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Biancotto G, Rosti G, Madia F, Capra V, Scala M, Aleo E, Paladini D. Truncating variants in PAPSS2 gene: A cause of early prenatal onset brachyolmia? Prenat Diagn 2024; 44:1003-1007. [PMID: 38768012 DOI: 10.1002/pd.6596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Brachyolmia is a rare form of skeletal dysplasia characterized by a wide genetic and clinical heterogeneity. This condition is usually diagnosed postnatally, and very few cases of prenatal diagnosis have been described so far. Here, we report a case of a pregnant woman at 20 weeks' gestation referred to our center because of fetal short long bones. On targeted ultrasound, mild bowing of the femurs and fibulae and mild micrognathia were also observed. Exome sequencing analysis showed the presence in compound heterozygosity of two pathogenic variants-both truncating variants-in the 3-prime-phosphoadenosine 5-prime-phosphosulfate synthase 2 (PAPSS2) gene, known to cause brachyolmia type 4 (OMIM #612847). Of note, all of the few cases reported prenatally have indeed truncating variants. Hence, we speculate this kind of variant is likely responsible for a complete loss of function of the protein leading to an earlier and more severe phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Biancotto
- Fetal Medicine and Surgery Unit, Istituto IRCCS G.Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giulia Rosti
- Genomics and Clinical Genetics Unit, Istituto IRCCS G.Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Madia
- Medical Genetics Unit, Istituto IRCCS G.Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Valeria Capra
- Genomics and Clinical Genetics Unit, Istituto IRCCS G.Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marcello Scala
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, Istituto IRCCS G.Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Aleo
- Radiology Department, Istituto IRCCS G.Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Dario Paladini
- Fetal Medicine and Surgery Unit, Istituto IRCCS G.Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
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Chen XF, Duan YY, Jia YY, Dong QH, Shi W, Zhang Y, Dong SS, Li M, Liu Z, Chen F, Huang XT, Hao RH, Zhu DL, Jing RH, Guo Y, Yang TL. Integrative high-throughput enhancer surveying and functional verification divulges a YY2-condensed regulatory axis conferring risk for osteoporosis. CELL GENOMICS 2024; 4:100501. [PMID: 38335956 PMCID: PMC10943593 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2024.100501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The precise roles of chromatin organization at osteoporosis risk loci remain largely elusive. Here, we combined chromatin interaction conformation (Hi-C) profiling and self-transcribing active regulatory region sequencing (STARR-seq) to qualify enhancer activities of prioritized osteoporosis-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We identified 319 SNPs with biased allelic enhancer activity effect (baaSNPs) that linked to hundreds of candidate target genes through chromatin interactions across 146 loci. Functional characterizations revealed active epigenetic enrichment for baaSNPs and prevailing osteoporosis-relevant regulatory roles for their chromatin interaction genes. Further motif enrichment and network mapping prioritized several putative, key transcription factors (TFs) controlling osteoporosis binding to baaSNPs. Specifically, we selected one top-ranked TF and deciphered that an intronic baaSNP (rs11202530) could allele-preferentially bind to YY2 to augment PAPSS2 expression through chromatin interactions and promote osteoblast differentiation. Our results underline the roles of TF-mediated enhancer-promoter contacts for osteoporosis, which may help to better understand the intricate molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying osteoporosis risk loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biology Multiomics and Diseases in Shaanxi Province Higher Education Institutions, Biomedical Informatics and Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Duan
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biology Multiomics and Diseases in Shaanxi Province Higher Education Institutions, Biomedical Informatics and Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying-Ying Jia
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biology Multiomics and Diseases in Shaanxi Province Higher Education Institutions, Biomedical Informatics and Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian-Hua Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biology Multiomics and Diseases in Shaanxi Province Higher Education Institutions, Biomedical Informatics and Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biology Multiomics and Diseases in Shaanxi Province Higher Education Institutions, Biomedical Informatics and Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biology Multiomics and Diseases in Shaanxi Province Higher Education Institutions, Biomedical Informatics and Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shan-Shan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biology Multiomics and Diseases in Shaanxi Province Higher Education Institutions, Biomedical Informatics and Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhongbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biology Multiomics and Diseases in Shaanxi Province Higher Education Institutions, Biomedical Informatics and Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biology Multiomics and Diseases in Shaanxi Province Higher Education Institutions, Biomedical Informatics and Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruo-Han Hao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biology Multiomics and Diseases in Shaanxi Province Higher Education Institutions, Biomedical Informatics and Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dong-Li Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biology Multiomics and Diseases in Shaanxi Province Higher Education Institutions, Biomedical Informatics and Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui-Hua Jing
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biology Multiomics and Diseases in Shaanxi Province Higher Education Institutions, Biomedical Informatics and Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Tie-Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biology Multiomics and Diseases in Shaanxi Province Higher Education Institutions, Biomedical Informatics and Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China; Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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3
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Pikó P, Bácsné Bába É, Kósa Z, Sándor J, Kovács N, Bács Z, Ádány R. Genetic Determinants of Leisure-Time Physical Activity in the Hungarian General and Roma Populations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054566. [PMID: 36901996 PMCID: PMC10003125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) is one of the modifiable lifestyle factors that play an important role in the prevention of non-communicable (especially cardiovascular) diseases. Certain genetic factors predisposing to LTPA have been previously described, but their effects and applicability on different ethnicities are unknown. Our present study aims to investigate the genetic background of LTPA using seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a sample of 330 individuals from the Hungarian general (HG) and 314 from the Roma population. The LTPA in general and three intensity categories of it (vigorous, moderate, and walking) were examined as binary outcome variables. Allele frequencies were determined, individual correlations of SNPs to LTPA, in general, were determined, and an optimized polygenetic score (oPGS) was created. Our results showed that the allele frequencies of four SNPs differed significantly between the two study groups. The C allele of rs10887741 showed a significant positive correlation with LTPA in general (OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.12-1.97; p = 0.006). Three SNPs (rs10887741, rs6022999, and rs7023003) were identified by the process of PGS optimization, whose cumulative effect shows a strong significant positive association with LTPA in general (OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.16-1.70; p < 0.001). The oPGS showed a significantly lower value in the Roma population compared with the HG population (oPGSRoma: 2.19 ± SD: 0.99 vs. oPGSHG: 2.70 ± SD: 1.06; p < 0.001). In conclusion, the coexistence of genetic factors that encourage leisure-time physical activity shows a more unfavorable picture among Roma, which may indirectly contribute to their poor health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Pikó
- ELKH-DE Public Health Research Group, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Epidemiology and Surveillance Centre, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Bácsné Bába
- Institute of Sport Economics and Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsigmond Kósa
- Department of Health Methodology and Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Debrecen, 4400 Nyíregyháza, Hungary
| | - János Sándor
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nóra Kovács
- ELKH-DE Public Health Research Group, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Bács
- Department of Accounting, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Róza Ádány
- ELKH-DE Public Health Research Group, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Epidemiology and Surveillance Centre, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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Miller WL, White PC. History of Adrenal Research: From Ancient Anatomy to Contemporary Molecular Biology. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:70-116. [PMID: 35947694 PMCID: PMC9835964 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The adrenal is a small, anatomically unimposing structure that escaped scientific notice until 1564 and whose existence was doubted by many until the 18th century. Adrenal functions were inferred from the adrenal insufficiency syndrome described by Addison and from the obesity and virilization that accompanied many adrenal malignancies, but early physiologists sometimes confused the roles of the cortex and medulla. Medullary epinephrine was the first hormone to be isolated (in 1901), and numerous cortical steroids were isolated between 1930 and 1949. The treatment of arthritis, Addison's disease, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) with cortisone in the 1950s revolutionized clinical endocrinology and steroid research. Cases of CAH had been reported in the 19th century, but a defect in 21-hydroxylation in CAH was not identified until 1957. Other forms of CAH, including deficiencies of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 11β-hydroxylase, and 17α-hydroxylase were defined hormonally in the 1960s. Cytochrome P450 enzymes were described in 1962-1964, and steroid 21-hydroxylation was the first biosynthetic activity associated with a P450. Understanding of the genetic and biochemical bases of these disorders advanced rapidly from 1984 to 2004. The cloning of genes for steroidogenic enzymes and related factors revealed many mutations causing known diseases and facilitated the discovery of new disorders. Genetics and cell biology have replaced steroid chemistry as the key disciplines for understanding and teaching steroidogenesis and its disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter L Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Reproductive Sciences, and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Perrin C White
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Genome-wide CRISPR screen for HSV-1 host factors reveals PAPSS1 contributes to heparan sulfate synthesis. Commun Biol 2022; 5:694. [PMID: 35854076 PMCID: PMC9296583 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03581-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a ubiquitous pathogen that causes various diseases in humans, ranging from common mucocutaneous lesions to severe life-threatening encephalitis. However, our understanding of the interaction between HSV-1 and human host factors remains incomplete. Here, to identify the host factors for HSV-1 infection, we performed a human genome-wide CRISPR screen using near-haploid HAP1 cells, in which gene knockout (KO) could be efficiently achieved. Along with several already known host factors, we identified 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate synthase 1 (PAPSS1) as a host factor for HSV-1 infection. The KO of PAPSS1 in HAP1 cells reduced heparan sulfate (HepS) expression, consequently diminishing the binding of HSV-1 and several other HepS-dependent viruses (such as HSV-2, hepatitis B virus, and a human seasonal coronavirus). Hence, our findings provide further insights into the host factor requirements for HSV-1 infection and HepS biosynthesis. A genome-wide CRISPR screen for HSV-1 host factors using near-haploid HAP1 cells revealed PAPSS1 as an essential factor for heparan sulfate biosynthesis and HSV-1 infection, and identified several other host factors also involved in both processes.
