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Jones JI, Murphy JF, Collins AL, Spencer KL, Rainbow PS, Arnold A, Pretty JL, Moorhouse AML, Aguilera V, Edwards P, Parsonage F, Potter H, Whitehouse P. The Impact of Metal-Rich Sediments Derived from Mining on Freshwater Stream Life. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 248:111-189. [PMID: 30671689 DOI: 10.1007/398_2018_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Metal-rich sediments have the potential to impair life in freshwater streams and rivers and, thereby, to inhibit recovery of ecological conditions after any remediation of mine water discharges. Sediments remain metal-rich over long time periods and have long-term potential ecotoxicological interactions with local biota, unless the sediments themselves are physically removed or replaced by less metal-rich sediment. Laboratory-derived environmental quality standards are difficult to apply to the field situation, as many complicating factors exist in the real world. Therefore, there is a strong case to consider other, field-relevant, measures of toxic effects as alternatives to laboratory-derived standards and to seek better biological tools to detect, diagnose and ideally predict community-level ecotoxicological impairment. Hence, this review concentrated on field measures of toxic effects of metal-rich sediment in freshwater streams, with less emphasis on laboratory-based toxicity testing approaches. To this end, this review provides an overview of the impact of metal-rich sediments on freshwater stream life, focusing on biological impacts linked to metal contamination.
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Bishop WM, Willis BE, Richardson RJ, Cope WG. The presence of algae mitigates the toxicity of copper-based algaecides to a nontarget organism. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2132-2142. [PMID: 29736933 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Copper-based algaecides are routinely applied to target noxious algal blooms in freshwaters. Standard toxicity testing data with copper suggest that typical concentrations used to control algae can cause deleterious acute impacts to nontarget organisms. These "clean" water experiments lack algae, which are specifically targeted in field applications of algaecides and contain competing ligands. The present research measured the influence of algae on algaecide exposure and subsequent response of the nontarget species Daphnia magna to copper sulfate and an ethanolamine-chelated copper algaecide (Captain®). Significant shifts (p < 0.05) in D. magna 48-h median lethal concentration (LC50) values were found when algae were present in exposures along with a copper salt or a chelated copper formulation. Copper sulfate 48-h LC50 values shifted from 75.3 to 317.8 and 517.8 μg Cu/L, whereas Captain increased from 353.8 to 414.2 and 588.5 μg Cu/L in no algae, 5 × 105 , and 5 × 106 cells/mL algae treatments, respectively. Larger shifts were measured with copper sulfate exposures, although Captain was less toxic to D. magna in all corresponding treatments. Captain was more effective at controlling Scenedesmus dimorphus at most concentrations, and control was inversely proportional to toxicity to D. magna. Overall, incorporating target competing ligands (i.e., algae) into standard toxicity testing is important for accurate risk assessment, and copper formulation can significantly alter algaecidal efficacy and risks to nontarget organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2132-2142. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- West M Bishop
- SePRO Research and Technology Campus, Whitakers, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ben E Willis
- SePRO Research and Technology Campus, Whitakers, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert J Richardson
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - W Gregory Cope
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Calbet A, Schmoker C, Russo F, Trottet A, Mahjoub MS, Larsen O, Tong HY, Drillet G. Non-proportional bioaccumulation of trace metals and metalloids in the planktonic food web of two Singapore coastal marine inlets with contrasting water residence times. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 560-561:284-294. [PMID: 27104581 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the concentrations of trace metals/metalloids (TMs) in the water, sediment and plankton of two semi-enclosed marine coastal inlets located north of Jurong Island and separated by a causeway (SW Singapore; May 2012-April 2013). The west side of the causeway (west station) has residence times of approximately one year, and the east side of the causeway (east station) has residence times of one month. The concentrations of most of the TMs in water and sediment were higher in the west than in the east station. In the water column, most of the TMs were homogeneously distributed or had higher concentrations at the surface. Preliminary evidence suggests that the TMs are primarily derived from aerosol depositions from oil combustion and industry. Analyses of TMs in seston (>0.7μm; mostly phytoplankton) and zooplankton (>100μm) revealed that the seston from the west station had higher concentrations of most TMs; however, the concentrations of TMs in zooplankton were similar at the two stations. Despite the high levels of TMs in water, sediment and seston, the bioaccumulation detected in zooplankton was moderate, suggesting either the presence of effective detoxification mechanisms or/and the inefficient transfer of TMs from primary producers to higher trophic levels as a result of the complexity of marine planktonic food webs. In summary, the TM concentrations in water and seston are not reliable indicators of the bioaccumulation at higher trophic levels of the food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Calbet
