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Determination of protein-bound α-amanitin in mouse plasma: A potential new indicator of poisoning with the mushroom toxin α-amanitin. Toxicon 2023; 226:107067. [PMID: 36871921 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 70%∼90% of mushroom poisoning deaths are caused by the class of mushroom toxins known as amatoxins. However, the rapid elimination of amatoxins from plasma within 48 h after mushroom ingestion limits the practical value of plasma amatoxin analysis as a diagnostic indicator of Amanita mushroom poisoning. To increase the positive detection rate and extend the detection window of amatoxin poisoning, we developed a new method to detect protein-bound α-amanitin based on the hypothesis that RNAP II-bound α-amanitin released from the tissue into the plasma could be degraded by trypsin hydrolysis and then detected by conventional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC‒MS). Toxicokinetic studies on mice intraperitoneally injected with 0.33 mg/kg α-amanitin were conducted to obtain and compare the concentration trends, detection rates, and detection windows of both free α-amanitin and protein-bound α-amanitin. By comparing detection results with and without trypsin hydrolysis in the liver and plasma of α-amanitin-poisoned mice, we verified the credibility of this method and the existence of protein-bound α-amanitin in plasma. Under the optimized trypsin hydrolysis conditions, we obtained a time-dependent trend of protein-bound α-amanitin in mouse plasma at 1-12 days postexposure. In contrast to the short detection window (0-4 h) of free α-amanitin in mouse plasma, the detection window of protein-bound α-amanitin was extended to 10 days postexposure, with a total detection rate of 53.33%, ranging from the limit of detection to 23.94 μg/L. In conclusion, protein-bound α-amanitin had a higher positive detection rate and a longer detection window than free α-amanitin in mice.
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Ku H, Park G, Goo J, Lee J, Park TL, Shim H, Kim JH, Cho WK, Jeong C. Effects of Transcription-Dependent Physical Perturbations on the Chromosome Dynamics in Living Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:822026. [PMID: 35874812 PMCID: PMC9302598 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.822026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies with single-particle tracking in live cells have revealed that chromatin dynamics are directly affected by transcription. However, how transcription alters the chromatin movements followed by changes in the physical properties of chromatin has not been elucidated. Here, we measured diffusion characteristics of chromatin by targeting telomeric DNA repeats with CRISPR-labeling. We found that transcription inhibitors that directly block transcription factors globally increased the movements of chromatin, while the other inhibitor that blocks transcription by DNA intercalating showed an opposite effect. We hypothesized that the increased mobility of chromatin by transcription inhibition and the decreased chromatin movement by a DNA intercalating inhibitor is due to alterations in chromatin rigidity. We also tested how volume confinement of nuclear space affects chromatin movements. We observed decreased chromatin movements under osmotic pressure and with overexpressed chromatin architectural proteins that compact chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeyeong Ku
- Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gunhee Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Goo
- Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeongmin Lee
- Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Lim Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hwanyong Shim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Kim
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Oral Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jeong Hee Kim, ; Won-Ki Cho, ; Cherlhyun Jeong,
| | - Won-Ki Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jeong Hee Kim, ; Won-Ki Cho, ; Cherlhyun Jeong,
| | - Cherlhyun Jeong
- Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jeong Hee Kim, ; Won-Ki Cho, ; Cherlhyun Jeong,
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Wu Z, Li H, Zhang Y, Ding C, Zhao W, Dai J, Yu C, Yao Q, Zheng F, Fan J, Sun C. Liver transcriptome analyses of acute poisoning and recovery of male ICR mice exposed to the mushroom toxin α-amanitin. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1751-1766. [PMID: 35384471 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 70-90% of mushroom poisoning deaths are caused by α-amanitin-induced liver injury resulting from RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) inhibition. Liver regeneration ability may contribute greatly to individual survival after α-amanitin poisoning. However, it is unclear what cellular pathways are activated to stimulate regeneration. We conducted dose-effect and time-effect studies in mice that were intraperitoneally injected with 0.33-0.66 mg/kg α-amanitin to establish a poisoning model. The liver/body weight ratio, serological indices, and pathology were evaluated to characterize the liver injury. In the time-effect study, the liver transcriptome was analyzed to explore the mRNA changes resulting from RNAP II inhibition and the underlying pathways associated with recovery. Based on the two animal studies, we established a poisoning model with three sequential liver states: early injury, regulation, and recovery. The mRNA changes reflected by the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the transcriptome could be used to illustrate the inhibition of RNAP II by α-amanitin. DEGs at four key time points were well matched with the three liver states, including 8-h downregulated genes in the early injury state, 16-h and 72-h upregulated genes in the regulation state, and 96-h upregulated/downregulated genes in the recovery state. By clustering analysis, the mTOR signaling pathway was screened out as the most promising potential pathway promoting recovery. The results of our investigations of the pathways and events downstream of the mTOR pathway indicated that the activation of mTOR probably contributes crucially to liver regeneration, which could be a promising basis for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Wu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Haijiao Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yizhe Zhang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chunguang Ding
- National Center for Occupational Safety and Health, Beijing, 202300, China
| | - Wenjin Zhao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jing Dai
- National Center for Occupational Safety and Health, Beijing, 202300, China
| | - Chengmin Yu
- The People's Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Chuxiong, 675000, Yunnan, China
| | - Qunmei Yao
- The People's Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Chuxiong, 675000, Yunnan, China
| | - Fenshuang Zheng
- The Emergency Department of the Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, 650021, Yunnan, China
| | - Jingguang Fan
- National Center for Occupational Safety and Health, Beijing, 202300, China.
| | - Chengye Sun
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Beijing, 100050, China.