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6
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Brylski O, Shrestha P, House PJ, Gnutt P, Mueller JW, Ebbinghaus S. Disease-Related Protein Variants of the Highly Conserved Enzyme PAPSS2 Show Marginal Stability and Aggregation in Cells. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:860387. [PMID: 35463959 PMCID: PMC9024126 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.860387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular sulfation pathways rely on the activated sulfate 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS). In humans, PAPS is exclusively provided by the two PAPS synthases PAPSS1 and PAPSS2. Mutations found in the PAPSS2 gene result in severe disease states such as bone dysplasia, androgen excess and polycystic ovary syndrome. The APS kinase domain of PAPSS2 catalyzes the rate-limiting step in PAPS biosynthesis. In this study, we show that clinically described disease mutations located in the naturally fragile APS kinase domain are associated either with its destabilization and aggregation or its deactivation. Our findings provide novel insights into possible molecular mechanisms that could give rise to disease phenotypes associated with sulfation pathway genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Brylski
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry II, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Puja Shrestha
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philip J. House
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Gnutt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry II, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jonathan Wolf Mueller
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Jonathan Wolf Mueller, ; Simon Ebbinghaus,
| | - Simon Ebbinghaus
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry II, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jonathan Wolf Mueller, ; Simon Ebbinghaus,
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Schwartz NB, Domowicz MS. Roles of Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans as Regulators of Skeletal Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:745372. [PMID: 35465334 PMCID: PMC9026158 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.745372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is critically important for most cellular processes including differentiation, morphogenesis, growth, survival and regeneration. The interplay between cells and the ECM often involves bidirectional signaling between ECM components and small molecules, i.e., growth factors, morphogens, hormones, etc., that regulate critical life processes. The ECM provides biochemical and contextual information by binding, storing, and releasing the bioactive signaling molecules, and/or mechanical information that signals from the cell membrane integrins through the cytoskeleton to the nucleus, thereby influencing cell phenotypes. Using these dynamic, reciprocal processes, cells can also remodel and reshape the ECM by degrading and re-assembling it, thereby sculpting their environments. In this review, we summarize the role of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans as regulators of cell and tissue development using the skeletal growth plate model, with an emphasis on use of naturally occurring, or created mutants to decipher the role of proteoglycan components in signaling paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy B. Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Nancy B. Schwartz,
| | - Miriam S. Domowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Luo Y, Chen R, Ning Z, Fu N, Xie M. Identification of a Four-Gene Signature for Determining the Prognosis of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma by Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:1147-1160. [PMID: 35153506 PMCID: PMC8824688 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s346058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Although well-differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has an indolent nature and usually an excellent prognosis, some patients experience disease recurrence or death. The aim of this study was to identify prognostic markers to stratify PTC patients. Patients and Methods Eight gene-expression profiles (GSE3467, GSE3678, GSE5364, GSE27155, GSE33630, GSE53157, GSE60542, and GSE104005) were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus and used to analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between PTC tissues and non-tumor tissues. Univariable Cox regression survival analysis and Lasso-penalized Cox regression analysis were performed to identify prognostic genes and establish a risk-score model based on the integrated DEGs. Kaplan–Meier (KM) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to validate the prognostic performance of the risk score. A nomogram was constructed based on The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset and Multivariable Cox regression analysis. Results A total of 165 upregulated and 207 downregulated DEGs were screened. A four-gene signature including PAPSS2, PCOLCE2, PTX3, and TGFBR3 was identified. The risk-score model showed a strong diagnosis performance for identifying patients with a poor prognosis. KM analysis showed that patients with low risk scores had a significantly more favorable overall survival (OS) than those with high risk scores (p = 0.0002). ROC curves based on the four-gene signature showed better performances in predicting 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival than did the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system (area under the curve: 0.86 vs 0.84, 0.80 vs 0.63, and 0.79 vs 0.73, respectively). Furthermore, when combined with age and tumor status from the nomogram, the four-gene signature achieved a good performance in guiding postoperative follow-up surveillance of patients with PTC. Conclusion The four-gene signature was found to be a novel and reliable biomarker with great potential for clinical application in risk stratification and OS prediction in patients with PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Luo
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhikun Ning
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nantao Fu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minghao Xie
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Minghao Xie, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China, Tel +8613672207521, Email
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9
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Zhang P, Zhang L, Hou Z, Lin H, Gao H, Zhang L. Structural basis for the substrate recognition mechanism of ATP-sulfurylase domain of human PAPS synthase 2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 586:1-7. [PMID: 34818583 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sulfation is an essential modification on biomolecules in living cells, and 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) is its unique and universal sulfate donor. Human PAPS synthases (PAPSS1 and 2) are the only enzymes that catalyze PAPS production from inorganic sulfate. Unexpectedly, PAPSS1 and PAPSS2 do not functional complement with each other, and abnormal function of PAPSS2 but not PAPSS1 leads to numerous human diseases including bone development diseases, hormone disorder and cancers. Here, we reported the crystal structures of ATP-sulfurylase domain of human PAPSS2 (ATPS2) and ATPS2 in complex with is product 5'-phosphosulfate (APS). We demonstrated that ATPS2 recognizes the substrates by using family conserved residues located on the HXXH and PP motifs, and achieves substrate binding and releasing by employing a non-conserved phenylalanine (Phe550) through a never observed flipping mechanism. Our discovery provides additional information to better understand the biological function of PAPSS2 especially in tumorigenesis, and may facilitate the drug discovery against this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Zhaoyuan Hou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Cellular Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Houwen Lin
- Research Centre for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Hai Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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10
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Xu P, Xi Y, Zhu J, Zhang M, Luka Z, Stolz DB, Cai X, Xie Y, Xu M, Ren S, Huang Z, Yang D, York JD, Ma X, Xie W. Intestinal Sulfation Is Essential to Protect Against Colitis and Colonic Carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:271-286.e11. [PMID: 33819483 PMCID: PMC8238844 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Sulfation is a conjugation reaction essential for numerous biochemical and cellular functions in mammals. The 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) synthase 2 (PAPSS2) is the key enzyme to generate PAPS, which is the universal sulfonate donor for all sulfation reactions. The goal of this study was to determine whether and how PAPSS2 plays a role in colitis and colonic carcinogenesis. METHODS Tissue arrays of human colon cancer specimens, gene expression data, and clinical features of cancer patients were analyzed. Intestinal-specific Papss2 knockout mice (Papss2ΔIE) were created and subjected to dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis and colonic carcinogenesis induced by a combined treatment of azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate or azoxymethane alone. RESULTS The expression of PAPSS2 is decreased in the colon cancers of mice and humans. The lower expression of PAPSS2 in colon cancer patients is correlated with worse survival. Papss2ΔIE mice showed heightened sensitivity to colitis and colon cancer by damaging the intestinal mucosal barrier, increasing intestinal permeability and bacteria infiltration, and worsening the intestinal tumor microenvironment. Mechanistically, the Papss2ΔIE mice exhibited reduced intestinal sulfomucin content. Metabolomic analyses revealed the accumulation of bile acids, including the Farnesoid X receptor antagonist bile acid tauro-β-muricholic acid, and deficiency in the formation of bile acid sulfates in the colon of Papss2ΔIE mice. CONCLUSIONS We have uncovered an important role of PAPSS2-mediated sulfation in colitis and colonic carcinogenesis. Intestinal sulfation may represent a potential diagnostic marker and PAPSS2 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yue Xi
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Zhu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Min Zhang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zigmund Luka
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Departments of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xinran Cai
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yang Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Meishu Xu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Songrong Ren
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhiying Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da Yang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John D York
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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11
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Dubail J, Cormier-Daire V. Chondrodysplasias With Multiple Dislocations Caused by Defects in Glycosaminoglycan Synthesis. Front Genet 2021; 12:642097. [PMID: 34220933 PMCID: PMC8242584 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.642097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrodysplasias with multiple dislocations form a group of severe disorders characterized by joint laxity and multiple dislocations, severe short stature of pre- and post-natal onset, hand anomalies, and/or vertebral anomalies. The majority of chondrodysplasias with multiple dislocations have been associated with mutations in genes encoding glycosyltransferases, sulfotransferases, and transporters implicated in the synthesis or sulfation of glycosaminoglycans, long and unbranched polysaccharides composed of repeated disaccharide bond to protein core of proteoglycan. Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis is a tightly regulated process that occurs mainly in the Golgi and that requires the coordinated action of numerous enzymes and transporters as well as an adequate Golgi environment. Any disturbances of this chain of reactions will lead to the incapacity of a cell to construct correct glycanic chains. This review focuses on genetic and glycobiological studies of chondrodysplasias with multiple dislocations associated with glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis defects and related animal models. Strong comprehension of the molecular mechanisms leading to those disorders, mostly through extensive phenotypic analyses of in vitro and/or in vivo models, is essential for the development of novel biomarkers for clinical screenings and innovative therapeutics for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Dubail
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre de Référence Pour Les Maladies Osseuses Constitutionnelles, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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12
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Costantini A, Alm JJ, Tonelli F, Valta H, Huber C, Tran AN, Daponte V, Kirova N, Kwon YU, Bae JY, Chung WY, Tan S, Sznajer Y, Nishimura G, Näreoja T, Warren AJ, Cormier-Daire V, Kim OH, Forlino A, Cho TJ, Mäkitie O. Novel RPL13 Variants and Variable Clinical Expressivity in a Human Ribosomopathy With Spondyloepimetaphyseal Dysplasia. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:283-297. [PMID: 32916022 PMCID: PMC7988564 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasias (SEMDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders with variable growth failure and skeletal impairments affecting the spine and long bone epiphyses and metaphyses. Here we report on four unrelated families with SEMD in which we identified two monoallelic missense variants and one monoallelic splice site variant in RPL13, encoding the ribosomal protein eL13. In two out of four families, we observed autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance and variable clinical expressivity; the phenotypes of the mutation-positive subjects ranged from normal height with or without hip dysplasia to severe SEMD with severe short stature and marked skeletal dysplasia. In vitro studies on patient-derived dermal fibroblasts harboring RPL13 missense mutations demonstrated normal eL13 expression, with proper subcellular localization but reduced colocalization with eL28 (p < 0.001). Cellular functional defects in fibroblasts from mutation-positive subjects indicated a significant increase in the ratio of 60S subunits to 80S ribosomes (p = 0.007) and attenuated global translation (p = 0.017). In line with the human phenotype, our rpl13 mutant zebrafish model, generated by CRISPR-Cas9 editing, showed cartilage deformities at embryonic and juvenile stages. These findings extend the genetic spectrum of RPL13 mutations causing this novel human ribosomopathy with variable skeletal features. Our study underscores for the first time incomplete penetrance and broad phenotypic variability in SEMD-RPL13 type and confirms impaired ribosomal function. Furthermore, the newly generated rpl13 mutant zebrafish model corroborates the role of eL13 in skeletogenesis. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR)..