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Claire Schmoker
- DHI-NTU Research Centre and Education Hub, 1 CleanTech Loop, #03-05 CleanTech1, 637141, Singapore
| | - Francesca Russo
- DHI-NTU Research Centre and Education Hub, 1 CleanTech Loop, #03-05 CleanTech1, 637141, Singapore
| | - Aurore Trottet
- DHI-NTU Research Centre and Education Hub, 1 CleanTech Loop, #03-05 CleanTech1, 637141, Singapore
| | - Mohamed-Sofiane Mahjoub
- DHI-NTU Research Centre and Education Hub, 1 CleanTech Loop, #03-05 CleanTech1, 637141, Singapore
| | - Ole Larsen
- DHI-NTU Research Centre and Education Hub, 1 CleanTech Loop, #03-05 CleanTech1, 637141, Singapore; DHI Water and Environment-Denmark, Agern Allé 5, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Hor Yee Tong
- National Parks Board HQ, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore Botanic Gardens, 259569, Singapore
| | - Guillaume Drillet
- DHI-NTU Research Centre and Education Hub, 1 CleanTech Loop, #03-05 CleanTech1, 637141, Singapore
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Abstract
Biosorption is a unique ability of living or dead biomass to interact with substances such as metals where reduction of sorbate concentration can be achieved. Thus, it has been widely proposed as a promising alternative for metal remediation and recovery owing to its low cost and sustainable “green” nature. Despite considerable biosorption‐related research performed in the past few decades, no significant commercial success has been achieved so far. This chapter starts with discussion of the basic science of biosorption and the potential of some selected biomasses such as yeast, algae, agro‐based waste and vermicompost to be used as biosorbent material. Following this, some important issues regarding the practical application of biosorption are highlighted, including the advantages and disadvantages of using dead or living biomass, the availability of biosorption reactors, immobilization techniques, metal recovery and post‐treatment of spent biosorbent. Lastly, current challenges that limit the commercial success of biosorption as well as the direction of future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Pei Gan
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore Republic of Singapore 117543
| | - Sam Fong Yau Li
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore Republic of Singapore 117543
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Monteiro CM, Castro PML, Malcata FX. Metal uptake by microalgae: underlying mechanisms and practical applications. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 28:299-311. [PMID: 22228490 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Metal contamination of a few aquatic, atmospheric, and soil ecosystems has increased ever since the industrial revolution, owing to discharge of such elements via the effluents of some industrial facilities. Their presence to excessive levels in the environment will eventually lead to serious health problems in higher animals owing to accumulation throughout the food web. Current physicochemical methods available for recovery of metal pollutants (e.g., chemical precipitation, oxidation/reduction, or physical ion exchange) are either expensive or inefficient when they are present at very low concentrations. Consequently, removal of toxic metals by microorganisms has emerged as a potentially more economical alternative. Microalgae (in terms of both living and nonliving biomass) are an example of microorganisms suitable to recover metals and able to attain noteworthy percent removals. Their relatively high metal-binding capacities arise from the intrinsic composition of their cell walls, which contain negatively charged functional groups. Consequently, microalgal cells are particularly efficient in uptake of those contaminants when at low levels. Self-defense mechanisms developed by microalgal cells to survive in metal-containing media and environmental factors that affect their removal (e.g., pH, temperature, and biomass concentration) are reviewed here in a comprehensive way and further discussed in attempts to rationalize this form of remediation vis-a-vis with conventional nonbiological alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Monteiro
- CBQF/Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, P-4200-072 Porto, Portugal
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Dafforn KA, Lewis JA, Johnston EL. Antifouling strategies: history and regulation, ecological impacts and mitigation. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:453-65. [PMID: 21324495 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling increases drag on marine vessels resulting in higher fuel consumption and can also facilitate the transport of harmful non-indigenous species (NIS). Antifouling technologies incorporating biocides (e.g., copper and tributyltin) have been developed to prevent settlement of organisms on vessels, but their widespread use has introduced high levels of contamination into the environment and raised concerns about their toxic effects on marine communities. The recent global ban on tributyltin (1 January 2008) and increasing regulation of copper have prompted research and development of non-toxic paints. This review synthesises existing information regarding the ecological impact of biocides in a wide range of organisms and highlights directions for the management of antifouling paints. We focus particularly on representatives of the recent past (copper and tributyltin) and present (copper and 'booster') biocides. We identify knowledge gaps in antifouling research and provide recommendations relating to the regulation and phasing-out of copper.
