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Zaso MJ, Read JP, Colder CR. Social influences on alcohol outcome expectancy development from childhood to young adulthood: A narrative review. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2023; 10:690-701. [PMID: 38770224 PMCID: PMC11104564 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-023-00525-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Alcohol outcome expectancies emerge in early childhood, develop throughout adolescence, and predict alcohol outcomes well into adulthood. Social factors shape how expectancies are learned in myriad ways, yet such social learning influences seldom are examined in the context of developmental factors. This review summarized literature on the social origins of alcohol expectancies through vicarious (observational) and experiential (direct) alcohol-related learning from childhood to young adulthood within a social learning framework. Recent Findings Young children primarily endorse negative expectancies, which decline rapidly with age amidst escalations in positive expectancies across adolescence. Parents and peers can contribute to vicarious learning about alcohol and facilitate experiential learning in different ways and to varying degrees across development. Media and social media, which children are increasingly exposed to as they mature, often depict alcohol-outcome relations that may further contribute to expectancy development in later adolescence and young adulthood. Summary Social influences on alcohol expectancy learning are complex and change over time, although this dynamic complexity typically is not depicted in extant literature. Developmentally-informed research capturing co-occurring shifts in social influences and alcohol expectancies is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J. Zaso
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo – The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer P. Read
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo – The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Craig R. Colder
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo – The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Merrill JE, López G, Doucette H, Pielech M, Corcoran E, Egbert A, Wray TB, Gabrielli J, Colby SM, Jackson KM. Adolescents' perceptions of alcohol portrayals in the media and their impact on cognitions and behaviors. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2023; 37:758-770. [PMID: 36757982 PMCID: PMC10409881 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure to alcohol in the media is pervasive and may influence adolescents' perceptions and use of alcohol. The purpose of this study was to better understand how adolescents perceive alcohol-related content in both entertainment and social media, with a focus on the valence of portrayals (i.e., positive, negative) and impacts on cognitions and behaviors. METHOD Participants were 40 high school students (60% female). Nine focus groups were conducted via videoconferencing, stratified by grade (9th/10th, 11th/12th) and gender. Transcripts were analyzed via template-style thematic analyses to identify themes. RESULTS Six themes were developed, including (a) some portrayals of alcohol may increase likelihood of using alcohol, (b) some portrayals of alcohol in the media can discourage drinking, (c) sometimes truly negative consequences of alcohol are portrayed positively or downplayed, (d) media portrayals of alcohol are perceived to be based in reality but are at times exaggerated, (e) adolescent and adult alcohol use is portrayed differently in entertainment media, and (f) the extent to which adolescents are influenced by the media may depend on their preexisting attitudes, beliefs, and education. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents have awareness of media portrayals of alcohol, both positive and negative, and their associated impacts. Findings highlight the need for much more work to understand the conditions under which, and for whom, exposure to different types of positive portrayals of alcohol in the media translate into positive expectancies about alcohol or drinking motives. Such work may ultimately inform intervention targets to reduce early initiation and/or risky drinking among adolescents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E. Merrill
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Gabriela López
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Hannah Doucette
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Melissa Pielech
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Erin Corcoran
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USA
| | - Amy Egbert
- The Miriam Hospital/Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903
| | - Tyler B. Wray
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Joy Gabrielli
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USA
| | - Suzanne M. Colby
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Kristina M. Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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Dalisay F, Kawabata Y, Buente W, Pokhrel P, Benitez C, Herzog T. Social media, peer norms, and betel nut susceptibility and use: Evidence from early adolescents in Guam. FRONTIERS IN COMMUNICATION 2022; 7:960093. [PMID: 37207255 PMCID: PMC10194842 DOI: 10.3389/fcomm.2022.960093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Betel (areca) nut is an addictive psychoactive substance considered to be carcinogenic. Yet not much is known about factors that may be promoting betel nut use. To fill this void, the present study examines the roles of exposure to betel nut-related posts on social media and peer norms regarding betel nut use in explaining betel nut susceptibility and use among adolescents. We conducted a representative survey of early adolescents (N = 673) attending all public middle schools on Guam, a United States-Affiliated Pacific Island in the Western Pacific. Results showed that exposure to betel nut-related posts on social media was positively associated with peer descriptive norms regarding betel nut use. Specifically, the more frequent early adolescents were exposed to betel nut posts on social media, the more likely they were to perceive betel nut use to be more prevalent among their general peers and close friends. Additionally, early adolescents' exposure to betel nut-related posts on social media was positively associated with both their susceptibility to use betel nut and reported use. Descriptive norms regarding close friends' betel nut use was also positively associated with both susceptibility to and use of betel nut. However, descriptive norms regarding general peers' betel nut use was unrelated with either betel nut susceptibility or use. Descriptive norms regarding close friends' betel nut use mediated the relationships that exposure to betel nut posts on social media had with both betel nut susceptibility and betel nut use. Implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Dalisay
