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Barden EP, Mattson RE, Mastroleo N, Balderrama-Durbin C. The impact of emotion regulation and dyadic coping within posttraumatic stress symptoms and risky drinking patterns on relationship distress among trauma-exposed individuals. J Trauma Stress 2024. [PMID: 38803095 DOI: 10.1002/jts.23057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Individuals with posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) often consume alcohol to manage PTSS-related discomfort, which can negatively impact individual and interpersonal functioning. Processes including emotion regulation and dyadic coping may influence the effects of PTSS and drinking patterns on relationship functioning. The present study examined how PTSS and risky drinking may function through the associations between maladaptive individual and interpersonal coping strategies and relationship distress among trauma-exposed individuals. Participants were 237 adults in a romantic relationship who endorsed lifetime trauma exposure and alcohol consumption within the past year and completed an online battery of self-report measures. Path analyses showed mixed support for the hypothesized theoretical causal model. PTSS was associated with maladaptive emotion regulation, β = .537, p = .010, and negative dyadic coping, β = .264, p = .009, whereas risky drinking was only related to negative dyadic coping, β = .193, p = .024. Negative dyadic coping was significant in the pathways between PTSS and relationship distress, β = .021, p = .009, and risky drinking and relationship distress, β = .030, p = .014. Exploratory analyses based on trauma type did not significantly change the overall model; however, a direct path suggested PTSS may have a stronger negative impact on relationship distress among individuals who experienced assault trauma (e.g., physical or sexual assault), β = .340, p = .012. Findings highlight the interrelations among intra- and interpersonal regulation and provide clinical targets of maladaptive emotion regulation and dyadic coping strategies for individuals with PTSS and harmful drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen P Barden
- Behavioral Science Division, National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard E Mattson
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Nadine Mastroleo
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
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Nehme A, Moussa S, Fekih-Romdhane F, Yakın E, Hallit S, Obeid S, Haddad G. Expressive suppression moderates the relationship between PTSD from COVID-19 and somatization and validation of the Arabic version of Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0293081. [PMID: 38271356 PMCID: PMC10810523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lebanese adults have been crippled for years by several crises, including the lately COVID-19 pandemic. These massive civilian traumas have increased the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in this population. Extensive literature pointed to the association between PTSD and somatization; however, the nature of this relationship remains unknown. We sought to contribute further to work in this area by testing the moderating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between COVID-19- related PTSD and somatization. As a secondary objective, we aimed to examine the psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the somatization measure Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) in terms of factorial validity and internal consistency before its use in the present study. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted between September and October 2021. A total of 403 Lebanese adults residing in Lebanon were recruited. Eligible participants received an online link to the survey. The Patient Health Questionnaire-15 was used to assess somatization, PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version for PTSD and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for emotion regulation. RESULTS The results of the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed a three-factor solution explaining 48.79% of the common variance. Confirmatory Factor Analysis results of the three-factor model obtained in the EFA indicated a good fit with a significant CFI of 0.98, TLI 0.98 and a GFI of .97, a RMSEA of .04 [90% CI .01, .06]. Higher PTSD symptoms were associated with somatization. In addition, we found that one specific ER component, i.e. expressive suppression, significantly moderated the relationship between PTSD from the COVID pandemic and somatization. In particular, the interaction PTSD from the COVID-19 pandemic by expressive suppression was significantly associated with somatization; at low, medium and high levels of expressive suppression, higher PTSD from the COVID-19 pandemic was significantly associated with higher somatization scores. As for our secondary objective, findings revealed that the Arabic version of the PHQ-15 exhibited good psychometric properties. In particular, the scale yielded a three-factor structure, and good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.87). CONCLUSION The moderating role of expressive suppression on the link between PTSD and somatization presents a novel finding in the field of trauma. Additionally, making a psychometrically sound Arabic version of the PHQ-15 available is a valuable addition to the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Nehme
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Sara Moussa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Balamand, Koura, Lebanon
| | - Feten Fekih-Romdhane
- The Tunisian Center of Early Intervention in Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry “Ibn Omrane”, Razi Hospital, Manouba, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ecem Yakın
- Centre d’Études et de Recherches en Psychopathologie et Psychologie de la Santé, Université de Toulouse-Jean Jaurès, UT2J, Toulouse, France
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Social and Education Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
| | - Georges Haddad
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
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The association between posttraumatic disorder symptoms and addictive behaviours in Macao within a sample of female Filipino migrant workers: a network analysis. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2023; 14:2178764. [PMID: 37052088 PMCID: PMC9987736 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2178764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Filipino migrant workers in Macao are vulnerable to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and addictive behaviours due to trauma histories, postmigration stressors, and access to alcohol and gambling venues. While PTSD addiction comorbidity is well-established in the existing literature, such research among migrant workers is lacking.Objective: The current study investigated differential relations between PTSD symptoms and addictive behaviours in a polytrauma exposed sample of Filipino domestic workers in Macao (SAR), China.Methods: Data were collected from 1375 Filipino migrant workers; data from a subsample of 1200 participants who reported an index traumatic event and PTSD symptoms were used in the analyses. Participants responded to the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, gambling disorder symptoms checklist from DSM-5, and The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. We estimated a regularized partial correlation network structure of PTSD symptoms and addictive behaviours employing graphical LASSO and extended Bayesian information criterion.Results: PTSD symptoms of arousal and negative emotions had bridge connections with gambling disorder symptoms; while PTSD symptoms of arousal, restricted affect, negative emotions, and emotional reactivity had bridge connections with alcohol misuse.Conclusions: PTSD's arousal and negative emotion symptoms were common in the networks of PTSD and addictive behaviours, while PTSD's restricted affect and emotional reactivity symptoms were unique to the network of PTSD and alcohol misuse. Treatment of the comorbidity of PTSD and addictive behaviours may yield optimal effects when tailored to these symptoms.
