1
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Singh K, Lau CK, Manigrasso G, Gama JB, Gassmann R, Carter AP. Molecular mechanism of dynein-dynactin complex assembly by LIS1. Science 2024; 383:eadk8544. [PMID: 38547289 PMCID: PMC7615804 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk8544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is a microtubule motor vital for cellular organization and division. It functions as a ~4-megadalton complex containing its cofactor dynactin and a cargo-specific coiled-coil adaptor. However, how dynein and dynactin recognize diverse adaptors, how they interact with each other during complex formation, and the role of critical regulators such as lissencephaly-1 (LIS1) protein (LIS1) remain unclear. In this study, we determined the cryo-electron microscopy structure of dynein-dynactin on microtubules with LIS1 and the lysosomal adaptor JIP3. This structure reveals the molecular basis of interactions occurring during dynein activation. We show how JIP3 activates dynein despite its atypical architecture. Unexpectedly, LIS1 binds dynactin's p150 subunit, tethering it along the length of dynein. Our data suggest that LIS1 and p150 constrain dynein-dynactin to ensure efficient complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashish Singh
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Clinton K. Lau
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Giulia Manigrasso
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - José B. Gama
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde – i3S / Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular – IBMC, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde – i3S / Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular – IBMC, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andrew P. Carter
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
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2
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Vitriol EA, Quintanilla MA, Tidei JJ, Troughton LD, Cody A, Cisterna BA, Jane ML, Oakes PW, Beach JR. Nonmuscle myosin 2 filaments are processive in cells. Biophys J 2023; 122:3678-3689. [PMID: 37218133 PMCID: PMC10541485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Directed transport of cellular components is often dependent on the processive movements of cytoskeletal motors. Myosin 2 motors predominantly engage actin filaments of opposing orientation to drive contractile events and are therefore not traditionally viewed as processive. However, recent in vitro experiments with purified nonmuscle myosin 2 (NM2) demonstrated myosin 2 filaments could move processively. Here, we establish processivity as a cellular property of NM2. Processive runs in central nervous system-derived CAD cells are most apparent on bundled actin in protrusions that terminate at the leading edge. We find that processive velocities in vivo are consistent with in vitro measurements. NM2 makes these processive runs in its filamentous form against lamellipodia retrograde flow, though anterograde movement can still occur in the absence of actin dynamics. Comparing the processivity of NM2 isoforms, we find that NM2A moves slightly faster than NM2B. Finally, we demonstrate that this is not a cell-specific property, as we observe processive-like movements of NM2 in the lamella and subnuclear stress fibers of fibroblasts. Collectively, these observations further broaden NM2 functionality and the biological processes in which the already ubiquitous motor can contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Vitriol
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.
| | - Melissa A Quintanilla
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Joseph J Tidei
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Lee D Troughton
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Abigail Cody
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Bruno A Cisterna
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Makenzie L Jane
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Patrick W Oakes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois.
| | - Jordan R Beach
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois.
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3
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Vitriol EA, Quintanilla MA, Tidei JJ, Troughton LD, Cody A, Cisterna BA, Jane ML, Oakes PW, Beach JR. Non-muscle myosin 2 filaments are processive in cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.24.529920. [PMID: 36865321 PMCID: PMC9980172 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.24.529920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Directed transport of cellular components is often dependent on the processive movements of cytoskeletal motors. Myosin 2 motors predominantly engage actin filaments of opposing orientation to drive contractile events, and are therefore not traditionally viewed as processive. However, recent in vitro experiments with purified non-muscle myosin 2 (NM2) demonstrated myosin 2 filaments could move processively. Here, we establish processivity as a cellular property of NM2. Processive runs in central nervous system-derived CAD cells are most apparent as processive movements on bundled actin in protrusions that terminate at the leading edge. We find that processive velocities in vivo are consistent with in vitro measurements. NM2 makes these processive runs in its filamentous form against lamellipodia retrograde flow, though anterograde movement can still occur in the absence of actin dynamics. Comparing the processivity of NM2 isoforms, we find that NM2A moves slightly faster than NM2B. Finally, we demonstrate that this is not a cell-specific property, as we observe processive-like movements of NM2 in the lamella and subnuclear stress fibers of fibroblasts. Collectively, these observations further broaden NM2 functionality and the biological processes in which the already ubiquitous motor can contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Vitriol
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Melissa A Quintanilla
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Joseph J Tidei
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Lee D Troughton
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Abigail Cody
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Bruno A Cisterna
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Makenzie L Jane
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Patrick W Oakes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Jordan R Beach
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
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4
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Higashida M, Niwa S. Dynein intermediate chains DYCI-1 and WDR-60 have specific functions in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genes Cells 2023; 28:97-110. [PMID: 36461782 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Dynein is a microtubule-dependent motor protein required for cell division, retrograde intracellular transport, and intraflagellar transport (IFT). Dynein 1 and dynein 2 serve as molecular motors in the cytoplasm and cilia, respectively. Each dynein consists of multiple subunits. Although the components of dynein 1 and dynein 2 are different and specific in most species, a previous study has suggested that dynein intermediate chain subunit DYCI-1 is shared by both dynein 1 and 2 in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Here, we show that C. elegans has two dynein intermediate chains-DYCI-1 and WDR-60-and their functions are different. Mutational analysis showed that dyci-1 is essential for the retrograde axonal transport of synaptic vesicles. In the same mutant allele, IFT is not affected at all. Instead, wdr-60 is essential for IFT. Thus, we suggest that dynein 1 and dynein 2 have specific intermediate chains in C. elegans as in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Higashida
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Niwa
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.,Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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5
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Soppina V, Xiang X, Arumugam S. Editorial: Microtubule-associated molecular motors: Transport mechanisms and role in disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1106435. [PMID: 36568971 PMCID: PMC9768603 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1106435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Virupakshi Soppina
- Discipline of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India,*Correspondence: Virupakshi Soppina, ; Xin Xiang, ; Senthil Arumugam,
| | - Xin Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences-F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States,*Correspondence: Virupakshi Soppina, ; Xin Xiang, ; Senthil Arumugam,
| | - Senthil Arumugam
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Virupakshi Soppina, ; Xin Xiang, ; Senthil Arumugam,
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6
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Matković J, Ghosh S, Ćosić M, Eibes S, Barišić M, Pavin N, Tolić IM. Kinetochore- and chromosome-driven transition of microtubules into bundles promotes spindle assembly. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7307. [PMID: 36435852 PMCID: PMC9701229 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic spindle assembly is crucial for chromosome segregation and relies on bundles of microtubules that extend from the poles and overlap in the middle. However, how these structures form remains poorly understood. Here we show that overlap bundles arise through a network-to-bundles transition driven by kinetochores and chromosomes. STED super-resolution microscopy reveals that PRC1-crosslinked microtubules initially form loose arrays, which become rearranged into bundles. Kinetochores promote microtubule bundling by lateral binding via CENP-E/kinesin-7 in an Aurora B-regulated manner. Steric interactions between the bundle-associated chromosomes at the spindle midplane drive bundle separation and spindle widening. In agreement with experiments, theoretical modeling suggests that bundles arise through competing attractive and repulsive mechanisms. Finally, perturbation of overlap bundles leads to inefficient correction of erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments. Thus, kinetochores and chromosomes drive coarsening of a uniform microtubule array into overlap bundles, which promote not only spindle formation but also chromosome segregation fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurica Matković
- grid.4905.80000 0004 0635 7705Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Subhadip Ghosh
- grid.4808.40000 0001 0657 4636Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mateja Ćosić
- grid.4905.80000 0004 0635 7705Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Susana Eibes
- grid.417390.80000 0001 2175 6024Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marin Barišić
- grid.417390.80000 0001 2175 6024Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nenad Pavin
- grid.4808.40000 0001 0657 4636Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva M. Tolić
- grid.4905.80000 0004 0635 7705Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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7
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Bollhagen A, Bechtel W. Discovering autoinhibition as a design principle for the control of biological mechanisms. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 2022; 95:145-157. [PMID: 36029564 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Autoinhibition is a design principle realized in many molecular mechanisms in biology. After explicating the notion of a design principle and showing that autoinhibition is such a principle, we focus on how researchers discovered instances of autoinhibition, using research establishing the autoinhibition of the molecular motors kinesin and dynein as our case study. Research on kinesin and dynein began in the fashion described in accounts of mechanistic explanation but, once the mechanisms had been discovered, researchers discovered that they exhibited a second phenomenon, autoinhibition. The discovery of autoinhibition not only reverses the pattern in terms of which philosophers have understood mechanism discovery but runs counter to the one phenomenon-one mechanism principle assumed to relate mechanisms and the phenomena they explain. The ubiquity of autoinhibition as a design principle, therefore, necessitates a philosophical understanding of mechanisms that recognizes how they can participate in more than one phenomenon. Since mechanisms with this design are released from autoinhibition only when they are acted on by control mechanisms, we advance a revised account of mechanisms that accommodates attribution of multiple phenomena to the same mechanism and distinguishes them from other processes that control them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bollhagen
- UC San Diego Philosophy Department, Ridge Walk Academic Complex - Arts & Humanities Bldg. Room 0435, La Jolla, CA 92093-0119, USA.