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Costantini
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica J Alm
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Tonelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Helena Valta
- Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Céline Huber
- Department of Clinical Genetics, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Necker Enfans Malades Hospital (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Anh N Tran
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Valentina Daponte
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Nadi Kirova
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yong-Uk Kwon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jung Yun Bae
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Yeong Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Busan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Shengjiang Tan
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Keith Peters Building, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yves Sznajer
- Centre de Génétique Humaine - CGH, Cliniques Universitaires St. Luc, UCL, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Gen Nishimura
- Center for Intractable Diseases, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tuomas Näreoja
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Alan J Warren
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Keith Peters Building, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Department of Clinical Genetics, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Necker Enfans Malades Hospital (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Ok-Hwa Kim
- Department of Radiology, I-Bone Hospital, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Antonella Forlino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Tae-Joon Cho
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, and Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Paganini C, Gramegna Tota C, Superti-Furga A, Rossi A. Skeletal Dysplasias Caused by Sulfation Defects. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082710. [PMID: 32295296 PMCID: PMC7216085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are macromolecules present on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix that confer specific mechanical, biochemical, and physical properties to tissues. Sulfate groups present on glycosaminoglycans, linear polysaccharide chains attached to PG core proteins, are fundamental for correct PG functions. Indeed, through the negative charge of sulfate groups, PGs interact with extracellular matrix molecules and bind growth factors regulating tissue structure and cell behavior. The maintenance of correct sulfate metabolism is important in tissue development and function, particularly in cartilage where PGs are fundamental and abundant components of the extracellular matrix. In chondrocytes, the main sulfate source is the extracellular space, then sulfate is taken up and activated in the cytosol to the universal sulfate donor to be used in sulfotransferase reactions. Alteration in each step of sulfate metabolism can affect macromolecular sulfation, leading to the onset of diseases that affect mainly cartilage and bone. This review presents a panoramic view of skeletal dysplasias caused by mutations in genes encoding for transporters or enzymes involved in macromolecular sulfation. Future research in this field will contribute to the understanding of the disease pathogenesis, allowing the development of targeted therapies aimed at alleviating, preventing, or modifying the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Paganini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.P.); (C.G.T.)
| | - Chiara Gramegna Tota
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.P.); (C.G.T.)
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.P.); (C.G.T.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Yamashita S, Kataoka K, Yamamoto H, Kato T, Hara S, Yamaguchi K, Renard-Guillet C, Katou Y, Shirahige K, Ochi H, Ogino H, Uchida T, Inui M, Takada S, Shigenobu S, Asahara H. Comparative analysis demonstrates cell type-specific conservation of SOX9 targets between mouse and chicken. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12560. [PMID: 31467356 PMCID: PMC6715657 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48979-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 9 (SOX9) is a transcription factor regulating both chondrogenesis and sex determination. Among vertebrates, SOX9's functions in chondrogenesis are well conserved, while they vary in sex determination. To investigate the conservation of SOX9's regulatory functions in chondrogenesis and gonad development among species, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) using developing limb buds and male gonads from embryos of two vertebrates, mouse and chicken. In both mouse and chicken, SOX9 bound to intronic and distal regions of genes more frequently in limb buds than in male gonads, while SOX9 bound to the proximal upstream regions of genes more frequently in male gonads than in limb buds. In both species, SOX palindromic repeats were identified more frequently in SOX9 binding regions in limb bud genes compared with those in male gonad genes. The conservation of SOX9 binding regions was significantly higher in limb bud genes. In addition, we combined RNA expression analysis (RNA sequencing) with the ChIP-seq results at the same stage in developing chondrocytes and Sertoli cells and determined SOX9 target genes in these cells of the two species and disclosed that SOX9 targets showed high similarity of targets in chondrocytes, but not in Sertoli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamashita
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kataoka
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Yamamoto
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kato
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hara
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Katsushi Yamaguchi
- Functional Genomics Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38, Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Claire Renard-Guillet
- Laboratory of Genome Structure and Function Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yuki Katou
- Laboratory of Genome Structure and Function Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Shirahige
- Laboratory of Genome Structure and Function Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Haruki Ochi
- Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Hajime Ogino
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagami-yama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Tokujiro Uchida
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masafumi Inui
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Regeneration Systemology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Shuji Takada
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- Functional Genomics Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38, Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Asahara
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, California, 92037, USA.
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan.
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15
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Taylor J, Craft J, Blair E, Wordsworth S, Beeson D, Chandratre S, Cossins J, Lester T, Németh AH, Ormondroyd E, Patel SY, Pagnamenta AT, Taylor JC, Thomson KL, Watkins H, Wilkie AOM, Knight JC. Implementation of a genomic medicine multi-disciplinary team approach for rare disease in the clinical setting: a prospective exome sequencing case series. Genome Med 2019; 11:46. [PMID: 31345272 PMCID: PMC6659244 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-019-0651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A multi-disciplinary approach to promote engagement, inform decision-making and support clinicians and patients is increasingly advocated to realise the potential of genome-scale sequencing in the clinic for patient benefit. Here we describe the results of establishing a genomic medicine multi-disciplinary team (GM-MDT) for case selection, processing, interpretation and return of results. METHODS We report a consecutive case series of 132 patients (involving 10 medical specialties with 43.2% cases having a neurological disorder) undergoing exome sequencing over a 10-month period following the establishment of the GM-MDT in a UK NHS tertiary referral hospital. The costs of running the MDT are also reported. RESULTS In total 76 cases underwent exome sequencing following triage by the GM-MDT with a clinically reportable molecular diagnosis in 24 (31.6%). GM-MDT composition, operation and rationale for whether to proceed to sequencing are described, together with the health economics (cost per case for the GM-MDT was £399.61), the utility and informativeness of exome sequencing for molecular diagnosis in a range of traits, the impact of choice of sequencing strategy on molecular diagnostic rates and challenge of defining pathogenic variants. In 5 cases (6.6%), an alternative clinical diagnosis was indicated by sequencing results. Examples were also found where findings from initial genetic testing were reconsidered in the light of exome sequencing including TP63 and PRKAG2 (detection of a partial exon deletion and a mosaic missense pathogenic variant respectively); together with tissue-specific mosaicism involving a cytogenetic abnormality following a normal prenatal array comparative genomic hybridization. CONCLUSIONS This consecutive case series describes the results and experience of a multidisciplinary team format that was found to promote engagement across specialties and facilitate return of results to the responsible clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Taylor
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Jude Craft
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Edward Blair
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Wordsworth
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - David Beeson
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Saleel Chandratre
- Children’s Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Judith Cossins
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tracy Lester
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrea H. Németh
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth Ormondroyd
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Smita Y. Patel
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Alistair T. Pagnamenta
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jenny C. Taylor
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kate L. Thomson
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew O. M. Wilkie
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Julian C. Knight
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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16
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Paganini C, Costantini R, Superti-Furga A, Rossi A. Bone and connective tissue disorders caused by defects in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis: a panoramic view. FEBS J 2019; 286:3008-3032. [PMID: 31286677 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a heterogeneous family of linear polysaccharides that constitute the carbohydrate moiety covalently attached to the protein core of proteoglycans, macromolecules present on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. Several genetic disorders of bone and connective tissue are caused by mutations in genes encoding for glycosyltransferases, sulfotransferases and transporters that are responsible for the synthesis of sulfated GAGs. Phenotypically, these disorders all reflect alterations in crucial biological functions of GAGs in the development, growth and homoeostasis of cartilage and bone. To date, up to 27 different skeletal phenotypes have been linked to mutations in 23 genes encoding for proteins involved in GAG biosynthesis. This review focuses on recent genetic, molecular and biochemical studies of bone and connective tissue disorders caused by GAG synthesis defects. These insights and future research in the field will provide a deeper understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of these disorders and will pave the way for developing common therapeutic strategies that might be targeted to a range of individual phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Paganini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Rossella Costantini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Italy
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17
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Bownass L, Abbs S, Armstrong R, Baujat G, Behzadi G, Berentsen RD, Burren C, Calder A, Cormier-Daire V, Newbury-Ecob R, Foulds N, Juliusson PB, Kant SG, Lefroy H, Mehta SG, Merckoll E, Michot C, Monsell F, Offiah AC, Richards A, Rosendahl K, Rustad CF, Shears D, Tveten K, Wellesley D, Wordsworth P, Smithson S. PAPSS2-related brachyolmia: Clinical and radiological phenotype in 18 new cases. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:1884-1894. [PMID: 31313512 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Brachyolmia is a skeletal dysplasia characterized by short spine-short stature, platyspondyly, and minor long bone abnormalities. We describe 18 patients, from different ethnic backgrounds and ages ranging from infancy to 19 years, with the autosomal recessive form, associated with PAPSS2. The main clinical features include disproportionate short stature with short spine associated with variable symptoms of pain, stiffness, and spinal deformity. Eight patients presented prenatally with short femora, whereas later in childhood their short-spine phenotype emerged. We observed the same pattern of changing skeletal proportion in other patients. The radiological findings included platyspondyly, irregular end plates of the elongated vertebral bodies, narrow disc spaces and short over-faced pedicles. In the limbs, there was mild shortening of femoral necks and tibiae in some patients, whereas others had minor epiphyseal or metaphyseal changes. In all patients, exome and Sanger sequencing identified homozygous or compound heterozygous PAPSS2 variants, including c.809G>A, common to white European patients. Bi-parental inheritance was established where possible. Low serum DHEAS, but not overt androgen excess was identified. Our study indicates that autosomal recessive brachyolmia occurs across continents and may be under-recognized in infancy. This condition should be considered in the differential diagnosis of short femora presenting in the second trimester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Bownass
