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Nordenfelt E, Dahlquist E. Presence and Persistence of Australia Antigen in Patients with Liver Disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:167-71. [DOI: 10.3109/inf.1970.2.issue-3.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Berg R, Ringertz O, Espmark A. Australia antigen in hepatitis among Swedish track-finders. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION B: MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 79:423-7. [PMID: 4997134 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1971.tb00083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
Morbidity and mortality from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is primarily caused by hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus, can be prevented. Public health interventions have eliminated transfusion transmission of these viruses and, in endemic countries with effective hepatitis B virus vaccination programs, have greatly reduced incident hepatitis B virus infections (and HCC) in children. Antiviral treatment can eliminate detectable hepatitis C virus in 50%-80% of chronically infected patients, presumably reducing their risk of cancer. HCC survival rates remain universally poor, but early detection and treatment in developed countries has improved survival in selected patients. Despite these advances, worldwide HCC rates remain high, and additional preventive efforts are needed. The most important opportunity is wider distribution of hepatitis B virus vaccine in endemic areas. Development of an HCV vaccine, improved antiviral therapies, and better methods for HCC detection would also help decrease morbidity and mortality from HCC. HCC prevention efforts provide a paradigm for preventive oncology in cancers of viral etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R O'Brien
- Viral Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA.
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Abstract
The hepatitis A virus (HAV), a picornavirus, is a common cause of hepatitis worldwide. Spread of infection is generally person to person or by oral intake after fecal contamination of skin or mucous membranes; less commonly, there is fecal contamination of food or water. Hepatitis A is endemic in developing countries, and most residents are exposed in childhood. In contrast, the adult population in developed countries demonstrates falling rates of exposure with improvements in hygiene and sanitation. The export of food that cannot be sterilized, from countries of high endemicity to areas with low rates of infection, is a potentially important source of infection. After ingestion and uptake from the gastrointestinal tract, the virus replicates in the liver and is excreted into the bile. Cellular immune responses to the virus lead to destruction of infected hepatocytes with consequent development of symptoms and signs of disease. Humoral immune responses are the basis for diagnostic serologic assays. Acute HAV infection is clinically indistinguishable from other causes of acute viral hepatitis. In young children the disease is often asymptomatic, whereas in older children and adults there may be a range of clinical manifestations from mild, anicteric infection to fulminant hepatic failure. Clinical variants include prolonged, relapsing, and cholestatic forms. Management of the acute illness is supportive, and complete recovery without sequelae is the usual outcome. Research efforts during World War II led to the development of passive immunoprophylaxis. Pooled immune serum globulin is efficacious in the prevention and attenuation of disease in exposed individuals. More recently, active immunoprophylaxis by vaccination has been accomplished. Future eradication of this disease can now be contemplated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Cuthbert
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390-9151, USA.
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Candeias JAN. Produção de interferon ou substância semelhante em culturas EB3 inoculadas com soros humanos contendo antígeno Austrália. Rev Saude Publica 1975. [DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89101975000300014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Culturas de células EB3, quando inoculadas com soros humanos contendo antígeno Austrália, produzem interferon ou substância semelhante em títulos significativamente mais elevados do que as culturas controle, não inoculadas. As culturas de células EB3 inoculadas com soros humanos negativos para o antígeno Austrália comportam-se de modo idêntico às culturas controle, no que respeita aos títulos de interferon, ou substância semelhante. Sugere-se a possibilidade daquele efeito poder servir de indicador de uma possível interação entre as células EB3 e o antígeno Austrália.
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Zuckerman AJ. Laboratory Hazards of Viral Hepatitis. Proc R Soc Med 1973. [DOI: 10.1177/003591577306600829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A J Zuckerman
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WCIE 7HT
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Wells JV, Fundenberg HH. Australia antigen (hepatitis-associated antigen). AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 1972; 2:278-91. [PMID: 4404473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1972.tb03076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Mason EC, Shaw AE, Harding MJ, Witney KJ. High-voltage immunoelectroosmophoresis in Australia antigen screening of blood donors. Med J Aust 1972; 1:1020-3. [PMID: 5056298 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1972.tb108064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
Seventy-five sera collected from leprosy patients in England were tested for Australia antigen and antibody. Australia antigen was detected in only two patients with lepromatous leprosy and in one patient with borderline pure leprosy. Antibody to Australia antigen was found in one patient with lepromatous leprosy. These findings differ from previous reports and it is suggested that the frequency of Australia antigen in lepromatous leprosy is a function of the incidence of this antigen in the general population rather than increased genetic susceptibility to chronic infection.
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Malin SF, Edwards JR. Detection of hepatitis associated antigen by latex agglutination. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1972; 235:182. [PMID: 4621874 DOI: 10.1038/newbio235182a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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11
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Berg PA. [Hepatitis-associated antigen: clinical and immunological significance]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1972; 50:125-38. [PMID: 4335527 DOI: 10.1007/bf01486937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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12
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Waterson AP. Host-virus relationships with special reference to Newcastle disease and serum hepatitis. J Clin Pathol 1972. [DOI: 10.1136/jcp.25.suppl_6.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Zuckerman AJ. Australia antigen, an antigen associated with viral hepatitis. ERGEBNISSE DER INNEREN MEDIZIN UND KINDERHEILKUNDE 1972; 33:113-35. [PMID: 4648034 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-65420-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Zuckerman AJ, Baines PM, Almeida JD. Australia antigen as a marker of propagation of the serum hepatitis virus in liver cultures. Nature 1972; 236:78-81. [PMID: 4623141 PMCID: PMC7086489 DOI: 10.1038/236078a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
ATTEMPTS to isolate the human hepatitis viruses in tissue culture have resulted in a collection of “hepatitis-candidate” viruses, none of which has since been shown to be the causal agent of human hepatitis1. The discovery of Australia antigen provided a specific serological marker of infection with or carriage of the serum hepatitis virus, although the nature of the antigen remains unsettled2.