| | - William Bechtel
- UC San Diego Philosophy Department, Ridge Walk Academic Complex - Arts & Humanities Bldg. Room 0455, La Jolla, CA 92093-0119, USA.
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8
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Maiato H. Mitosis under the macroscope. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 117:1-5. [PMID: 34172396 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helder Maiato
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Cell Division Group, Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
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9
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Liu H, Prokosch V. Energy Metabolism in the Inner Retina in Health and Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073689. [PMID: 33916246 PMCID: PMC8036449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness, is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons and leads to visual loss and blindness. Risk factors for the onset and progression of glaucoma include systemic and ocular factors such as older age, lower ocular perfusion pressure, and intraocular pressure (IOP). Early signs of RGC damage comprise impairment of axonal transport, downregulation of specific genes and metabolic changes. The brain is often cited to be the highest energy-demanding tissue of the human body. The retina is estimated to have equally high demands. RGCs are particularly active in metabolism and vulnerable to energy insufficiency. Understanding the energy metabolism of the inner retina, especially of the RGCs, is pivotal for understanding glaucoma’s pathophysiology. Here we review the key contributors to the high energy demands in the retina and the distinguishing features of energy metabolism of the inner retina. The major features of glaucoma include progressive cell death of retinal ganglions and optic nerve damage. Therefore, this review focuses on the energetic budget of the retinal ganglion cells, optic nerve and the relevant cells that surround them.
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10
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Scherer J, Yi J, Vallee RB. Role of cytoplasmic dynein and kinesins in adenovirus transport. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:1838-1847. [PMID: 32215924 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Following receptor-mediated uptake into endocytic vesicles and subsequent escape, adenovirus particles are transported along microtubules. The microtubule motor proteins dynein and one or more kinesins are involved in this behavior. Dynein is implicated in adenovirus transport toward the nucleus. The kinesin Kif5B has now been found to move the adenovirus (AdV) toward microtubule plus ends, though a kinesin role in adenovirus-induced nuclear pore disruption has also been reported. In undifferentiated cells, dynein-mediated transport predominates early in infection, but motility becomes bidirectional with time. The latter behavior can be modeled as a novel assisted diffusion mechanism, which may allow virus particles to explore the cytoplasm more efficiently. Cytoplasmic dynein and Kif5B have both been found to bind AdV through direct interactions with the capsid proteins hexon and penton base, respectively. We review here the roles of the microtubule motor proteins in AdV infection, the relationship between motor protein recruitment to pathogenic vs. physiological cargoes, the evolutionary origins of microtubule-mediated AdV transport, and a role for the motor proteins in a novel host-defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Scherer
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julie Yi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard B Vallee
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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11
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Tempes A, Weslawski J, Brzozowska A, Jaworski J. Role of dynein-dynactin complex, kinesins, motor adaptors, and their phosphorylation in dendritogenesis. J Neurochem 2020; 155:10-28. [PMID: 32196676 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the characteristic features of different classes of neurons that is vital for their proper functioning within neuronal networks is the shape of their dendritic arbors. To properly develop dendritic trees, neurons need to accurately control the intracellular transport of various cellular cargo (e.g., mRNA, proteins, and organelles). Microtubules and motor proteins (e.g., dynein and kinesins) that move along microtubule tracks play an essential role in cargo sorting and transport to the most distal ends of neurons. Equally important are motor adaptors, which may affect motor activity and specify cargo that is transported by the motor. Such transport undergoes very dynamic fine-tuning in response to changes in the extracellular environment and synaptic transmission. Such regulation is achieved by the phosphorylation of motors, motor adaptors, and cargo, among other mechanisms. This review focuses on the contribution of the dynein-dynactin complex, kinesins, their adaptors, and the phosphorylation of these proteins in the formation of dendritic trees by maturing neurons. We primarily review the effects of the motor activity of these proteins in dendrites on dendritogenesis. We also discuss less anticipated mechanisms that contribute to dendrite growth, such as dynein-driven axonal transport and non-motor functions of kinesins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Tempes
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Weslawski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Brzozowska
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Jaworski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Nishida N, Komori Y, Takarada O, Watanabe A, Tamura S, Kubo S, Shimada I, Kikkawa M. Structural basis for two-way communication between dynein and microtubules. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1038. [PMID: 32098965 PMCID: PMC7042235 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14842-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The movements of cytoplasmic dynein on microtubule (MT) tracks is achieved by two-way communication between the microtubule-binding domain (MTBD) and the ATPase domain via a coiled-coil stalk, but the structural basis of this communication remains elusive. Here, we regulate MTBD either in high-affinity or low-affinity states by introducing a disulfide bond to the stalk and analyze the resulting structures by NMR and cryo-EM. In the MT-unbound state, the affinity changes of MTBD are achieved by sliding of the stalk α-helix by a half-turn, which suggests that structural changes propagate from the ATPase-domain to MTBD. In addition, MT binding induces further sliding of the stalk α-helix even without the disulfide bond, suggesting how the MT-induced conformational changes propagate toward the ATPase domain. Based on differences in the MT-binding surface between the high- and low-affinity states, we propose a potential mechanism for the directional bias of dynein movement on MT tracks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Nishida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yuta Komori
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Osamu Takarada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atsushi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoko Tamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kubo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ichio Shimada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Masahide Kikkawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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13
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Bearer EL, Wu C. Herpes Simplex Virus, Alzheimer's Disease and a Possible Role for Rab GTPases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:134. [PMID: 31448273 PMCID: PMC6692634 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common pathogen, infecting 85% of adults in the United States. After reaching the nucleus of the long-lived neuron, HSV may enter latency to persist throughout the life span. Re-activation of latent herpesviruses is associated with progressive cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease (AD). As an enveloped DNA virus, HSV exploits cellular membrane systems for its life cycle, and thereby comes in contact with the Rab family of GTPases, master regulators of intracellular membrane dynamics. Knock-down and overexpression of specific Rabs reduce HSV production. Disheveled membrane compartments could lead to AD because membrane sorting and trafficking are crucial for synaptic vesicle formation, neuronal survival signaling and Abeta production. Amyloid precursor protein (APP), a transmembrane glycoprotein, is the parent of Abeta, the major component of senile plaques in AD. Up-regulation of APP expression due to HSV is significant since excess APP interferes with Rab5 endocytic trafficking in neurons. Here, we show that purified PC12-cell endosomes transport both anterograde and retrograde when injected into the squid giant axon at rates similar to isolated HSV. Intracellular HSV co-fractionates with these endosomes, contains APP, Rab5 and TrkA, and displays a second membrane. HSV infected PC12 cells up-regulate APP expression. Whether interference with Rabs has a specific effect on HSV or indirectly affects membrane compartment dynamics co-opted by virus needs further study. Ultimately Rabs, their effectors or their membrane-binding partners may serve as handles to reduce the impact of viral re-activation on cognitive function, or even as more general-purpose anti-microbial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine L. Bearer
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Chengbiao Wu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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14
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Grotjahn DA, Lander GC. Setting the dynein motor in motion: New insights from electron tomography. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:13202-13217. [PMID: 31285262 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.003095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyneins are ATP-fueled macromolecular machines that power all minus-end microtubule-based transport processes of molecular cargo within eukaryotic cells and play essential roles in a wide variety of cellular functions. These complex and fascinating motors have been the target of countless structural and biophysical studies. These investigations have elucidated the mechanism of ATP-driven force production and have helped unravel the conformational rearrangements associated with the dynein mechanochemical cycle. However, despite decades of research, it remains unknown how these molecular motions are harnessed to power massive cellular reorganization and what are the regulatory mechanisms that drive these processes. Recent advancements in electron tomography imaging have enabled researchers to visualize dynein motors in their transport environment with unprecedented detail and have led to exciting discoveries regarding dynein motor function and regulation. In this review, we will highlight how these recent structural studies have fundamentally propelled our understanding of the dynein motor and have revealed some unexpected, unifying mechanisms of regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Grotjahn
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Gabriel C Lander
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037.