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Leonard SJ, McGrew SJ, Lebeaut A, Vujanovic AA. PTSD Symptom Severity and Alcohol Use among Firefighters: The Role of Emotion Regulation Difficulties. J Dual Diagn 2023; 19:209-220. [PMID: 37802496 DOI: 10.1080/15504263.2023.2260324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Heightened rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and alcohol use have been documented among firefighters. Emotion regulation difficulties (ERD) are clinically relevant to both PTSD and alcohol use. Few studies have examined the role of ERD in the association of PTSD symptoms with alcohol use severity and alcohol use motives among firefighters. Thus, the present investigation examined the indirect effect of PTSD symptom severity on alcohol use severity and alcohol use motives through ERD. METHODS The sample was comprised of 685 firefighters (Mage = 38.65, SD = 8.57, 93.6% male) recruited from an urban fire department in the southern U.S. to complete an online survey. Indirect effects were calculated using 10,000 bootstrapped samples. Effects were examined after accounting for years of fire service, occupational stress, trauma load (i.e., number of traumatic event types experienced); in models evaluating alcohol use motives as outcomes, other alcohol use motives (i.e., alternate motives subscales) were included as additional covariates. RESULTS First, ERD explained the association of PTSD symptom severity with alcohol use coping motives (β = .01, SE = .003, 95% CI [.004-.01]). Furthermore, ERD did not significantly account for the association of PTSD symptom severity with alcohol use severity (β = .02, SE = .01, 95% CI [-.004-.04]), alcohol use enhancement motives (β = -.003, SE = .002, 95%CI [-.007-.000]), alcohol use social motives (β = .004, SE = .002, 95% CI [-.000-.01]), or alcohol use conformity motives (β = -.002, SE = .002, 95% CI [-.006-.02]). CONCLUSIONS Results demonstrated that, among firefighters, PTSD symptom severity is positively related to alcohol use coping motives through heightened ERD. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shelby J McGrew
- University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
- Trauma and Stress Studies Center, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | | | - Anka A Vujanovic
- University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
- Trauma and Stress Studies Center, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Vancampfort D, De Soir E, van Winkel R, Louw QA, McKeon G, Rosenbaum S, Seedat S, Pelayo Ramos-Sanchez C. Physical activity, sedentary behaviour and mental health outcomes in firefighters: A cross-sectional study. JOURNAL OF WORKPLACE BEHAVIORAL HEALTH 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/15555240.2023.2191203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Davy Vancampfort
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- University Psychiatric Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik De Soir
- De Weg Wijzer, Center for Trauma and Griefcounseling, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Ruud van Winkel
- Department of Neurosciences, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Quinette Abegail Louw
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Physiotherapy Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South-Africa
| | - Grace McKeon
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Simon Rosenbaum
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South-Africa
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Maladaptive cognitions and emotion regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder. NEUROPSYCHIATRIE : KLINIK, DIAGNOSTIK, THERAPIE UND REHABILITATION : ORGAN DER GESELLSCHAFT OSTERREICHISCHER NERVENARZTE UND PSYCHIATER 2023:10.1007/s40211-022-00453-w. [PMID: 36692809 PMCID: PMC9872076 DOI: 10.1007/s40211-022-00453-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study investigated the interactions between emotion regulation strategies and cognitive distortions in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We also examined differences in emotion regulation and cognitive distortions across the trauma spectrum. METHODS The study was conducted in France between December 2019 and August 2020 and was approved by the university ethics committee. We recruited 180 participants aged over 18, with 3 groups of 60 each: (1) patients diagnosed with PTSD, (2) trauma-exposed without PTSD, (3) no history of trauma. Exclusion criteria were a history of neurological or mental disorders, psychoactive substance abuse, and a history of physical injury that could affect outcomes. All participants completed the Life Events Checklist‑5 (LEC-5), Post-traumatic Check List‑5 (PCL-5), Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), and Cognitive Distortions scale for Adults (EDC-A). Correlation analysis was performed to observe the relationship between PTSD severity and cognitive functioning. Correlations between cognitive distortions and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies were calculated for the PTSD group. A moderation analysis of the whole sample was conducted to examine the relationship between cognitive distortions, emotion regulation strategies, and PTSD. RESULTS Participants with PTSD scored significantly higher on the PCL‑5 and for dissociation than the other groups. PCL‑5 scores were positively correlated with maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and acceptance. They were also correlated with positive and negative dichotomous reasoning and negative minimization. Analysis of the PTSD group revealed correlations between maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and negative cognitive distortions. The moderation analysis revealed the cognitive distortions explaining the relationship between emotion regulation strategies and trauma exposure overall, and how they exacerbate emotional problems in PTSD. CONCLUSION The study provides indications for management of PTSD patients. Inclusion of an intermediate group of individuals exposed to trauma without PTSD revealed differences in the observed alterations. It would be interesting to extend the cross-sectional observation design to study traumatic events that may cause a specific type of disorder.
