findings suggested that paternal depression does negatively impact upon offspring development. This impact is observable when paternal depression is present in the antenatal and postnatal stages and during offspring adolescence. The strength of this association is strongly reliant upon a number of contextual mediators, namely; paternal negative expressiveness, hostility and involvement and marital conflict. A quality assessment rating showed the studies were relatively strong methodologically. LIMITATIONS Heterogeneity regarding method of assessment and the magnitude and timing of exposure hinder attempts to make strong conclusions regarding the trajectory of paternal depression and its effects on child and adolescent outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Paternal mental health screening during pregnancy is necessary in order to identify and prevent depression negatively impacting offspring functioning. Including both parents in this process should encourage the alleviation of the environmental mediators which dominate the negative association outlined within the review. Research examining gene-environment interaction is necessary to uncover more accurate details regarding paternal depression and subsequent offspring vulnerability.
Collapse
|
19
|
Nagata T, Nakagawa A, Matsumoto S, Shiina A, Iyo M, Hirabayashi N, Igarashi Y. Characteristics of female mentally disordered offenders culpable under the new legislation in Japan: A gender comparison study. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2016; 26:50-58. [PMID: 25756745 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.1949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a substantial increase in the number of female offenders has drawn interest towards understanding their unique characteristics, few studies have investigated the characteristics of female mentally disordered offenders in Japan and none since the legislation enacted in 2005 in Japan, which provided for special services for them. AIMS The aim of this study is to identify those characteristics of people detained under this legislation, which distinguish the women from the men and may indicate special needs among the women. METHODS A retrospective records-based study of all patients admitted to one secure unit in the 8 years since its opening in July 2005 until a census date of 31 October 2013. RESULTS Thirty-six (15%) of the patients were women. Marriage, mood disorders, past suicide attempts and homicide were more common among the women than the men. Six of the female offender-patients had committed filicides, of which four were infanticides. CONCLUSION There appears to be a particularly vulnerable sub-group of women with severe mood disorders, a history of serious suicide attempts and young children at risk of harming those children. Our sample was small and from a single unit so, given the potential importance of improving understanding of who is at risk in such circumstances, extending our study nationally seems indicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takako Nagata
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology & Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Law & Psychiatry, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsuo Nakagawa
- Translational Medical Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Clinical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Matsumoto
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology & Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Shiina
- Division of Law & Psychiatry, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Division of Law & Psychiatry, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naotsugu Hirabayashi
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology & Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshito Igarashi
- Division of Law & Psychiatry, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Veroude K, Zhang-James Y, Fernàndez-Castillo N, Bakker MJ, Cormand B, Faraone SV. Genetics of aggressive behavior: An overview. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171B:3-43. [PMID: 26345359 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) address three types of aggression: frustrative non-reward, defensive aggression and offensive/proactive aggression. This review sought to present the evidence for genetic underpinnings of aggression and to determine to what degree prior studies have examined phenotypes that fit into the RDoC framework. Although the constructs of defensive and offensive aggression have been widely used in the animal genetics literature, the human literature is mostly agnostic with regard to all the RDoC constructs. We know from twin studies that about half the variance in behavior may be explained by genetic risk factors. This is true for both dimensional, trait-like, measures of aggression and categorical definitions of psychopathology. The non-shared environment seems to have a moderate influence with the effects of shared environment being unclear. Human molecular genetic studies of aggression are in an early stage. The most promising candidates are in the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems along with hormonal regulators. Genome-wide association studies have not yet achieved genome-wide significance, but current samples are too small to detect variants having the small effects one would expect for a complex disorder. The strongest molecular evidence for a genetic basis for aggression comes from animal models comparing aggressive and non-aggressive strains or documenting the effects of gene knockouts. Although we have learned much from these prior studies, future studies should improve the measurement of aggression by using a systematic method of measurement such as that proposed by the RDoC initiative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Veroude
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yanli Zhang-James
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.,Departments of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Noèlia Fernàndez-Castillo
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain
| | - Mireille J Bakker
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bru Cormand
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.,Departments of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.,K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Epstein RA, Fonnesbeck C, Potter S, Rizzone KH, McPheeters M. Psychosocial Interventions for Child Disruptive Behaviors: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2015; 136:947-60. [PMID: 26482672 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-2577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruptive behavior disorders are among the most common child and adolescent psychiatric disorders and associated with significant impairment. OBJECTIVE Systematically review studies of psychosocial interventions for children with disruptive behavior disorders. METHODS We searched Medline (via PubMed), Embase, and PsycINFO. Two reviewers assessed studies against predetermined inclusion criteria. Data were extracted by 1 team member and reviewed by a second. We categorized interventions as having only a child component, only a parent component, or as multicomponent interventions. RESULTS Sixty-six studies were included. Twenty-eight met criteria for