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15
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Roberts AJ. Emerging mechanisms of dynein transport in the cytoplasm versus the cilium. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:967-982. [PMID: 30065109 PMCID: PMC6103457 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Two classes of dynein power long-distance cargo transport in different cellular contexts. Cytoplasmic dynein-1 is responsible for the majority of transport toward microtubule minus ends in the cell interior. Dynein-2, also known as intraflagellar transport dynein, moves cargoes along the axoneme of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Both dyneins operate as large ATP-driven motor complexes, whose dysfunction is associated with a group of human disorders. But how similar are their mechanisms of action and regulation? To examine this question, this review focuses on recent advances in dynein-1 and -2 research, and probes to what extent the emerging principles of dynein-1 transport could apply to or differ from those of the less well-understood dynein-2 mechanoenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Roberts
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, U.K.
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16
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Toba S, Jin M, Yamada M, Kumamoto K, Matsumoto S, Yasunaga T, Fukunaga Y, Miyazawa A, Fujita S, Itoh K, Fushiki S, Kojima H, Wanibuchi H, Arai Y, Nagai T, Hirotsune S. Alpha-synuclein facilitates to form short unconventional microtubules that have a unique function in the axonal transport. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16386. [PMID: 29180624 PMCID: PMC5703968 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15575-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although α-synuclein (αSyn) has been linked to Parkinson’s disease (PD), the mechanisms underlying the causative role in PD remain unclear. We previously proposed a model for a transportable microtubule (tMT), in which dynein is anchored to a short tMT by LIS1 followed by the kinesin-dependent anterograde transport; however the mechanisms that produce tMTs have not been determined. Our in vitro investigations of microtubule (MT) dynamics revealed that αSyn facilitates the formation of short MTs and preferentially binds to MTs carrying 14 protofilaments (pfs). Live-cell imaging showed that αSyn co-transported with dynein and mobile βIII-tubulin fragments in the anterograde transport. Furthermore, bi-directional axonal transports are severely affected in αSyn and γSyn depleted dorsal root ganglion neurons. SR-PALM analyses further revealed the fibrous co-localization of αSyn, dynein and βIII-tubulin in axons. More importantly, 14-pfs MTs have been found in rat femoral nerve tissue, and they increased approximately 19 fold the control in quantify upon nerve ligation, indicating the unconventional MTs are mobile. Our findings indicate that αSyn facilitates to form short, mobile tMTs that play an important role in the axonal transport. This unexpected and intriguing discovery related to axonal transport provides new insight on the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Toba
- Department of Genetic Disease Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi-machi 1-4-3 Abeno, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Mingyue Jin
- Department of Genetic Disease Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi-machi 1-4-3 Abeno, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masami Yamada
- Department of Genetic Disease Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi-machi 1-4-3 Abeno, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kanako Kumamoto
- Department of Genetic Disease Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi-machi 1-4-3 Abeno, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Sakiko Matsumoto
- Department of Genetic Disease Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi-machi 1-4-3 Abeno, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Takuo Yasunaga
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kawazu 680-4, Iizuka, Fukuoka, 820-850, Japan.,JST-SENTAN, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.,JST-CREST, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yuko Fukunaga
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan.,RSC-University of Hyogo Leading Program Center, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Atsuo Miyazawa
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan.,RSC-University of Hyogo Leading Program Center, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Sakiko Fujita
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0101, Japan
| | - Kyoko Itoh
- Department of Pathology and Applied Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Shinji Fushiki
- Department of Pathology and Applied Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kojima
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 588-2 Iwaoka, Nishi-ku, Kobe, 651-2492, Japan
| | - Hideki Wanibuchi
- Department of Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi-machi 1-4-3 Abeno, Osaka, 545-8586, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Arai
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihoga-oka 8-1, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihoga-oka 8-1, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Shinji Hirotsune
- Department of Genetic Disease Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi-machi 1-4-3 Abeno, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.