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Hallihan H, Bing-Canar H, Paltell K, Berenz EC. Negative urgency, PTSD symptoms, and alcohol risk in college students. Addict Behav Rep 2023; 17:100480. [PMID: 36698484 PMCID: PMC9868323 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2023.100480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Theoretical models of trauma and alcohol use suggest that trauma-exposed individuals with higher levels of PTSD symptoms are at increased risk of problematic and coping-oriented alcohol use to alleviate unwanted internal states. The goal of the current study was to evaluate whether these associations are enhanced among young adults who report engaging in impulsive behavior in the context of negative affect (i.e., high negative urgency). It was hypothesized that (a) higher negative urgency would be associated with problematic alcohol use; and that (b) negative urgency would moderate the association between PTSD symptoms and problematic alcohol use. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional, secondary data analysis design run on 213 participants: college students, ages 18-25, who endorsed both having an interpersonal traumatic event and current weekly alcohol use. Participants completed a series of assessments and self-report questionnaires. Results: Results of hierarchical linear regression models indicated that greater negative urgency was significantly associated with greater negative alcohol-related consequences and greater coping motives for alcohol, but not past 30-day binge frequency or past 30-day alcohol quantity. Negative urgency did not moderate associations between PTSD symptoms and alcohol outcomes. Conclusions: PTSD symptoms and negative urgency are uniquely associated with indices of alcohol risk in college students with a history of trauma exposure. However, individuals high in negative urgency are not necessarily consuming more alcohol, nor does negative urgency increase the association between PTSD symptoms and drinking outcomes in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagar Hallihan
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA
| | - Hanaan Bing-Canar
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katherine Paltell
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erin C. Berenz
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Corresponding author at: Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street (M/C 285), Chicago, IL 60607-7137, USA.
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McGrew SJ, Raines AM, Walker RL, Leonard SJ, Vujanovic AA. Posttraumatic Stress, Alcohol Use, and Alcohol Use Motives among Non-Hispanic Black/African American College Students: The Role of Emotion Regulation. J Dual Diagn 2023; 19:3-15. [PMID: 36583682 PMCID: PMC10337772 DOI: 10.1080/15504263.2022.2160037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The associations between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity, alcohol use, and alcohol use motives are well-established. Emotion regulation difficulties have been implicated in the association between PTSD symptoms and alcohol use. A dearth of empirical work, however, has examined these associations among Black/African American college students, a population with high prevalence of exposure to potentially traumatic events, PTSD symptomatology, and alcohol-related consequences. METHODS This study examined PTSD symptoms, emotion regulation difficulties, and alcohol use severity and motives among a sample of Black/African American trauma-exposed college students (N = 282; 77.4% identified as female; M age = 22.36, SD = 4.71). RESULTS PTSD symptom severity was related to alcohol use and coping and conformity motives for alcohol use through heightened emotion regulation difficulties. Findings were significant above and beyond the effects of trauma load (i.e., number of potentially traumatic event types experienced). CONCLUSIONS This study extends past work to an understudied population and contributes to groundwork for culturally informed interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda M. Raines
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Healthcare System and Louisiana State University School of Medicine
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Ouhmad N, Deperrois R, Combalbert N, El Hage W. The Role of Anxiety and Depression in the Emotion Regulation Strategies of People Suffering from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 157:143-159. [PMID: 36796009 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2022.2134279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers have explored the links between cognitive emotion regulation, impaired cognitive functioning, and anxiety-depression, including the link to anxiety and depression levels. However, very few studies have examined these dimensions in clinical populations with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A sample of 183 participants was divided into three groups: 59 trauma-exposed with PTSD, 61 trauma-exposed without PTSD, and 63 non-trauma-exposed non-PTSD (controls). All participants were assessed on the following dimensions: PTSD (PCL-5), cognitive emotion regulation (CERQ), anxiety and depression (HADS). Results indicate a specific profile of emotion regulation associated with PTSD. Compared to other groups, participants with PTSD showed more difficulty managing their emotions, with more rumination, self-blame, and catastrophizing. Moreover, these difficulties were also correlated with levels of anxiety and depression, that is, participants with PTSD who had higher anxiety and depression scores used more maladaptive strategies. The PTSD group used significantly more maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies than the other groups, with distinct profiles related to anxiety and depressive symptomatology.
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Rodriguez L, Read JP. Trauma cue-elicited emotional response profiles influence acute experiences of alcohol urge. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2022; 77:101772. [PMID: 36113909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Affective responses to trauma cues in individuals with posttraumatic stress (PTS) can evoke a desire to drink and may shed light on novel mechanisms of PTS-drinking. The present study aimed to (1) identify and characterize patterns of acute emotional responses (ER) to trauma cues and (2) examine how these patterns influence drinking urge. METHODS University students (N = 304; Mage = 19; 52.3% female) completed a structured clinical interview to confirm trauma history and PTS. At an experimental session one week later, participants completed a series of three trauma cue exposures. Affect and drinking urge were measured at baseline, after each cue exposure, and at experiment's end. RESULTS Latent profile analysis of ER yielded a five-profile solution: (1) Nonresponders (2) Low Responders (3) Moderate Responders (4) Resilient Responders and (5) High Responders. Profiles differed by trait neuroticism, PTS, and emotion dysregulation, with High Responders as the most severe group. In latent growth curve models, profiles significantly predicted alcohol urge trajectories in a graded pattern. High Responders, with the greatest affective intensity, showed the strongest urge. Duration of affect was also implicated with Resilient Responders, who had similar intensity but faster overall affective recovery time compared to High Responders, demonstrating lower mean levels of urge. LIMITATIONS External validity is limited. CONCLUSIONS Individual differences in ER to trauma cues are important for understanding alcohol urge. Findings can inform integrative treatments for PTS-drinking by targeting ER to shorten affective recovery to trauma reminders and reduce the need for alcohol use as a regulation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Rodriguez
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, USA; 386 Park Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14260-4110, USA.
| | - Jennifer P Read
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, USA; 231 Park Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14260-4110, USA.