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MESH Headings
- Biofouling/prevention & control
- Biofouling/statistics & numerical data
- Copper/analysis
- Disinfectants/analysis
- Disinfection/history
- Disinfection/legislation & jurisprudence
- Disinfection/methods
- Environment
- Environmental Restoration and Remediation
- Government Regulation
- History, 16th Century
- History, 17th Century
- History, 18th Century
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Paint
- Trialkyltin Compounds/analysis
- Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
- Water Pollution, Chemical/legislation & jurisprudence
- Water Pollution, Chemical/prevention & control
- Water Pollution, Chemical/statistics & numerical data
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Dafforn
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Demayo A, Taylor MC, Taylor KW, Wiersma GB. Effects of copper on humans, laboratory and farm animals, terrestrial plants, and aquatic life. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10643388209381697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bhargava P, Mishra Y, Srivastava AK, Narayan OP, Rai LC. Excess copper induces anoxygenic photosynthesis in Anabaena doliolum: a homology based proteomic assessment of its survival strategy. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2008; 96:61-74. [PMID: 18165907 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-007-9285-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study is the first to demonstrate operation of anoxygenic photosynthesis in copper acclimated Anabaena doliolum and to offer proteomic comparison with the control cells. The Cu-treated control strain showed a negative correlation in growth and intracellular Cu, partial inhibition of O(2)-evolution, PS II, PS I, whole chain, chlorophyll absorption, and nitrogenase activity. However, the acclimated strain growing in 250-fold excess Cu exhibited near normal growth, ATP content, PS I activity, carbon fixation, and almost complete inhibition of O(2)-evolution, PS II and chlorophyll absorption, but increased nitrogenase activity as compared to control. Proteomic decoding of the survival strategy of Cu-treated control and the acclimated strain using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF MS analysis of proteins displaying significant and reproducible changes demonstrated involvement of transketolase, phycoerythrocyanin alpha-chain, iron superoxide dismutase (Fe-SOD), hypothetical protein alr 0803, manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), phosphoribulokinase, and plastocyanin (PLC). Expression pattern of these proteins was attested at the transcriptional level using RT-PCR. Time course analysis of proteins of Cu-treated control strain revealed almost no change in PLC level, and a minor accumulation of transketolase, phycoerythrocyanin alpha-chain and both isoforms of SOD after 7 and recovery after 10 days. Acclimated strain under excess Cu, however, exhibited significant accumulation of both isoforms of SOD, plastocyanin, phosphoribulokinase and transketolase, which seem to counteract oxidative damage, serve as an alternate electron carrier from cytochrome b6/f complex to photosystem I and meet the NADPH and ATP requirements, respectively, under anoxygenic photosynthesis. In view of the kinetics of the hypothetical protein alr0803 (no change in expression level for 7, maximum after 10 and decline after 15 days) its involvement in metal homeostasis is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Bhargava
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Algal Biology, Center of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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Maeda S, Nakashima S, Takeshita T, Higashi S. Bioaccumulation of Arsenic by Freshwater Algae and the Application to the Removal of Inorganic Arsenic from an Aqueous Phase. Part II. By Chlorella vulgaris Isolated from Arsenic-Polluted Environment. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/01496398508058356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Worms I, Simon DF, Hassler CS, Wilkinson KJ. Bioavailability of trace metals to aquatic microorganisms: importance of chemical, biological and physical processes on biouptake. Biochimie 2006; 88:1721-31. [PMID: 17049417 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
An important challenge in environmental biogeochemistry is the determination of the bioavailability of toxic and essential trace compounds in natural media. For trace metals, it is now clear that chemical speciation must be taken into account when predicting bioavailability. Over the past 20 years, equilibrium models (free ion activity model (FIAM), biotic ligand model (BLM)) have been increasingly developed to describe metal bioavailability in environmental systems, despite the fact that environmental systems are always dynamic and rarely at equilibrium. In these simple (relatively successful) models, any reduction in the available, reactive species of the metal due to competition, complexation or other reactions will reduce metal bioaccumulation and thus biological effects. Recently, it has become clear that biological, physical and chemical reactions occurring in the immediate proximity of the biological surface also play an important role in controlling trace metal bioavailability through shifts in the limiting biouptake fluxes. Indeed, for microorganisms, examples of biological (transport across membrane), chemical (dissociation kinetics of metal complexes) and physical (diffusion) limitation can be demonstrated. Furthermore, the organism can employ a number of biological internalization strategies to get around limitations that are imposed on it by the physicochemistry of the medium. The use of a single transport site by several metals or the use of several transport sites by a single metal further complicates the prediction of uptake or effects using the simple chemical models. Finally, once inside the microorganism the cell is able to employ a large number of strategies including complexation, compartmentalization, efflux or the production of extracellular ligands to minimize or optimize the reactivity of the metal. The prediction of trace metal bioavailability will thus require multidisciplinary advances in our understanding of the reactions occurring at and near the biological interface. By taking into account medium constraints and biological adaptability, future bioavailability modeling will certainly become more robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Worms