inclusion in our meta-analysis. The effect size for the multicomponent interventions and interventions with only a parent component had the same estimated value, with a median of -1.2 SD reduction in outcome score (95% credible interval, -1.6 to -0.9). The estimate for interventions with only a child component was -1.0 SD (95% credible interval, -1.6 to -0.4). LIMITATIONS Methodologic limitations of the available evidence (eg, inconsistent or incomplete outcome reporting, inadequate blinding or allocation concealment) may compromise the strength of the evidence. Population and intervention inclusion criteria and selected outcome measures eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis may limit applicability of the results. CONCLUSIONS The 3 intervention categories were more effective than the control conditions. Interventions with a parent component, either alone or in combination with other components, were likely to have the largest effect. Although additional research is needed in the community setting, our findings suggest that the parent component is critical to successful intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Epstein
- Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Evidence-Based Practice Center, and Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry,
| | - Christopher Fonnesbeck
- Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Evidence-Based Practice Center, and Departments of Biostatistics, and
| | - Shannon Potter
- Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Evidence-Based Practice Center, and
| | - Katherine H Rizzone
- Department of Sports Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Melissa McPheeters
- Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Evidence-Based Practice Center, and Health Policy, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sher L, Siever LJ, Goodman M, McNamara M, Hazlett EA, Koenigsberg HW, New AS. Gender differences in the clinical characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity in patients with antisocial personality disorder. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:685-9. [PMID: 26296756 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gender is an important variable in the study of mental health because of the actual and perceived differences between men and women. Relatively little is known how males and females differ in their manifestations of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). Demographic and clinical features of 323 participants with ASPD were assessed and recorded. Women had fewer episodes of antisocial behavior involving or not involving police, higher scores on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and on Emotional Abuse and Sexual Abuse subscales of the CTQ compared to men. CTQ scores positively correlated with the number of episodes of antisocial behavior involving police in men but not in women. The percentage of patients with comorbid borderline and histrionic personality disorders was higher and the percentage of participants with cocaine use disorder was lower among women compared to men. Comorbid alcohol use disorder was frequent in both groups, while a higher percentage of women had comorbid mood disorders compared to men. Logistic regression analysis demonstrates that CTQ scores, histrionic personality disorder, and antisocial behavior involving the police drive the difference between the groups. Our findings indicate that treatment of individuals with ASPD should focus on the management of comorbid psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leo Sher
- James J. Peters Veterans' Administration Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Larry J Siever
- James J. Peters Veterans' Administration Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marianne Goodman
- James J. Peters Veterans' Administration Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Erin A Hazlett
- James J. Peters Veterans' Administration Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Harold W Koenigsberg
- James J. Peters Veterans' Administration Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Antonia S New
- James J. Peters Veterans' Administration Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zheng Y, Cleveland HH. Differential genetic and environmental influences on developmental trajectories of antisocial behavior from adolescence to young adulthood. J Adolesc 2015; 45:204-13. [PMID: 26510191 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Little research has investigated differential genetic and environmental influences on different developmental trajectories of antisocial behavior. This study examined genetic and environmental influences on liabilities of being in life-course-persistent (LCP) and adolescent-limited (AL) type delinquent groups from adolescence to young adulthood while considering nonviolent and violent delinquency subtypes and gender differences. A genetically informative sample (n = 356, 15-16 years) from the first three waves of In-Home Interview of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health was used, with 94 monozygotic and 84 dizygotic pairs of same-sex twins (50% male). Biometric liability threshold models were fit and found that the male-specific LCP type class, chronic, showed more genetic influences, while the AL type classes, decliner and desister, showed more environmental influences. Genetic liability and shared environment both influence the persistence of antisocial behavior. The development of female antisocial behavior appears to be influenced more by shared environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zheng
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Canada; Child & Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Breeden AL, Cardinale EM, Lozier LM, VanMeter JW, Marsh AA. Callous-unemotional traits drive reduced white-matter integrity in youths with conduct problems. Psychol Med 2015; 45:3033-46. [PMID: 26087816 PMCID: PMC5160028 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715000987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Callous-unemotional (CU) traits represent a significant risk factor for severe and persistent conduct problems in children and adolescents. Extensive neuroimaging research links CU traits to structural and functional abnormalities in the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. In addition, adults with psychopathy (a disorder for which CU traits are a developmental precursor) exhibit reduced integrity in uncinate fasciculus, a white-matter (WM) tract that connects prefrontal and temporal regions. However, research in adolescents has not yet yielded similarly consistent findings. METHOD We simultaneously modeled CU traits and externalizing behaviors as continuous traits, while controlling for age and IQ, in order to identify the unique relationship of each variable with WM microstructural integrity, assessed using diffusion tensor imaging. We used tract-based spatial statistics to evaluate fractional anisotropy, an index of WM integrity, in uncinate fasciculus and stria terminalis in 47 youths aged 10-17 years, of whom 26 exhibited conduct problems and varying levels of CU traits. RESULTS Whereas both CU traits and externalizing behaviors were negatively correlated with WM integrity in bilateral uncinate fasciculus and stria terminalis/fornix, simultaneously modeling both variables revealed that these effects were driven by CU traits; the severity of externalizing behavior was not related to WM integrity after controlling for CU traits. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that WM abnormalities similar to those observed in adult populations with psychopathy may emerge in late childhood or early adolescence, and may be critical to understanding the social and affective deficits observed in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. L. Breeden