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Benuto LT, Yang Y, Bennett N, Lancaster C. Distress Tolerance and Emotion Regulation as Potential Mediators Between Secondary Traumatic Stress and Maladaptive Coping. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP11557-NP11581. [PMID: 33076751 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520967136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The extant literature has illustrated that protective service workers experience negative repercussions associated with their job (including the development of secondary traumatic stress; STS) and may utilize maladaptive coping mechanisms. Developing an improved understanding of factors that might explain the relationship between STS and the utilization of maladaptive coping mechanisms is warranted. This study sought to examine emotion regulation and distress tolerance as potential mediators between STS and the utilization of maladaptive coping mechanisms. Participants were 152 elder protective service workers and 105 child protective service workers who completed an online survey of self-report measures of emotion regulation, distress tolerance, STS, and coping behaviors. A parallel multiple mediator model was analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the hypothesis that distress tolerance and emotion regulation would mediate the relationship between STS and the utilization of maladaptive coping. Our hypothesis was partially supported as the effect of STS on maladaptive coping was mediated by emotion regulation but not by distress tolerance. The results from this study have both prevention and intervention implications. From a prevention perspective, efforts could be directed at teaching emotion regulation skills to those at risk for developing STS as a mechanism for decreasing the probability of denial, substance use, behavioral disengagement, and self-blame that may occur as a consequence of STS. From an intervention perspective, some of the negative sequelae of exposure to STS may be averted by teaching EPS and CPS workers who present with STS symptoms, emotion regulation skills.
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Pettus C, Renn T, Tripodi S, Tamburri S. Study protocol paper for the multisite randomized controlled trial of comprehensive trauma informed reentry services for moderate to high-risk young males releasing from state prisons. Contemp Clin Trials 2022; 117:106766. [PMID: 35470103 PMCID: PMC9641644 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2022.106766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nearly half of the individuals who release from state prisons each year are under the age of 35; 89% are men. These young men are highly likely to be re-incarcerated. Research suggests untreated trauma symptoms contribute to high rates of incarceration and re-incarceration. As trauma symptomatology can increase during reentry, implementing trauma treatment during this time is critical. The current study fills an important gap by implementing an evidence-driven trauma intervention with young, incarcerated men and extending treatment post-release in the community. METHODS This study evaluates the impact of the Resiliency in Stressful Experiences (RISE) program for 18-35-year-old incarcerated males releasing to participating counties. RISE is a multi-phased comprehensive trauma-based reentry program designed according to the transitional nature of reentry. The researchers will assess the influence of RISE on post-release housing and employment stability and recidivism and identify key mechanisms of change. Participants (n = 400) are randomly assigned 1:1 to RISE or a Treatment as Usual control group. DISCUSSION This study will provide critical information about how trauma-informed reentry programming impacts traditional reentry outcomes (e.g., recidivism, housing, employment) and identify key mechanisms of action (e.g., reduced impulsivity and aggression). Coping with trauma symptomatology is a largely untapped area of scientific inquiry for criminal justice-involved populations, despite the significant role trauma plays in individuals' lives. Results advance identification of critical components of trauma-informed reentry interventions for moderate- to high-risk young men. This study provides critical data to support policymakers and corrections professionals eager for innovative approaches to improve post-release outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Pettus
- Institute for Justice Research and Development, College of Social Work, Florida State University, 2010 Levy Avenue, Research Building B, Suite 3400, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States of America.
| | - Tanya Renn
- Institute for Justice Research and Development, College of Social Work, Florida State University, 2010 Levy Avenue, Research Building B, Suite 3400, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States of America.
| | - Stephen Tripodi
- Institute for Justice Research and Development, College of Social Work, Florida State University, 2010 Levy Avenue, Research Building B, Suite 3400, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States of America.
| | - Sarah Tamburri
- Institute for Justice Research and Development, College of Social Work, Florida State University, 2010 Levy Avenue, Research Building B, Suite 3400, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States of America.
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An Association Between Psychological Childbirth Trauma and Hazardous Alcohol Use. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00784-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Hazardous alcohol use is increasing amongst some groups of women, yet little is known about the underlying reasons or gender-specific influences. The purpose of this study was to explore the association between psychological childbirth trauma and women’s hazardous alcohol use. We aimed to identify predictors of hazardous alcohol use given childbirth-related trauma, other life trauma (combat, natural disasters, physical or sexual assault, experiences threatening loss of life or loss of loved ones) and coping motives for drinking, whilst controlling for age, socio-economic status, negative affect and other drinking motives (enhancement and social motives). Australian data from the Why Women Drink survey (N = 301) was analysed. Women who experienced childbirth as traumatic scored higher overall for hazardous drinking and endorsed coping reasons more strongly than those who did not. Analyses of individual differences affecting hazardous drinking revealed coping reasons, rather than trauma itself, as the strongest predictor in a regression model. Other significant predictors included socio-economic status, enhancement of positive emotions and, marginally, negative affect. Findings identified a link between traumatic childbirth and hazardous drinking as a coping strategy. Prospective research is required to characterise predisposing and perpetuating vulnerabilities determining maladaptive coping after traumatic childbirth, and to inform effective interventions.