- CABE (Analytical and Biophysical Environmental Chemistry), University of Geneva, 30, quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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12
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Bossuyt BTA, Janssen CR. Copper regulation and homeostasis of Daphnia magna and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata: influence of acclimation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2005; 136:135-144. [PMID: 15809115 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate (1) the capacity of the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the waterflea Daphnia magna to regulate copper when exposed to environmentally realistic copper concentrations and (2) the influence of multi-generation acclimation to these copper concentrations on copper bioaccumulation and homeostasis. Based on bioconcentration factors, active copper regulation was observed in algae up to 5 microg Cu L(-1) and in daphnids up to 35 mug Cu L(-1). Constant body copper concentrations (13+/-4 microg Cu g DW(-1)) were observed in algae exposed to 1 through 5 microg Cu L(-1) and in daphnids exposed to 1 through 12 microg Cu L(-1). At higher exposure concentrations, there was an increase in internal body copper concentration, while no increase was observed in bioconcentration factors, suggesting the presence of a storage mechanism. At copper concentrations of 100 microg Cu L(-1) (P. subcapitata) and 150 microg Cu L(-1) (D. magna), the significant increases observed in body copper concentrations and in bioconcentration factors may be related to a failure of this regulation mechanism. For both organisms, internal body copper concentrations lower than 13 microg Cu g DW(-1) may result in copper deficiency. For P. subcapitata acclimated to 0.5 and 100 microg Cu L(-1), body copper concentrations ranged (mean+/-standard deviation) between 5+/-2 microg Cu g DW(-1) and 1300+/-197 microg Cu g DW(-1), respectively. For D. magna, this value ranged between 9+/-2 microg Cu g DW(-1) and 175+/-17 microg Cu g DW(-1) for daphnids acclimated to 0.5 and 150 microg Cu L(-1). Multi-generation acclimation to copper concentrations >or =12 microg Cu L(-1) resulted in a decrease (up to 40%) in body copper concentrations for both organisms compared to the body copper concentration of the first generation. It can be concluded that there is an indication that P. subcapitata and D. magna can regulate their whole body copper concentration to maintain copper homeostasis within their optimal copper range and acclimation enhances these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart T A Bossuyt
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, J. Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Gale SA, Smith SV, Lim RP, Jeffree RA, Petocz P. Insights into the mechanisms of copper tolerance of a population of black-banded rainbowfish (Melanotaenia nigrans) (Richardson) exposed to mine leachate, using 64/67Cu. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2003; 62:135-153. [PMID: 12505381 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-445x(02)00081-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the mechanisms of copper tolerance of a population of black-banded rainbowfish (Melanotaenia nigrans) (Richardson). The population has been exposed to elevated copper concentrations for over 40 years, due to leachate from the Rum Jungle uranium/copper mine. At the time of collection the 96 h EC(50) of exposed [E] fish was 8.3 times higher than that of reference [R] fish. The bioconcentration of 64/67Cu in fish was used to investigate the mechanism of copper tolerance in E fish. Both E and R fish were exposed to low (L(Cu), 30 microg Cu l(-1)) and elevated (E(Cu), 300 microg Cu l(-1)) copper concentrations for 24 and 48 h, respectively. Radioactivity was measured at seven or eight time points in four tissue sections: head (including gills, heart and brain), internal organs (including gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidneys and gonads), muscle and whole body. One-compartment bioconcentration models were fit to data and compared using an F-test. Copper concentrations in all tissue sections were significantly (P<0.05) less (up to 50%) in E fish compared with the respective tissue sections of R fish when exposed to both L(Cu) and E(Cu). The exception was copper accumulation in the internal organs, which was not significantly different between E and R fish exposed to E(Cu). The mechanism of copper tolerance was concluded to be reduced copper uptake in the gills, rather than increased binding or elimination. Allozyme electrophoresis was performed to determine if genetic selection had occurred in the E fish population. Allozyme frequencies at the AAT-1 and GPI-1 loci were significantly (P<0.05) different between E and R fish. Heterozygosity was reduced in E fish compared with that of R fish. Collectively these results suggest that genetic selection may have occurred in the E fish population. Consequently, the selection of allozymes less sensitive to copper may be another mechanism of copper tolerance of E fish. This is the first study on the mechanisms of copper tolerance in a wild fish population that has been exposed to elevated copper concentrations. These findings aid the understanding of metal tolerance in fish and emphasise the importance of sample selection and its implication for toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharyn A Gale
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Technology, PO Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