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He JS, Soo P, Evers M, Parsons KM, Hein N, Hannan KM, Hannan RD, George AJ. High-Content Imaging Approaches to Quantitate Stress-Induced Changes in Nucleolar Morphology. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2019; 16:320-332. [PMID: 30148664 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2018.861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleolus is a dynamic subnuclear compartment that has a number of different functions, but its primary role is to coordinate the production and assembly of ribosomes. For well over 100 years, pathologists have used changes in nucleolar number and size to stage diseases such as cancer. New information about the nucleolus' broader role within the cell is leading to the development of drugs which directly target its structure as therapies for disease. Traditionally, it has been difficult to develop high-throughput image analysis pipelines to measure nucleolar changes due to the broad range of morphologies observed. In this study, we describe a simple high-content image analysis algorithm using Harmony software (PerkinElmer), with a PhenoLOGIC™ machine-learning component, that can measure and classify three different nucleolar morphologies based on nucleolin and fibrillarin staining ("normal," "peri-nucleolar rings" and "dispersed"). We have utilized this algorithm to determine the changes in these classes of nucleolar morphologies over time with drugs known to alter nucleolar structure. This approach could be further adapted to include other parameters required for the identification of new therapies that directly target the nucleolus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Shu He
- 1 ANU Centre for Therapeutic Discovery, The Australian National University , Acton, Australia
| | - Priscilla Soo
- 2 ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University , Acton, Australia
| | - Maurits Evers
- 2 ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University , Acton, Australia
| | - Kate M Parsons
- 1 ANU Centre for Therapeutic Discovery, The Australian National University , Acton, Australia
| | - Nadine Hein
- 2 ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University , Acton, Australia
| | - Katherine M Hannan
- 2 ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University , Acton, Australia .,3 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Australia
| | - Ross D Hannan
- 2 ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University , Acton, Australia .,3 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Australia .,4 Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Australia .,5 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Australia .,6 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University , Clayton, Australia .,7 School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland , St Lucia, Australia
| | - Amee J George
- 1 ANU Centre for Therapeutic Discovery, The Australian National University , Acton, Australia .,2 ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University , Acton, Australia .,7 School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland , St Lucia, Australia .,8 Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Australia
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5
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Mancarella A, Procopio FA, Achsel T, De Crignis E, Foley BT, Corradin G, Bagni C, Pantaleo G, Graziosi C. Detection of antisense protein (ASP) RNA transcripts in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). J Gen Virol 2019; 100:863-876. [PMID: 30896385 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of antisense RNA is hampered by reverse transcription (RT) non-specific priming, due to the ability of RNA secondary structures to prime RT in the absence of specific primers. The detection of antisense RNA by conventional RT-PCR does not allow assessment of the polarity of the initial RNA template, causing the amplification of non-specific cDNAs. In this study we have developed a modified protocol for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antisense protein (ASP) RNA. Using this approach, we have identified ASP transcripts in CD4+ T cells isolated from five HIV-infected individuals, either untreated or under suppressive therapy. We show that ASP RNA can be detected in stimulated CD4+ T cells from both groups of patients, but not in unstimulated cells. We also show that in untreated patients, the patterns of expression of ASP and env are very similar, with the levels of ASP RNA being markedly lower than those of env. Treatment of cells from one viraemic patient with α-amanitin greatly reduces the rate of ASP RNA synthesis, suggesting that it is associated with RNA polymerase II, the central enzyme in the transcription of protein-coding genes. Our data represent the first nucleotide sequences obtained in patients for ASP, demonstrating that its transcription indeed occurs in those HIV-1 lineages in which the ASP open reading frame is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Mancarella
- 1Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
| | | | - Tilmann Achsel
- 2Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elisa De Crignis
- 3Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,†Present address: Clinical Trial Office, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Brian T Foley
- 4Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratories, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Claudia Bagni
- 2Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- 1Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
| | - Cecilia Graziosi
- 1Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
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6
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Alwes F, Hinchen B, Extavour CG. Patterns of cell lineage, movement, and migration from germ layer specification to gastrulation in the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis. Dev Biol 2011; 359:110-123. [PMID: 21827744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of specific cell fates throughout embryonic development is one of the core problems in developmental and evolutionary biology. In the amphipod Parhyale hawaiensis all three germ layers and the germ line are determined by the eight-cell stage. Despite this early fate determination, multiple cell types can be replaced following ablation of their founder cells, showing that this embryo also has significant regulative properties. Here we present a cellular-level resolution lineage analysis for P. hawaiensis embryos between fertilization and gastrulation, including analysis of cleavage patterns, division times, and clonal behaviors. We compare these cellular behaviors in wild type embryos with those in embryos where specific founder cells have been ablated, or where zygotic transcription has been inhibited. We observe that when germ line, endoderm or mesoderm founder cells are ablated, the remaining cells do not alter their cleavage or migration behaviors before the onset of gastrulation. In the absence of zygotic transcription, ingression movements proceed normally, but epibolic movements are disrupted. This indicates that the embryo's regulative response to germ layer founder loss, in the form of altered cell behavior, is realized in the ~32h between gastrulation and early germ band elongation, and is likely to require zygotic reprogramming rather than alternative deployment of maternally supplied determinants. Combining these data with the observations of previous studies, we propose a framework to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that regulate the determinative and regulative properties of the P. hawaiensis embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike Alwes
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Billy Hinchen
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 3EJ, England, UK
| | - Cassandra G Extavour
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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7
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Vispé S, DeVries L, Créancier L, Besse J, Bréand S, Hobson DJ, Svejstrup JQ, Annereau JP, Cussac D, Dumontet C, Guilbaud N, Barret JM, Bailly C. Triptolide is an inhibitor of RNA polymerase I and II-dependent transcription leading predominantly to down-regulation of short-lived mRNA. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:2780-90. [PMID: 19808979 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide, a natural product extracted from the Chinese plant Tripterygium wilfordii, possesses antitumor properties. Despite numerous reports showing the proapoptotic capacity and the inhibition of NF-kappaB-mediated transcription by triptolide, the identity of its cellular target is still unknown. To clarify its mechanism of action, we further investigated the effect of triptolide on RNA synthesis in the human non-small cell lung cancer cell line A549. Triptolide inhibited both total RNA and mRNA de novo synthesis, with the primary action being on the latter pool. We used 44K human pan-genomic DNA microarrays and identified the genes primarily affected by a short treatment with triptolide. Among the modulated genes, up to 98% are down-regulated, encompassing a large array of oncogenes including transcription factors and cell cycle regulators. We next observed that triptolide induced a rapid depletion of RPB1, the RNA polymerase II main subunit that is considered a hallmark of a transcription elongation blockage. However, we also show that triptolide does not directly interact with the RNA polymerase II complex nor does it damage DNA. We thus conclude that triptolide is an original pharmacologic inhibitor of RNA polymerase activity, affecting indirectly the transcription machinery, leading to a rapid depletion of short-lived mRNA, including transcription factors, cell cycle regulators such as CDC25A, and the oncogenes MYC and Src. Overall, the data shed light on the effect of triptolide on transcription, along with its novel potential applications in cancers, including acute myeloid leukemia, which is in part driven by the aforementioned oncogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Vispé
- Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Expérimentale, Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, 3 rue des satellites, BP94244, Toulouse Cedex 4, 31432 France.
