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van de Rozenberg TM, Kroes ADA, van der Pol LD, Groeneveld MG, Mesman J. Same-Sex Kissing and Having a Gay or Lesbian Child: A Bridge Too Far? Parent-Child Similarities in Homophobic Attitudes and Observed Parental Discomfort. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2024; 71:2341-2365. [PMID: 37643385 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2023.2233658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
This study examined parent-child similarities in homophobic attitudes and observed parental discomfort with coming-out vignettes in interactions with their adolescent children (14-18 years old). Based on gender schema theory and the family process model we expected parent-child similarities in homophobic attitudes to be stronger in same-gender dyads. Further, we expected that observed parental discomfort with coming-out vignettes would occur and is stronger when the gender of the parent, child, and character in the vignette match. We used questionnaires and observation data from 199 White Dutch families in the Netherlands. Our results showed that parents' homophobic attitudes were associated with their children's homophobic attitudes. For same-sex kissing and (imagining) having a gay son, these associations were stronger between parents and children of the same gender. Further, parental discomfort with coming-out vignettes occurred and was stronger when parents and children had the same gender, regardless of the gender of the vignette character. In conclusion, policies aiming at gay and lesbian inclusion should not be limited to accepting gay/lesbian identities, but also pay attention to the acceptance of same-sex intimacy expressions, having gay or lesbian family members, and normalizing discussions about gay/lesbian lives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lotte D van der Pol
- Governance of Global Affairs, Leiden University, LUC, Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | | | - Judi Mesman
- Governance of Global Affairs, Leiden University, LUC, Den Haag, The Netherlands
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Gonzales Real A, Lobato MIR, Russell ST. Trajectories of Gender Identity and Depressive Symptoms in Youths. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2411322. [PMID: 38776085 PMCID: PMC11112442 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.11322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Concerns about the mental health of youths going through gender identity transitions have received increased attention. There is a need for empirical evidence to understand how transitions in self-reported gender identity are associated with mental health. Objective To examine whether and how often youths changed self-reported gender identities in a longitudinal sample of sexual and gender minority (SGM) youths, and whether trajectories of gender identity were associated with depressive symptoms. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used data from 4 waves (every 9 months) of a longitudinal community-based study collected in 2 large cities in the US (1 in the Northeast and 1 in the Southwest) between November 2011 and June 2015. Eligible participants included youths who self-identified as SGM from community-based agencies and college groups for SGM youths. Data analysis occurred from September 2022 to June 2023. Exposure Gender identity trajectories and gender identity variability. Main Outcomes and Measures The Beck Depression Inventory for Youth (BDI-Y) assessed depressive symptoms. Gender identity variability was measured as the number of times participants' gender identity changed. Hierarchical linear models investigated gender identity trajectories and whether gender identity variability was associated with depressive symptoms over time. Results Among the 366 SGM youths included in the study (mean [SD] age, 18.61 [1.71] years; 181 [49.4%] assigned male at birth and 185 [50.6%] assigned female at birth), 4 gender identity trajectory groups were identified: (1) cisgender across all waves (274 participants ), (2) transgender or gender diverse (TGD) across all waves (32 participants), (3) initially cisgender but TGD by wave 4 (ie, cisgender to TGD [28 participants]), and (4) initially TGD but cisgender by wave 4 (ie, TGD to cisgender [32 participants]). One in 5 youths (18.3%) reported a different gender identity over a period of approximately 3.5 years; 28 youths varied gender identity more than twice. The cisgender to TGD group reported higher levels of depression compared with the cisgender group at baseline (Β = 4.66; SE = 2.10; P = .03), but there was no statistical difference once exposure to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender violence was taken into account (Β = 3.31; SE = 2.36; P = .16). Gender identity variability was not associated with within-person change in depressive symptoms (Β = 0.23; SE = 0.74; P = .75) or the level of depressive symptoms (Β = 2.43; SE = 2.51; P = .33). Conclusions These findings suggest that gender identity can evolve among SGM youths across time and that changes in gender identity are not associated with changes in depressive symptoms. Further longitudinal work should explore gender identity variability and adolescent and adult health.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Gonzales Real
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Maria Inês Rodrigues Lobato
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Stephen T. Russell
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin