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Janssen CR, Heijerick DG. Algal toxicity tests for environmental risk assessments of metals. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2003; 178:23-52. [PMID: 12868780 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-21728-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Current regulatory methods for assessing the effects of contaminants, and metals in particular, rely mainly on a limited number of standardized test methods and test species (OECD, ISO, ASTM, USEPA). However, these test protocols allow a certain degree of freedom in relation to physicochemical parameters or biological aspects, which may lead to large variability in test results. The current review, based on effects data and theoretical considerations reported in the literature, tried to determine and quantify the effect of variation of these factors on the outcome of metal toxicity tests with algae. Major physicochemical parameters that affect metal toxicity to algae are hardness, pH, preculture conditions, type of test medium, and presence of chelating agents: Literature data also clearly demonstrate the importance of test species or strain selection (inter- and intraspecies sensitivity variability) on the outcome of algal toxicity tests. For Zn, a factor of 8.3 is observed between the NOEC for Selenastrum capricornutum (currently renamed Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) and Croococcus paris. An intraspecies difference for S. capricornutum of a factor of 60 is observed between various reported EC50S for Cd. Next to differences in physicochemical test conditions, possible adaptation or acclimation to deficient/elevated metal concentrations add to the reported differences: S. capricornutum became three times less sensitive to Zn when acclimated to 65 microg Zn/L compared to cultures in ISO medium. This review has revealed that currently accepted standard protocols used in regulatory frameworks contain a number of major shortcomings on the physicochemical and biological aspects of algal toxicity testing with metals. These shortcomings are summarized in Table 5, together with a number of suggestions that could help to modify and improve standard test protocols for evaluating metal toxicity to algae. Until now, important factors such as pH control during test performance, selection of test medium, test species, and the effects of possible adaptation/acclimation to natural metal concentrations have not been considered, which could have serious implications when the resulting unsuitable or irrelevant toxicity data are subsequently used for setting environmental management policies. These findings also have their consequences when extrapolating laboratory data to the field as the complexity of natural waters currently is not reflected in laboratory standard media. These media contain no dissolved organic matter, have a relatively high pH, and contain large amounts of essential nutrients. In addition, the limited number of laboratory test species do not reflect natural phytoplankton communities. Test procedures for assessing the environmental impact of metal contamination in a specified ecoregion should therefore be based on performing a battery of algal tests with species adapted to and tested under the specific natural conditions of the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin R Janssen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, J. Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Muyssen BT, Janssen CR. Zinc acclimation and its effect on the zinc tolerance of Raphidocelis subcapitata and Chlorella vulgaris in laboratory experiments. CHEMOSPHERE 2001; 45:507-514. [PMID: 11680746 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(01)00047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The effect of zinc acclimation of Raphidocelis subcapitata (syn. Selenastrum capricornutum) and Chlorella vulgaris on their sensitivity towards this metal was examined in a series of laboratory experiments. These two commonly used algal species were acclimated to 65 microg Zn/l and changes in zinc tolerance were monitored using standard growth inhibition tests. The chemically defined ISO medium was used as a control culture medium. Both species demonstrated a maximum increase in zinc tolerance of a factor of 3 after 100 days of acclimation. Shifts in the shape of the concentration-response curve due to acclimation were observed for R. subcapitata. Compared to non-acclimated algae, acclimated R. subcapitata exhibited higher growth rates in all zinc treatments as well as in the controls. This suggests that the use of ISO-medium results in sub-optimal growth due to zinc deficiency. These effects could not be demonstrated for C. vulgaris. The zinc tolerance of both species decreased significantly one week after returning the acclimated algae to control (ISO) medium. 72hEC50 values based on growth rate were two to four times higher than those calculated using biomass measurements. Algal toxicity test results, particularly if used for metal risk assessments, must not be conducted using nutrient deficient media.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Muyssen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Belgium.
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17
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Abraham-Peskir JV, Butler RD, Sigee DC. Seasonal changes in whole-cell metal levels in protozoa of activated sludge. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 1997; 38:272-280. [PMID: 9469880 DOI: 10.1006/eesa.1997.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study the authors quantify, and correlate, whole-cell elemental levels of vorticellids in activated sludge, over a 1-year period, and Aspidisca cicada and Opercularia coarctata on one sampling date. The aim was to determine the extent, and seasonal variation, of metal uptake and/or accumulation, to give new information regarding the fate and dynamics of the cellular elements, and to determine how they are related to each other over time and between species, in an environment exposed to high levels of heavy metals. Samples of activated sludge were collected monthly, and whole-cell elemental levels of vorticellids determined by scanning electron microscopy electron probe X-ray microanalysis (XRMA). Positive intersample correlations were found between phosphorus and three elements, sulfur, potassium, and iron. Potassium and calcium levels correlated positively with sulfur levels. Iron levels were positively correlated with potassium levels. Levels in A. cicada sampled from activated sludge were also compared with the same species grown in vitro, previously isolated from the same sewage treatment works. The level of cellular elements varies considerably with time, and between species from the same environment. Vorticellids could tolerate varying levels of aluminum, copper, iron, and zinc. Decreased iron levels were associated with decreased phosphorus and potassium levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Abraham-Peskir
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom.