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8
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Gopalakrishnan AM, Nyindodo LA, Ross Fergus M, López-Estraño C. Plasmodium falciparum: Preinitiation complex occupancy of active and inactive promoters during erythrocytic stage. Exp Parasitol 2008; 121:46-54. [PMID: 18951895 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Over 80% of Plasmodium falciparum genes are developmentally regulated during the parasite's life cycle with most genes expressed in a "just in time" fashion. However, the molecular mechanisms of gene regulation are still poorly understood. Analysis of P. falciparum genome shows that the parasite appears to encode relatively few transcription factors homologous to those in other eukaryotes. We used Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to study interaction of PfTBP and PfTFIIE with stage specific Plasmodium promoters. Our results indicate that PfTBP and PfTFIIE are bound to their cognate sequence in active and inactive erythrocytic-expressed promoters. In addition, TF occupancy appears to extend beyond the promoter regions, since PfTBP interaction with the coding and 3' end regions was also detected. No PfTBP or PfTFIIE interaction was detected on csp and pfs25 genes which are not active during the erythrocytic asexual stage. Furthermore, PfTBP and PfTFIIE binding did not appear to correlate with histone 3 and/or 4 acetylation, suggesting that histone acetylation may not be a prerequisite for PfTBP or PfTFIIE promoter interaction. Based on our observations we concluded that the PfTBP/PfTFIIE-containing preinitiation complex (PIC) would be preassembled on promoters of all erythrocytic-expressed genes in a fashion independent of histone acetylation, providing support for the "poised" model. Contrary to the classical model of eukaryotic gene regulation, PIC interaction with Plasmodium promoters occurred independent of transcriptional activity and to the notion that chromatin acetylation leads to PIC assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha M Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biology, Life Sciences Building, Room 409B, The University of Memphis, 3774 Walker Avenue, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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Hashimoto M, Murakami T, Funahashi K, Tokunaga T, Nihei KI, Okuno T, Kimura T, Naoki H, Himeno H. An RNA polymerase inhibitor, cyclothiazomycin B1, and its isomer. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:8259-70. [PMID: 17010619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Revised: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Novel cyclic thiopeptides, cyclothiazomycins B1 (1) and B2 (2), were isolated from Streptomyces sp. A307 as potent hyphal swelling inducing substances. They are stable in the solid state but slowly isomerize with one another in solution. Degradation experiments and spectroscopic analyses disclosed that they comprise unique tricyclic structures each containing a dehydroalanine, and two dehydrohomoalanine residues, along with three thiazolines, three thiazoles, and a trisubstituted pyridine. Cyclothiazomycin B1 (1) is expected to be a powerful tool for DNA-RNA transcription studies, because this cyclopeptide inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis by bacteriophage RNA polymerases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Hashimoto
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3-Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan.
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10
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Blaser H, Eisenbeiss S, Neumann M, Reichman-Fried M, Thisse B, Thisse C, Raz E. Transition from non-motile behaviour to directed migration during early PGC development in zebrafish. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:4027-38. [PMID: 16129886 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The migration of zebrafish primordial germ cells (PGCs) is directed by SDF-1a and serves as a model for long-range chemokine-guided cell migration. Whereas the development and migration of zebrafish PGCs have been studied in great detail starting at mid-gastrulation stages when the cells exhibit guided active migration [7-8 hours post fertilization (hpf)], earlier stages have not yet been examined. Here we show that the PGCs acquire competence to respond to the chemokine following discrete maturation steps. Using the promoter of the novel gene askopos and RNA elements of nanos1 to drive GFP expression in PGCs, we found that immediately after their specification (about 3 hpf) PGCs exhibit simple cell shape. This stage is followed by a phase at which the cells assume complex morphology yet they neither change their position nor do they respond to SDF-1a. During the third phase, a transition into a ;migratory stage' occurs as PGCs become responsive to directional cues provided by somatic cells secreting the chemokine SDF-1a. This transition depends on zygotic transcription and on the function of the RNA-binding protein Dead end and is correlated with down regulation of the cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin. These distinctive morphological and molecular alterations could represent a general occurrence in similar processes critical for development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Blaser
- Germ Cell Development, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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11
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Arima Y, Hirota T, Bronner C, Mousli M, Fujiwara T, Niwa SI, Ishikawa H, Saya H. Down-regulation of nuclear protein ICBP90 by p53/p21Cip1/WAF1-dependent DNA-damage checkpoint signals contributes to cell cycle arrest at G1/S transition. Genes Cells 2004; 9:131-42. [PMID: 15009091 DOI: 10.1111/j.1356-9597.2004.00710.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoints, which monitor DNA damage and regulate cell cycle progression, ensure genomic integrity and prevent the propagation of transformed cells. DNA damage activates the p53-dependent checkpoint pathway that induces expression of p21Cip1/WAF1, resulting in cell cycle arrest at G1/S transition by inhibition of cdk activity and DNA replication. ICBP90 was identified as a nuclear protein that binds to the TopoII alpha gene promoter and is speculated to be involved in DNA replication. ICBP90 expression is cell cycle regulated in normal cells but stably high throughout cell cycle in various cancer cell lines. We here demonstrate that ICBP90 expression is down-regulated by the p53/p21Cip1/WAF1-dependent DNA damage checkpoint signals. The reduction of ICBP90 appeared to be caused by both transcriptional suppression and protein degradation. Adenoviral expression of p21Cip1/WAF1 directly led to ICBP90 reduction in p53-/- HCT116 cells without DNA damage. Furthermore, ICPB90 depletion by RNA interference significantly blocked G1/S transition after DNA damage in HeLa cells. The down-regulation of ICBP90 is an important mechanism for cell cycle arrest at G1/S transition, which is induced by the activation of a p53/p21Cip1/WAF1-dependent DNA-damage checkpoint. Deregulation of ICBP90 may impair the control of G1/S transition during checkpoint activation and lead to genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Arima