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Caba AE, Mallory AB, Simon KA, Renley BM, Rathus T, Watson RJ. Sexual Identity Disclosure and Alcohol Experiences Among LGBTQ+ Adolescents. Behav Med 2024; 50:170-180. [PMID: 37036276 PMCID: PMC10562512 DOI: 10.1080/08964289.2023.2190078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Sexual and gender minority youth (SGMY) report greater alcohol use in comparison to their heterosexual counterparts. Prior research has found that elevated alcohol use among SGMY can be explained by minority stress experiences. Sexual identity outness may be another factor that drives alcohol use among SGMY, given that outness is associated with alcohol use among older sexual and gender minority samples. We examined how patterns of sexual identity outness were associated with lifetime alcohol use, past-30-day alcohol use, and past-30-day heavy episodic drinking. Data were drawn from the LGBTQ National Teen Survey (N = 8884). Participants were SGMY aged 13 to 17 (mean age = 15.59) years living in the US. Latent class analysis was used to identify sexual identity outness patterns. Multinomial regressions were used to examine the probability of class membership by alcohol use. Six outness classes were identified: out to all but teachers (n = 1033), out to siblings and peers (n = 1808), out to siblings and LGBTQ+ peers (n = 1707), out to LGBTQ+ peers (n = 1376), mostly not out (n = 1653), and very much not out (n = 1307). SGMY in classes characterized by greater outness to peers, friends, and family had greater odds of lifetime alcohol use compared with SGMY in classes characterized by lower outness. These findings suggest that SGMY with greater sexual identity outness may be a target for alcohol use prevention programming. Differences in sexual identity outness may be explained by minority stress factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia E. Caba
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, 348 Mansfield Road, U-1058, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Allen B. Mallory
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Campbell Hall 151H, 1787 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Kay A. Simon
- Department of Family Social Science, University of Minnesota, 1985 Buford Ave, St Paul, MN 55108
| | - Benton M. Renley
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, 348 Mansfield Road, U-1058, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Taylor Rathus
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, 348 Mansfield Road, U-1058, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Ryan J. Watson
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, 348 Mansfield Road, U-1058, Storrs, CT 06269
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McCauley PS, Del Farno AJ, Caba AE, Renley BM, Shuler S, Eaton LA, Watson RJ. Stress of being outed to parents, LGBTQ family support, and depressive symptoms among sexual and gender diverse youth. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2024; 34:205-221. [PMID: 38282552 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Limited scholarship has explored how a lack of agency in identity disclosure (being "outed") to parents is associated with mental health experiences of sexual and gender diverse youth (SGDY). With a national sample of SGDY (N = 9272; 66.8% White non-Hispanic) aged 13-17 (Mage = 15.63, SD = 1.24), this study first compared social position differences between SGDY who were outed to their parents compared to those not outed, and second, investigated how the stress from being outed to parents was associated with LGBTQ family support and depressive symptoms. Results revealed that SGDY who were outed to their parents reported higher levels of depressive symptoms and lower amounts of LGBTQ family support than SGDY who were not outed to their parents. In addition, greater stress from being outed to parents was indirectly associated with higher depressive symptoms through lower LGBTQ family support. These relationships significantly varied across gender identity. Findings highlight the importance of instilling greater agency in disclosure experiences among SGDY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S McCauley
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alexander J Del Farno
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Antonia E Caba
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Benton M Renley
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Shaylynne Shuler
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lisa A Eaton
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ryan J Watson
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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Harada K, Masumoto K, Okada S. Leisure-time management and subjective well-being among older adults: A three-wave longitudinal survey. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 117:105263. [PMID: 37952421 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.105263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
AIM As older adults have longer leisure time and the types and influences of leisure activities they participate in are diverse, appropriate management of their leisure time would be important to optimize their subjective well-being. Although greater use of time management in educational and occupational settings is associated with better job performance, academic achievement, and the well-being of workers and students, few studies have investigated time management in leisure settings. This study aimed to examine the longitudinal association between leisure-time management and subjective well-being among older adults. METHODS Data on 879 individuals in Nada Ward, Kobe, Japan were obtained from a three-wave questionnaire-based longitudinal survey (Wave 1: December 2017 to January 2018; Wave 2: after one year; Wave 3: after three years). In each survey, leisure-time management (newly developed in this study) and subjective well-being (simplified Japanese version of the World Health Organization Five Well-Being Index) were measured. This study used a cross-lagged model to analyze the longitudinal association between leisure-time management and subjective well-being after considering their inverse association. RESULTS The cross-lagged model indicated that that the standardized path coefficients from leisure-time management in Wave 1 to subjective well-being in Wave 2 (0.13, p<0.001) and from leisure-time management in Wave 2 to subjective well-being in Wave 3 (0.06, p=0.042) were positive and significant. CONCLUSIONS This study found that leisure-time management is a determinant of subjective well-being among older adults. This finding indicates that the management of leisure time elevates one's subjective well-being among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Harada
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University; Advanced Research Center for Well-being, Kobe University; Institute for Advanced Research, Kobe University.