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McGlinchey E, Ross J, Murphy D, Shorter GW, Armour C. Disentangling the Symptom-Level Nuances in Comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Problematic Alcohol Use in Northern Irish Military Veterans: A Network Analysis. J Trauma Stress 2022; 35:32-41. [PMID: 33743187 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use are highly prevalent among military veteran populations. Several theories have been proposed to account for the comorbidity between PTSD and problematic alcohol use, but research examining the symptom-level associations between the two is limited. The current study used network analysis to examine the associations between PTSD and problematic alcohol use. Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey of veterans of the United Kingdom Armed Forces living in Northern Ireland. The sample comprised 511 (91.2% male) veterans with a history of trauma exposure and current alcohol use. A network consisting of PTSD symptoms from the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) and items from the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was constructed, and the bridge centrality of all items was estimated to identify items with the highest number of associations and the strongest associations between the two constructs. The PTSD symptom "reckless behavior" (2.43) had the highest bridge centrality values and thus the strongest connections and most connections to the alcohol use items. For the alcohol use items, "not being able to stop drinking" (2.31) and "number of drinks" (1.24) demonstrated the strongest bridge connections to the PTSD items. These results highlight the role of specific PTSD symptoms involved in the interaction between PTSD and problematic alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily McGlinchey
- Research Centre for Stress Trauma and Related Conditions (STARC), School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Jana Ross
- Research Centre for Stress Trauma and Related Conditions (STARC), School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Murphy
- Research Department, Combat Stress, Leatherhead, United Kingdom.,King's Centre for Military Health Research, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian W Shorter
- Research Centre for Stress Trauma and Related Conditions (STARC), School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Cherie Armour
- Research Centre for Stress Trauma and Related Conditions (STARC), School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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15
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Trauma and Emotion Regulation: Associations with Depressive Symptoms and Cocaine Use among Treatment-seeking Adults. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00713-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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16
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Nester MS, Brand BL, Schielke HJ, Kumar S. An examination of the relations between emotion dysregulation, dissociation, and self-injury among dissociative disorder patients. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2022; 13:2031592. [PMID: 35145611 PMCID: PMC8823688 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2022.2031592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dissociative disorder (DD) patients report high rates of self-injury. Previous studies have found dissociation and self-injury to be related to emotional distress. To the best of our knowledge, however, the link between emotion dysregulation and self-injury has not yet been examined within a DD population. OBJECTIVE The present study investigated relations between emotion dysregulation, dissociation, and self-injury in DD patients, and explored patterns of emotion dysregulation difficulties among DD patients with and without recent histories of self-injury. METHOD We utilized linear and logistic regressions and t-test statistical methods to examine data from 235 patient-clinician dyads enrolled in the TOP DD Network Study. RESULTS Analyses revealed emotion dysregulation was associated with heightened dissociative symptoms and greater endorsement of self-injury in the past six months. Further, patients with a history of self-injury in the past six months reported more severe emotion dysregulation and dissociation than those without recent self-injury. As a group, DD patients reported the greatest difficulty engaging in goal-directed activities when distressed, followed by lack of emotional awareness and nonacceptance of emotional experiences. DD patients demonstrated similar patterns of emotion dysregulation difficulties irrespective of recent self-injury status. CONCLUSIONS Results support recommendations to strengthen emotion regulation skills as a means to decrease symptoms of dissociation and self-injury in DD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shae Nester
- Department of Psychology, Towson University, Towson, MD, USA
| | - Bethany L Brand
- Department of Psychology, Towson University, Towson, MD, USA
| | - Hugo J Schielke
- Traumatic Stress Injury & Concurrent Program, Homewood Health Centre, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaina Kumar
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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17
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Christ NM, Byllesby BM, Elhai JD. The Effect of Cognitive-Affective Factors on PTSD and Alcohol Use Symptoms: An Investigation on Rumination, Suppression, and Reappraisal. Subst Use Misuse 2022; 57:2053-2062. [PMID: 36305851 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2022.2129997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are mental health conditions that often co-occur. The complexity of this comorbidity is well-documented, though the role of malleable cognitive-affective factors in PTSD/AUD warrants further study. Specifically, attaining a more comprehensive understanding of the role of malleable cognitive-affective factors in individuals with symptoms of PTSD/AUD may have important implications for future research, such as in treatment-seeking individuals. Extant examinations of cognitive-affective factors have demonstrated unique associations of cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, and rumination in PTSD symptom severity, though these effects had yet to be explored in subgroups of comorbid PTSD/AUD.Methods: In a sample of trauma-exposed individuals (n = 334) recruited to participate through an internet labor market, we first empirically examined latent subgroups of PTSD/AUD symptoms using latent profile analysis, then included expressive suppression, cognitive reappraisal, and four dimensions in the model to elucidate their role in specific profile patterns of PTSD/AUD symptom typologies.Results: Our results support a four-class model of PTSD/AUD symptoms, with unique predictive effects of expressive suppression, problem-focused thoughts, repetitive thoughts, and anticipatory thoughts on latent profile status.Conclusions: These findings may have important implications for future research focused on examining cognitive-affective patterns as they apply to intervention techniques in treatment-seeking individuals with symptoms of PTSD/AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Christ
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Brianna M Byllesby
- Department of Psychology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
| | - Jon D Elhai
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
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18
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Weiss NH, Kiefer R, Goncharenko S, Raudales AM, Forkus SR, Schick MR, Contractor AA. Emotion regulation and substance use: A meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 230:109131. [PMID: 34864568 PMCID: PMC8714680 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There has been exponential growth in research on emotion regulation and substance use in the past decade. The current meta-analysis evaluated variability in the magnitude of the relation between aspects of emotion regulation and substance use. A search of PsycINFO, Embase, PubMed, CINAHL Plus, and PILOTS in December 2020 resulted in 6642 initial studies, of which 95 met inclusion criteria (association between emotion regulation and substance use was reported, participants were > 18 years old, article was in English). A total of 445 effects were obtained (N = 156,025 participants; weighted Mage = 29.31; 59.5% female; 66.1% White; 76.6% non-clinical). Emotion regulation and substance use were significantly related (r = 0.19; p < 0.001; 95%CI [0.17, 0.20]). Emotion regulation abilities were generally more strongly related to substance use than emotion regulation strategies; this pattern was stronger for behavioral vs. cognitive abilities and extended to both negative and positive emotions. Relations were stronger for older and clinical samples; mixed effects were found for sex and no conclusive effects were found for race. Despite limitations of the existing literature (e.g., cross-sectional, self-reports), results indicated that the magnitude of the relation between emotion regulation and substance use varied considerably as a function of emotion regulation and substance use constructs and sample characteristics.