- Department of Tumour Genetics and Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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12
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Trejo SR, Fahl WE, Ratner L. The tax protein of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 mediates the transactivation of the c-sis/platelet-derived growth factor-B promoter through interactions with the zinc finger transcription factors Sp1 and NGFI-A/Egr-1. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:27411-21. [PMID: 9341193 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.43.27411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional up-regulation of the c-sis/platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B) proto-oncogene by the Tax protein of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 has been implicated as one possible mechanism of cellular transformation by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. In previous work, we identified an essential site in the c-sis/PDGF-B promoter, Tax-responsive element 1 (TRE1), necessary for transactivation by Tax. We also identified Sp1, Sp3, and NGFI-A/Egr-1 as the primary nuclear transcription factors binding to TRE1 which mediate Tax responsiveness. In the present work, we have investigated the mechanism(s) whereby Tax transactivates the c-sis/PDGF-B proto-oncogene. In vitro transcription assays showed that Tax was able to significantly increase the transcriptional activity of a template containing the -257 to +74 region of the c-sis/PDGF-B promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay analysis showed that Tax increased the DNA binding activity of both Sp1 and NGFI-A/Egr-1 using a TRE1 probe. Analysis of Tax mutants showed that two mutants, IEXC29S and IEXL320G, were unable to significantly transactivate the c-sis/PDGF-B promoter. Finally, co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that Tax is able to stably bind to both Sp1 and NGFI-A/Egr-1. Interestingly, co-immunoprecipitation analysis also revealed that Tax mutant IEXC29S is unable to interact with NGFI-A/Egr-1, whereas Tax mutant IEXL320G is able to interact with NGFI-A/Egr-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Trejo
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Lenzmeier BA, Nyborg JK. In vitro transcription of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 is RNA polymerase II dependent. J Virol 1997; 71:2577-80. [PMID: 9032404 PMCID: PMC191377 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.3.2577-2580.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The HTLV-1 promoter directs RNA polymerase II transcription of viral genomic RNA in vivo. However, it has been reported that in vitro, a unique RNA polymerase, with characteristics of RNA polymerases II and III, is capable of HTLV-1 transcription (G. Piras, F. Kashanchi, M. F. Radonovich, J. F. Duvall, and J. N. Brady, J. Virol. 68:6170-6179, 1994). To further characterize the polymerase involved in HTLV-1 transcription in vitro, runoff transcription assays were performed with a variety of extracts and RNA polymerase inhibitors. Under all in vitro reaction conditions tested, RNA polymerase II appeared to be the only polymerase capable of correct transcriptional initiation from the HTLV-1 promoter. Synthesis of the specific HTLV-1 RNA transcript showed sensitivities to the RNA polymerase inhibitors tagetitoxin and alpha-amanitin that are consistent with RNA polymerase II transcription. Together, these data indicate that in vitro, as in vivo, the HTLV-1 promoter directs transcription by RNA polymerase II.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Lenzmeier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1870, USA
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14
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Rudd MD, Luse DS. Amanitin greatly reduces the rate of transcription by RNA polymerase II ternary complexes but fails to inhibit some transcript cleavage modes. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:21549-58. [PMID: 8702941 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.35.21549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The toxin alpha-amanitin is frequently employed to completely block RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase II. However, we find that polymerase II ternary transcription complexes stalled by the absence of NTPs resume RNA synthesis when NTPs and amanitin are added. Chain elongation with amanitin can continue for hours at approximately 1% of the normal rate. Amanitin also greatly slows pyrophosphorolysis by elongation-competent complexes. Complexes which are arrested (that is, which have paused in transcription for long periods in the presence of excess NTPs) are essentially incapable of resuming transcription in the presence of alpha-amanitin. Complexes traversing sequences that can provoke arrest are much more likely to stop transcription in the presence of the toxin. The substitution of IMP for GMP at the 3' end of the nascent RNA greatly increases the sensitivity of stalled transcription complexes to amanitin. Neither arrested nor stalled complexes display detectable SII-mediated transcript cleavage following amanitin treatment. However, arrested complexes possess a low level, intrinsic transcript cleavage activity which is completely amanitin-resistant; furthermore, pyrophosphorolytic transcript cleavage in arrested complexes is not affected by amanitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Rudd
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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15
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Chafin DR, Guo H, Price DH. Action of alpha-amanitin during pyrophosphorolysis and elongation by RNA polymerase II. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:19114-9. [PMID: 7642577 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.32.19114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Using defined elongation complexes formed on dC-tailed templates with Drosophila RNA polymerase II, we have examined elongation, pyrophosphorolysis, and DmS-II-mediated transcript cleavage and the inhibitory effect of alpha-amanitin on these processes. Analysis of pyrophosphorolysis on soluble or immobilized and templates confirmed that NTPs are liberated instead of dinucleotides that are released during DmS-II-mediated transcript cleavage. 10 microgram/ml alpha-amanitin completely inhibited DmS-II-mediated transcript cleavage but allowed extended pyrophosphorolysis and nucleotide addition to occur. alpha-Amanitin dramatically decreased the Vmax for nucleotide addition but only slightly affected the Km for nucleotides. Although the processes ae mechanistically distinct, both pyrophosphorolysis and DmS-II-mediated transcript cleavage frequently resulted in similar patterns of shortened transcript. Since polymerase molecules encounter similar kinetic barriers during both processes, it is possible that there is a common step in the reverse movement of the polymerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Chafin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