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18
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Vílchez C, Garbayo I, Lobato MV, Vega J. Microalgae-mediated chemicals production and wastes removal. Enzyme Microb Technol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(96)00208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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19
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Castilla JC. Copper mine tailing disposal in northern Chile rocky shores: Enteromorpha compressa (Chlorophyta) as a sentinel species. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 1996; 40:171-84. [PMID: 24198094 DOI: 10.1007/bf00414390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/1995] [Revised: 07/15/1995] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The study assesses the ecological impact caused by the El Salvador untreated (1975-1990) and treated (1991-1994) copper mine tailings on rocky intertidal communities in and around the dumping site at Caleta Palito, northern Chile. Ecological changes are monitored for 16 years in polluted and unpolluted sites within a geographical area of 90 km. Copper concentration levels in water and the intertidal Chlorophyta E. compressa are presented. The results confirm a notorious reduction in the number of species and significant differences between polluted and unpolluted intertidal communities. At polluted sites, following the initiation of the disposal, all species of invertebrates and algae disappeared and primary space (rock) was partially or completely dominated by E. compressa along more than a decade. Its persistence in these sites supports the view that this taxon is a sentinel species resisting high levels of copper pollution. During the past four years, following the steps given to treat the tailings, at polluted sites there are preliminary indications showing increases in the number of species of algae and invertebrate. The need for future monitoring to elucidate ecosystem restoration processes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Castilla
- Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Las Cruces, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P., Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114, D. Santiago, Chile
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20
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Correa JA, González P, Sánchez P, Muñoz J, Orellana MC. Copper-algae interactions: Inheritance or adaptation? ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 1996; 40:41-54. [PMID: 24198070 DOI: 10.1007/bf00395166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/1995] [Revised: 05/15/1995] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the responses of wild, adult plants of Enteromorpha compressa, and their progeny, to various copper concentrations. Experiments were designed to test the hypotheses that: 1) individuals of E. compressa from Caleta Palito, a copper-enriched coastal locality, tolerate higher copper concentrations than those from a place with no history of copper pollution and 2) such copper tolerance is under genetic control and therefore, was an inherited character. Our results indicate that algae which inhabit a copper-enriched environment tolerate higher concentrations of copper than those from waters with low copper concentrations. On the other hand, our results suggest that generalizations regarding heritability of the tolerance to copper do not apply to the Chilean E. compressa, as no differences in growth or rhizoid production were found between the progeny from Caleta Palito and Caleta Zenteno. These findings are an indication that heritability and adaptation may represent alternative strategies used by different populations of the same algal species to tolerate copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Correa
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile
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21
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Herkovits J, Perez-Coll CS. Increased resistance against cadmium toxicity by means of pretreatment with low cadmium/zinc concentrations in Bufo arenarum embryos. Biol Trace Elem Res 1995; 49:171-5. [PMID: 8562285 DOI: 10.1007/bf02788966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A significantly increased resistance against cadmium toxicity in Bufo arenarum embryos was obtained by means of pretreatments with low cadmium/zinc concentrations, allowing embryos to tolerate lethal cadmium concentrations. Slight variations in the pretreatment schedule could result in significant differences within this acclimation phenomenon. The probable mechanisms of action of this protective effect are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Herkovits
- Programa Seguridad Química (SEQUIRE), CONICET, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Salud, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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22
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Rijstenbil JW, Sandee A, Van Drie J, Wijnholds JA. Interaction of toxic trace metals and mechanisms of detoxification in the planktonic diatoms Ditylum brightwellii and Thalassiosira pseudonana. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1994; 14:387-96. [PMID: 7917426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.1994.tb00113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of cadmium (10 nM), copper (80 nM) and zinc (150 nM) additions were studied in the marine diatom Ditylum brightwellii and the riverine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. Defense against oxidative stress via cellular thiol (SH) pools and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activation, detoxification via phytochelatins and cell damage were monitored in metal-exposed exponential-phase cells and controls, grown in estuarine medium. Total SH and reduced+oxidized glutathione (GSH+GSSG) in T. pseudonana were much higher than in D. brightwellii. In T. pseudonana, total SH and GSH decreased at 322 nM Zn, and GSH increased at 80 nM Cu but decreased at 119 nM Cu. GSH:GSSG ratios were low, while phytochelatins were not detectable in metal-exposed D. brightwellii. Cd-exposed T. pseudonana made more phytochelatins than Cu-exposed cells, and in different proportions. At 322 nM Zn, SOD activity decreased in T. pseudonana. Zn caused a major, and Cu a minor increase of SOD activity in D. brightwellii; inhibition of photosynthesis was observed in Cu-exposed D. brightwellii, probably due to oxidative damage. The C:N ratios were higher and protein contents lower in Cu-exposed cells of both species, which might indicate excretion due to a loss of cell membrane integrity. From these results, it is hypothesized that T. pseudonana has evolved an effective detoxification mechanism as a result of a more severe exposure to toxic metals in rivers and estuaries. In contrast, D. brightwellii, a marine-estuarine species, cannot adjust well to metal exposure. Its poor defense against metal toxicity was marked by low SH-contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Rijstenbil
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Centre for Estuarine and Coastal Ecology, Yerseke, The Netherlands
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23
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Hashemi F, Leppard GG, Kushnert DJ. Copper resistance in Anabaena variabilis: Effects of phosphate nutrition and polyphosphate bodies. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1994; 27:159-76. [PMID: 24190273 DOI: 10.1007/bf00165815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/1993] [Revised: 11/15/1993] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A copper-resistant Anabaena variabilis strain was obtained after repeated culturing in progressively higher concentrations of Cu(NO3)2. This strain maintained its resistance even after a year of repeated subculturing in copper-free medium. The resistant strain differed from the sensitive parent strain with respect to filament length, cell shape and size, and control of heterocyst formation. The resistant strain was also more resistant to cadmium, zinc, and nickel. Copper distribution studies conducted with atomic absorption spectroscopy revealed that at low copper levels the sensitive strain bound significantly more metal than the resistant strain. At higher copper levels, however, the resistant strain bound large amounts of the metal. Phosphate-loaded resistant cells could grow in higher copper concentrations than phosphate-starved resistant cells. Toluidine blue staining showed that the resistant strain contained more polyphosphate bodies than the sensitive strain; the resistant cells also had higher internal phosphate levels. X-ray microanalysis, however, did not show a direct localization of copper on polyphosphate bodies. More than one mechanism of resistance may exist in this A. variabilis strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hashemi