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19
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Witte TH, Weymouth BB, Gajos JM, Penunuri A, Levy S. Trauma Exposure and Problem Drinking in Late Adolescence: A Latent Profile Analysis. J Trauma Stress 2020; 33:1048-1059. [PMID: 33038904 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to early traumatic events has been implicated in problem drinking during late adolescence, and this association may be stronger among youth with emotion regulation deficits. The purpose of this study was to identify subgroups of late adolescents based on trauma type, including loss, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms; and emotion regulation deficits that confer the risk for problematic drinking behaviors. A sample of 946 participants (M age = 18.84 years, SD = 1.06) was analyzed with mixed-indicator latent profile analysis to identify subgroups and explore whether these subgroups displayed significant differences regarding elevated drinking frequency, alcohol quantity, and problematic alcohol use. A four-profile model yielded the best fit to the data, and four groups were identified and labeled "high functioning" (29.4%), "loss regulated" (32.3%), "loss dysregulated" (28.1%), and "multiple trauma dysregulated" (10.1%). Individuals in the high functioning group reported the lowest rates on all three measures of alcohol misuse (14.6-24.9%), whereas those in the multiple trauma dysregulated group reported the highest rates on all three measures (31.6-71.5%). Individuals in the multiple trauma dysregulated group (M = 0.25) differed significantly from those in the other three groups (Ms = 0.42-0.72) on the measure of problematic alcohol use but scored similarly to those in the loss dysregulated group on measures of drinking frequency (M = 0.32 and 0.24, respectively) and quantity (M = 0.43 and 0.39, respectively). These findings have implications for prevention programs targeted for alcohol use disorders among older adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia H Witte
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Bridget B Weymouth
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Jamie M Gajos
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Andrew Penunuri
- Department of Management, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Sera Levy
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
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20
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Taylor BJ, Bowman MA, Brindle A, Hasler BP, Roecklein KA, Krafty RT, Matthews KA, Hall MH. Evening chronotype, alcohol use disorder severity, and emotion regulation in college students. Chronobiol Int 2020; 37:1725-1735. [PMID: 32791860 PMCID: PMC10080672 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1800028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The evening chronotype is strongly associated with greater alcohol use, though mechanisms underlying this association are not well understood. The current study evaluated emotion regulation as a potential mechanism linking evening chronotype and alcohol use. Participants were 81 undergraduate students. Chronotype was assessed using the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM). Alcohol use disorder severity was assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). Participants recorded daily sleep patterns using an online diary for seven days. Participants then completed a standardized laboratory emotion regulation task. Self-reported affect, high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV), and pre-ejection period (PEP) were measured throughout the task. Sleep duration on non-free days (defined as days when sleep was restricted by morning obligations such as work or school) was evaluated as a moderator. Thirty-one evening chronotypes (CSM scores ≤ 26) were compared to 50 non-evening chronotypes (CSM scores >26). Evening chronotypes reported significantly greater symptoms of alcohol use disorder (F = 4.399, p = .039). In the full sample, emotion regulation was successful for altering affective but not autonomic reactivity to emotional stimuli. There were no chronotype differences in self-reported affect, HF-HRV, or PEP during the emotion regulation task. Longer sleep duration on non-free days was associated with increased HF-HRV during negative emotion regulation among non-evening chronotypes. Moderated mediation revealed that emotion regulation did not mediate the association between evening chronotype and alcohol use, irrespective of sleep duration on non-free days. This study is consistent with the literature on chronotype and substance use, demonstrating that undergraduate evening chronotypes endorse greater severity of alcohol use disorder. Given that emotion regulation did not successfully alter autonomic reactivity to emotional stimuli, emotion regulation as a potential mechanism linking chronotype and alcohol use remains inconclusive. Longer sleep duration appears to be protective for non-evening chronotypes in terms of parasympathetic control during the regulation of negative emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana J Taylor
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Psychiatric Research, Maine Medical Center , Portland, Maine, USA
| | - Marissa A Bowman
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alicia Brindle
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brant P Hasler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathryn A Roecklein
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert T Krafty
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karen A Matthews
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Martica H Hall
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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21
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Fitzgerald JM, Belleau EL, Miskovich TA, Pedersen WS, Larson CL. Multi-voxel pattern analysis of amygdala functional connectivity at rest predicts variability in posttraumatic stress severity. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01707. [PMID: 32525273 PMCID: PMC7428479 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) studies demonstrate that individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) exhibit atypical functional connectivity (FC) between the amygdala, involved in the generation of emotion, and regions responsible for emotional appraisal (e.g., insula, orbitofrontal cortex [OFC]) and regulation (prefrontal cortex [PFC], anterior cingulate cortex). Consequently, atypical amygdala FC within an emotional processing and regulation network may be a defining feature of PTSD, although altered FC does not seem constrained to one brain region. Instead, altered amygdala FC involves a large, distributed brain network in those with PTSD. The present study used a machine-learning data-driven approach, multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA), to predict PTSD severity based on whole-brain patterns of amygdala FC. METHODS Trauma-exposed adults (N = 90) completed the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version to assess symptoms and a 5-min rsfMRI. Whole-brain FC values to bilateral amygdala were extracted and used in a relevance vector regression analysis with a leave-one-out approach for cross-validation with permutation testing (1,000) to obtain significance values. RESULTS Results demonstrated that amygdala FC predicted PCL-C scores with statistically significant accuracy (r = .46, p = .001; mean sum of squares = 130.46, p = .001; R2 = 0.21, p = .001). Prediction was based on whole-brain amygdala FC, although regions that informed prediction (top 10%) included the OFC, amygdala, and dorsolateral PFC. CONCLUSION Findings demonstrate the utility of MVPA based on amygdala FC to predict individual severity of PTSD symptoms and that amygdala FC within a fear acquisition and regulation network contributed to accurate prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily L Belleau