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16
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Piras G, Kashanchi F, Radonovich MF, Duvall JF, Brady JN. Transcription of the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I promoter by an alpha-amanitin-resistant polymerase. J Virol 1994; 68:6170-9. [PMID: 7521915 PMCID: PMC237036 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.10.6170-6179.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) promoter contains the structural features of a typical RNA polymerase II (pol II) template. The promoter contains a TATA box 30 bp upstream of the transcription initiation site and binding sites for several pol II transcription factors, and long poly(A)+ RNA is synthesized from the integrated HTLV-I proviral DNA in vivo. Consistent with these characteristics, HTLV-I transcription activity was reconstituted in vitro by using TATA-binding protein, TFIIA, recombinant TFIIB, TFIIE, and TFIIF, TFIIH, and pol II. Transcription of the HTLV-I promoter in the reconstituted system requires RNA pol II. In HeLa whole cell extracts, however, the HTLV-I long terminal repeat also contains an overlapping transcription unit (OTU). HTLV-I OTU transcription is initiated at the same nucleotide site as the RNA isolated from the HTLV-I-infected cell line MT-2 but was not inhibited by the presence of alpha-amanitin at concentrations which inhibited the adenovirus major late pol II promoter (6 micrograms/ml). HTLV-I transcription was inhibited when higher concentrations of alpha-amanitin (60 micrograms/ml) were used, in the range of a typical pol III promoter (VA-I). Neutralization and depletion experiments with three distinct pol II antibodies demonstrate that RNA pol II is not required for HTLV-I OTU transcription. Antibodies to basal transcription factors TATA-binding protein and TFIIB, but not TFIIIC, inhibited HTLV-I OTU transcription. These observations suggest that the HTLV-I long terminal repeat contains overlapping promoters, a typical pol II promoter and a unique pol III promoter which requires a distinct set of transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Piras
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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17
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Abstract
Among poisonous mushrooms, a small number may cause serious intoxication and even fatalities in man. Humans may become symptomatic after a mushroom meal for rather different reasons: (1) ingestion of mushrooms containing toxins, (2) large amounts of mushrooms may be hard to digest, (3) immunological reactions to mushroom-derived antigens, (4) ingestion of mushrooms causing ethanol intolerance, and (5) vegetative symptoms may occur whenever a patient realizes that there might be a possibility of ingestion of a toxic mushroom after a mushroom meal. Based on the classes of toxins and their clinical symptoms, seven different types of mushroom poisoning can be distinguished: (1) phalloides, (2) orellanus, (3) gyromitra, (4) muscarine, (5) pantherina, (6) psilocybin, and (7) gastrointestinal mushroom syndrome. Two other entities of adverse reactions to mushrooms are (8) coprinus and (9) paxillus syndrome. Phalloides, orellanus, gyromitra and paxillus syndrome may lead to serious poisoning, which generally requires treatment of the patient in an intensive care unit. Diagnosis of mushroom poisoning is primarily based on anamnestic data, identification of mushrooms from leftovers of the mushroom meal, spore analysis, and/or chemical analysis. Therapeutic strategies include primary detoxification by induced emesis, gastric lavage and activated charcoal, secondary detoxification, symptomatic treatment and rarely specific antidotes. Owing to progressing fulminant hepatic failure, lethality associated with phalloides syndrome is still high (5-20%). Basic treatment includes administration of silibinin and penicillin G, although controlled studies on its therapeutic efficacy are still lacking. In serious phalloides syndrome, orthotopic liver transplantation has to be considered. Fortunately, the prognosis in most other mushroom poisonings is excellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Köppel
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Universitätsklinikum Rudolf Virchow, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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18
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Gu W, Powell W, Mote J, Reines D. Nascent RNA cleavage by arrested RNA polymerase II does not require upstream translocation of the elongation complex on DNA. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)74433-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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19
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Localization of an alpha-amanitin resistance mutation in the gene encoding the largest subunit of mouse RNA polymerase II. Mol Cell Biol 1987. [PMID: 3821724 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.7.2.586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerase II is inhibited by the mushroom toxin alpha-amanitin. A mouse BALB/c 3T3 cell line was selected for resistance to alpha-amanitin and characterized in detail. This cell line, designated A21, was heterozygous, possessing both amanitin-sensitive and -resistant forms of RNA polymerase II; the mutant form was 500 times more resistant to alpha-amanitin than the sensitive form. By using the wild-type mouse RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPII215) gene (J.A. Ahearn, M.S. Bartolomei, M. L. West, and J. L. Corden, submitted for publication) as the probe, RPII215 genes were isolated from an A21 genomic DNA library. The mutant allele was identified by its ability to transfer amanitin resistance in a transfection assay. Genomic reconstructions between mutant and wild-type alleles localized the mutation to a 450-base-pair fragment that included parts of exons 14 and 15. This fragment was sequenced and compared with the wild-type sequence; a single AT-to-GC transition was detected at nucleotide 6819, corresponding to an asparagine-to-aspartate substitution at amino acid 793 of the predicted protein sequence. Knowledge of the position of the A21 mutation should facilitate the study of the mechanism of alpha-amanitin resistance. Furthermore, the A21 gene will be useful for studying the phenotype of site-directed mutations in the RPII215 gene.