- Clinical Genetics, St Michael's Hospital Bristol, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Stephen Abbs
- East Midlands and East of England NHS Genomic Laboratory Hub, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ruth Armstrong
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Genevieve Baujat
- Département of Genetics, INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Gry Behzadi
- Department of Radiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | | | - Christine Burren
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Alistair Calder
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Département of Genetics, INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Ruth Newbury-Ecob
- Clinical Genetics, St Michael's Hospital Bristol, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Nicola Foulds
- Wessex Clinical Genetics, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Petur B Juliusson
- Department of Health Registries, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Paediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sarina G Kant
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Henrietta Lefroy
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarju G Mehta
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Else Merckoll
- Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Caroline Michot
- Département of Genetics, INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Fergal Monsell
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Amaka C Offiah
- University of Sheffield, Academic Unit of Child Health, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Allan Richards
- East Midlands and East of England NHS Genomic Laboratory Hub, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karen Rosendahl
- Section of Paediatric Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Cecilie F Rustad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Deborah Shears
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Kristian Tveten
- Department of Medical Genetics, Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway
| | - Diana Wellesley
- Wessex Clinical Genetics, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK
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- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah Smithson
- Clinical Genetics, St Michael's Hospital Bristol, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
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18
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Baranowski ES, Arlt W, Idkowiak J. Monogenic Disorders of Adrenal Steroidogenesis. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 89:292-310. [PMID: 29874650 PMCID: PMC6067656 DOI: 10.1159/000488034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of adrenal steroidogenesis comprise autosomal recessive conditions affecting steroidogenic enzymes of the adrenal cortex. Those are located within the 3 major branches of the steroidogenic machinery involved in the production of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens. This mini review describes the principles of adrenal steroidogenesis, including the newly appreciated 11-oxygenated androgen pathway. This is followed by a description of pathophysiology, biochemistry, and clinical implications of steroidogenic disorders, including mutations affecting cholesterol import and steroid synthesis, the latter comprising both mutations affecting steroidogenic enzymes and co-factors required for efficient catalysis. A good understanding of adrenal steroidogenic pathways and their regulation is crucial as the basis for sound management of these disorders, which in the majority present in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S. Baranowski
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom,Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom,*Prof. Wiebke Arlt, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK), E-Mail
| | - Jan Idkowiak
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom,Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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19
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Zhang Y, Zou X, Qian W, Weng X, Zhang L, Zhang L, Wang S, Cao X, Ma L, Wei G, Wu Y, Hou Z. Enhanced PAPSS2/VCAN sulfation axis is essential for Snail-mediated breast cancer cell migration and metastasis. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:565-579. [PMID: 29955124 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0147-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The zinc finger protein Snail is a master regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and a strong inducer of tumor metastasis, yet the signal cascades triggered by Snail have not been completely revealed. Here, we report the discovery of the sulfation program that can be induced by Snail in breast cancer cells, and which plays an essential role in cell migration and metastasis. Specifically, Snail induces the expression of PAPSS2, a gene that encodes a rate-limiting enzyme in sulfation pathway, and VCAN, a gene that encodes the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan Versican in multiple breast cancer cells. Depletion of PAPSS2 in MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells results in reduced cell migration, while overexpression of PAPSS2 promotes cell migration. Moreover, MDA-MB-231-shPAPSS2 cells display a significantly lower rate of lung metastasis and lower number of micrometastatic nodules in nude mice, and conversely, MDA-MB-231-PAPSS2 cells increase lung metastasis. Similarly, depletion of VCAN dampens the cell migration activity induced by Snail or PAPSS2 in MCF 10A cells. Moreover, PAPSS inhibitor sodium chlorate effectively decreases cell migration induced by Snail and PAPSS2. More importantly, the expression of Snail, PAPSS2, and VCAN is positively correlated in breast cancer tissues. Together, these findings are important for understanding the genetic programs that control tumor metastasis and may identify previously undetected therapeutic targets to treat metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Zhang
- Hongqiao Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Cellular Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuqun Zou
- Hongqiao Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Cellular Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenli Qian
- Hongqiao Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Cellular Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoling Weng
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Institute of Genome Engineered Animal Models for Human Disease, National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Ma
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Institute of Genome Engineered Animal Models for Human Disease, National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Zhaoyuan Hou
- Hongqiao Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Cellular Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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20
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Mueller JW, Idkowiak J, Gesteira TF, Vallet C, Hardman R, van den Boom J, Dhir V, Knauer SK, Rosta E, Arlt W. Human DHEA sulfation requires direct interaction between PAPS synthase 2 and DHEA sulfotransferase SULT2A1. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:9724-9735. [PMID: 29743239 PMCID: PMC6016456 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The high-energy sulfate donor 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS), generated by human PAPS synthase isoforms PAPSS1 and PAPSS2, is required for all human sulfation pathways. Sulfotransferase SULT2A1 uses PAPS for sulfation of the androgen precursor dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), thereby reducing downstream activation of DHEA to active androgens. Human PAPSS2 mutations manifest with undetectable DHEA sulfate, androgen excess, and metabolic disease, suggesting that ubiquitous PAPSS1 cannot compensate for deficient PAPSS2 in supporting DHEA sulfation. In knockdown studies in human adrenocortical NCI-H295R1 cells, we found that PAPSS2, but not PAPSS1, is required for efficient DHEA sulfation. Specific APS kinase activity, the rate-limiting step in PAPS biosynthesis, did not differ between PAPSS1 and PAPSS2. Co-expression of cytoplasmic SULT2A1 with a cytoplasmic PAPSS2 variant supported DHEA sulfation more efficiently than co-expression with nuclear PAPSS2 or nuclear/cytosolic PAPSS1. Proximity ligation assays revealed protein–protein interactions between SULT2A1 and PAPSS2 and, to a lesser extent, PAPSS1. Molecular docking studies showed a putative binding site for SULT2A1 within the PAPSS2 APS kinase domain. Energy-dependent scoring of docking solutions identified the interaction as specific for the PAPSS2 and SULT2A1 isoforms. These findings elucidate the mechanistic basis for the selective requirement for PAPSS2 in human DHEA sulfation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Mueller
- From the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom, .,the Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Idkowiak
- From the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.,the Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
| | - Tarsis F Gesteira
- the Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom, and
| | - Cecilia Vallet
- the Departments of Molecular Biology II, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB) and
| | - Rebecca Hardman
- From the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes van den Boom
- Molecular Biology I, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Vivek Dhir
- From the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Shirley K Knauer
- the Departments of Molecular Biology II, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB) and
| | - Edina Rosta
- the Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom, and
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- From the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.,the Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
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21
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Reeves WM, Wu Y, Harder MJ, Veeman MT. Functional and evolutionary insights from the Ciona notochord transcriptome. Development 2017; 144:3375-3387. [PMID: 28928284 DOI: 10.1242/dev.156174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The notochord of the ascidian Ciona consists of only 40 cells, and is a longstanding model for studying organogenesis in a small, simple embryo. Here, we perform RNAseq on flow-sorted notochord cells from multiple stages to define a comprehensive Ciona notochord transcriptome. We identify 1364 genes with enriched expression and extensively validate the results by in situ hybridization. These genes are highly enriched for Gene Ontology terms related to the extracellular matrix, cell adhesion and cytoskeleton. Orthologs of 112 of the Ciona notochord genes have known notochord expression in vertebrates, more than twice as many as predicted by chance alone. This set of putative effector genes with notochord expression conserved from tunicates to vertebrates will be invaluable for testing hypotheses about notochord evolution. The full set of Ciona notochord genes provides a foundation for systems-level studies of notochord gene regulation and morphogenesis. We find only modest overlap between this set of notochord-enriched transcripts and the genes upregulated by ectopic expression of the key notochord transcription factor Brachyury, indicating that Brachyury is not a notochord master regulator gene as strictly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy M Reeves
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Yuye Wu
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Matthew J Harder
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Michael T Veeman
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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22
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Falardeau F, Camurri MV, Campeau PM. Genomic approaches to diagnose rare bone disorders. Bone 2017; 102:5-14. [PMID: 27474525 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal dysplasias are Mendelian disorders with a prevalence of approximatively 1 in every 5000 individuals and can usually be diagnosed based on clinical and radiological findings. However, given that some diseases can be caused by several different genes, and that some genes can cause a variety of different phenotypes, achieving a molecular diagnosis can be challenging. We review here different approaches, from single gene sequencing to genomic approaches using next-generation sequencing, to reach a molecular diagnosis for skeletal dysplasias. We will further describe the overall advantages and limitations of first, second and third-generation sequencing, including single gene sequencing, whole-exome and genome sequencing (WES and WGS), multiple gene panel sequencing and single molecule sequencing. We also provide a brief overview of potential future applications of emerging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Falardeau