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17
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Jha R, Roostalu J, Cade NI, Trokter M, Surrey T. Combinatorial regulation of the balance between dynein microtubule end accumulation and initiation of directed motility. EMBO J 2017; 36:3387-3404. [PMID: 29038173 PMCID: PMC5686545 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is involved in a multitude of essential cellular functions. Dynein's activity is controlled by the combinatorial action of several regulatory proteins. The molecular mechanism of this regulation is still poorly understood. Using purified proteins, we reconstitute the regulation of the human dynein complex by three prominent regulators on dynamic microtubules in the presence of end binding proteins (EBs). We find that dynein can be in biochemically and functionally distinct pools: either tracking dynamic microtubule plus-ends in an EB-dependent manner or moving processively towards minus ends in an adaptor protein-dependent manner. Whereas both dynein pools share the dynactin complex, they have opposite preferences for binding other regulators, either the adaptor protein Bicaudal-D2 (BicD2) or the multifunctional regulator Lissencephaly-1 (Lis1). BicD2 and Lis1 together control the overall efficiency of motility initiation. Remarkably, dynactin can bias motility initiation locally from microtubule plus ends by autonomous plus-end recognition. This bias is further enhanced by EBs and Lis1. Our study provides insight into the mechanism of dynein regulation by dissecting the distinct functional contributions of the individual members of a dynein regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupam Jha
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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18
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Li Q, King SJ, Gopinathan A, Xu J. Quantitative Determination of the Probability of Multiple-Motor Transport in Bead-Based Assays. Biophys J 2017; 110:2720-2728. [PMID: 27332130 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With their longest dimension typically being less than 100 nm, molecular motors are significantly below the optical-resolution limit. Despite substantial advances in fluorescence-based imaging methodologies, labeling with beads remains critical for optical-trapping-based investigations of molecular motors. A key experimental challenge in bead-based assays is that the number of motors on a bead is not well defined. Particularly for single-molecule investigations, the probability of single- versus multiple-motor events has not been experimentally investigated. Here, we used bead travel distance as an indicator of multiple-motor transport and determined the lower-bound probability of bead transport by two or more motors. We limited the ATP concentration to increase our detection sensitivity for multiple- versus single-kinesin transport. Surprisingly, for all but the lowest motor number examined, our measurements exceeded estimations of a previous model by ≥2-fold. To bridge this apparent gap between theory and experiment, we derived a closed-form expression for the probability of bead transport by multiple motors, and constrained the only free parameter in this model using our experimental measurements. Our data indicate that kinesin extends to ∼57 nm during bead transport, suggesting that kinesin exploits its conformational flexibility to interact with microtubules at highly curved interfaces such as those present for vesicle transport in cells. To our knowledge, our findings provide the first experimentally constrained guide for estimating the probability of multiple-motor transport in optical trapping studies. The experimental approach utilized here (limiting ATP concentration) may be generally applicable to studies in which molecular motors are labeled with cargos that are artificial or are purified from cellular extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaochu Li
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California
| | - Stephen J King
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Ajay Gopinathan
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California.
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19
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Patel TR, Winzor DJ, Scott DJ. Analytical ultracentrifugation: A versatile tool for the characterisation of macromolecular complexes in solution. Methods 2016; 95:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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20
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Toba S, Koyasako K, Yasunaga T, Hirotsune S. Lis1 restricts the conformational changes in cytoplasmic dynein on microtubules. Microscopy (Oxf) 2015; 64:419-27. [PMID: 26371280 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfv055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is a microtubule-based motor protein that transports intracellular cargo and performs various functions during cell division. We previously reported that Lis1 suppressed dynein motility on microtubules in an idling state. Recently, a model showed that Lis1 prevents the ATPase domain of dynein from transmitting a detachment signal to its microtubule-binding domain. However, conformational information on dynein is limited. We used electron microscopy to investigate the conformation of dynein and nucleotide-induced conformational changes on microtubules. The conformation of dynein differed depending on the presence or absence of a nucleotide. In the presence of the nucleotide ADP-vanadate, dynein displayed an extended form on microtubules (extended form), whereas in the absence of a nucleotide, dynein lay along microtubules (compact form). This conformational change reflects chemomechanical coupling in dynein walking on microtubules. We also found that Lis1 fixed the conformation of dynein in the compact form regardless of the nucleotide condition. Removal of the Lis1 dimerization motif abolished Lis1-dependent fixation of dynein in the compact form. This suggests that the idling state of dynein on microtubules induced by Lis1 occurs through the Lis1-dependent arrest of dynein chemomechanical coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Toba
- Department of Genetic Disease Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi-machi 1-4-3 Abeno, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kotaro Koyasako
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kawazu 680-4, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan JST-SENTAN, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takuo Yasunaga
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kawazu 680-4, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan JST-SENTAN, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan JST-CREST, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shinji Hirotsune
- Department of Genetic Disease Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi-machi 1-4-3 Abeno, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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21
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Ionic imbalance, in addition to molecular crowding, abates cytoskeletal dynamics and vesicle motility during hypertonic stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E3104-13. [PMID: 26045497 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1421290112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell volume homeostasis is vital for the maintenance of optimal protein density and cellular function. Numerous mammalian cell types are routinely exposed to acute hypertonic challenge and shrink. Molecular crowding modifies biochemical reaction rates and decreases macromolecule diffusion. Cell volume is restored rapidly by ion influx but at the expense of elevated intracellular sodium and chloride levels that persist long after challenge. Although recent studies have highlighted the role of molecular crowding on the effects of hypertonicity, the effects of ionic imbalance on cellular trafficking dynamics in living cells are largely unexplored. By tracking distinct fluorescently labeled endosome/vesicle populations by live-cell imaging, we show that vesicle motility is reduced dramatically in a variety of cell types at the onset of hypertonic challenge. Live-cell imaging of actin and tubulin revealed similar arrested microfilament motility upon challenge. Vesicle motility recovered long after cell volume, a process that required functional regulatory volume increase and was accelerated by a return of extracellular osmolality to isosmotic levels. This delay suggests that, although volume-induced molecular crowding contributes to trafficking defects, it alone cannot explain the observed effects. Using fluorescent indicators and FRET-based probes, we found that intracellular ATP abundance and mitochondrial potential were reduced by hypertonicity and recovered after longer periods of time. Similar to the effects of osmotic challenge, isovolumetric elevation of intracellular chloride concentration by ionophores transiently decreased ATP production by mitochondria and abated microfilament and vesicle motility. These data illustrate how perturbed ionic balance, in addition to molecular crowding, affects membrane trafficking.
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22
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Chowdhury S, Ketcham SA, Schroer TA, Lander GC. Structural organization of the dynein-dynactin complex bound to microtubules. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2015; 22:345-7. [PMID: 25751425 PMCID: PMC4385409 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein associates with dynactin to drive cargo movement on microtubules, but the structure of the dynein-dynactin complex is unknown. Using electron microscopy, we determined the organization of native bovine dynein, dynactin and the dynein-dynactin-microtubule quaternary complex. In the microtubule-bound complex, the dynein motor domains are positioned for processive unidirectional movement, and the cargo-binding domains of both dynein and dynactin are accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Chowdhury
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Trina A. Schroer
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Gabriel C. Lander
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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23
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Jha R, Surrey T. Regulation of processive motion and microtubule localization of cytoplasmic dynein. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 43:48-57. [PMID: 25619245 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic dynein complex is the major minus-end-directed microtubule motor. Although its directionality is evolutionary well conserved, differences exist among cytoplasmic dyneins from different species in their stepping behaviour, maximum velocity and force production. Recent experiments also suggest differences in processivity regulation. In the present article, we give an overview of dynein's motile properties, with a special emphasis on processivity and its regulation. Furthermore, we summarize recent findings of different pathways for microtubule plus-end loading of dynein. The present review highlights how distinct functions in different cell types or organisms appear to require different mechanochemical dynein properties and localization pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupam Jha