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20
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Bartolomei MS, Corden JL. Localization of an alpha-amanitin resistance mutation in the gene encoding the largest subunit of mouse RNA polymerase II. Mol Cell Biol 1987; 7:586-94. [PMID: 3821724 PMCID: PMC365112 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.7.2.586-594.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerase II is inhibited by the mushroom toxin alpha-amanitin. A mouse BALB/c 3T3 cell line was selected for resistance to alpha-amanitin and characterized in detail. This cell line, designated A21, was heterozygous, possessing both amanitin-sensitive and -resistant forms of RNA polymerase II; the mutant form was 500 times more resistant to alpha-amanitin than the sensitive form. By using the wild-type mouse RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPII215) gene (J.A. Ahearn, M.S. Bartolomei, M. L. West, and J. L. Corden, submitted for publication) as the probe, RPII215 genes were isolated from an A21 genomic DNA library. The mutant allele was identified by its ability to transfer amanitin resistance in a transfection assay. Genomic reconstructions between mutant and wild-type alleles localized the mutation to a 450-base-pair fragment that included parts of exons 14 and 15. This fragment was sequenced and compared with the wild-type sequence; a single AT-to-GC transition was detected at nucleotide 6819, corresponding to an asparagine-to-aspartate substitution at amino acid 793 of the predicted protein sequence. Knowledge of the position of the A21 mutation should facilitate the study of the mechanism of alpha-amanitin resistance. Furthermore, the A21 gene will be useful for studying the phenotype of site-directed mutations in the RPII215 gene.
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21
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Santiago C, Collins M, Johnson LF. In vitro and in vivo analysis of the control of dihydrofolate reductase gene transcription in serum-stimulated mouse fibroblasts. J Cell Physiol 1984; 118:79-86. [PMID: 6690454 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041180114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the rate of transcription of the gene for dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) in mouse 3T6 fibroblasts during serum-induced transitions between the resting (G0) and growing states. As a model system, we have used a methotrexate-resistant 3T6 cell line that overproduces DHFR and its mRNA about 300-fold, yet regulates the expression of the DHFR gene in the same manner as normal 3T6 cells. In previous studies, we showed that the rate of production of cytoplasmic DHFR mRNA relative to total mRNA is about 4 times lower in resting than in exponentially growing cells. The rate increases to the growing value by about 15 hr following serum stimulation of the resting cells. This increase appeared to be controlled by regulating the rate of synthesis of DHFR hnRNA. In this study, we analyze the transcription of the DHFR gene in more detail. We use a variety of labeling times and RNA extraction procedures to measure the rate of synthesis of DHFR hnRNA relative to total hnRNA in pulse-labeled cells or in nuclei isolated from cells at various times following serum stimulation. The amount of labeled DHFR RNA is determined by DNA-excess filter hybridization. In all cases, the relative rate of synthesis of DHFR hnRNA increases at the same time, and to the same extent, as the rate of production of DHFR mRNA, suggesting that the increase in DHFR mRNA production is due to a corresponding increase in the rate of transcription of the DHFR gene. The increase in DHFR gene transcription is not blocked by cytosine arabinoside, showing that the increase does not depend on gene duplication. In isolated nuclei, DHFR RNA synthesis is inhibited by alpha-amanitin (1 microgram/ml), indicating that the DHFR gene is transcribed by RNA polymerase II. Others have shown that when stationary phase cells are stimulated to proliferate, the increase in DHFR mRNA content is controlled primarily at the post-transcriptional level. Therefore, it appears that the rate of production of DHFR mRNA is controlled by different biochemical mechanisms when cells are in different physiological states.
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23
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Wells DJ, Stoddard LS, Getz MJ, Moses HL. alpha-Amanitin and 5-fluorouridine inhibition of serum-stimulated DNA synthesis in quiescent AKR-2B mouse embryo cells. J Cell Physiol 1979; 100:199-214. [PMID: 159908 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AKR-2B mouse embryo cells undergoing the serum-stimulated transition from a quiescent to a proliferating state exhibit an increase in the rate of hnRNA synthesis which appears to be mediated through an increase in the actual number of RNA polymerase II molecules. alpha-Amanitin, administered early in the prereplication interval following stimulation, effectively inhibits hnRNA synthesis, polysomal mRNA accumulation, polyribosome formation, and subsequent DNA synthesis, and cell division. Unexpectedly, alpha-amanitin treatment also produces almost complete inhibition of the synthesis of 45S rRNA precursor and the increase in accumulation of cytoplasmic rRNA following serum stimulation. In order to determine whether the inhibition of new ribosomal synthesis might in itself be sufficient to prevent serum-stimulated DNA synthesis, the effects of 5-fluorouridine (5-FU), a specific inhibitor of 45S rRNA processing, were investigated. If added within eight hours following serum stimulation, 5-FU was found to completely inhibit subsequent DNA synthesis. These results suggest that quiescent AKR-2B cells do not contain a sufficient excess of ribosomes to support the synthesis of proteins which are required for DNA synthesis in response to serum growth factors. Furthermore, an early polymerase II mediated synthesis of mRNA(s) coding for some factor(s) necessary for ribosomal gene transcription may be an essential step in the serum-stimulated synthesis of new ribosomes.
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24
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Wieland T, Faulstich H. Amatoxins, phallotoxins, phallolysin, and antamanide: the biologically active components of poisonous Amanita mushrooms. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 5:185-260. [PMID: 363352 DOI: 10.3109/10409237809149870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review gives a comprehensive account of the molecular toxicology of the bicyclic peptides obtained from the poisonous mushrooms of the genus Amanita. The discussion of the biochemical events will be preceded by a consideration of the chemistry of the toxic peptides. The structural features essential for biological activities of both the amatoxins and the phallotoxins will be discussed, also including the most important analytical data. Similar consideration will be given to antamanide, a cyclic peptide, which counteracts phalloidin. In addition, the phallolysins, three cytolytic proteins from Amanita phalloides will be discussed. The report on the biological activity of the amatoxins will deal with the sensitivity of the different RNA-polymerases towards the toxins and with their action on various cell types. Consideration will also be given to systems in which alpha-amanitin was used and can be used as a molecular tool; in the past, many investigators used the inhibitor in molecular biology, genetics, and even in physiological research. As for the phallotoxins, discussion of the affinity of these toxins for actin is provied. Further discussion attempts to understand the course of intoxication by filling in the gap between the first molecular event, formation of microfilaments, and the various lesions in hepatocytes during the intoxication.