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Canada; Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | | | - Philippe M Campeau
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Canada; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
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23
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Flück CE. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Update on pathogenesis of primary adrenal insufficiency: beyond steroid enzyme deficiency and autoimmune adrenal destruction. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 177:R99-R111. [PMID: 28450305 DOI: 10.1530/eje-17-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) is potentially life threatening, but rare. In children, genetic defects prevail whereas adults suffer more often from acquired forms of PAI. The spectrum of genetic defects has increased in recent years with the use of next-generation sequencing methods and now has reached far beyond genetic defects in all known enzymes of adrenal steroidogenesis. Cofactor disorders such as P450 oxidoreductase (POR) deficiency manifesting as a complex form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia with a broad clinical phenotype have come to the fore. In patients with isolated familial glucocorticoid deficiency (FGD), in which no mutations in the genes for the ACTH receptor (MC2R) or its accessory protein MRAP have been found, non-classic steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and CYP11A1 mutations have been described; and more recently novel mutations in genes such as nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) and thioredoxin reductase 2 (TRXR2) involved in the maintenance of the mitochondrial redox potential and generation of NADPH important for steroidogenesis and ROS detoxication have been discovered. In addition, whole exome sequencing approach also solved the genetics of some syndromic forms of PAI including IMAGe syndrome (CDKN1C), Irish traveler syndrome (MCM4), MIRAGE syndrome (SAMD9); and most recently a syndrome combining FGD with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome and ichthyosis caused by mutations in the gene for sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase 1 (SGPL1). This review intends do give an update on novel genetic forms of PAI and their suggested mechanism of disease. It also advocates for advanced genetic work-up of PAI (especially in children) to reach a specific diagnosis for better counseling and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa E Flück
- Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Research, Bern University Children's Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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24
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Ayerst BI, Merry CLR, Day AJ. The Good the Bad and the Ugly of Glycosaminoglycans in Tissue Engineering Applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:E54. [PMID: 28608822 PMCID: PMC5490411 DOI: 10.3390/ph10020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High sulfation, low cost, and the status of heparin as an already FDA- and EMA- approved product, mean that its inclusion in tissue engineering (TE) strategies is becoming increasingly popular. However, the use of heparin may represent a naïve approach. This is because tissue formation is a highly orchestrated process, involving the temporal expression of numerous growth factors and complex signaling networks. While heparin may enhance the retention and activity of certain growth factors under particular conditions, its binding 'promiscuity' means that it may also inhibit other factors that, for example, play an important role in tissue maintenance and repair. Within this review we focus on articular cartilage, highlighting the complexities and highly regulated processes that are involved in its formation, and the challenges that exist in trying to effectively engineer this tissue. Here we discuss the opportunities that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) may provide in advancing this important area of regenerative medicine, placing emphasis on the need to move away from the common use of heparin, and instead focus research towards the utility of specific GAG preparations that are able to modulate the activity of growth factors in a more controlled and defined manner, with less off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethanie I Ayerst
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Catherine L R Merry
- Stem Cell Glycobiology Group, Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering & Modelling (STEM), Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Anthony J Day
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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25
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Sex-specific effects of serum sulfate level and SLC13A1 nonsense variants on DHEA homeostasis. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2017; 10:84-91. [PMID: 28154797 PMCID: PMC5278115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Sulfate is critical in the biotransformation of multiple compounds via sulfation. These compounds include neurotransmitters, proteoglycans, xenobiotics, and hormones such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Sulfation reactions are thought to be rate-limited by endogenous sulfate concentrations. The gene, SLC13A1, encodes the sodium-sulfate cotransporter NaS1, responsible for sulfate (re)absorption in the intestines and kidneys. We previously reported two rare, non-linked, nonsense variants in SLC13A1 (R12X and W48X) associated with hyposulfatemia (P = 9 × 10− 20). Objective To examine the effect of serum sulfate concentration and sulfate-lowering genotype on DHEA homeostasis. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Academic research. Patients Participants of the Amish Pharmacogenomics of Anti-Platelet Intervention (PAPI) Study and the Amish Hereditary and Phenotype Intervention (HAPI) Study. Main outcome measures DHEA, DHEA-S, and DHEA-S/DHEA ratio. Results Increased serum sulfate was associated with decreased DHEA-S (P = 0.03) and DHEA-S/DHEA ratio (P = 0.06) in males but not females. Female SLC13A1 nonsense variant carriers, who had lower serum sulfate (P = 9 × 10− 13), exhibited 14% lower DHEA levels (P = 0.01) and 7% higher DHEA-S/DHEA ratios compared to female non-carriers (P = 0.002). Consistent with this finding, female SLC13A1 nonsense variant carriers also had lower total testosterone levels compared to non-carrier females (P = 0.03). Conclusions Our results demonstrate an inverse relationship between serum sulfate, and DHEA-S and DHEA-S/DHEA ratio in men, while also suggesting that the sulfate-lowering variants, SLC13A1 R12X and W48X, decrease DHEA and testosterone levels, and increase DHEA-S/DHEA ratio in women. While paradoxical, these results illustrate the complexity of the mechanisms involved in DHEA homeostasis and warrant additional studies to better understand sulfate's role in hormone physiology.
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26
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Chavez RD, Coricor G, Perez J, Seo HS, Serra R. SOX9 protein is stabilized by TGF-β and regulates PAPSS2 mRNA expression in chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:332-340. [PMID: 27746378 PMCID: PMC5258840 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously identified 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase 2 (PAPSS2) as a transcriptional target of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) in chondrocytes. PAPSS2 is required for proper sulfation of proteoglycans in cartilage. Defective sulfation in the matrix results in alterations in mechanical properties of the cartilage that would be expected to result in degeneration. The objective of this study was to identify factors that regulate PAPSS2 expression and compare to a known TGF-β responsive gene, proteoglycan 4/lubricin (PRG4). In this study, TGF-β-mediated regulation of SOX9 was characterized, and the involvement of SOX9 in regulation of PAPSS2 mRNA was investigated. DESIGN Primary bovine articular chondrocytes grown in micromass culture and ATDC5 cells were used as the model system. Adenoviruses were used to express SOX9 and SMAD3. siRNA was used to knock-down Sox9 and Smad3. Western blot and real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) were used to measure changes in protein and mRNA levels in response to treatment. RESULTS Over-expression of SOX9 was sufficient to up-regulate PAPSS2 mRNA. TGF-β treatment of SOX9-expressing cells resulted in enhanced up-regulation of PAPSS2 mRNA, suggesting that SOX9 cooperates with TGF-β signaling. Furthermore, Sox9 was required for full TGF-β-mediated induction of Papss2. In contrast, PRG4 was regulated by SMAD3 but not SOX9. SOX9 protein levels were increased after treatment with TGF-β, although SOX9 mRNA was not. SOX9 protein was post-translationally stabilized after treatment with TGF-β. CONCLUSIONS TGF-β stabilizes SOX9 protein, and SOX9 is sufficient and necessary for TGF-β-mediated regulation of PAPSS2 mRNA, providing a novel mechanism for TGF-β-mediated gene regulation in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - R Serra
- corresponding author. Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1918 University Blvd., 660 MCLM, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0005
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27
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Dawson PA, Richard K, Perkins A, Zhang Z, Simmons DG. Review: Nutrient sulfate supply from mother to fetus: Placental adaptive responses during human and animal gestation. Placenta 2017; 54:45-51. [PMID: 28089504 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient sulfate has numerous roles in mammalian physiology and is essential for healthy fetal growth and development. The fetus has limited capacity to generate sulfate and relies on sulfate supplied from the maternal circulation via placental sulfate transporters. The placenta also has a high sulfate requirement for numerous molecular and cellular functions, including sulfate conjugation (sulfonation) to estrogen and thyroid hormone which leads to their inactivation. Accordingly, the ratio of sulfonated (inactive) to unconjugated (active) hormones modulates endocrine function in fetal, placental and maternal tissues. During pregnancy, there is a marked increase in the expression of genes involved in transport and generation of sulfate in the mouse placenta, in line with increasing fetal and placental demands for sulfate. The maternal circulation also provides a vital reservoir of sulfate for the placenta and fetus, with maternal circulating sulfate levels increasing by 2-fold from mid-gestation. However, despite evidence from animal studies showing the requirement of maternal sulfate supply for placental and fetal physiology, there are no routine clinical measurements of sulfate or consideration of dietary sulfate intake in pregnant women. This is also relevant to certain xenobiotics or pharmacological drugs which when taken by the mother use significant quantities of circulating sulfate for detoxification and clearance, and thereby have the potential to decrease sulfonation capacity in the placenta and fetus. This article will review the physiological adaptations of the placenta for maintaining sulfate homeostasis in the fetus and placenta, with a focus on pathophysiological outcomes in animal models of disturbed sulfate homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Dawson
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.
| | - K Richard
- Conjoint Endocrine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Queensland Health, Herston, Australia
| | - A Perkins
- School of Medical Science, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Australia
| | - Z Zhang
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - D G Simmons
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
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28
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Langford R, Hurrion E, Dawson PA. Genetics and pathophysiology of mammalian sulfate biology. J Genet Genomics 2017; 44:7-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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29
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Autosomal recessive brachyolmia: early radiological findings. Skeletal Radiol 2016; 45:1557-60. [PMID: 27544198 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-016-2458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Brachyolmia (BO) is a heterogeneous group of skeletal dysplasias with skeletal changes limited to the spine or with minimal extraspinal features. BO is currently classified into types 1, 2, 3, and 4. BO types 1 and 4 are autosomal recessive conditions caused by PAPSS2 mutations, which may be merged together as an autosomal recessive BO (AR-BO). The clinical and radiological signs of AR-BO in late childhood have already been reported; however, the early manifestations and their age-dependent evolution have not been well documented. We report an affected boy with AR-BO, whose skeletal abnormalities were detected in utero and who was followed until 10 years of age. Prenatal ultrasound showed bowing of the legs. In infancy, radiographs showed moderate platyspondyly and dumbbell deformity of the tubular bones. Gradually, the platyspondyly became more pronounced, while the bowing of the legs and dumbbell deformities of the tubular bones diminished with age. In late childhood, the overall findings were consistent with known features of AR-BO. Genetic testing confirmed the diagnosis. Being aware of the initial skeletal changes may facilitate early diagnosis of PAPSS2-related skeletal dysplasias.