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - E. M. Cardinale
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - L. M. Lozier
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - J. W. VanMeter
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - A. A. Marsh
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
González-Tapia MI, Obsuth I. "Bad genes" & criminal responsibility. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2015; 39:60-71. [PMID: 25708001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The genetics of the accused is trying to break into the courts. To date several candidate genes have been put forward and their links to antisocial behavior have been examined and documented with some consistency. In this paper, we focus on the so called "warrior gene", or the low-activity allele of the MAOA gene, which has been most consistently related to human behavior and specifically to violence and antisocial behavior. In preparing this paper we had two objectives. First, to summarize and analyze the current scientific evidence, in order to gain an in depth understanding of the state of the issue and determine whether a dominant line of generally accepted scientific knowledge in this field can be asserted. Second, to derive conclusions and put forward recommendations related to the use of genetic information, specifically the presence of the low-activity genotype of the MAOA gene, in modulation of criminal responsibility in European and US courts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingrid Obsuth
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kerekes N, Lundström S, Chang Z, Tajnia A, Jern P, Lichtenstein P, Nilsson T, Anckarsäter H. Oppositional defiant- and conduct disorder-like problems: neurodevelopmental predictors and genetic background in boys and girls, in a nationwide twin study. PeerJ 2014; 2:e359. [PMID: 24795851 PMCID: PMC4006222 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Previous research has supported gender-specific aetiological factors in oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD). The aims of this study were to identify gender-specific associations between the behavioural problems-ODD/CD-like problems-and the neurodevelopmental disorders-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD)-and to investigate underlying genetic effects. Methods. 17,220 twins aged 9 or 12 were screened using the Autism-Tics, AD/HD and other Comorbidities inventory. The main covariates of ODD- and CD-like problems were investigated, and the relative importance of unique versus shared hereditary and environmental effects was estimated using twin model fitting. Results. Social interaction problems (one of the ASD subdomains) was the strongest neurodevelopmental covariate of the behavioural problems in both genders, while ADHD-related hyperactivity/impulsiveness in boys and inattention in girls stood out as important covariates of CD-like problems. Genetic effects accounted for 50%-62% of the variance in behavioural problems, except in CD-like problems in girls (26%). Genetic and environmental effects linked to ADHD and ASD also influenced ODD-like problems in both genders and, to a lesser extent, CD-like problems in boys, but not in girls. Conclusions. The gender-specific patterns should be considered in the assessment and treatment, especially of CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nóra Kerekes
- CELAM (Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health), Institution for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Swedish Prison and Probation Service, Research and Development Unit, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Lundström
- CELAM (Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health), Institution for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Swedish Prison and Probation Service, Research and Development Unit, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatric Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zheng Chang
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Armin Tajnia
- CELAM (Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health), Institution for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Patrick Jern
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Nilsson
- CELAM (Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health), Institution for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Anckarsäter
- CELAM (Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health), Institution for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Beauchaine TP, McNulty T. Comorbidities and continuities as ontogenic processes: toward a developmental spectrum model of externalizing psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol 2013; 25:1505-28. [PMID: 24342853 PMCID: PMC4008972 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579413000746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Research on child and adolescent mental health problems has burgeoned since the inaugural issue of Development and Psychopathology was published in 1989. In the quarter century since, static models of psychopathology have been abandoned in favor of transactional models, following the agenda set by editor Dante Cicchetti and other proponents of the discipline. The transactional approach, which has been applied to autism, depression, self-injury, and delinquency, (a) specifies vulnerabilities and risk factors across multiple levels of analysis spanning genes to cultures, (b) identifies multifinal and equifinal pathways to psychopathology, and (c) transcends traditional disciplinary boundaries. However, as noted by Rutter and Sroufe (2000), specific mechanisms of continuity, discontinuity, and comorbidity of psychopathology must be identified if we wish to understand etiology fully. In this article, we present a model of early-onset externalizing behavior in which comorbidities and continuities are viewed as ontogenic processes: products of complex longitudinal transactions between interdependent individual-level vulnerabilities (e.g., genetic, epigenetic, allostatic) and equally interdependent contextual risk factors (e.g., coercive parenting, deviant peer group affiliations, neighborhood criminality). Through interactions across levels of analysis, some individuals traverse along the externalizing spectrum, beginning with heritable trait impulsivity in preschool and ending in antisociality in adulthood. In describing our model, we note that (a) the approach outlined in the DSM to subtyping externalizing disorders continues to obscure developmental pathways to antisociality, (b) molecular genetics studies will likely not identify meaningful subtypes of externalizing disorder, and (c) ontogenic trait approaches to psychopathology are much more likely to advance the discipline in upcoming years.