- College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU, United States
| | - Yoshito Kawabata
- College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU, United States
| | - Wayne Buente
- School of Communications, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Pallav Pokhrel
- Population Sciences in the Pacific (Cancer Prevention in the Pacific) University of Hawai’i Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Chantay Benitez
- College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU, United States
| | - Thaddeus Herzog
- Population Sciences in the Pacific (Cancer Prevention in the Pacific) University of Hawai’i Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, United States
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Jackson KM, Janssen T, Cox MJ, Colby SM, Barnett NP, Sargent J. Mechanisms Underlying Associations between Media Alcohol Exposure, Parenting, and Early Adolescent Drinking: A Moderated Sequential Mediation Model. J Youth Adolesc 2021; 50:1896-1910. [PMID: 33515374 PMCID: PMC10975647 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-020-01373-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to alcohol content in the media, especially in movies, is a demonstrated risk factor for adolescent alcohol use. This paper examines processes underlying this association and whether parenting mitigates such harms. A mediational model of parental restriction of mature media (W1), alcohol content exposure (W2), alcohol expectancies, peer norms (W3), and alcohol outcomes (W4) was tested using annual assessments from a study of adolescent drinking (N = 879; 52% female; 21% Non-White; 12% Hispanic). When restrictions are not in place, adolescents report greater exposure to alcohol content, leading to higher perceived peer drinking. Parental monitoring did not buffer the link between exposure and peer norms. Parental media restriction and perceptions about peers comprise mechanisms by which alcohol-saturated media influences youth drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Jackson
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-4, Providence, Rhode, 02912, Island.
| | - Tim Janssen
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-4, Providence, Rhode, 02912, Island
| | - Melissa J Cox
- East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Suzanne M Colby
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-4, Providence, Rhode, 02912, Island
| | - Nancy P Barnett
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-4, Providence, Rhode, 02912, Island
| | - James Sargent
- C. Everett Koop Institute, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
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Cox MJ, Janssen T, Gabrielli J, Jackson KM. Profiles of Parenting in the Digital Age: Associations With Adolescent Alcohol and Marijuana Use. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2021; 82:460-469. [PMID: 34343077 PMCID: PMC8356790 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2021.82.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed parental communication and behavior related to children's Internet and social media usage to delineate profiles of parenting regarding these newer forms of media and associated those profiles with youth alcohol and marijuana use. METHOD Using data from 748 adolescents (mean age = 15.8, 52% female, 25% non-White) and their parents, latent class analysis was performed to identify classes based on items concerning device ownership, monitoring, and communication of online activities. The associations between class membership and ever use of alcohol and marijuana were then tested, controlling for screen time, general parenting, substance availability, and deviance. RESULTS We identified five classes: high media parenting (23%), low media parenting (20%), moderate media parenting with limited device access (11%), moderate media parenting with high device access (25%), and low monitoring but high communication about online activities (21%). Probability of class membership was differentially associated with contemporaneous and 1-year prospective alcohol and marijuana use. The low-device-access class had the highest percentage of abstainers at both time points. The lowest rate of abstaining was associated with membership in the high-device-access class but moderate levels of monitoring. Membership in the low media parenting class was associated with use of both substances. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a novel exploration of media parenting, an important construct in the context of increased access to personalized media devices that allow for streaming of mature media content related to substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Cox
- Department of Health Education & Promotion, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Tim Janssen
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Joy Gabrielli
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kristina M. Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