- *London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, U.K
| | - Thomas Surrey
- *London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, U.K
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24
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Schlager MA, Hoang HT, Urnavicius L, Bullock SL, Carter AP. In vitro reconstitution of a highly processive recombinant human dynein complex. EMBO J 2014; 33:1855-68. [PMID: 24986880 PMCID: PMC4158905 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201488792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is an approximately 1.4 MDa multi-protein complex that transports many cellular cargoes towards the minus ends of microtubules. Several in vitro studies of mammalian dynein have suggested that individual motors are not robustly processive, raising questions about how dynein-associated cargoes can move over long distances in cells. Here, we report the production of a fully recombinant human dynein complex from a single baculovirus in insect cells. Individual complexes very rarely show directional movement in vitro. However, addition of dynactin together with the N-terminal region of the cargo adaptor BICD2 (BICD2N) gives rise to unidirectional dynein movement over remarkably long distances. Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy provides evidence that BICD2N and dynactin stimulate processivity by regulating individual dynein complexes, rather than by promoting oligomerisation of the motor complex. Negative stain electron microscopy reveals the dynein–dynactin–BICD2N complex to be well ordered, with dynactin positioned approximately along the length of the dynein tail. Collectively, our results provide insight into a novel mechanism for coordinating cargo binding with long-distance motor movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max A Schlager
- Division of Structural Studies, MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ha Thi Hoang
- Division of Cell Biology, MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Linas Urnavicius
- Division of Structural Studies, MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon L Bullock
- Division of Cell Biology, MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew P Carter
- Division of Structural Studies, MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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25
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Abstract
Dynein is a microtubule-based molecular motor that is involved in various biological functions, such as axonal transport, mitosis, and cilia/flagella movement. Although dynein was discovered 50 years ago, the progress of dynein research has been slow due to its large size and flexible structure. Recent progress in understanding the force-generating mechanism of dynein using x-ray crystallography, cryo-electron microscopy, and single molecule studies has provided key insight into the structure and mechanism of action of this complex motor protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahide Kikkawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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26
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Tanenbaum ME, Vale RD, McKenney RJ. Cytoplasmic dynein crosslinks and slides anti-parallel microtubules using its two motor domains. eLife 2013; 2:e00943. [PMID: 24015359 PMCID: PMC3762337 DOI: 10.7554/elife.00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is the predominant minus-end-directed microtubule (MT) motor in most eukaryotic cells. In addition to transporting vesicular cargos, dynein helps to organize MTs within MT networks such as mitotic spindles. How dynein performs such non-canonical functions is unknown. Here we demonstrate that dynein crosslinks and slides anti-parallel MTs in vitro. Surprisingly, a minimal dimeric motor lacking a tail domain and associated subunits can cause MT sliding. Single molecule imaging reveals that motors pause and frequently reverse direction when encountering an anti-parallel MT overlap, suggesting that the two motor domains can bind both MTs simultaneously. In the mitotic spindle, inward microtubule sliding by dynein counteracts outward sliding generated by kinesin-5, and we show that a tailless, dimeric motor is sufficient to drive this activity in mammalian cells. Our results identify an unexpected mechanism for dynein-driven microtubule sliding, which differs from filament sliding mechanisms described for other motor proteins. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00943.001 When cells divide, they must also divide their contents. In particular, both ‘mother’ and ‘daughter’ cells require full sets of chromosomes, which must first be duplicated, and then evenly distributed between the cells. Protein filaments called microtubules form a network that helps to accurately segregate the chromosomes. Microtubules emanate from structures at each end of the dividing cell known as spindle poles; after the chromosomes have duplicated, the microtubules latch onto them and align the pairs in the middle of the cell. As the two cells separate, microtubules at opposite spindle poles reel in one chromosome from each pair. Microtubules are composed of alternating copies of two different types of a protein called tubulin, and have ends with distinct properties. The ‘minus’ ends are directed outwards, away from the chromosomes; the ‘plus’ ends—which can actively add tubulin—grow toward the middle of the cell, and can also bind to chromosomes. Microtubules can be manipulated by motor proteins that ‘walk’ along them carrying cargoes, which can include other microtubules. The combined actions of many motor proteins rearrange the microtubule network into a configuration that enables the chromosomes, and other cellular structures, to partition equally between the mother and daughter cells. Motor proteins such as dynein and kinesin transport cargoes along microtubules; each motor is composed of two identical copies of the protein bound to each other. Kinesin walks toward the plus end of a microtubule, propelling itself using ‘feet’ that are called motor domains; it binds cargoes (including other microtubules) through additional regions located at the opposite end of the protein. In contrast, dynein walks toward the minus end of a microtubule. Although dynein is known to carry certain cargoes through regions outside its motor domain, how it transports other microtubules is not well understood. Tanenbaum et al. now show that regions outside the motor domain of dynein are unnecessary to transport microtubule cargoes. When two dynein motor domains are isolated and linked to each other in vitro, each can bind to a separate microtubule. By walking toward the minus ends of their respective microtubules, the motor domains drive the microtubules in opposite directions, sliding them apart. These studies thus provide insight into the mechanism through which dynein works with additional motor proteins (such as kinesin) to rearrange microtubules during cell division—and also to ensure that chromosomes segregate evenly between mother and daughter cells. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00943.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin E Tanenbaum
- Department Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology , Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , United States
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27
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Abstract
Accurate positioning of spindles is essential for asymmetric mitotic and meiotic cell divisions that are crucial for animal development and oocyte maturation, respectively. The predominant model for spindle positioning, termed "cortical pulling," involves attachment of the microtubule-based motor cytoplasmic dynein to the cortex, where it exerts a pulling force on microtubules that extend from the spindle poles to the cell cortex, thereby displacing the spindle. Recent studies have addressed important details of the cortical pulling mechanism and have revealed alternative mechanisms that may be used when microtubules do not extend from the spindle to the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis J McNally
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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28
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Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is the major motor protein responsible for microtubule minus-end-directed movements in most eukaryotic cells. It transports a variety of cargoes and has numerous functions during spindle assembly and chromosome segregation. It is a large complex of about 1.4 MDa composed of six different subunits, interacting with a multitude of different partners. Most biochemical studies have been performed either with the native mammalian cytoplasmic dynein complex purified from tissue or, more recently, with recombinant dynein fragments from budding yeast and Dictyostelium. Hardly any information exists about the properties of human dynein. Moreover, experiments with an entire human dynein complex prepared from recombinant subunits with a well-defined composition are lacking. Here, we reconstitute a complete cytoplasmic dynein complex using recombinant human subunits and characterize its biochemical and motile properties. Using analytical gel filtration, sedimentation-velocity ultracentrifugation, and negative-stain electron microscopy, we demonstrate that the smaller subunits of the complex have an important structural function for complex integrity. Fluorescence microscopy experiments reveal that while engaged in collective microtubule transport, the recombinant human cytoplasmic dynein complex is an active, microtubule minus-end-directed motor, as expected. However, in contrast to recombinant dynein of nonmetazoans, individual reconstituted human dynein complexes did not show robust processive motility, suggesting a more intricate mechanism of processivity regulation for the human dynein complex. In the future, the comparison of reconstituted dynein complexes from different species promises to provide molecular insight into the mechanisms regulating the various functions of these large molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Trokter
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Norbert Mücke
- Division of Biophysics of Macromolecules, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Surrey
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; and
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29