Collapse
|
28
|
Wichers M, Gardner C, Maes HH, Lichtenstein P, Larsson H, Kendler KS. Genetic innovation and stability in externalizing problem behavior across development: a multi-informant twin study. Behav Genet 2013; 43:191-201. [PMID: 23377846 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-013-9586-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of cross-informant ratings in previous longitudinal studies on externalizing behavior may have obscured the presence of continuity of genetic risk. The current study included latent factors representing the latent estimates of externalizing behavior based on both parent and self-report which eliminated rater-specific effects from these latent estimates. Symptoms of externalizing behavior of 1,480 Swedish twin pairs were obtained at ages 8-9, 13-14, 16-17 and 19-20 both by parent and self-report. Mx modeling was used to estimate additive genetic, shared and specific environmental influences. Genetic continuity was found over the entire developmental period as well as additional sources of genetic influence emerging around early and late adolescence. New unique environmental effects (E) on externalizing behavior arose early in adolescence. The results support both the presence of genetic continuity and change in externalizing behavior during adolescence due to newly emerging genetic and environmental risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Wichers
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University, Vijverdalseweg 1, Concorde Building, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
A review on the relationship between testosterone and life-course persistent antisocial behavior. Psychiatry Res 2012; 200:984-1010. [PMID: 22925371 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Life-course persistent antisocial behavior is 10 to 14 times more prevalent in males and it has been suggested that testosterone levels could account for this gender bias. Preliminary studies with measures of fetal testosterone find inconsistent associations with antisocial behavior, especially studies that use the 2D:4D ratio as a proxy for fetal testosterone. However, circulating testosterone consistently shows positive associations with antisocial behaviors throughout childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, particularly in males. It is suggested that high fetal/circulating testosterone interactively influence the maturation and functionality of mesolimbic dopaminergic circuitry, right orbitofrontal cortex, and cortico-subcortical connectivity, resulting in a strong reward motivation, low social sensitivity, and dampened regulation of strong motivational/emotional processes. The link between these testosterone induced endophenotypes and actual display of antisocial behavior is strongly modulated by different social (e.g., social rejection, low SES) and genetic (e.g., MAOA, 5HTT) risk factors that can disturb socio-, psycho-, and biological development and interact with testosterone in shaping behavior. When these additional risk factors are present, the testosterone induced endophenotypes may increase the risk for a chronic antisocial lifestyle. However, behavioral endophenotypes induced by testosterone can also predispose towards socially adaptive traits such as a strong achievement motivation, leadership, fair bargaining behaviors, and social assertiveness. These adaptive traits are more likely to emerge when the high testosterone individual has positive social experiences that promote prosocial behaviors such as strong and secure attachments with his caregivers, affiliation with prosocial peers, and sufficient socioeconomic resources. A theoretical model is presented, various hypotheses are examined, and future venues for research are discussed.