- Department of Botany, University of Toronto, M5S 3132, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Stallwitz E, Hädert DP. Motility and phototactic orientation of the flagellate Euglena gracilis impaired by heavy metal ions. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(93)80041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Romandini P, Tallandini L, Beltramini M, Salvato B, Manzano M, de Bertoldi M, Rocco GP. Effects of copper and cadmium on growth, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in different yeast atrains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 103:255-62. [PMID: 1360381 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(92)90004-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
1. Three strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been adapted in vitro upon treatment with copper or cadmium. Growth rate, cellular size, metal uptake, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were measured. 2. Growth rate and metal uptake are quite different among the yeast strains and also for copper and cadmium treatment. At the employed concentrations, only cadmium chiefly affects the cellular volume. 3. Cu, ZnSOD activity is stimulated in the presence of copper, while it is lightly inhibited in the presence of cadmium. Catalase level remains almost unchanged in the conditions tested. This lack of correlation is then discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Romandini
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy
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26
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Rowbury RJ, Hussain NH. Chromosomally-determined induced tolerance to copper in Escherichia coli. Lett Appl Microbiol 1992; 15:160-163. [PMID: 29389031 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1992.tb00752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pre-exposure of Echerichia coli to sub-lethal concentrations of cupric sulphate induced copper tolerance: pre-exposed (habituated) organisms were essentially unaffected by concentrations of Cu2+ which completely prevented colony formation by non-habituated ones. The observed copper tolerance was not dependent on the selection of copper-resistant mutants but resulted from a phenotypic change in the organisms during the pre-exposure period.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Rowbury
- Department of Biology (Darwin), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Noor Hana Hussain
- Department of Biology (Darwin), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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27
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Maeda S, Kusadome K, Arima H, Ohki A, Naka K. Biomethylation of arsenic and its excretion by the algaChlorella vulgaris. Appl Organomet Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.590060416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Phytoplankton composition and spatial distribution of copper and zinc in the Fal Estuary (Cornwall, UK). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02259587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Wu L, Lin SL. Copper tolerance and copper uptake of Lotus purshianus (Benth.) Clem. & Clem. and its symbiotic Rhizobium loti derived from a copper mine waste population. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1990; 116:531-539. [PMID: 33874098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1990.tb00537.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lotus purshianus (Benth.) Clem, and Clem., growing on a copper mine waste in Northern California, exhibits copper tolerance. Effective nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) is seen in copper-enriched soils. When subcultured in liquid culture, Rhizobium loti isolated from root nodules of L. purshianus growing on the copper mine, showed considerably greater copper tolerance than did rhizobium isolated from plants growing in a nearby field. No difference was detected in either the pattern of copper uptake or concentration in plant tissue between tolerant and non-tolerant L. purshianus. However, a copper accumulation mechanism associated with copper tolerance was found in the symbiotic rhizobium. The successful colonization of copper enriched soil by this legume species is accomplished by the evolution of copper tolerance in both the legume plant and its symbiont. The copper tolerance of the plant and rhizobium may have evolved independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wu
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Shen-Lin Lin
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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30
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Collard JM, Matagne RF. Isolation and genetic analysis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strains resistant to cadmium. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990; 56:2051-5. [PMID: 2389932 PMCID: PMC184559 DOI: 10.1128/aem.56.7.2051-2055.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, cadmium induces reduction of growth, reduction of chlorophyll content, and lethality. The toxicity was higher in a cell wall-deficient strain than in the wild type. By growing the cells on agar medium containing cadmium at concentrations inducing high lethality, stable resistant clones were isolated. The resistance was due to a nuclear mutation (cadAR) which probably preexisted in the wild-type cell population, as suggested by the fluctuation test. A double mutant (cadAR cadBR) was selected on media containing higher concentrations of cadmium. The cadBR mutation, which is unlinked to cadAR, determines a resistance intermediate between the CadAR mutant and the wild-type strain. Both cadAR and cadBR mutations are partially dominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Collard
- Laboratoire de Génétique des Microorganismes, Université de Liège, Belgium
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31
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Joho M, Inouhe M, Tohoyama H, Murayama T. A possible role of histidine in a nickel resistant mechanism ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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32
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Wren MJ, McCarroll D. A simple and sensitive bioassay for the detection of toxic materials using a unicellular green alga. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1990; 64:87-91. [PMID: 15092309 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(90)90097-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/1989] [Revised: 11/22/1989] [Accepted: 11/28/1989] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A simple assay for phytotoxicity, using small scale cultures of Chlorella vulgaris, is described. Growth after 3 days' incubation in 0.5 cm(3) medium is assessed by DMSO-acetone extraction and chlorophyll determination. The method is sensitive enough to detect phytotoxicity in small samples of material and this is illustrated by the inhibitory effects of microgram additions of copper, cadmium and zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Wren
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Leeds University, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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33