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Qureshi BM, Hofmann NE, Arroyo-Olarte RD, Nickl B, Hoehne W, Jungblut PR, Lucius R, Scheerer P, Gupta N. Dynein light chain 8a of Toxoplasma gondii, a unique conoid-localized β-strand-swapped homodimer, is required for an efficient parasite growth. FASEB J 2012; 27:1034-47. [PMID: 23233536 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-180992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dynein light chain 8 (DLC8) is a ubiquitous eukaryotic protein regulating diverse cellular functions. We show that the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii harbors 4 DLC8 proteins (TgDLC8a-d), of which only TgDLC8a clusters in the mainstream LC8 class. TgDLC8b-d proteins form a divergent and alveolate-specific clade. TgDLC8b-d proteins are largely cytosolic, whereas TgDLC8a resides in the conoid at the apical end of T. gondii. The apical location of TgDLC8a is also not shared by its nearly identical Eimeria (EtDLC8a), Plasmodium (PfDLC8), or human (HsDLC8) orthologs. Notwithstanding an exclusive conoid targeting, TgDLC8a exhibits a classical LC8 structure. It forms a homodimer by swapping of the β strands that interact with the antiparallel β' strands of the opposing monomers. The TgDLC8a dimer contains two identical binding grooves and appears to be adapted for multitarget recognition. By contrast, the previously reported PfDLC8 homodimer is shaped by binding of the β strand with the parallel β' strand and lacks such a distinct binding interface. Our comparisons suggest an unexpected structural and functional divergence of the two otherwise conserved proteins from apicomplexan parasites. Finally, we demonstrate that a phosphomimetic S88E mutation renders the TgDLC8a-S88E mutant monomeric and cytosolic in T. gondii, and its overexpression inhibits the parasite growth in human fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal M Qureshi
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt University, Berlin, D-10115 Germany
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Stephens DJ. Functional coupling of microtubules to membranes - implications for membrane structure and dynamics. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:2795-804. [PMID: 22736043 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.097675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The microtubule network dictates much of the spatial patterning of the cytoplasm, and the coupling of microtubules to membranes controls the structure and positioning of organelles and directs membrane trafficking between them. The connection between membranes and the microtubule cytoskeleton, and the way in which organelles are shaped and moved by interactions with the cytoskeleton, have been studied intensively in recent years. In particular, recent work has expanded our thinking of this topic to include the mechanisms by which membranes are shaped and how cargo is selected for trafficking as a result of coupling to the cytoskeleton. In this Commentary, I will discuss the molecular basis for membrane-motor coupling and the physiological outcomes of this coupling, including the way in which microtubule-based motors affect membrane structure, cargo sorting and vectorial trafficking between organelles. Whereas many core concepts of these processes are now well understood, key questions remain about how the coupling of motors to membranes is established and controlled, about the regulation of cargo and/or motor loading and about the control of directionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Stephens
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
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Microtubule- and dynein-dependent nuclear trafficking of rhesus rhadinovirus in rhesus fibroblasts. J Virol 2011; 86:599-604. [PMID: 22031929 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06129-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the role of microtubules in rhesus rhadinovirus (RRV) nuclear trafficking in rhesus fibroblasts. Intact microtubules and microtubule dynamics are required for RRV trafficking to perinuclear regions. RRV trafficking was reduced by an inhibitor of the dynein motor and overexpression of dynamitin. Furthermore, RRV particles are colocalized with microtubules and dynein proteins. These results highlight the important roles of microtubules and dynein-dynactin complexes in the transport of RRV particles to nuclei during primary infection.
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Adenovirus recruits dynein by an evolutionary novel mechanism involving direct binding to pH-primed hexon. Viruses 2011; 3:1417-31. [PMID: 21994788 PMCID: PMC3185799 DOI: 10.3390/v3081417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Following receptor-mediated uptake into endocytic vesicles and escape from the endosome, adenovirus is transported by cytoplasmic dynein along microtubules to the perinuclear region of the cell. How motor proteins are recruited to viruses for their own use has begun to be investigated only recently. We review here the evidence for a role for dynein and other motor proteins in adenovirus infectivity. We also discuss the implications of recent studies on the mechanism of dynein recruitment to adenovirus for understanding the relationship between pathogenic and physiological cargo recruitment and for the evolutionary origins of dynein-mediated adenovirus transport.
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Markus SM, Plevock KM, St Germain BJ, Punch JJ, Meaden CW, Lee WL. Quantitative analysis of Pac1/LIS1-mediated dynein targeting: Implications for regulation of dynein activity in budding yeast. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2011; 68:157-74. [PMID: 21294277 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
LIS1 is a critical regulator of dynein function during mitosis and organelle transport. Here, we investigated how Pac1, the budding yeast LIS1 homologue, regulates dynein targeting and activity during nuclear migration. We show that Pac1 and Dyn1 (dynein heavy chain) are dependent upon each other and upon Bik1 (budding yeast CLIP-170 homologue) for plus end localization, whereas Bik1 is independent of either. Dyn1, Pac1 and Bik1 interact in vivo at the plus ends, where an excess amount of Bik1 recruits approximately equal amounts of Pac1 and Dyn1. Overexpression of Pac1 enhanced plus end targeting of Dyn1 and vice versa, while affinity-purification of Dyn1 revealed that it exists in a complex with Pac1 in the absence of Bik1, leading us to conclude that the Pac1-Dyn1 complex preassembles in the cytoplasm prior to loading onto Bik1-decorated plus ends. Strikingly, we found that Pac1-overexpression augments cortical dynein activity through a mechanism distinct from loss of She1, a negative regulator of dynein-dynactin association. While Pac1-overexpression enhances the frequency of cortical targeting for dynein and dynactin, the stoichiometry of these complexes remains relatively unchanged at the plus ends compared to that in wild-type cells (∼3 dynein to 1 dynactin). Loss of She1, however, enhances dynein-dynactin association at the plus ends and the cell cortex, resulting in an apparent 1:1 stoichiometry. Our results reveal differential regulation of cortical dynein activity by She1 and Pac1, and provide a potentially new regulatory step in the off-loading model for dynein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Markus
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Kondo T, Hearing VJ. Update on the regulation of mammalian melanocyte function and skin pigmentation. EXPERT REVIEW OF DERMATOLOGY 2011; 6:97-108. [PMID: 21572549 PMCID: PMC3093193 DOI: 10.1586/edm.10.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanogenesis is the unique process of producing pigmented biopolymers that are sequestered within melanosomes, which provides color to the skin, hair and eyes of animals and, in the case of human skin, also protects the underlying tissues from UV damage. We review the current understanding of melanogenesis, focusing on factors important to the biochemistry of pigment synthesis, the biogenesis of melanosomes, signaling pathways and factors that regulate melanogenesis, intramelanosomal pH, transport and transfer of melanosomes, and pigmentary disorders related to the dysfunction of melanosome-related proteins. Although it has been known for some time that many of the factors that affect melanogenesis are derived from keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, hormones, inflammatory cells and nerves, a number of new factors that are involved in that regulation have recently been reported, such as factors that regulate melanosome pH and ion transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Kondo
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vincent J Hearing
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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36
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Potokar M, Stenovec M, Gabrijel M, Li L, Kreft M, Grilc S, Pekny M, Zorec R. Intermediate filaments attenuate stimulation-dependent mobility of endosomes/lysosomes in astrocytes. Glia 2010; 58:1208-19. [PMID: 20544856 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intermediate filament (IF) proteins upregulation is a hallmark of astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis, but its pathophysiological implications remain incompletely understood. A recently reported association between IFs and directional mobility of peptidergic vesicles allows us to hypothesize that IFs affect vesicle dynamics and exocytosis-mediated astrocyte communication with neighboring cells. Here, we ask whether the trafficking of recycling vesicles (i.e., those fused to and then retrieved from the plasma membrane) and endosomes/lysosomes depends on IFs. Recycling vesicles were labeled by antibodies against vesicle glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), respectively, and by lysotracker, which labels endosomes/lysosomes. Quantitative fluorescence microscopy was used to monitor the mobility of labeled vesicles in astrocytes, derived from either wild-type (WT) mice or mice deficient in glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin (GFAP(-/-)Vim(-/-)), the latter lacking astrocyte IFs. Stimulation with ionomycin or ATP enhanced the mobility of VGLUT1-positive vesicles and reduced the mobility of ANP-positive vesicles in WT astrocytes. In GFAP(-/-)Vim(-/-) astrocytes, both vesicle types responded to stimulation, but the relative increase in mobility of VGLUT1-positive vesicles was more prominent compared with nonstimulated cells, whereas the stimulation-dependent attenuation of ANP-positive vesicles mobility was reduced compared with nonstimulated cells. The mobility of endosomes/lysosomes decreased following stimulation in WT astrocytes. However, in GFAP(-/-)Vim(-/-) astrocytes, a small increase in the mobility of endosomes/lysosomes was observed. These findings show that astrocyte IFs differentially affect the stimulation-dependent mobility of vesicles. We propose that upregulation of IFs in pathologic states may alter the function of astrocytes by deregulating vesicle trafficking.