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Blumberg BS, Sutnick AI, London WT, Millman I. Australia antigen and hepatitis: a comprehensive review. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES 1971; 2:473-528. [PMID: 5001823 DOI: 10.3109/10408367109151315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Prentice CR, Izatt MM, Adams JF, McNicol GP, Douglas AS. Amyloidosis associated with the nephrotic syndrome and transfusion reactions in a haemophiliac. Br J Haematol 1971; 21:305-11. [PMID: 5315138 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1971.tb03442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Brighton WD, Taylor PE, Zuckerman AJ. Changes induced by hepatitis serum in cultured liver cells. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1971; 232:57-8. [PMID: 4105293 DOI: 10.1038/newbio232057a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Dardanoni L, Pagliaro L, Spanò C. Complement fixation test in the study of Australia antigen. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1971; 34:51-63. [PMID: 4329438 DOI: 10.1007/bf01250245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Zuckerman AJ. Australia Antigen in Liver Disease [ Abridged]. Proc R Soc Med 1971. [DOI: 10.1177/003591577106400316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A J Zuckerman
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT
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Józwiak W, Koscielak J, Madaliński K, Brzosko WJ, Nowoslawski A, Kloczewiak M. RNA of Australia antigen. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1971; 229:92-4. [PMID: 4995667 DOI: 10.1038/newbio229092a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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25
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Wallace J. Viral hepatitis. Scott Med J 1970; 15:311-4. [PMID: 4319130 DOI: 10.1177/003693307001500901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Leski M, Grivaux C, Courouce-Pauty AM. Australia antigen in hemodialysis and renal transplantation units. Vox Sang 1970; 19:359-68. [PMID: 4993789 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1970.tb01540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Farrow LJ, Holborow EJ, Johnson GD, Lamb SG, Stewart JS, Taylor PE, Zuckerman AJ. Autoantibodies and the hepatitis-associated antigen in acute infective hepatitis. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1970; 2:693-5. [PMID: 4988025 PMCID: PMC1700624 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.5711.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In 39 unselected patients with acute infective hepatitis diagnosed on clinical, epidemiological, and pathological findings, smooth muscle (S.M.) antibody was found in 87% and hepatitis-associated antigen in 33%. The incidence of S.M. antibody was highest during the first month after the onset of symptoms, and the antibody was preponderantly IgM at this stage.S.M. antibody and hepatitis-associated antigen occurred independently, and unlike hepatitis-associated antigen, which was strongly associated with possible parenteral exposure to infection, the incidence of S.M. antibody was not related to the presumed mode of exposure. It is concluded that production of S.M. antibody is more directly related to liver cell damage than to the presence of hepatitis-associated antigen in the serum.
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Zuckerman AJ, Taylor PE, Almeida JD. Presence of particles other than the Australia-SH antigen in a case of chronic active hepatitis with cirrhosis. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1970; 1:262-4. [PMID: 4313591 PMCID: PMC1699390 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5691.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Examination of serum specimens from a patient with chronic active hepatitis proved negative to the Australia-SH antigen by immunodiffusion and by complement fixation. Because the sera were anticomplementary they were examined with the electron microscope, and virus-like structures similar to members of the coronavirus group were identified. The possible significance of this finding in human serum and its relation to mouse hepatitis virus are discussed.A sample of the serum pool containing the MS-1 agent was found negative when examined by immunodiffusion, complement fixation, and electron microscopy. The possible lack of immunological identity between infectious and serum hepatitis is discussed.
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Le Bouvier GL, McCollum RW. Australia (hepatitis-associated) antigen: physicochemical and immunological characteristics. Adv Virus Res 1970; 16:357-96. [PMID: 4993220 PMCID: PMC7131679 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This chapter discusses the discovery, characterization, immunology, and etiological significance of “Australia antigen (Au),” a new antigenic specificity appearing in the serum of patients with serum hepatitis, and carried on characteristic lipoprotein particles. In addition to its original name, given before its relationship to viral hepatitis became known, the antigen has also been given the designations, including Au(1) , SH antigen, Au/SH antigen, hepatitis antigen, and hepatitis-associated antigen (HAA). The synthesis of Au antigen, and its appearance in the serum, is specifically associated with infection by the causal agent of the SH type of viral hepatitis. The chapter discusses properties of the antigen, and of the particles which carry the Au specificity. It also discusses various serological techniques for Au antigen, such as two-dimensional double immunodiffusion (ID), complement fixation (CF), immunofluorescence (IF), reversed passive hemagglutination (RPHA) of antibody-coated red cells, immune electron microscopy (IEM), immunoelectroosmophoresis (IEOP), and radioimmunoassay (RIA).
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Timbury MC. Some recent developments in virology. Scott Med J 1969; 14:389-94. [PMID: 4901940 DOI: 10.1177/003693306901401105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Soulier JP. [Antigens and antibodies of viral hepatitis. The Australia antigen]. REVUE FRANCAISE DE TRANSFUSION 1969; 12:303-17. [PMID: 4244571 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-2977(69)80037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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