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Bastien C, C??té R. Variations temporelles de l'ultrastructure deScenedesmus quadricauda exposée au cuivre lors d'une expérience à long terme. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/iroh.19890740207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Bastien C, C??té R. Effets du cuivre sur l'ultrastructure de Scenedesmus quadricauda et Chlorella vulgaris. Effect of copper on the ultrastructure of Scenedesmus quadricauda and Chlorella vulgaris. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/iroh.19890740105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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Piccinni E. Response to heavy metals of uni‐ and multicellular organisms: Homologies and analogies∗. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1080/11250008909355649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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36
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Maeda S, Fujita S, Ohki A, Yoshifuku I, Higashi S, Takeshita T. Arsenic accumulation by arsenic-tolerant freshwater blue-green alga (Phormidium sp.). Appl Organomet Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.590020412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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37
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Klerks PL, Weis JS. Genetic adaptation to heavy metals in aquatic organisms: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1987; 45:173-205. [PMID: 15092750 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(87)90057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/1986] [Accepted: 10/23/1986] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Natural populations in polluted areas are possibly subjected to selective pressures for an increased resistance to toxicants. This can result in the evolution of resistance, which may have important implications for decisions regarding safe ambient toxicant levels. By reviewing the evolution of resistance to heavy metals in aquatic organisms, we aimed to determine if all populations negatively affected by toxicants do adapt to them. If the published literature accurately represents the situation in polluted areas (i.e. negative results having an equal chance of being published), it can be concluded that most, but not all, populations in polluted areas do have an increased resistance. But it can usually not be determined if such an increased resistance has a genetic basis. There is less evidence for the evolution of resistance in metazoans (especially fish) than in micro-organisms. Additional information strongly indicates that many populations fail to survive in polluted environments. It thus seems dangerous to relax water quality criteria on the assumption that all populations in polluted environments will evolve an increased resistance. But the fact that the evolution of resistance to environmental pollutants does seem to occur in some populations in polluted environments warrants taking that possibility into consideration when evaluating the results of bioassays and monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Klerks
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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38
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Duxbury T. Ecological Aspects of Heavy Metal Responses in Microorganisms. ADVANCES IN MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9412-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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39
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Bariaud A, Mestre JC. Heavy metal tolerance in a cadmium-resistant population of Euglena gracilis. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 1984; 32:597-601. [PMID: 6428489 DOI: 10.1007/bf01607543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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40
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Baszyński T, Król M, Krupa Z, Ruszkowska M, Wojcieska U, Wolińska D. Photosynthetic Apparatus of Spinach Exposed to Excess Copper. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(82)80163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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Piccinni E, Coppellotti O. Response to heavy metals in organisms—II. Effects of physiological and non physiological metals on Ochromonas danica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0306-4492(82)90026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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Adshead-Simonsen PC, Murray GE, Kushner DJ. Morphological changes in the diatom, Tabellaria flocculosa, induced by very low concentrations of cadmium. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 1981; 26:745-748. [PMID: 7260446 DOI: 10.1007/bf01622165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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43
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Massalski A, Laube VM, Kushner DJ. Effects of cadmium and copper on the ultrastructure ofAnkistrodesmus braunii andAnabaena 7120. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1981; 7:183-93. [PMID: 24227427 DOI: 10.1007/bf02032499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The effects of brief exposure to, or growth in the presence of, lethal and sublethal concentrations of Cu(NO)2 and Cd(NO3) on the ultrastructure of the blue-green algaAnabaena 7120 and the green algaAnkistrodesmus braunii were studied. Exposure to increasing amount of both metal ions led to the appearance of larger proportions of electron-dense cells whose organelles were less well defined than those of untreated cells. Metal-treated cells ofAnabaena 7120 became distorted. Some had a corrugated appearance. Others lysed, leaving a much larger proportion of heterocysts. Such heterocysts were often empty or had a curious collapsed appearance. Growth ofA. braunii in the presence of 10(-4) M Cu(NO2)2 produced substantial numbers of multinucleate giant cells with thick walls; such cells result from repeated mitotic division without subsequent cytokinesis. The giant cells contained centrioles, structures not as yet found in normal cells of the genusAnkistrodesmus. Some nuclei of giant, but not of normal, cells contained deep indentations that appeared as "holes" in cross section. Some giant cells also contained triple parallel strands of endoplasmic reticulum which extended across much of the cell, connecting to the nuclear envelope. Some ultrastructural changes were also noted in algal cells grown over sediment containing Cu or Cd, but these were generally less severe than those occurring when metal ions were added directly to the algal cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Massalski
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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44
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45
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Chapter 7 Organo-Metallic Interactions in Natural Waters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0422-9894(08)70329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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46
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47
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Daniel GF, Chamberlain AHL, Jones EBG. Ultrastructural observations on the marine fouling diatomAmphora. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01984035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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48
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Albergoni V, Piccinni E, Coppellotti O. Response to heavy metals in organisms-I. Excretion and accumulation of physiological and non physiological metals in Euglena gracilis. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C: COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY 1980; 67C:121-7. [PMID: 6108179 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4492(80)90006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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