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30
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Coughtrie MWH. Function and organization of the human cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) family. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:2-7. [PMID: 27174136 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The sulfuryl transfer reaction is of fundamental biological importance. One of the most important manifestations of this process are the reactions catalyzed by members of the cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) superfamily. These enzymes transfer the sulfuryl moiety from the universal donor PAPS (3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate) to a wide variety of substrates with hydroxyl- or amino-groups. Normally a detoxification reaction this facilitates the elimination of a multitude of xenobiotics, although for some molecules sulfation is a bioactivation step. In addition, sulfation plays a key role in endocrine and other signalling pathways since many steroids, sterols, thyroid hormones and catecholamines exist primarily as sulfate conjugates in humans. This article summarizes much of our current knowledge of the organization and function of the human cytosolic sulfotransferases and highlights some of the important interspecies differences that have implications for, among other things, drug development and chemical safety analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W H Coughtrie
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Sasarman F, Maftei C, Campeau PM, Brunel-Guitton C, Mitchell GA, Allard P. Biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans: associated disorders and biochemical tests. J Inherit Metab Dis 2016; 39:173-88. [PMID: 26689402 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-015-9903-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are long, unbranched heteropolymers with repeating disaccharide units that make up the carbohydrate moiety of proteoglycans. Six distinct classes of GAGs are recognized. Their synthesis follows one of three biosynthetic pathways, depending on the type of oligosaccharide linker they contain. Chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, and heparin sulfate contain a common tetrasaccharide linker that is O-linked to specific serine residues in core proteins. Keratan sulfate can contain three different linkers, either N-linked to asparagine or O-linked to serine/threonine residues in core proteins. Finally, hyaluronic acid does not contain a linker and is not covalently attached to a core protein. Most inborn errors of GAG biosynthesis are reported in small numbers of patients. To date, in 20 diseases, convincing evidence for pathogenicity has been presented for mutations in a total of 16 genes encoding glycosyltransferases, sulfotransferases, epimerases or transporters. GAG synthesis defects should be suspected in patients with a combination of characteristic clinical features in more than one connective tissue compartment: bone and cartilage (short long bones with or without scoliosis), ligaments (joint laxity/dislocations), and subepithelial (skin, sclerae). Some produce distinct clinical syndromes. The commonest laboratory tests used for this group of diseases are analysis of GAGs, enzyme assays, and molecular testing. In principle, GAG analysis has potential as a general first-line diagnostic test for GAG biosynthesis disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin Sasarman
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal and CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Catalina Maftei
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal and CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Philippe M Campeau
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal and CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Catherine Brunel-Guitton
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal and CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Grant A Mitchell
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal and CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Pierre Allard
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal and CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.
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Yerges-Armstrong LM, Chai S, O'Connell JR, Curran JE, Blangero J, Mitchell BD, Shuldiner AR, Damcott CM. Gene Expression Differences Between Offspring of Long-Lived Individuals and Controls in Candidate Longevity Regions: Evidence for PAPSS2 as a Longevity Gene. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2016; 71:1295-9. [PMID: 26896383 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glv212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is compelling evidence for a genetic contribution to longevity, identification of specific genes that robustly associate with longevity has been a challenge. In order to identify longevity-enhancing genes, we measured differential gene expression between offspring of long-lived Amish (older than 90 years; cases, n = 128) and spouses of these offspring (controls, n = 121) and correlated differentially expressed transcripts with locations of longevity-associated variants detected in a prior genome-wide association study (GWAS) of survival to age 90. Expression of one of these transcripts, 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase 2 (PAPSS2), was significantly higher in offspring versus controls (4×10(-4)) and this association was replicated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. PAPSS2, a sulfation enzyme located on chromosome 10, is ~80kb upstream of the PAPSS2 transcription start site. We found evidence of cis-expression for the originally reported GWAS SNP and PAPSS2 Monogenic conditions linked to PAPSS2 include andrenocortical androgen excess resulting in premature pubarche and skeletal dysplasias, both of which have premature aging features. In summary, these findings provide novel evidence for PAPSS2 as a longevity locus and illustrate the value of harnessing multiple "-omic" approaches to identify longevity candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Yerges-Armstrong
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Sumbul Chai
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Jeffery R O'Connell
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Joanne E Curran
- SouthTexas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville
| | - John Blangero
- SouthTexas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville
| | - Braxton D Mitchell
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore. Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Maryland
| | - Alan R Shuldiner
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore. Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Maryland
| | - Coleen M Damcott
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.
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Genome-wide association study reveals two loci for serum magnesium concentrations in European-American children. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18792. [PMID: 26685716 PMCID: PMC4685389 DOI: 10.1038/srep18792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium ions are essential to the basic metabolic processes in the human body. Previous genetic studies indicate that serum magnesium levels are highly heritable, and a few genetic loci have been reported involving regulation of serum magnesium in adults. In this study, we examined if additional loci influence serum magnesium levels in children. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 2,267 European-American children genotyped on the Illumina HumanHap550 or Quad610 arrays, sharing over 500,000 markers, as the discovery cohort and 257 European-American children genotyped on the Illumina Human OmniExpress arrays as the replication cohort. After genotype imputation, the strongest associations uncovered were with imputed SNPs residing within the FGFR2 (rs1219515, P = 1.1 × 10(-5)) and PAPSS2 (rs1969821, P = 7.2 × 10(-6)) loci in the discovery cohort, both of which were robustly replicated in our independent patient cohort (rs1219515, P = 3.5 × 10(-3); rs1969821, P = 1.2 × 10(-2)). The associations at the FGFR2 locus were also weakly replicated in a dataset from a previous GWAS of serum magnesium in European adults. Our results indicate that FGFR2 and PAPSS2 may play an important role in the regulation of magnesium homeostasis in children of European-American ancestry.
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Mueller JW, Gilligan LC, Idkowiak J, Arlt W, Foster PA. The Regulation of Steroid Action by Sulfation and Desulfation. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:526-63. [PMID: 26213785 PMCID: PMC4591525 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Steroid sulfation and desulfation are fundamental pathways vital for a functional vertebrate endocrine system. After biosynthesis, hydrophobic steroids are sulfated to expedite circulatory transit. Target cells express transmembrane organic anion-transporting polypeptides that facilitate cellular uptake of sulfated steroids. Once intracellular, sulfatases hydrolyze these steroid sulfate esters to their unconjugated, and usually active, forms. Because most steroids can be sulfated, including cholesterol, pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and estrone, understanding the function, tissue distribution, and regulation of sulfation and desulfation processes provides significant insights into normal endocrine function. Not surprisingly, dysregulation of these pathways is associated with numerous pathologies, including steroid-dependent cancers, polycystic ovary syndrome, and X-linked ichthyosis. Here we provide a comprehensive examination of our current knowledge of endocrine-related sulfation and desulfation pathways. We describe the interplay between sulfatases and sulfotransferases, showing how their expression and regulation influences steroid action. Furthermore, we address the role that organic anion-transporting polypeptides play in regulating intracellular steroid concentrations and how their expression patterns influence many pathologies, especially cancer. Finally, the recent advances in pharmacologically targeting steroidogenic pathways will be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Mueller
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna C Gilligan
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Idkowiak
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Foster
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Oostdijk W, Idkowiak J, Mueller JW, House PJ, Taylor AE, O'Reilly MW, Hughes BA, de Vries MC, Kant SG, Santen GWE, Verkerk AJMH, Uitterlinden AG, Wit JM, Losekoot M, Arlt W. PAPSS2 deficiency causes androgen excess via impaired DHEA sulfation--in vitro and in vivo studies in a family harboring two novel PAPSS2 mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:E672-80. [PMID: 25594860 PMCID: PMC4399300 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-3556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT PAPSS2 (PAPS synthase 2) provides the universal sulfate donor PAPS (3'-phospho-adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate) to all human sulfotransferases, including SULT2A1, responsible for sulfation of the crucial androgen precursor dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Impaired DHEA sulfation is thought to increase the conversion of DHEA toward active androgens, a proposition supported by the previous report of a girl with inactivating PAPSS2 mutations who presented with low serum DHEA sulfate and androgen excess, clinically manifesting with premature pubarche and early-onset polycystic ovary syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS We investigated a family harboring two novel PAPSS2 mutations, including two compound heterozygous brothers presenting with disproportionate short stature, low serum DHEA sulfate, but normal serum androgens. Patients and parents underwent a DHEA challenge test comprising frequent blood sampling and urine collection before and after 100 mg DHEA orally, with subsequent analysis of DHEA sulfation and androgen metabolism by mass spectrometry. The functional impact of the mutations was investigated in silico and in vitro. RESULTS We identified a novel PAPSS2 frameshift mutation, c.1371del, p.W462Cfs*3, resulting in complete disruption, and a novel missense mutation, c.809G>A, p.G270D, causing partial disruption of DHEA sulfation. Both patients and their mother, who was heterozygous for p.W462Cfs*3, showed increased 5α-reductase activity at baseline and significantly increased production of active androgens after DHEA intake. The mother had a history of oligomenorrhea and chronic anovulation that required clomiphene for ovulation induction. CONCLUSIONS We provide direct in vivo evidence for the significant functional impact of mutant PAPSS2 on DHEA sulfation and androgen activation. Heterozygosity for PAPSS2 mutations can be associated with a phenotype resembling polycystic ovary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilma Oostdijk
- Department of Pediatrics (W.O., M.C.d.V., J.M.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.I., J.W.M., P.J.H., A.E.T., M.W.O., B.A.H., W.A.), School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.K., G.W.E.S., M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; and Department of Internal Medicine (A.J.M.H.V., A.G.U.), Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Congenital disorders of glycosylation: a concise chart of glycocalyx dysfunction. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:377-84. [PMID: 25840516 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a ubiquitous modification of lipids and proteins. Despite the essential contribution of glycoconjugates to the viability of all living organisms, diseases of glycosylation in humans have only been identified over the past few decades. The recent development of next-generation DNA sequencing techniques has accelerated the pace of discovery of novel glycosylation defects. The description of multiple mutations across glycosylation pathways not only revealed tremendous diversity in functional impairments, but also pointed to phenotypic similarities, emphasizing the interconnected flow of substrates underlying glycan assembly. The current list of 100 known glycosylation disorders provides an overview of the significance of glycosylation in human development and physiology.