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Abstract
The visual system is one of the most energetically demanding systems in the brain. The currency of energy is ATP, which is generated most efficiently from oxidative metabolism in the mitochondria. ATP supports multiple neuronal functions. Foremost is repolarization of the membrane potential after depolarization. Neuronal activity, ATP generation, blood flow, oxygen consumption, glucose utilization, and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism are all interrelated. In the retina, phototransduction, neurotransmitter utilization, and protein/organelle transport are energy-dependent, yet repolarization-after-depolarization consumes the bulk of the energy. Repolarization in photoreceptor inner segments maintains the dark current. Repolarization by all neurons along the visual pathway following depolarizing excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmission preserves cellular integrity and permits reactivation. The higher metabolic activity in the magno- versus the parvo-cellular pathway, the ON- versus the OFF-pathway in some (and the reverse in other) species, and in specialized functional representations in the visual cortex all reflect a greater emphasis on the processing of specific visual attributes. Neuronal activity and energy metabolism are tightly coupled processes at the cellular and even at the molecular levels. Deficiencies in energy metabolism, such as in diabetes, mitochondrial DNA mutation, mitochondrial protein malfunction, and oxidative stress can lead to retinopathy, visual deficits, neuronal degeneration, and eventual blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret T T Wong-Riley
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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38
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Rigoard P, Lapierre F. Rappels sur le nerf périphérique. Neurochirurgie 2009; 55:360-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2009.08.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Rigoard S, Wager M, Buffenoir K, Bauche S, Giot JP, Maixent JM, Rigoard P. Principaux mécanismes impliqués dans la transmission synaptique au sein de l’appareil neuromusculaire. Neurochirurgie 2009; 55 Suppl 1:S22-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2008.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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40
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Yamada M, Toba S, Yoshida Y, Haratani K, Mori D, Yano Y, Mimori-Kiyosue Y, Nakamura T, Itoh K, Fushiki S, Setou M, Wynshaw-Boris A, Torisawa T, Toyoshima YY, Hirotsune S. LIS1 and NDEL1 coordinate the plus-end-directed transport of cytoplasmic dynein. EMBO J 2008; 27:2471-83. [PMID: 18784752 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2008.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
LIS1 was first identified as a gene mutated in human classical lissencephaly sequence. LIS1 is required for dynein activity, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that LIS1 suppresses the motility of cytoplasmic dynein on microtubules (MTs), whereas NDEL1 releases the blocking effect of LIS1 on cytoplasmic dynein. We demonstrate that LIS1, cytoplasmic dynein and MT fragments co-migrate anterogradely. When LIS1 function was suppressed by a blocking antibody, anterograde movement of cytoplasmic dynein was severely impaired. Immunoprecipitation assay indicated that cytoplasmic dynein forms a complex with LIS1, tubulins and kinesin-1. In contrast, immunoabsorption of LIS1 resulted in disappearance of co-precipitated tubulins and kinesin. Thus, we propose a novel model of the regulation of cytoplasmic dynein by LIS1, in which LIS1 mediates anterograde transport of cytoplasmic dynein to the plus end of cytoskeletal MTs as a dynein-LIS1 complex on transportable MTs, which is a possibility supported by our data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Yamada
- Department of Genetic Disease Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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41
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Watabe H, Valencia JC, Le Pape E, Yamaguchi Y, Nakamura M, Rouzaud F, Hoashi T, Kawa Y, Mizoguchi M, Hearing VJ. Involvement of dynein and spectrin with early melanosome transport and melanosomal protein trafficking. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 128:162-74. [PMID: 17687388 PMCID: PMC2167631 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Melanosomes are unique membrane-bound organelles specialized for the synthesis and distribution of melanin. Mechanisms involved in the trafficking of proteins to melanosomes and in the transport of mature pigmented melanosomes to the dendrites of melanocytic cells are being characterized, but details about those processes during early stages of melanosome maturation are not well understood. Early melanosomes must remain in the perinuclear area until critical components are assembled. In this study, we characterized the processing of two distinct melanosomal proteins, tyrosinase (TYR) and Pmel17, to elucidate protein processing in early or late steps of the secretory pathway, respectively, and to determine mechanisms underlying the subcellular localization and transport of early melanosomes. We used immunological, biochemical, and molecular approaches to demonstrate that the movement of early melanosomes in the perinuclear area depends primarily on microtubules but not on actin filaments. In contrast, the trafficking of TYR and Pmel17 depends on cytoplasmic dynein and its interaction with the spectrin/ankyrin system, which is involved with the sorting of cargo from the plasma membrane. These results provide important clues toward understanding the processes involved with early events in melanosome formation and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Watabe
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Dermatology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Julio C. Valencia
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elodie Le Pape
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yuji Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Masayuki Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - François Rouzaud
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Toshihiko Hoashi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yoko Kawa
- Department of Dermatology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Masako Mizoguchi
- Department of Dermatology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Vincent J. Hearing
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Fujikawa-Yamamoto K, Ohdoi C, Yamagishi H, Zong ZP, Murakami M, Yamaguchi N. Lack of synchrony among multiple nuclei induces partial DNA fragmentation in V79 cells polyploidized by demecolcine. Cell Prolif 2007; 32:337-49. [PMID: 10646686 PMCID: PMC6495862 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.1999.tb01352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear morphology of polyploidized cells was examined in V79 Chinese hamster cells polyploidized by demecolcine or K-252a, inhibitors of spindle fibre formation and protein kinases, respectively. A variety of nuclear morphologies, including multinuclei, were observed in V79 cells polyploidized by demecolcine but not by K-252a, which produced mononuclear cells. A lack of synchrony in the nuclear cycle was observed among nuclei in multinuclear polyploidized cells. Partial DNA fragmentation, defined as DNA fragmentation of a nucleus in a multinuclear cell, was detected using the TUNEL method in V79 cells polyploidized by demecolcine but not by K-252a. Apoptosis occurred earlier in cell populations treated with demecolcine than in these treated with K-252a once the drugs were removed from the medium, suggesting that polyploidized cells with separate nuclei tend to apoptose earlier than those with mononuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fujikawa-Yamamoto
- Division of Basic Science, Research Institute of Medical Science, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.