Collapse
|
30
|
Vink JM, Bartels M, van Beijsterveldt TCEM, van Dongen J, van Beek JHDA, Distel MA, de Moor MHM, Smit DJA, Minica CC, Ligthart L, Geels LM, Abdellaoui A, Middeldorp CM, Hottenga JJ, Willemsen G, de Geus EJC, Boomsma DI. Sex differences in genetic architecture of complex phenotypes? PLoS One 2012; 7:e47371. [PMID: 23272036 PMCID: PMC3525575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined sex differences in familial resemblance for a broad range of behavioral, psychiatric and health related phenotypes (122 complex traits) in children and adults. There is a renewed interest in the importance of genotype by sex interaction in, for example, genome-wide association (GWA) studies of complex phenotypes. If different genes play a role across sex, GWA studies should consider the effect of genetic variants separately in men and women, which affects statistical power. Twin and family studies offer an opportunity to compare resemblance between opposite-sex family members to the resemblance between same-sex relatives, thereby presenting a test of quantitative and qualitative sex differences in the genetic architecture of complex traits. We analyzed data on lifestyle, personality, psychiatric disorder, health, growth, development and metabolic traits in dizygotic (DZ) same-sex and opposite-sex twins, as these siblings are perfectly matched for age and prenatal exposures. Sample size varied from slightly over 300 subjects for measures of brain function such as EEG power to over 30,000 subjects for childhood psychopathology and birth weight. For most phenotypes, sample sizes were large, with an average sample size of 9027 individuals. By testing whether the resemblance in DZ opposite-sex pairs is the same as in DZ same-sex pairs, we obtain evidence for genetic qualitative sex-differences in the genetic architecture of complex traits for 4% of phenotypes. We conclude that for most traits that were examined, the current evidence is that same the genes are operating in men and women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Vink
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Verdonk P, Klinge I. Mainstreaming sex and gender analysis in public health genomics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 9:402-10. [PMID: 23164527 DOI: 10.1016/j.genm.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The integration of genome-based knowledge into public health or public health genomics (PHG) aims to contribute to disease prevention, health promotion, and risk reduction associated with genetic disease susceptibility. Men and women differ, for instance, in susceptibilities for heart disease, obesity, or depression due to biologic (sex) and sociocultural (gender) factors and their interaction. Genome-based knowledge is rapidly increasing, but sex and gender issues are often not explored. OBJECTIVE To explore the implications of a sex and gender analysis for PHG. METHODS We explore genome-based knowledge in relation to sex and gender aspects using depression as an example, gender equality, and the intersection of sex and gender with other social stratifiers such as ethnic background or socioeconomic status. RESULTS We advocate a sex- and gender-sensitive genomics research agenda alongside studies that provide sex-disaggregated data rather than controls based on sex. Such a research agenda is needed to guide research on how genomics is understood and perceived by men and women across groups, and for the equitable and responsible translation of such knowledge into the public health domain. CONCLUSIONS Including sex and gender analysis in PHG research will not only shed more light on phenomena such as diseases with a higher prevalence in either men or women, but will ultimately lead to gendered innovations by way of exploring how gendered and cultural environments increase or safeguard genetic predispositions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Verdonk
- Department of Medical Humanities, VU University Medical Center, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Howard R, Finn P, Jose P, Gallagher J. Adolescent-onset alcohol abuse exacerbates the influence of childhood conduct disorder on late adolescent and early adult antisocial behaviour. THE JOURNAL OF FORENSIC PSYCHIATRY & PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 23:7-22. [PMID: 23459369 PMCID: PMC3583014 DOI: 10.1080/14789949.2011.641996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that adolescent-onset alcohol abuse (AOAA) would both mediate and moderate the effect of childhood conduct disorder on antisocial behaviour in late adolescence and early adulthood. A sample comprising 504 young men and women strategically recruited from the community were grouped using the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV, American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: APA), as follows: neither childhood conduct disorder (CCD) nor alcohol abuse/dependence; CCD but no alcohol abuse or dependence; alcohol abuse/dependence but no CCD; both CCD and alcohol abuse/dependence. The outcome measure was the sum of positive responses to 55 interview items capturing a variety of antisocial behaviours engaged in since age 15. Severity of lifetime alcohol-related and CCD problems served as predictor variables in regression analysis. Antisocial behaviour problems were greatest in individuals with a history of co-occurring conduct disorder (CD) and alcohol abuse/dependence. While CCD was strongly predictive of adult antisocial behaviour, this effect was both mediated and moderated (exacerbated) by AOAA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Howard
- Division of Psychiatry and Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Peter Finn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA
| | - Paul Jose
- Department of Psychology, Victoria University, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer Gallagher
- Peaks Academic and Research Unit, Rampton Hospital, Clair Chilvers Centre, Retford DN22 0PD, UK
| |
Collapse
|