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25
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26
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Lindell TJ, O'Malley AF, Puglisi B. Inhibition of nucleoplasmic transcription and the translation of rapidly labeled nuclear proteins by low concentrations of actinomycin D in vivo. Proposed role of messenger RNA in ribosomal RNA transcription. Biochemistry 1978; 17:1154-60. [PMID: 656380 DOI: 10.1021/bi00600a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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27
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Morrissey JJ, Lovenberg W. Synthesis of RNA in the pineal gland during N-acetyltransferase induction. The effects of actinomycin D, alpha-amanitin and cordycepin. Biochem Pharmacol 1978; 27:557-62. [PMID: 305246 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(78)90394-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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28
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Elshourbagy NA, Wilkinson C. An improved method for the isolation of intact nuclei from southern armyworm (Spodoptera eridania) larval midgut. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(78)90054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Elshourbagy NA, Wilkinson C. The role of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases in microsomal enzyme induction in southern armyworm (Spodoptera eridania) larvae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(78)90055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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30
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Austin GE, Bello LJ, Furth JJ. Transcription of adenovirus DNA by RNA polymerase III of bovine lymphoid tissue. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 177:346-54. [PMID: 1037078 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90448-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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31
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Louis C, Sekeris CE. Isolation of informoferes from rat liver. Effects of alpha-amanitin and actinomycin D. Exp Cell Res 1976; 102:317-28. [PMID: 976351 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(76)90047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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32
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33
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Tongiani R, Malvaldi G, Chieli E, Bertelli A. [Effect of silymarin on the total dry mass of hepatocytes inacute poisoning by phalloidin and alpha-amanitine (author's transl)]. Arch Toxicol 1976; 36:19-29. [PMID: 989712 DOI: 10.1007/bf00277560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of silymarin on the total dry mass and class pattern of rat hepatocytes have been studied during acute poisoning by phalloidin and alpha-amanitine. Phalloidin (2/5 of the LD50) after 3 h causes a marked change in the hepatocyte class pattern due to a displacement of a high percentage of cells in the intervals among classes, while the cell dry mass increases slightly. alpha-Amanitine (1/4 or 1/2 of the LD50) after 3 h causes a decrease in the number of classes of hepatocytes due to a disappearance of the heavier ones, a displacement of cells in the intervals among classes, an appearance of very light cells, and a decrease by about 25% in the mean dry mass of the hepatocytes. Silymarin, administered 30 min before poisoning, prevents all the changes due to 2/5 of the LD50 of phalloidin and to 1/4 of the LD50 of alpha-amanitine, and strongly reduces the effects of 1/2 of the LD50 of alpha-amanitine. The effects of alpha-amanitine and phalloidin and the protective action of silymarin on the dry mass and class pattern of hepatocytes are discussed.
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34
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Rose KM, Jacob ST. Nuclear poly(A) polymerase from rat liver and a hepatoma. Comparison of properties, molecular weights and amino acid compositions. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 67:11-21. [PMID: 183950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Poly(A) polymerase was extracted from isolated nuclei of rat liver and a rapidly growing solid tumor (Morris hepatoma 3924A). The enzyme from each tissue was purified by successive chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, phosphoecllulose, hydroxyapatite and QAE-Sephadex. Purified enzyme from both liver and tumor was essentially homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Under nondenaturing conditions, enzyme activity corresponded to visible protein and, upon denaturation, a single polypeptide was detected. The enzymes had absolute requirements for Mn2+ as the divalent ion, ATP as the substrate and an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide as the primer. Both enzymes were inhibited by sodium pyrophosphate, N-ethylmaleimide, Rose Bengal, cordycepin 5'-triphosphate and several rifamycin derivatives. The reactions were unaffected by potassium phosphate, alpha-amanitin and pancreatic ribonuclease. However, the liver and hepatoma enzymes differed from each other with respect to apparent Km, primer saturation levels and sensitivity to pH changes. The most striking differences between the enzymes were in their calculated molecular weights (liver, 48000; hepatoma, 60000) and amino acid compositions. Finally, the level of the hepatoma enzyme relative to that of the liver enzyme was at least 1.5-fold higher when expressed per mg DNA.
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35
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Santelli RV, Machado-Santelli GM, Lara FJ. In vitro transcription by isolated nuclei of Rhynchosciara americana salivary glands. Characteristics of incorporation and inhibition by alpha-amanitin. Chromosoma 1976; 56:69-84. [PMID: 976015 DOI: 10.1007/bf00293731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A method for the isolation of polytene nuclei from salivary glands cells of the Diptera Rhynchosciara americana is described. The stage-specific morphological pattern of the chromosome is maintained during the isolation. The isolated nuclei show two distinct RNA polymerase activities, namely I and II, characterized on the basis of ionic requirements and alpha-amanitin sensitivity. Studies of the product under the incubation conditions show that the system allows the synthesis of high-molecular weight RNA, beside a low molecular weight peak which may comprise pre-4S and 5S RNAs. Autoradiographic studies carried out in the presence or absence of the toxin alpha-amanitin showed that micronucleoli contain products of RNA polymerase type I activity (ribosomal RNA) and that the DNA puffs are engaged in alpha-amanitin sensitive RNA synthesis and thus are sites of polymerase type II activity.