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Walker S Pedersen
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Christine L Larson
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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22
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Danielson CK, Adams Z, McCart MR, Chapman JE, Sheidow AJ, Walker J, Smalling A, de Arellano MA. Safety and Efficacy of Exposure-Based Risk Reduction Through Family Therapy for Co-occurring Substance Use Problems and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Among Adolescents: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2020; 77:574-586. [PMID: 32022827 PMCID: PMC7042939 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.4803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE No empirically supported treatments have been evaluated to address co-occurring substance use problems (SUP) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among adolescents in an integrative fashion. This lack is partially owing to untested clinical lore suggesting that delivery of exposure-based PTSD treatments to youth with SUP might be iatrogenic. OBJECTIVE To determine whether an exposure-based, integrative intervention for adolescents with SUP and PTSD symptoms-risk reduction through family therapy (RRFT)-resulted in improved outcomes relative to a treatment-as-usual (TAU) control condition consisting primarily of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This randomized clinical trial enrolled 124 participants who were recruited from November 1, 2012, through January 30, 2017. Adolescents (aged 13-18 years) who engaged in nontobacco substance use at least once during the past 90 days, experienced at least 1 interpersonal traumatic event, and reported 5 or more PTSD symptoms were enrolled. Blinded assessments were collected at baseline and at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months after baseline. Recruitment and treatment took place in community-based child advocacy centers in the Southeastern United States. Data were analyzed from August 2 through October 4, 2018, and were based on intention to treat. INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomized to receive RRFT (n = 61) or TAU (n = 63). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Primary outcomes focused on number of nontobacco substance-using days measured with the timeline follow-back method and PTSD symptom severity using the UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) PTSD Reaction Index for DSM-IV completed by adolescents and caregivers. Secondary outcomes focused on marijuana, alcohol, and polysubstance use and PTSD criterion standard (re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal) symptom severity. RESULTS In all, 124 adolescents (mean [SD] age, 15.4 [1.3] years; 108 female [87.1%]) were randomized. For primary outcomes relative to TAU, RRFT yielded significantly greater reductions in substance-using days from baseline to month 12 (event rate [ER], 0.28; 95% CI, 0.12-0.65) and month 18 (ER, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.04-0.24). Significant reductions in PTSD symptoms were observed within groups for RRFT from baseline to months 3 (β = -9.25; 95% CI, -12.95 to -5.55), 6 (β = -16.63; 95% CI = -20.40 to -12.87), 12 (β = -17.51; 95% CI, -21.62 to -13.40), and 18 (β = -19.02; 95% CI, -23.07 to -14.96) and for TAU from baseline to months 3 (β = -9.62; 95% CI, -13.16 to -6.08), 6 (β = -13.73; 95% CI, -17.43 to -10.03), 12 (β = -15.53; 95% CI, -19.52 to -11.55), and 18 (β = -13.88; 95% CI, -17.69 to -10.09); however, between-group differences were not observed. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, RRFT and TAU demonstrated within-group improvements in SUP and PTSD symptoms, with greater improvement for substance use and PTSD avoidance and hyperarousal symptoms among adolescents randomized to RRFT compared with TAU. No evidence of the worsening of SUP was observed in either condition. These results suggest that this exposure-based treatment is safe, feasibly delivered by community-based clinicians, and offers an effective approach to inform clinical practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01751035.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Kmett Danielson
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, National Crime Victims Research & Treatment Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Zachary Adams
- Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | | | | | | | - Jesse Walker
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, National Crime Victims Research & Treatment Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Anna Smalling
- Dee Norton Child Advocacy Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Michael A. de Arellano
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, National Crime Victims Research & Treatment Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
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23
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Wojciechowski T. Binge Drinking in Adolescence and Early Adulthood: The Salience of PTSD and PTSD-Linked Strain Sensitivity from a Developmental Perspective. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:1575-1583. [PMID: 32253958 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1744658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been identified by past research as a risk factor for substance use. Further, past research has indicated that individuals with PTSD may demonstrate an increased sensitivity to strain. Despite this, no study has examined the relevance of these processes for understanding binge drinking behaviors from a developmental perspective. Purpose/Objectives: Understand the relevance of PTSD-linked strain sensitivity for predicting binge drinking in adolescence and adulthood. Methods: This study utilizes data from the Pathways to Desistance study, comprising the responses of 1354 juvenile offenders across seven years following an adjudication. A series of ordinal logistic regression models estimated these effects in adolescence and early adulthood. Results: Results indicate that adolescent PTSD interacted with witnessed violence to produce lower frequency binge drinking. This effect was non-significant in early adulthood. Conclusions/Importance: These findings indicate that adolescent PTSD-sufferers demonstrate diminished sensitivity to witnessed violence. This may have to do with adolescence social processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wojciechowski
- School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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24
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Nishith P, Mueser KT, Morse GA. Alcohol expectancies in persons with severe mental illness and posttraumatic stress disorder. COGENT MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2019.1635805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Nishith
- Places for People: A human Approach to Mental Health+Healing, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kim T. Mueser
- Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gary A. Morse
- Places for People: A human Approach to Mental Health+Healing, St. Louis, MO, USA
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25