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Poyraz Ö, Brunner K, Lohkamp B, Axelsson H, Hammarström LGJ, Schnell R, Schneider G. Crystal structures of the kinase domain of the sulfate-activating complex in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121494. [PMID: 25807013 PMCID: PMC4373884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In Mycobacterium tuberculosis the sulfate activating complex provides a key branching point in sulfate assimilation. The complex consists of two polypeptide chains, CysD and CysN. CysD is an ATP sulfurylase that, with the energy provided by the GTPase activity of CysN, forms adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (APS) which can then enter the reductive branch of sulfate assimilation leading to the biosynthesis of cysteine. The CysN polypeptide chain also contains an APS kinase domain (CysC) that phosphorylates APS leading to 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate, the sulfate donor in the synthesis of sulfolipids. We have determined the crystal structures of CysC from M. tuberculosis as a binary complex with ADP, and as ternary complexes with ADP and APS and the ATP mimic AMP-PNP and APS, respectively, to resolutions of 1.5 Å, 2.1 Å and 1.7 Å, respectively. CysC shows the typical APS kinase fold, and the structures provide comprehensive views of the catalytic machinery, conserved in this enzyme family. Comparison to the structure of the human homolog show highly conserved APS and ATP binding sites, questioning the feasibility of the design of specific inhibitors of mycobacterial CysC. Residue Cys556 is part of the flexible lid region that closes off the active site upon substrate binding. Mutational analysis revealed this residue as one of the determinants controlling lid closure and hence binding of the nucleotide substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Poyraz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katharina Brunner
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bernhard Lohkamp
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Axelsson
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars G. J. Hammarström
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Schnell
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunter Schneider
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Dawson PA, Elliott A, Bowling FG. Sulphate in pregnancy. Nutrients 2015; 7:1594-606. [PMID: 25746011 PMCID: PMC4377868 DOI: 10.3390/nu7031594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulphate is an obligate nutrient for healthy growth and development. Sulphate conjugation (sulphonation) of proteoglycans maintains the structure and function of tissues. Sulphonation also regulates the bioactivity of steroids, thyroid hormone, bile acids, catecholamines and cholecystokinin, and detoxifies certain xenobiotics and pharmacological drugs. In adults and children, sulphate is obtained from the diet and from the intracellular metabolism of sulphur-containing amino acids. Dietary sulphate intake can vary greatly and is dependent on the type of food consumed and source of drinking water. Once ingested, sulphate is absorbed into circulation where its level is maintained at approximately 300 μmol/L, making sulphate the fourth most abundant anion in plasma. In pregnant women, circulating sulphate concentrations increase by twofold with levels peaking in late gestation. This increased sulphataemia, which is mediated by up-regulation of sulphate reabsorption in the maternal kidneys, provides a reservoir of sulphate to meet the gestational needs of the developing foetus. The foetus has negligible capacity to generate sulphate and thereby, is completely reliant on sulphate supply from the maternal circulation. Maternal hyposulphataemia leads to foetal sulphate deficiency and late gestational foetal death in mice. In humans, reduced sulphonation capacity has been linked to skeletal dysplasias, ranging from the mildest form, multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, to achondrogenesis Type IB, which results in severe skeletal underdevelopment and death in utero or shortly after birth. Despite being essential for numerous cellular and metabolic functions, the nutrient sulphate is largely unappreciated in clinical settings. This article will review the physiological roles and regulation of sulphate during pregnancy, with a particular focus on animal models of disturbed sulphate homeostasis and links to human pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Dawson
- Mater Research Institute, Level 4, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, 37 Kent St, TRI, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Aoife Elliott
- Mater Research Institute, Level 4, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, 37 Kent St, TRI, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
- Mater Children's Hospital, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia.
| | - Francis G Bowling
- Mater Research Institute, Level 4, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, 37 Kent St, TRI, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
- Mater Children's Hospital, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia.
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Ibeawuchi C, Schmidt H, Voss R, Titze U, Abbas M, Neumann J, Eltze E, Hoogland AM, Jenster G, Brandt B, Semjonow A. Exploring prostate cancer genome reveals simultaneous losses of PTEN, FAS and PAPSS2 in patients with PSA recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:3856-69. [PMID: 25679447 PMCID: PMC4346930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16023856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The multifocal nature of prostate cancer (PCa) creates a challenge to patients' outcome prediction and their clinical management. An approach that scrutinizes every cancer focus is needed in order to generate a comprehensive evaluation of the disease, and by correlating to patients' clinico-pathological information, specific prognostic biomarker can be identified. Our study utilized the Affymetrix SNP 6.0 Genome-wide assay to investigate forty-three fresh frozen PCa tissue foci from twenty-three patients. With a long clinical follow-up period that ranged from 2.0-9.7 (mean 5.4) years, copy number variation (CNV) data was evaluated for association with patients' PSA status during follow-up. From our results, the loss of unique genes on 10q23.31 and 10q23.2-10q23.31 were identified to be significantly associated to PSA recurrence (p < 0.05). The implication of PTEN and FAS loss (10q23.31) support previous reports due to their critical roles in prostate carcinogenesis. Furthermore, we hypothesize that the PAPSS2 gene (10q23.2-10q23.31) may be functionally relevant in post-operative PSA recurrence because of its reported role in androgen biosynthesis. It is suggestive that the loss of the susceptible region on chromosome 10q, which implicates PTEN, FAS and PAPSS2 may serve as genetic predictors of PSA recurrence after radical prostatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinyere Ibeawuchi
- Prostate Center, Department of Urology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebaeude 1A, Muenster D-48149, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Schmidt
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebaeude 1A, Muenster D-48149, Germany.
| | - Reinhard Voss
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebaeude D3, Domagkstrasse 3, Muenster D-48149, Germany.
| | - Ulf Titze
- Pathology, Lippe Hospital Detmold, Röntgenstrasse 18, Detmold D-32756, Germany.
| | - Mahmoud Abbas
- Institute of Pathology, Mathias-Spital-Rheine, Frankenburg Street 31, Rheine D-48431, Germany.
| | - Joerg Neumann
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Osnabrueck, Am Finkenhuegel 1, Osnabrueck D-49076, Germany.
| | - Elke Eltze
- Institute of Pathology, Saarbrücken-Rastpfuhl, Rheinstrasse 2, Saarbrücken D-66113, Germany.
| | - Agnes Marije Hoogland
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015-CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Guido Jenster
- Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015-CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Burkhard Brandt
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Clinic Schleswig-Holsteins, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, Haus 17, Kiel D-24105, Germany.
| | - Axel Semjonow
- Prostate Center, Department of Urology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebaeude 1A, Muenster D-48149, Germany.
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Tibbs ZE, Rohn-Glowacki KJ, Crittenden F, Guidry AL, Falany CN. Structural plasticity in the human cytosolic sulfotransferase dimer and its role in substrate selectivity and catalysis. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 30:3-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kawamura D, Funakoshi T, Mizumoto S, Sugahara K, Iwasaki N. Sulfation patterns of exogenous chondroitin sulfate affect chondrogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cells. J Orthop Sci 2014; 19:1028-35. [PMID: 25209441 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-014-0643-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chondroitin sulfate (CS) has been used in cartilage tissue engineering techniques as a positive modulator of scaffolds. CS is a linear polysaccharide consisting of variously sulfated repeating disaccharides. The sulfation patterns of CS are closely related to their biological functions, but only monosulfated CS has been applied to scaffolds. In this study, we investigated the effects of various sulfation patterns of CS on chondrogenic differentiation using ATDC5 chondroprogenitor cells. METHODS Disaccharide composition analysis of CS produced by ATDC5 cells at various differentiation steps was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography. ATDC5 cells were cultured with exogenously added, variously sulfated CS. Cell proliferation was analyzed by the 2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium monosodium salt (WST-8) assay. Extracellular matrix production was evaluated by Alcian blue staining. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was evaluated using an ALP assay kit. Expression of chondrogenic markers was evaluated by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a Type II Collagen Detection kit. RESULTS The major components of CS produced by ATDC5 cells were 4-O-monosulfated disaccharides throughout chondrogenic differentiation. Low proportions of 4,6-O-disulfated disaccharides were also detected. Compared to the control group, which did not contain GAGs, the WST-8 assay indicated fewer viable cells when treated with CS-E, which are rich in 4,6-O-disulfated disaccharides. CS-E significantly enhanced Alcian blue staining in a dose-dependent manner and decreased ALP activity after 21 days of culture. Real-time RT-PCR showed that CS-E significantly enhanced all chondrogenic markers, col2a1, aggrecan, and sox9, either at day 4 or day 14 of culture. The results of ELISA analysis confirmed that CS-E significantly enhanced the production of type II collagen. CONCLUSIONS ATDC5 cells produced four different monosulfated or disulfated disaccharides in their extracellular matrices. The sulfation patterns of exogenously added CS affected chondrogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cells. In particular, CS-E rich in disulfated disaccharides significantly promoted chondrogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cells. Thus, CS containing this disulfated structure may be a useful scaffold component for enhancing chondrogenesis in cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kawamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
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Mizumoto S, Yamada S, Sugahara K. Human genetic disorders and knockout mice deficient in glycosaminoglycan. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:495764. [PMID: 25126564 PMCID: PMC4122003 DOI: 10.1155/2014/495764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are constructed through the stepwise addition of respective monosaccharides by various glycosyltransferases and maturated by epimerases and sulfotransferases. The structural diversity of GAG polysaccharides, including their sulfation patterns and sequential arrangements, is essential for a wide range of biological activities such as cell signaling, cell proliferation, tissue morphogenesis, and interactions with various growth factors. Studies using knockout mice of enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of the GAG side chains of proteoglycans have revealed their physiological functions. Furthermore, mutations in the human genes encoding glycosyltransferases, sulfotransferases, and related enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of GAGs cause a number of genetic disorders including chondrodysplasia, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, and Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. This review focused on the increasing number of glycobiological studies on knockout mice and genetic diseases caused by disturbances in the biosynthetic enzymes for GAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Laboratory of Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics, Frontier Research Center for Post-Genomic Science and Technology, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, West-11, North-21, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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Hadley B, Maggioni A, Ashikov A, Day CJ, Haselhorst T, Tiralongo J. Structure and function of nucleotide sugar transporters: Current progress. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2014; 10:23-32. [PMID: 25210595 PMCID: PMC4151994 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteomes of eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea are highly diverse due, in part, to the complex post-translational modification of protein glycosylation. The diversity of glycosylation in eukaryotes is reliant on nucleotide sugar transporters to translocate specific nucleotide sugars that are synthesised in the cytosol and nucleus, into the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus where glycosylation reactions occur. Thirty years of research utilising multidisciplinary approaches has contributed to our current understanding of NST function and structure. In this review, the structure and function, with reference to various disease states, of several NSTs including the UDP-galactose, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, GDP-fucose, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine/UDP-glucose/GDP-mannose and CMP-sialic acid transporters will be described. Little is known regarding the exact structure of NSTs due to difficulties associated with crystallising membrane proteins. To date, no three-dimensional structure of any NST has been elucidated. What is known is based on computer predictions, mutagenesis experiments, epitope-tagging studies, in-vitro assays and phylogenetic analysis. In this regard the best-characterised NST to date is the CMP-sialic acid transporter (CST). Therefore in this review we will provide the current state-of-play with respect to the structure–function relationship of the (CST). In particular we have summarised work performed by a number groups detailing the affect of various mutations on CST transport activity, efficiency, and substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hadley