| | - Kouhei Masumoto
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University; Advanced Research Center for Well-being, Kobe University
| | - Shuichi Okada
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University; Hyogo Study Center, The Open University of Japan
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Baams L, Kaufman TML. Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity/Expression in Adolescent Research: Two Decades in Review. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2023; 60:1004-1019. [PMID: 37307300 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2023.2219245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is a long history of research among adolescents who are minoritized and marginalized for their sexual orientation and gender identity/expression (SOGIE). However, it remains unclear how we can best conceptualize and assess SOGIE in adolescence, resulting in different subpopulations and findings across studies. Addressing this issue, we present a narrative literature review of the conceptualization and assessment of SOGIE, and provide recommendations for conceptualizing and operationalizing these concepts. Our review indicated that most research with adolescent populations still almost exclusively assesses isolated dimensions of sexuality and gender (e.g., attraction but not identity). We argue that to make research inclusive and equitable, scholars are required to make clear substantiated decisions and be transparent about the SOGIE dimensions and, thus, subpopulations they represent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Baams
- Department of Pedagogy and Educational Sciences, University of Groningen
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Fish JN, Russell ST. The paradox of progress for sexual and gender diverse youth. Curr Opin Psychol 2022; 48:101498. [PMID: 36401907 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this essay, we explore diversity in sexual and gender identities, with a focus on implications of the current politicized moment for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or questioning youth. As youth come out at younger ages, their personal identity development collides with the adolescence period characterized by peer influence, stigma, and possible victimization. We consider the changing and diverse experiences of coming out in adolescence for sexual and gender diverse youth. The current social and political moment offers possibilities for new identities, yet anti-LGBTQ + legislative and policy actions have crucial implications for health and wellbeing for youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N Fish
- Department of Family Science, University of Maryland, 4200 Valley Drive, Suite 2242, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Stephen T Russell
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 E Dean Keeton St, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Kiekens WJ, Kaufman TML, Baams L. Sexual and Gender Identity-Based Microaggressions: Differences by Sexual and Gender Identity, and Sex Assigned at Birth Among Dutch Youth. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP21293-NP21319. [PMID: 34866474 PMCID: PMC7613687 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211056729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Research describes several sexual and gender identity-based microaggressions that sexual and gender minority (SGM) people might experience. We aimed to examine the occurrence of different sexual and gender identity-based microaggressions among SGM youth and to identify differences by sexual and gender identity, and sex assigned at birth. Open-ended questions about daily experiences were coded for 16 types of sexual and gender identity-based microaggressions in two daily diary studies among Dutch SGM youth (Study 1: N = 90, M age = 17.64 SD = 1.78; Study 2: N = 393, M age = 18.36 SD = 2.65). Several types of microaggressions were identified, and there was sizable variability in the reported frequency. Overall, lesbian women and bisexual youth were less likely to report microaggressions than gay youth. Bisexual youth were less likely to report use of heterosexist or transphobic terminology than gay youth and youth assigned male at birth were less likely to report invalidation of LGBTQ identity than youth assigned female at birth. Last, gender minority youth were more likely to report familial microaggressions, invalidation of LGBTQ identity, and threatening behaviors than cisgender youth. Overall, this study provides empirical support using mixed qualitative and quantitative methods for theorized typologies of microaggressions among Dutch SGM youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter J. Kiekens
- Department of Sociology/Interuniversity
Center for Social Science Theory and Methodology (ICS), University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa M. L. Kaufman
- Department of Sociology/Interuniversity
Center for Social Science Theory and Methodology (ICS), University of Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Education and Pedagogy, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Baams
- Department of Pedagogy and Educational
Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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Ropero-Padilla C, Rodríguez-Valbuena C, Rodriguez-Arrastia M, Ruiz-Fernández MD, Roman P, Sanchez-Labraca N. Exploring the microaggression experiences of LGBTQ+ community for a culturally safe care: A descriptive qualitative study. NURSE EDUCATION TODAY 2022; 115:105423. [PMID: 35661578 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2022.105423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microaggressions, stigma and minority stress still occur among sexual and gender minorities on an individual, interpersonal, and structural level. Cultural immersion may therefore be an effective strategy in order to find potential healthcare approaches and foster more comprehensive, critical, intersectional, and inclusive care practices. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop insight into the experiences of LGBTQ+ community members to obtain in-depth perceptions of microaggressions and an understanding of their healthcare needs to provide a culturally safe and sensitive care. DESIGN A qualitative descriptive study was conducted between September to November 2021. SETTINGS This study was conducted at the University of Almeria with LGBTQ+ community members. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-one LGBTQ+ individual participated in this study, aged between 18 and 56 years old. METHODS Participants were recruited using a purposive sampling. Responses from semi-structured interviews were studied using a thematic analysis. Methods and findings are reported in line with Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research recommendations. RESULTS Three themes emerged from the qualitative analysis: (i) experiences to understand the impact of a heteronormative society, (ii) perceptions of engaging with health education and promotion, and (iii) healthcare access, use and experiences within the LGTBQ+ community. CONCLUSIONS This study yields findings about the difficulties that LGBTQ+ community members face in the healthcare system in order to ensure equal care for vulnerable communities and integrate a culturally safe care approach into nursing practice. Certain microaffirmation strategies against social determinants of health such as school-based nursing strategies can help to raise awareness and knowledge among heterosexual peers and reduce cultural invisibility, microaggressions, stigma and minority stress. In order to provide culturally safe care, educators might also explore the inclusion of gender and sexual minority care content in both in-faculty education and ongoing continuing education for nurse practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ropero-Padilla
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Pre-Department of Nursing, Jaume I University, Castello de la Plana, Spain.
| | - Cristian Rodríguez-Valbuena
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing Science, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain.
| | - Miguel Rodriguez-Arrastia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Pre-Department of Nursing, Jaume I University, Castello de la Plana, Spain.
| | - María Dolores Ruiz-Fernández
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing Science, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain; Health Research Centre, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain; Research Group CTS-451 Health Sciences, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain.
| | - Pablo Roman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing Science, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain; Health Research Centre, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain; Research Group CTS-451 Health Sciences, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain.
| | - Nuria Sanchez-Labraca
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing Science, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain; Health Research Centre, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain.
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Caba AE, Mallory AB, Simon KA, Rathus T, Watson RJ. Complex Outness Patterns Among Sexual Minority Youth: A Latent Class Analysis. J Youth Adolesc 2022; 51:746-765. [PMID: 35150376 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-022-01580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prior scholarship has documented health-relevant consequences of sexual minority youth (SMY) sexual identity disclosure (i.e., "outness"), yet most of the extant work focuses on one social context at a time and/or measures outness as dichotomous: out or not out. However, SMY are out in some contexts (e.g., family, friends) and not in others, and to varying degrees (e.g., to some friends, but not to all). Using a national sample of 8884 SMY ages 13-17 (45% cisgender female, 67% White, 38% gay/lesbian and 34% bisexual, and 36% from the U.S. South), this study used latent class analysis to identify complex patterns of outness among SMY, as well differences in class membership by demographics, depression, family rejection, and bullying. The results indicated six distinct classes: out to all but teachers (n = 1033), out to siblings and peers (n = 1808), out to siblings and LGBTQ peers (n = 1707), out to LGBTQ peers (n = 1376), mostly not out (n = 1653), and very much not out (n = 1307). The findings reveal significant differences in class membership by age, sexual identity, gender identity, race and ethnicity, geography, and well-being outcomes. Moreover, these findings underscore the complex role of outness across social contexts in shaping health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia E Caba
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, 348 Mansfield Road, U-1058, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
| | - Allen B Mallory
- College of Education & Human Ecology Department of Human Sciences Program of Human Development & Family Sciences Campbell Hall 130C, 1787 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kay A Simon
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, 348 Mansfield Road, U-1058, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Taylor Rathus
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, 348 Mansfield Road, U-1058, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Ryan J Watson
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, 348 Mansfield Road, U-1058, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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