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36
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Rodriguez LV, Becker FF. Rat liver chromatin. Fractionation into eu- and heterochromatin with localization of ribosomal genes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 173:428-37. [PMID: 1275498 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90280-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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37
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Spelsberg TC, Wilson JT. Growth hormone and drug metabolism. Acute effects on nuclear ribonucleic acid polymerase activity and chromatin. Biochem J 1976; 154:439-48. [PMID: 945734 PMCID: PMC1172725 DOI: 10.1042/bj1540439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Adult male rats, subjected either to sham operation or to hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy were maintained for 10 days before treatment with growth hormone. Results of the acute effects of growth hormone on the rat liver nuclear RNA polymerase I (nucleolar) and II (nucleoplasmic) activities as well as the chromatin template capacity were then studied and compared with the growth-hormone effects on the drug metabolism described in the preceding paper (Wilson & Spelsberg, 1976). 2. Conditions for isolation and storage of nuclei for maintenance of optimal polymerase activities are described. It is verified that the assays for polymerase activities require a DNA template, all four nucleoside triphosphates, and a bivalent cation, and that the acid-insoluble radioactive product represents RNA. Proof is presented that under high-salt conditions DNA-like RNA (polymerase II) is synthesized, and that under low-salt conditions in the presence of alpha-amanitin, rRNA (polymerase I) is synthesized. 3. In the livers of hypophysectomized/adrenalectomized rats, growth hormone increases the activity of both RNA polymerase enzymes and the chromatin template capacity within 1h after treatment. The effects last for 12h in the case of polymerase II but for only 6h in the case of polymerase I. Sham-operated rats respond to growth hormone in a manner somewhat similar to that shown by hypophysectomized/adrenalectomized rats. These results, which demonstrate an enhancement of RNA polymerase I activity in response to growth hormone, support those from other laboratories. 4. Growth-hormone enhancement of the chromatin template capacity in the liver of hypophysectomized/adrenalectomized rats contrasts with previous reports. The growth-hormone-induced de-repression of the chromatin DNA could represent the basis of the growth-hormone-induced enhancement of RNA polymerase II activity in the hypophysectomized/adrenalectomized rats, although some effect of growth-hormone on the polymerase enzymes is still suggested.
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38
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Pasternak J, Leushner JRA. Programmed collagen synthesis during postembryon development of the nematodePanagrellus silusiae: effect of transcription and translation inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401940308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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39
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Lindell TJ. Inhibition of eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerase release from isolated nuclei and nucleoli by phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride. Arch Biochem Biophys 1975; 171:268-75. [PMID: 1190795 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(75)90032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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40
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41
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Rose KM, Morris HP, Jacob ST. Mitochondrial poly(A) polymerase from a poorly differentiated hepatoma: purification and characteristics. Biochemistry 1975; 14:1025-32. [PMID: 235943 DOI: 10.1021/bi00676a022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Poly(A) polymerase (EC 2.7.7.19) solubilized from mitochondria of a poorly differentiated rat tumor, Morris hepatoma 3924A, was purified more than 1000-fold by successive column chromatography on phosphocellulose, DEAE-Sephadex, and hydroxylapatite. Purified enzyme catalyzed the incorporation of ATP into poly(A) only upon addition of an exogenous primer. Of several primers tested, synthetic poly(A) was the most effective. The enzyme utilized mitochondrial RNA as a primer at least five times as efficiently as nuclear RNA. The enzyme required Mn2+, and had a pH optimum of 7.8-8.2. The enzyme utilized ATP exclusively as a substrate; the calculated K-m for ATP was 28 muM. The polymerization reaction was not inhibited by RNase, ethidium bromide, distamycin, or alpha-amanitin. The reaction was sensitive to O-n-octyloxime of 3-formylrifamycin SV (AF/013). As estimated from glycerol gradient centrifugation and acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, the molecular weight of the enzyme was 60,000. The product was covalently linked to the polynucleotide primer and the average length of the poly(A) formed was 600 nucleotides.
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Incefy GS, Rifkind AB, Kappas A. Inhibition of delta-aminolevulinate synthetase induction by alpha-amanitin in avian liver cell cultures. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 361:331-44. [PMID: 4472549 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(74)90376-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Gariglio P, Buss J, Green MH. Sarkosyl activation of RNA polymerase activity in mitotic mouse cells. FEBS Lett 1974; 44:330-3. [PMID: 4472294 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(74)81170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Nicolette JA, Babler M. The role of protein in the estrogen-stimulated in vitro RNA synthesis of isolated rat uterine nucleoli. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 163:263-70. [PMID: 4605333 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90476-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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45
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Cochet-Meilhac M, Chambon P. Animal DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. 11. Mechanism of the inhibition of RNA polymerases B by amatoxins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 353:160-84. [PMID: 4601749 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(74)90182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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46
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Arens MQ, Stout ER. Purification and comparative mechanistic studies of an endogenous inhibitor of maize RNA polymerase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 353:121-31. [PMID: 4858176 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(74)90103-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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47
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Jendrisak JJ, Becker WM. Purification and subunit analysis of wheat-germ ribonucleic acid polymerase II. Biochem J 1974; 139:771-7. [PMID: 4853970 PMCID: PMC1166341 DOI: 10.1042/bj1390771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A procedure is described for the purification of the alpha-amanitin-sensitive DNA-dependent RNA polymerase [EC 2.7.7.6] from wheat germ. Solubilization of the enzyme activity was achieved by sonication of a crude extract in a high-salt buffer. Purification involved precipitation with protamine sulphate and (NH(4))(2)SO(4), chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose, and sucrose gradient centrifugation. Under denaturing conditions the enzyme dissociated into five polypeptides with molecular weights and molar ratios of 220000 (0.9), 170000 (0.1), 140000 (1.0), 45000 (0.2), and 40000 (0.4). Approx. 1mg of purified RNA polymerase was obtained as a routine from 100g of starting material.
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Jacob ST, Scharf MB, Vessel ES. Role of RNA in induction of hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:704-7. [PMID: 4522784 PMCID: PMC388081 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.3.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 and ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity by phenobarbital requires de novo synthesis of mRNA. Inhibition of RNA synthesis by alpha-amanitin given up to 8 hr after phenobarbital administration substantially inhibits this induction. However, beyond 8 hr after phenobarbital administration, RNA synthesis is not required for induction of these hepatic microsomal systems. Thus, mRNAs for cytochrome P-450 and ethylmorphine N-demethylase appear to be stable. Furthermore, these experiments reveal that the lag period for RNA synthesis approximates the length of the lag period for induction of the hepatic microsomal enzyme systems.
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