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Andrea Maggioni
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Angel Ashikov
- Institut für Zelluläre Chemie, Zentrum Biochemie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany ; Laboratory of Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10 (route 830), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher J Day
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Thomas Haselhorst
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Joe Tiralongo
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia
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Kenis V, Grill F, Al Kaissi A. Axial correction of the lower limb deformities in a girl with anauxetic dysplasia. Musculoskelet Surg 2014; 98:71-75. [PMID: 22528854 DOI: 10.1007/s12306-012-0200-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Valgus subtrochanteric osteotomies and hemiepiphyseodesis around the knees have been performed to correct severe coxa vara and genua valga in a girl patient who manifested extreme dwarfism associated with spondylometaepiphyseal dysplasia consistent with anauxetic dysplasia. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of the combined orthopaedic intervention in a girl with anauxetic dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Kenis
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Neuroorthopaedics and Systemic Disorders, Pediatric Orthopedic Institute n.a. H. Turner, Parkovaya str., 64-68, Pushkin, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Bouchard C, Rankinen T, Timmons JA. Genomics and genetics in the biology of adaptation to exercise. Compr Physiol 2013; 1:1603-48. [PMID: 23733655 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This article is devoted to the role of genetic variation and gene-exercise interactions in the biology of adaptation to exercise. There is evidence from genetic epidemiology research that DNA sequence differences contribute to human variation in physical activity level, cardiorespiratory fitness in the untrained state, cardiovascular and metabolic response to acute exercise, and responsiveness to regular exercise. Methodological and technological advances have made it possible to undertake the molecular dissection of the genetic component of complex, multifactorial traits, such as those of interest to exercise biology, in terms of tissue expression profile, genes, and allelic variants. The evidence from animal models and human studies is considered. Data on candidate genes, genome-wide linkage results, genome-wide association findings, expression arrays, and combinations of these approaches are reviewed. Combining transcriptomic and genomic technologies has been shown to be more powerful as evidenced by the development of a recent molecular predictor of the ability to increase VO2max with exercise training. For exercise as a behavior and physiological fitness as a state to be major players in public health policies will require that the role of human individuality and the influence of DNA sequence differences be understood. Likewise, progress in the use of exercise in therapeutic medicine will depend to a large extent on our ability to identify the favorable responders for given physiological properties to a given exercise regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
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Abstract
Sulphate contributes to numerous processes in mammalian physiology, particularly during development. Sulphotransferases mediate the sulphate conjugation (sulphonation) of numerous compounds, including steroids, glycosaminoglycans, proteins, neurotransmitters and xenobiotics, transforming their biological activities. Importantly, the ratio of sulphonated to unconjugated molecules plays a significant physiological role in many of the molecular events that regulate mammalian growth and development. In humans, the fetus is unable to generate its own sulphate and therefore relies on sulphate being supplied from maternal circulation via the placenta. To meet the gestational needs of the growing fetus, maternal blood sulphate concentrations double from mid-gestation. Maternal hyposulphataemia has been linked to fetal sulphate deficiency and late gestational fetal loss in mice. Disorders of sulphonation have also been linked to a number of developmental disorders in humans, including skeletal dysplasias and premature adrenarche. While recognised as an important nutrient in mammalian physiology, sulphate is largely unappreciated in clinical settings. In part, this may be due to technical challenges in measuring sulphate with standard pathology equipment and hence the limited findings of perturbed sulphate homoeostasis affecting human health. This review article is aimed at highlighting the importance of sulphate in mammalian development, with basic science research being translated through animal models and linkage to human disorders.
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Iida A, Simsek-Kiper PÖ, Mizumoto S, Hoshino T, Elcioglu N, Horemuzova E, Geiberger S, Yesil G, Kayserili H, Utine GE, Boduroglu K, Watanabe S, Ohashi H, Alanay Y, Sugahara K, Nishimura G, Ikegawa S. Clinical and radiographic features of the autosomal recessive form of brachyolmia caused by PAPSS2 mutations. Hum Mutat 2013; 34:1381-6. [PMID: 23824674 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Brachyolmia is a heterogeneous skeletal dysplasia characterized by generalized platyspondyly without significant long-bone abnormalities. Based on the mode of inheritance and radiographic features, at least three types of brachyolmia have been postulated. We recently identified an autosomal recessive form of brachyolmia that is caused by loss-of-function mutations of PAPSS2, the gene encoding PAPS (3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate) synthase 2. To understand brachyolmia caused by PAPSS2 mutations (PAPSS2-brachyolmia), we extended our PAPSS2 mutation analysis to 13 patients from 10 families and identified homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in all. Nine different mutations were found: three splice donor-site mutations, three missense mutations, and three insertion or deletion mutations within coding regions. In vitro enzyme assays showed that the missense mutations were also loss-of-function mutations. Phenotypic characteristics of PAPSS2-brachyolmia include short-trunk short stature, normal intelligence and facies, spinal deformity, and broad proximal interphalangeal joints. Radiographic features include platyspondyly with rectangular vertebral bodies and irregular end plates, broad ilia, metaphyseal changes of the proximal femur, including short femoral neck and striation, and dysplasia of the short tubular bones. PAPSS2-brachyolmia includes phenotypes of the conventional clinical concept of brachyolmia, the Hobaek and Toledo types, and is associated with abnormal androgen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritoshi Iida
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Science, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
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Tüysüz B, Yılmaz S, Gül E, Kolb L, Bilguvar K, Evliyaoğlu O, Günel M. Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia Pakistani type: expansion of the phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:1300-8. [PMID: 23633440 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia (SEMD), Pakistani type, is a skeletal dysplasia characterized by platyspondyly, delayed epiphyseal ossification, mild metaphyseal abnormalities, short stature, and short and bowed legs, and is caused by mutations in PAPSS2. In a single Turkish patient also hyperandrogenism was reported. We describe five patients from a Turkish family with SEMD Pakistani type with homozygosity for a nonsense mutation (p.R329X) leading to a stop codon in PAPSS2. Plasma levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione were normal, but DHEA sulfate levels were low in four of the patients. Two patients and a mother had history of pubertal hyperandrogenism. Testosterone level was mildly elevated in one of the female patients, and insulin resistance was not detected in any of the patients. The patients also had precocious costal calcification, small iliac bones, short femoral necks, coxa vara, short halluces and fused vertebral bodies, none of which has been reported previously in this entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyhan Tüysüz
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Cerrahpaşa Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Mueller JW, Shafqat N. Adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate--a multifaceted modulator of bifunctional 3'-phospho-adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate synthases and related enzymes. FEBS J 2013; 280:3050-7. [PMID: 23517310 PMCID: PMC3734648 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
All sulfation reactions rely on active sulfate in the form of 3′-phospho-adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS). In fungi, bacteria, and plants, the enzymes responsible for PAPS synthesis, ATP sulfurylase and adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (APS) kinase, reside on separate polypeptide chains. In metazoans, however, bifunctional PAPS synthases catalyze the consecutive steps of sulfate activation by converting sulfate to PAPS via the intermediate APS. This intricate molecule and the related nucleotides PAPS and 3′-phospho-adenosine-5′-phosphate modulate the function of various enzymes from sulfation pathways, and these effects are summarized in this review. On the ATP sulfurylase domain that initially produces APS from sulfate and ATP, APS acts as a potent product inhibitor, being competitive with both ATP and sulfate. For the APS kinase domain that phosphorylates APS to PAPS, APS is an uncompetitive substrate inhibitor that can bind both at the ATP/ADP-binding site and the PAPS/APS-binding site. For human PAPS synthase 1, the steady-state concentration of APS has been modelled to be 1.6 μm, but this may increase up to 60 μm under conditions of sulfate excess. It is noteworthy that the APS concentration for maximal APS kinase activity is 15 μm. Finally, we recognized APS as a highly specific stabilizer of bifunctional PAPS synthases. APS most likely stabilizes the APS kinase part of these proteins by forming a dead-end enzyme–ADP–APS complex at APS concentrations between 0.5 and 5 μm; at higher concentrations, APS may bind to the catalytic centers of ATP sulfurylase. Based on the assumption that cellular concentrations of APS fluctuate within this range, APS can therefore be regarded as a key modulator of PAPS synthase functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Mueller
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (CEDAM), School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Institute of Biomedical Research, Birmingham, UK.
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Mizumoto S, Ikegawa S, Sugahara K. Human genetic disorders caused by mutations in genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes for sulfated glycosaminoglycans. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:10953-61. [PMID: 23457301 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r112.437038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of genetic disorders are caused by mutations in the genes encoding glycosyltransferases and sulfotransferases, enzymes responsible for the synthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains of proteoglycans, including chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate. The phenotypes of these genetic disorders reflect disturbances in crucial biological functions of GAGs in human. Recent studies have revealed that mutations in genes encoding chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate biosynthetic enzymes cause various disorders of connective tissues. This minireview focuses on growing glycobiological studies of recently described genetic diseases caused by disturbances in biosynthetic enzymes for sulfated GAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Laboratory of Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021 Japan
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