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Williams JC, Roulhac PL, Roy AG, Vallee RB, Fitzgerald MC, Hendrickson WA. Structural and thermodynamic characterization of a cytoplasmic dynein light chain-intermediate chain complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:10028-33. [PMID: 17551010 PMCID: PMC1885999 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0703614104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is a microtubule-based motor protein complex that plays important roles in a wide range of fundamental cellular processes, including vesicular transport, mitosis, and cell migration. A single major form of cytoplasmic dynein associates with membranous organelles, mitotic kinetochores, the mitotic and migratory cell cortex, centrosomes, and mRNA complexes. The ability of cytoplasmic dynein to recognize such diverse forms of cargo is thought to be associated with its several accessory subunits, which reside at the base of the molecule. The dynein light chains (LCs) LC8 and TcTex1 form a subcomplex with dynein intermediate chains, and they also interact with numerous protein and ribonucleoprotein partners. This observation has led to the hypothesis that these subunits serve to tether cargo to the dynein motor. Here, we present the structure and a thermodynamic analysis of a complex of LC8 and TcTex1 associated with their intermediate chain scaffold. The intermediate chains effectively block the major putative cargo binding sites within the light chains. These data suggest that, in the dynein complex, the LCs do not bind cargo, in apparent disagreement with a role for LCs in dynein cargo binding interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Williams
- *Department of Biochemistry and
- Molecular Biology and Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and
| | | | | | | | | | - Wayne A. Hendrickson
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and
- **To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Vallee RB, Höök P. Autoinhibitory and other autoregulatory elements within the dynein motor domain. J Struct Biol 2006; 156:175-81. [PMID: 16647270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2006.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The dyneins are a family of microtubule motor proteins. The motor domain, which represents the C-terminal 2/3 of the dynein heavy chain, exhibits homology to the AAA family of ATPases. It consists of a ring of six related but divergent AAA+ units, with two substantial sized protruding projections, the stem, or tail, which anchors the protein to diverse subcellular sites, and the stalk, which binds microtubules. This article reviews recent efforts to probe the mechanism by which the dyneins produce force, and work from the authors' lab regarding long-range conformational regulation of dynein enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Vallee
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, P and S 15-410, 630 W. 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Meng X, Samsó M, Koonce MP. A flexible linkage between the dynein motor and its cargo. J Mol Biol 2006; 357:701-6. [PMID: 16466743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2005] [Revised: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have used an antibody-Fab tag to mark the position of the cytoplasmic dynein amino-terminal tail domain, as it emerges from the main mass of the motor. Electron microscopy and single-particle image analysis reveal that the tag does not assume a rigidly fixed position, but instead can be found at various locations around the planar ring that comprises the motor's backbone. The work suggests that the tail is attached to the motor at a point near the ring center, and that the sequence immediately adjacent to this connection is flexible. Such flexibility argues against a simple-lever arm model for dynein force production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Meng
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY 12201, USA
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46
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Powell K. MAP 1C is a motor. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2006. [PMCID: PMC2063523 DOI: 10.1083/jcb1721fta2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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47
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Sasaki S, Mori D, Toyo-oka K, Chen A, Garrett-Beal L, Muramatsu M, Miyagawa S, Hiraiwa N, Yoshiki A, Wynshaw-Boris A, Hirotsune S. Complete loss of Ndel1 results in neuronal migration defects and early embryonic lethality. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:7812-27. [PMID: 16107726 PMCID: PMC1190282 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.17.7812-7827.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of cytoplasmic dynein and microtubule dynamics is crucial for both mitotic cell division and neuronal migration. NDEL1 was identified as a protein interacting with LIS1, the protein product of a gene mutated in the lissencephaly. To elucidate NDEL1 function in vivo, we generated null and hypomorphic alleles of Ndel1 in mice by targeted gene disruption. Ndel1(-/-) mice were embryonic lethal at the peri-implantation stage like null mutants of Lis1 and cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain. In addition, Ndel1(-/-) blastocysts failed to grow in culture and exhibited a cell proliferation defect in inner cell mass. Although Ndel1(+/-) mice displayed no obvious phenotypes, further reduction of NDEL1 by making null/hypomorph compound heterozygotes (Ndel1(cko/-)) resulted in histological defects consistent with mild neuronal migration defects. Double Lis1(cko/+)-Ndel1(+/-) mice or Lis1(+/-)-Ndel1(+/-) mice displayed more severe neuronal migration defects than Lis1(cko/+)-Ndel1(+/)(+) mice or Lis1(+/-)-Ndel1(+/+) mice, respectively. We demonstrated distinct abnormalities in microtubule organization and similar defects in the distribution of beta-COP-positive vesicles (to assess dynein function) between Ndel1 or Lis1-null MEFs, as well as similar neuronal migration defects in Ndel1- or Lis1-null granule cells. Rescue of these defects in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and granule cells by overexpressing LIS1, NDEL1, or NDE1 suggest that NDEL1, LIS1, and NDE1 act in a common pathway to regulate dynein but each has distinct roles in the regulation of microtubule organization and neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Sasaki
- Department of Neuro-Science, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical School, Japan.
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48
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Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is the term that refers to the microtubule dependent particle motility that is common to almost all flagella and cilia and is distinct from the mechanism of flagellar beating. IFT involves the rapid, bi-directional transport of molecular motors and their cargo proteins from the base to the tip of the flagellum and back again. While the basic mechanism of IFT is well established, the varied functions of this process are continually being elucidated. For example, although IFT plays a clear role in flagellar assembly, disassembly and stability, the exact sequence of events that take place when tubulin subunit addition and loss occur during flagellar assembly and disassembly, respectively, are unknown. Key to furthering our understanding of IFT is greater knowledge of the flagellar tip complex (FTC) because it is at the FTC that flagellar assembly and disassembly, cargo loading and unloading, and motor protein regulation occur. Yet these related processes may only represent one aspect of the importance of IFT in flagellar dynamics. IFT may also provide the basic elements of a signal transduction mechanism that functions to provide the nucleus with information about the outside environment and even about the state of the flagellum itself. Thus, IFT may function as the central component of a signal transduction system that controls flagellar gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger D Sloboda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
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49
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Toba S, Toyoshima YY. Dissociation of double-headed cytoplasmic dynein into single-headed species and its motile properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 58:281-9. [PMID: 15236358 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is a minus-end directed microtubule motor and plays important roles in the transport of various intracellular cargoes. Cytoplasmic dynein comprises two identical heavy chains and forms a dimer (double-headed dynein); the total molecular weight of the cytoplasmic dynein complex is about 1.5 million. The dynein motor domain is structurally very different from those of kinesin and myosin, and our understanding of the mechanisms of dynein energy transduction is limited mainly because of the difficulty in obtaining a sufficient quantity of purified and active cytoplasmic dynein. We purified cytoplasmic dynein, which was free from dynactin and other dynein-associated proteins. The purified cytoplasmic dynein was active in an in vitro motility assay. The controlled dialysis of the purified dynein against 4 M urea resulted in its complete dissociation into monomeric species (single-headed dynein). The separation of the dynein heads by the treatment was reversible. The MgATPase activities of the single-headed and reconstituted double-headed dynein were comparable to that of intact dynein. The double-headed dynein bundled microtubules in the absence of ATP; the single-headed dynein did not. The single-headed dynein produced in vitro microtubule-gliding motility at velocities very similar to those of double-headed dynein at various ATP concentrations. These results indicate that a single cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain is sufficient to produce robust microtubule motility. Application of the double- and single-headed dynein molecules in various assay systems will elucidate the mechanism of action of the cytoplasmic dynein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Toba
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Hirokawa N, Takemura R. Molecular motors and mechanisms of directional transport in neurons. Nat Rev Neurosci 2005; 6:201-14. [PMID: 15711600 DOI: 10.1038/nrn1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 598] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular transport is fundamental for neuronal morphogenesis, function and survival. Many proteins are selectively transported to either axons or dendrites. In addition, some specific mRNAs are transported to dendrites for local translation. Proteins of the kinesin superfamily participate in selective transport by using adaptor or scaffolding proteins to recognize and bind cargoes. The molecular components of RNA-transporting granules have been identified, and it is becoming clear how cargoes are directed to axons and dendrites by kinesin superfamily proteins. Here we discuss the molecular mechanisms of directional axonal and dendritic transport with specific emphasis on the role of motor proteins and their mechanisms of cargo recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Hirokawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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