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Evren C, Umut G, Bozkurt M, Evren B. Relationship of PTSD With impulsivity Dimensions While Controlling the Effect of Anxiety and Depression in a Sample of Inpatients With Alcohol Use Disorder. J Dual Diagn 2018; 14:40-49. [PMID: 29166213 DOI: 10.1080/15504263.2017.1404665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with impulsivity dimensions while controlling the effect of anxiety and depression in a sample of inpatients with alcohol use disorder (AUD). METHODS Participants were 190 male patients admitted to a specialized center for substance use disorders within a six month period. Participants were evaluated with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Short Form Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11-SF), the Traumatic Experiences Checklist, and PTSD Checklist-Civilian version. RESULTS Age was lower in the group with PTSD (n = 63, 33.2%) than the group without PTSD (n = 127, 66.8%). Duration of education, marital, and employment status did not differ between the groups. STAI, BDI, and BIS-11-SF scores were higher in the group with PTSD. Trait anxiety, depression, and impulsivity predicted high PTSD risk in a logistic regression model. Same variables predicted the severity of PTSD symptoms in a linear regression. Among dimensions of impulsivity attentional component was the only predictor of PTSD symptoms severity, not motor or nonplanning impulsivity. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the PTSD may be related to impulsivity, particularly attentional impulsivity, even after controlling anxiety and depression among inpatients with AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuneyt Evren
- a Research, Treatment and Training Center for Alcohol and Substance Dependence (AMATEM) , Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Gokhan Umut
- a Research, Treatment and Training Center for Alcohol and Substance Dependence (AMATEM) , Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Muge Bozkurt
- a Research, Treatment and Training Center for Alcohol and Substance Dependence (AMATEM) , Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Bilge Evren
- b Department of Psychiatry , Baltalimani State Hospital for Muskuloskeletal Disorders , Istanbul , Turkey
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26
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Childhood maltreatment severity and alcohol use in adult psychiatric inpatients: The mediating role of emotion regulation difficulties. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2017; 48:42-50. [PMID: 28917394 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emotion regulation difficulties are a potentially key mechanism underlying the association between childhood maltreatment and alcohol use in adulthood. The current study examined the mediating role of emotion regulation difficulties in the association between childhood maltreatment severity (i.e., Childhood Trauma Questionnaire total score) and past-month alcohol use severity, including alcohol consumption frequency and alcohol-related problems (i.e., number of days of alcohol problems, ratings of "bother" caused by alcohol problems, ratings of treatment importance for alcohol problems). METHOD Participants included 111 acute-care psychiatric inpatients (45.0% female; Mage=33.5, SD=10.6), who reported at least one DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder Criterion A traumatic event, indexed via the Life Events Checklist for DSM-5. Participants completed questionnaires regarding childhood maltreatment, emotion regulation difficulties, and alcohol use. RESULTS A significant indirect effect of childhood maltreatment severity via emotion regulation difficulties in relation to alcohol use severity (β=0.07, SE=0.04, 99% CI [0.01, 0.21]) was documented. Specifically, significant indirect effects were found for childhood maltreatment severity via emotion regulation difficulties in relation to alcohol problems (β's between 0.05 and 0.12; all 99% bootstrapped CIs with 10,000 resamples did not include 0) but not alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION Emotion regulation difficulties may play a significant role in the association between childhood maltreatment severity and alcohol outcomes. Clinical implications are discussed.
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27
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Miller MB, Van Reen E, Barker DH, Roane BM, Borsari B, McGeary JE, Seifer R, Carskadon MA. The impact of sleep and psychiatric symptoms on alcohol consequences among young adults. Addict Behav 2017; 66:138-144. [PMID: 27940388 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Independent lines of research have documented links between psychiatric symptoms and poor sleep quality, psychiatric symptoms and alcohol use, and alcohol use and poor sleep quality. The current study examined the synergistic effect of poor sleep quality and psychiatric symptoms on alcohol-related consequences in heavy-drinking young adults. METHOD Matriculating college students reporting at least one heavy drinking episode over the first nine weeks of the semester (N=385, 52% female) were categorized as experiencing 'good' (n=280) versus 'poor' sleep quality (n=105) and screening 'positive' (n=203) or 'negative' (n=182) for a psychiatric disorder. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; psychiatric diagnosis was assessed using the Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire; and alcohol-related consequences were assessed using the Brief Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire. General linear models were used to examine the main effects and interaction between sleep quality and psychiatric symptoms on alcohol-related consequences. RESULTS Sleep quality moderated the association between psychiatric screen and alcohol-related consequences among heavy-drinking college students, such that psychiatric symptoms were associated with more alcohol-related consequences in the context of poor sleep quality. CONCLUSIONS The combination of poor sleep quality and psychiatric symptoms is associated with increased alcohol-related consequences among heavy-drinking college students. Given the significant interaction between these symptoms, healthcare providers are encouraged to screen for the presence of sleep and psychiatric disorders among heavy-drinking young adults and to provide empirically-supported treatments as appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Miller
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-S121-4, Providence, RI 02912, United States.
| | - Eliza Van Reen
- Sleep for Science Research Lab, Brown University, 300 Duncan Drive, Providence, RI 02906, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 1 Hoppin Street, Coro West Suite 204, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - David H Barker
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 1 Hoppin Street, Coro West Suite 204, Providence, RI 02903, United States; Sleep for Science Research Lab, Brown University, 300 Duncan Drive, Providence, RI 02906, United States
| | - Brandy M Roane
- Sleep for Science Research Lab, Brown University, 300 Duncan Drive, Providence, RI 02906, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 1 Hoppin Street, Coro West Suite 204, Providence, RI 02903, United States; University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States
| | - Brian Borsari
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, United States
| | - John E McGeary
- Providence VA Medical Center, 830 Chalkstone Ave, Providence, RI 02908, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 1 Hoppin Street, Coro West Suite 204, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Ronald Seifer
- Sleep for Science Research Lab, Brown University, 300 Duncan Drive, Providence, RI 02906, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 1 Hoppin Street, Coro West Suite 204, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Mary A Carskadon
- Sleep for Science Research Lab, Brown University, 300 Duncan Drive, Providence, RI 02906, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 1 Hoppin Street, Coro West Suite 204, Providence, RI 02903, United States; School of Psychology, Social Work, and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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