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Jackson KM, Bartholow BD. Psychological Processes Underlying Effects of Alcohol Marketing on Youth Drinking. J Stud Alcohol Drugs Suppl 2020:81-96. [PMID: 32079564 PMCID: PMC7064005 DOI: 10.15288/jsads.2020.s19.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence increasingly suggests that alcohol marketing plays a significant role in facilitating underage drinking. This article presents a review of empirical studies and relevant theoretical models proposing plausible psychological mechanisms or processes responsible for associations between alcohol-related marketing and youth drinking. METHOD We review key psychological processes pertaining to cognitive mechanisms and social cognitive models that operate at the individual or intrapersonal level (attitude formation, expectancies) and the social or interpersonal level (personal identity, social identity, social norms). We use dominant psychological and media theories to support our statements of putative causal inferences, including the Message Interpretation Processing Model, Prototype Willingness Model, and Reinforcing Spirals Model. RESULTS Based on the evidence, we propose an integrated conceptual model that depicts relevant psychological processes as they work together in a complex chain of influence, and we highlight those constructs that have received the greatest support in the literature. CONCLUSIONS The evidence to date suggests that perceptions of others' behaviors and attitudes in relation to alcohol (social norms) may be a more potent driver of youth drinking than evaluations of drinking outcomes (expectancies). Considerably more research--especially experimental research--is needed to understand the extent to which theoretically relevant psychological processes have unique effects on adolescent and young adult drinking behavior, with the ultimate goal of identifying modifiable intervention targets to produce reductions in the initiation and maintenance of underage alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M. Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies,
Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence,
Rhode Island
| | - Bruce D. Bartholow
- Department of Psychological Sciences,
University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Jackson KM, Janssen T. Developmental considerations in survival models as applied to substance use research. Addict Behav 2019; 94:36-41. [PMID: 30538054 PMCID: PMC6527490 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Survival analysis is a class of models that are ideal for evaluating questions of timing of events, which makes them well-suited for modeling the development of a process such as initiation of substance use, development of addiction, or post-treatment recovery. The focus of this review paper is to demonstrate how survival models operate in a broader developmental framework and to offer guidance on selecting the appropriate model on the basis of the research question at hand. We provide a basic overview of survival models and then identify several key issues, explain how they pertain to research in the addiction field, and describe studies that utilize survival models to address questions about timing. We discuss the importance of carefully selecting the metric and origin of the time scale that corresponds to developmental process under investigation and we describe types of censoring/truncation. We describe the value of modeling covariates as time-invariant versus time-varying, and make the distinction between time-varying covariates and time-varying effects of covariates. We also explain how to test for substantive differences due to the timing of the assessment of the predictor. We finish the paper with a presentation of relatively novel extensions of survival models, including models that integrate standard statistical mediational analysis with discrete-time survival analysis, models that simultaneously consider order and timing of multiple events, and models that involve joint modeling of longitudinal and survival data. We also present our own substantive examples of various models in an Appendix containing annotated syntax and output.
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Jackson KM, Janssen T, Gabrielli J. Media/Marketing Influences on Adolescent and Young Adult Substance Abuse. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2018; 5:146-157. [PMID: 30393590 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-018-0199-6.media/marketing] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We describe the state of research on substance use portrayals in marketing and media, considering exposure to tobacco, alcohol, e-cigarette, and marijuana content. Putative mechanisms are offered, and recommendations made for effective prevention strategies for mitigating the influence of these portrayals. RECENT FINDINGS There is consistent evidence that adolescents and young adults are highly exposed to substance use portrayals and that these portrayals are associated with subsequent substance use. Exposure via new media (social networking sites, brand websites) has risen rapidly. Social norms and cognitions appear to at least partially account for the effects of portrayals on youth substance use. SUMMARY Digital media has surpassed traditional marketing, which is concerning because youth have on-demand access to content and are active consumers of digital media. Developmentally appropriate media literacy interventions that include a parenting component and target multiple substances and media domains are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Janssen
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - Joy Gabrielli
- Department of Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College
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Jackson KM, Janssen T, Gabrielli J. Media/Marketing Influences on Adolescent and Young Adult Substance Abuse. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2018; 5:146-157. [PMID: 30393590 PMCID: PMC6208350 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-018-0199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We describe the state of research on substance use portrayals in marketing and media, considering exposure to tobacco, alcohol, e-cigarette, and marijuana content. Putative mechanisms are offered, and recommendations made for effective prevention strategies for mitigating the influence of these portrayals. RECENT FINDINGS There is consistent evidence that adolescents and young adults are highly exposed to substance use portrayals and that these portrayals are associated with subsequent substance use. Exposure via new media (social networking sites, brand websites) has risen rapidly. Social norms and cognitions appear to at least partially account for the effects of portrayals on youth substance use. SUMMARY Digital media has surpassed traditional marketing, which is concerning because youth have on-demand access to content and are active consumers of digital media. Developmentally appropriate media literacy interventions that include a parenting component and target multiple substances and media domains are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Janssen
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - Joy Gabrielli
- Department of Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College
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